Scheme of Studies Undergraduate 2013-1

1
UNDERGRADUATE SCHEME OF STUDIES

2013
Approved in 5th BOS of
Chemistry Department
Dated: 06/06/2013
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
KOHAT UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
2
SCHEME OF STUDIES
BS (4-YEAR)/M.Sc. (2-YEAR)
PROGRAM IN CHEMISTRY
BS (Chemistry 4 year Program)
st
1 Semester
Credit Hours Pre-Requisites Page No
Course Code Course Title
ENG112 Study Skills (3 0 3) Nil 06
ZOO101 Zoology I (3 3 4) Nil
BOT101 Diversity of Plants (3 3 4) Nil
RS101 Islamic Studies (3 0 3) Nil
CHEM112 Basic Inorganic Chemistry I (3 3 4) Nil 08
Total Credit Hours 18
BS 2nd Semester
Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
ENG134 Communication Skills (3 0 3) Nil 09
PS101 Pakistan Studies (3 0 3) Nil
ZOO102 Zoology II (3 3 4) Nil
BOT102 Systematics, Anatomy & Development (3 3 4) Nil
CHEM122 Basic Organic Chemistry I (3 3 4) Nil 10
BS 3rd Semester
ENG334 Technical & Business Writing (3 0 3) Nil 11
CS101 Introduction to Computing (3 3 4) Nil
MATH105 Mathematics for Chemistry (3 0 3) Nil
CHEM212 Basic Inorganic Chemistry II (3 3 4) CHEM112 12
CHEM233 Basic Physical Chemistry I (3 3 4) Nil 13
BS 4th Semester
STAT101 Statistics (3 0 3) Nil 14
MS112 Principles of Management (3 0 3) Nil
SWS103 Social Work & Human Behavior (3 0 3) Nil
CHEM234 Basic Physical Chemistry II (3 3 4) CHEM233 15
CHEM222 Basic Organic Chemistry II (3 3 4) CHEM122 16
3
BS 5th Semester/M.Sc. 1st Semester

Course Code Course Title Credit Hours Pre-Requisites Page No
CHEM311 Inorganic Chemistry I (3 3 4) CHEM212/** 17
CHEM321 Organic Chemistry I (3 3 4) CHEM222/** 18
CHEM331 Physical Chemistry I (3 3 4) CHEM234/** 20
CHEM341 Bio-Chemistry I (3 3 4) Nil 22
CHEM361 Environmental Chemistry (2 0 2) Nil 23

** B.Sc. Chemistry
BS 6th Semester/M.Sc. 2nd Semester
Course Code Course Title Credit Hours Pre-Requisites
CHEM312 Inorganic Chemistry II (3 3 4) CHEM311 24
CHEM322 Organic Chemistry II (3 3 4) CHEM321 25
CHEM332 Physical Chemistry II (3 3 4) CHEM331 27
CHEM342 Bio-Chemistry II (3 3 4) CHEM341 29
CHEM351 Analytical Chemistry (2 0 2) Nil 30

th rd
BS 7 /M.Sc. 3 Semester (Inorganic Chemistry)
CHEM411 Instrumental Methods Of Analysis (3 0 3) CHEM312 31
CHEM412 Inorganic Reaction Mechanism (3 0 3) CHEM312 32
CHEM413 Inorganic Polymers (3 0 3) CHEM312 33
CHEM493 Lab-I (0 3 1)
*CS101 Introduction to Computing (3 3 4)
CHEM491 Senior Design Project I (0 9 3)
Total Credit Hours 13+4=17
* Course is only for M.Sc. students
BS 8th/M.Sc. 4th Semester (Inorganic Chemistry) Credit Hours Pre-Requisites
CHEM414 Group Theory and Magnetochemistry (3 0 3) CHEM312 34
CHEM415 Organometallics (3 0 3) CHEM312 35
CHEM416 Nuclear chemistry (3 0 3) CHEM312 36
CHEM494 Lab-II (0 3 1) CHEM493
*ENG134 Communication Skills (3 0 3)
CHEM492 Senior Design Project II (0 9 3)
4

BS 7th/M.Sc. 3rd Semester (Organic Chemistry) Credit Hours Pre-Requisites
CHEM421 Oxidation and Reduction (3 0 3) CHEM322 37
CHEM422 Reaction Mechanism (3 0 3) CHEM322 38
CHEM423 Organic Spectroscopy (3 0 3) CHEM322 39
CHEM493 Lab-I (0 3 1)
BS 8th/M.Sc. 4th Semester (Organic Chemistry) Credit Hours Pre-Requisites
CHEM424 Heterocyclic Chemistry (3 0 3) CHEM322 40
CHEM425 Natural Product Chemistry (3 0 3) CHEM322 41
CHEM426 Organic Synthesis (3 0 3) CHEM322 42
BS 7th/ M.Sc. 3rd Semester (Physical Chemistry)
Statistical Mechanics and
CHEM431 (3 0 3) CHEM332 43
Thermodynamics
CHEM432 Surface and Polymer Chemistry (3 0 3) CHEM332 44
CHEM433 Chemical Kinetics and Photochemistry (3 0 3) CHEM332 45
CHEM493 Lab-I (0 3 1)
BS 8th/MSc 4th Semester (Physical Chemistry) Credit Hours Pre-Requisites
CHEM434 Nuclear Chemistry (3 0 3) CHEM332 46
CHEM435 Quantum and Thermochemistry (3 0 3) CHEM332 47
CHEM436 Spectroscopy (3 0 3) CHEM332 48
5
BS 7th/M.Sc. 3rd Semester (Biochemistry) Credit Hours Pre-Requisites

CHEM441 Metabolism (3 0 3) CHEM342 49
CHEM442 Enzymology and Physical Techniques (3 0 3) CHEM342 50
CHEM443 Molecular Biology (3 0 3) CHEM342 51
CHEM493 Lab-I (0 3 1)
BS 8th/M.Sc. 4th Semester (Biochemistry) Credit Hours Pre-Requisites
CHEM444 Physiology and Immunology (3 0 3) CHEM342 52
CHEM445 Microbiology and Chemotherapy (3 0 3) CHEM342 53
CHEM446 Nutrition (3 0 3) CHEM342 54
Total Credit Hours BS Program 133
Total Credit Hours M.Sc. Program 69
6
BS CHEMISTRY (4 YEARS PROGRAMME)

st
BS 1 Year
1st Semester
Course Code: ENG112 Course Title: Study Skills Credit Hrs: 3 0 3
Objectives:
Study Skills is a collection of study techniques that will make students’ learning more effective. The subject, thus,
will have its impact on the whole degree program of the students.
Note for Instructor: The syllabus is all encompassing and may, therefore, seem unmanageable. To make it
manageable, the instructor is allowed to skip some of the sub headings that are less important. It is, however,
mandatory to cover all the main captions.
A. Study Habits, Study Place, Study Time (Time Management)

B. Concentration
C. Motivation
D. Note- Taking & Note Making Techniques
---------Techniques: Symbols, abbreviations, mind maps etc.
---------Reading Notes
---------Lecture Notes
E. Using Library
-------- The Card Catalog
-------- Using the Card Catalog Efficiently
-------- The Call Slip
-------- Reference Works
---------Encyclopedias
-------- Yearbooks
-------- Dictionaries
-------- Atlases
------- -Bibliographies
------- Some Common Reference Works
-------- Periodicals
------- The Readers Guide
F. Using Dictionary
-------- How to find a word
-------- Word Grammar
-------- Pronunciation
-------- Idioms
------- Common Spelling Problems
G. Reading Skills
---------Intensive Reading
---------Extensive Reading
---------Reading Surveys
--------Sub Skills in Reading
 Vocabulary
 Inference
 Coherence
 Cohesion
 Close exercises
 Skimming
7
 Scanning
 Predicting
 Organization
H. Writing Skill
-------Writing paragraph: Topic Sentence, Support, Conclusion.

-------Types of paragraph: Paragraph of Analysis, Paragraph of Description, Paragraph of Comparison and
Contrast, Paragraph of analogy, Paragraph of Definition.
------- Punctuation Marks
------ Discourse Markers
------ Essay: Definition & Types
J Writing an Outline
K Learning the Vocabulary of English
-------Word Formation
------Changing Parts of Speech
------Present and Past Participles as Adjectives
------Word Stems
------Guessing Meanings from Context
------Recording the Meanings of Words
------Fixing the Meanings of Words
L Preparing for Examination
------How to prepare for Examinations

------Physical Preparation
------Emotional Preparation
------Review Preparation
------How to take an Examination
------Types of Examinations
------Objective Examinations
------Subjective (or Essay-Type) Examinations
Suggested Reading:
 Buzan, T. (1982) Use Your Head (Rev .Ed.)
 Grellete, F. (1981) Developing Reading Skills, Cambridge.
 Jordon. R.R Academic Writing Course, London: Collins.
 Nuttal. (1981) Teaching Reading Skills in a FL. London.
 Pineas, A (1982) Writing in English, New York: Macmillan.
 Wallace, M.J. (1980) Study Skills in English. Cambridge: Cup
 Yorkey, R.C. (1970) Study Skills for Students of English as a Second Language
8
BS 1st Year
1st Semester
Course Code: CHEM112 Course Title: Basic Inorganic Chemistry I Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. The Periodic Law and Periodicity
Development of periodic table; Electronic configuration and classification of elements based on s, p, d, and
f orbital’s, group trends and periodic properties in s, p, d and f block elements i.e., atomic radii, ionic radii,
ionization potentials. Electron affinities and electronegativities. Redox potential series and its applications.
2. Chemistry of the p-Block elements
a) Boron and Aluminum

Group anomalies. Boron and aluminum hydrides: Structures, properties and industrial applications.
b) Carbon and Silicon
Group anomalies. Allotropic forms of carbon, fullerenes and their applications. Production of pure silicon
and its uses: solar energy and silicon chips. Silicates: structural aspects of ortho and metasilicates,
applications in glass and cement. Silicones: preparation; industrial applications.
c) Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Group anomalies. Preparation, structures, properties and the environmental role of oxides of nitrogen.
Industrial preparation of nitric acid, urea and superphosphate fertilizers.
d) Oxygen and Sulphur
Group anomalies. Preparation, structures, properties and environmental role of oxides and oxyacids of
sulphur, manufacturing of sulphuric acid and its reactions. Thionic acids and use of 'hypo' in photography.
e) Chemistry of Halogens and Noble gases
Anomalous behaviour of fluorine. Industrial preparation of chlorine. Preparation, structures,properties and

uses of oxides, oxyacids of chlorine, interhalogens and pseudohalogens. Preparation, properties, structures
and uses of xenon fluorides; Commercial uses of noble gases.
Lab
Analysis of four ions (two cations and two anions) from mixture of salts.
Recommended Books:
1. Huheey J.E., Keiter E.A. Keiter R.L. and Medhi O.K. ―Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and
Reactivity‖ Pearson Inc. South Asia, 4th Ed. (2009).
2. Douglas B.E., McDaniel D.H. and Alexander J.J. ―Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry‖ John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. Canada, 3rd Ed. (1994).
3. Cotton F.A., Wilkinson G. Murillo C.A. and Bochmann M. ―Advance Inorganic Chemistry‖ John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. New York, 6th Ed. (2004).
4. Hill J.W. and Petrucci R.H. ―General Chemistry‖ Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1996).
5. Vogel A.I. ―A Text Book of Micro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis‖ Longman Green & Co.
(1995).
6. Harris D.C. ―Quantitative Chemical Analysis‖ W.H. Freeman and Company USA, 8th Ed. (2010).
9
BS 1st Year
2nd Semester
Course Code: ENG134 Course Title: Communication Skills Credit Hrs: 3 0 3
Objectives:
After studying this course, the students will be able to:
 Practice language skills by carrying out different activities

 Write effective letters and composition
 Prepare themselves for the job interview
 List the uses of non-verbal communication
The Communication Process
Definition of Communication
Components of Communication (Context, Sender, Message
Medium, Receiver, Feedback)
Intercultural Communication
Barriers to Communication
Psychological Barriers
Semantic Barriers
Physical Barriers
Listening
Faults in Listening
Purposes for Listening
Activities for Improving Listening Skills
Speaking
Steps for Preparing Effective Oral Presentations
Ways of Delivering the Oral Message
Activities for Improving Speaking Skills
Reading
Skimming, Scanning, Reading in chunks
Guessing the Meaning of Unfamiliar words.
Activities for Improving Reading Skills
Writing
Formal Letters
Job Application
Resume
Activities for Improving Writing Skills
Job Interview
Successful Preparation for the Job Interview
-Prior to the Interview
-Chronology of the interview (Introduction, Company Information, Candidate Assessment, Conclusion)
-Activity During the Interview
-Answering or Asking Questions During the Interview.
Non-Verbal Communication
Effective Non-Verbal Delivery
Suggested Readings
 Communicating Effectively by Saundra Hybels, Richard L. Weaver II

 Effective Business Communications by H.A. Murphy, H.W. Hilde brandt
 Business Communications: Strategy and Skill by Mary Munter
 English Grammar and Composition by P.C. Wren and Martin
10
BS 1st Year
2nd Semester
Course Code: CHEM122 Course Title: Basic Organic Chemistry I Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Hydrocarbons:
Open Chain:
Nomenclature, Preparation, properties and reactions of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
Closed Chain:
Nomenclature, Synthesis, reactions and relative stability of small and medium sized cycloalkanes; Structure of
benzene, aromaticity, electrophilic substitution including orientation and reactivity, addition and oxidation
reaction; preparation and reactivity of napnthalene.
2. Basic Concepts in Chemical Bonding:
Localised and delocalised bonding; concept of hybridization leading to bond Angles; bond energies and
geometry of simple organic molecules; dipole moment; inductive effect; resonance; resonance energy; rules of
resonance; resonance effect, steric inhibition of resonance; hyperconjugation; tautomerism; hydrogen
bonding.
3. Alkyl Halides:
Nomenclature, Preparation and reactions of alkyl halides with special reference to nucleophilic substitution and
elimination reactions, factors effecting nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. Grignard’s Reagent:
Preparation, structure and applications in the synthesis of alcohols and carboxylic acids.
4. Chemistry of Hydroxyl Group and Ethers:
Nomenclature, preparation, physical properties and reactions of alcohols;
Phenols: preparation and reactions of phenols. Ethers; Preparation, properties and reactions of ethers.
Lab
1. Purification Techniques: Sublimation, Simple, Fractional, Steam and Vacuum Distillation, Re-crystallization,
Solvent Extraction
2. Determination of Melting Point and Boiling Point of an Organic compound
Recommended Books:
1. Younas, M., Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Ilmi Kutab Khana, Lahore 2 nd Edition, 2005.
2. Rehman, A, Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Caravan Book House Lahore, 2008
3. March, J., Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 6 th Ed, 2007.
4. Pine, S.H., Organic Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 5th Ed 1987
5. Solomon’s, T. W. G., Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 10 Ed, 2011
6. Chughtai, F. A., Organic reaction, Majid book Depot, Lahore/Faisalabad, 2 nd Ed.
7. Morrison R. T. and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, Allyn and Bacon, London, 6 th Ed, 1999.
8. Wade G.L, Text book Organic Chemistry 5th Edition Pearson, 6th Ed, 2006.
9. Vogal., A. I., A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London, 5 th Ed 1989.
10. Clarke, H. T. and D. Haynes., A Hand Book of Organic Analysis, Edward Arnold, London, 5 th Ed 1989.
11. Mann, F. G and B. C. Sauners, Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London, 2009.
12. Shriner, R. L., D.Y. Curtin, R.C. Fuson, and T.C. Morrill, The Systematic Identification of Organic
Compounds, Wiley, New York, 1940
13. Rehman, A., Experimental Organic Chemistry, The caravan Book House, Lahore, 2008
11
BS 2nd Year
3rd Semester
Course Code: ENG334 Course Title: Technical and Business Writing Credit Hrs: 3 0 3
Objectives:
After studying this course, the students will be able to:
 Describe business writing principles

 Write effective business letters
 Write short and long reports as form of business writing
 Prepare effective resume and cover letter.
 Write effective memorandum and proposals
1. Business Writing Principles:

Completeness, Conciseness, Consideration, Concreteness, Clarity, Courtesy, Correctness.
2. Preparing Effective Business Messages:
Planning Steps, Basic Organizational Plans, Beginning and Ending, Composing the Message.
3. Mechanical Layout of Business Letter:
Styles of Letters Full Block Letters
Modified Block Letters with Paragraphs Indented.
Letter Parts Standard or Essential Parts of Letter
Optional or Non-essential Parts of Letter.
Letter Writing Good News Messages
Bad News Messages
Inquiries and Replies
Complaints and Adjustments
Orders
4. The Job Application Process
Resume, Cover letter to Resume
5. Report Writing
Suggestions for Informational Report Writing and
Survey Report Writing
Prefatory Sections, Supplemental Sections and Presentation of the Long Report
6. Proposals
Planning a Proposal, Research Proposal, Sales Proposal
7. Abstract of a Technical Article
8. An Interoffice Memo
Suggested Readings for Technical and Business Writing

 Effective Business Communications by Herta A. Murphy and Herbert W. Hildebrandt.
 Effective Business Communication and Report Writing By Prof. Sh. Ataur Rehman.
 Modern Business Correspondence by L. Gartside.
12
BS 2nd Year
3rd Semester
Course Code: CHEM212 Course Title: Basic Inorganic Chemistry II Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Principles of Chemical Bonding
Types of chemical bonding: ionic; covalent and coordinate covalent bond. Valence Bond Theory (VBT),
hybridization, molecular orbital theory (MOT) as applied to diatomic and polyatomic molecules.
Interpretation of shapes of inorganic molecules on the basis of valence shell electron pair repulsion
(VSEPR) theory. Band theory of metallic bonding (conductors, insulators and semiconductors). Bonding
in electron deficient compounds. Hydrogen bonding.
2. Acid and Bases
Concepts of acids and bases including soft and hard acid base concepts. Relative strengths of acids and
bases, significance of pH, pKa, pKb and buffers solutions. Theories of indicators: (acid base, redox,
adsorption). Solubility, solubility product, common ion effect and their industrial applications
3. An Introduction to Modern Materials.

Brief introduction to liquid Crystals, inorganic polymers, ceramics fiber, Glass, thin films, semiconductors,
composite materials.
4. Metallurgical Operations
Metallurgy of Copper, Metallurgy of Silver, Metallurgy of Calcium.
Lab
1- Preparation of crystals of potash alum
2- Preparation of lead chromate
3- Preparation of microcosmic salt
4- Determination of halides in water samples argentometrically
Recommended Books:
1. Miessler G.L. and Tarr D.A. ―Inorganic Chemistry‖ Pearson Prentice Hall International, Inc. 4 th Ed. (2010).
3. Lee J. D. ―Concise Inorganic Chemistry‖ Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. 5 th Edition (2008).
5. Shriver D. and Atkins P.W. ―Inorganic Chemistry‖ Oxford University Press, 3rd Ed. (1999).
6. Vogel A.I. ―A Text Book of Micro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis‖ Longman Green & Co.
(1995)
7. Iqbal M.Z. and Chaudhrey A.R. ―Advance Practical Chemistry‖ Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore (1990).
13
BS 2nd Year
3rd Semester
Course Code: CHEM233 Course Title: Basic Physical Chemistry I Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Physical States of Matter
A. Gaseous State
Gas laws, deviation of real gases from ideal behavior, Van der Waal’s equation of state, critical
phenomena, Critical temperature, pressure and volume, Law of corresponding states, Liquefaction of gases.
B. Liquid State
Physical properties of liquids, vapor pressure, Surface tension, Viscosity, Parachor value, Rheochor value
and their applications, Refractive index, molar refraction and its applications, Dipole moment its
determination and applications.
C. Solid State
Solids and their classification, Unit cells, Bragg’s methods of crystal structure analysis, X-ray
crystallography of sodium chloride, powder method of crystal structure analysis.
2. Chemical Thermodynamics-I
Definition of some common thermodynamic terms, System and surrounding, Zeroth law of
thermodynamics, First law of thermodynamics and its applications to internal energy, Mechanical work,
Enthalpy and heat capacity, concept of reversible and irreversible processes, worked done and the change
in the internal energy during the isothermal and adiabatic processes in ideal gases, Carnot cycle.
Lab
1. Determination of surface tension and parachor value of given liquid by stalagmometer.
2. Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions from surface tension measurement.
3. Determination of viscosity and Rheochor value of liquids by using Ostwald’s Viscometer
4. Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions viscometrically.
5. Determination of refractive index and molar refractivity by refractometer.
6. Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions by refractive index measurement.
7. Kinetic study of acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate.
Recommended Books
1- General Chemistry, Darrell, D. Ebbing, 10th Ed., (2012).
2- Physical Chemistry, Atkin, 9th Ed., (2010).
3- Practical Chemistry, O.P. Pandey, D.N. Bajpai and S. Giri., (2009).
4- Physical Chemistry, Robert J. Silbey and Robert A. Alberty 4rd Ed., (2006).
5- Fundamental concepts in Physical Chemistry, Devendra Nath Thakur, (2001).
6- Essentials of Physical Chemistry, B. S. Bahl, Arun Bahl, G. D. Tuli., 24 th Ed., (2000).
7- Physical Chemistry, R.L Madan and G. D. Tuli., (1999).
8- Experiments in physical chemistry Shoemaker, D.P. Nibbler and C.W. Garland, (1996), 6 th Ed., McGraw
Hill, Inc.
14
BS 2nd Year
4th Semester
Course: Statistics Course Code: STAT101 Credit Hrs: 3 0 3
Objectives
The fundamental objectives of this course are to make students understand the basic statistical concept and
techniques and they can be applied in the field of Chemistry. The aim of the course is to build student’s statistical
background and to give them the statistical skills necessary to meet the needs of Chemistry and the real world
decision-making problems.
Course Contents
Introduction to Statistics
 Definition and Meaning of Statistics
 Importance of Statistics
 Descriptive and Inferential statistics
 Population and Sample
 Parameter and Statistics
 Variables and its types
Presentation of Data
 Introduction
 Frequency distribution
 Class limits; class marks; class boundaries; class width
 Construction of grouped frequency distribution
 Definition and construction of graphs
 Pie Chart, Simple Bar Chart, Histogram
Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion

 Introduction
 Arithmetic Mean, Harmonic Mean, Geometric Mean, Median and Mode
 Range, Mean Deviation; Variance, Standard Deviation.
Estimation
 Definitions; estimation, estimates and estimator; point estimation; interval estimation
Hypothesis Testing (Z – TEST)
 Definitions; hypothesis, null & alternative hypothesis; acceptance and rejection region; one tailed and two
tailed test
 Hypothesis testing about mean  when population is; normal &  or  2 is known and unknown
Student’s t distribution
 Testing hypothesis about mean of a normal population when  is unknown and n < 30 & x , S2, & n are
given
Recommended Books
1. Chaudhry M. S., (1999), Introduction to Statistical Theory, Part I, 7th Edition, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
2. Walpole E. R., (1990), Introduction to Statistics, 3rd Edition, Macmillan Publishing Co., inc, New York.
3. Levine D. M., Krehbiel T. C. and Berenson M. L., (2003), Business Statistics, 3rd Edition, Pearson
Education, Inc.
4. Chaudhry M. S., (1999), Introduction to Statistical Theory, Part-II, 7th Edition, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
5. Walpole E. R., (1990), Introduction to Statistics, 3rd Edition, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, New York.
15
BS 2nd Year
4th Semester
Course Code: CHEM234 Course Title: Basic Physical Chemistry II Cr Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Solutions
Introduction, Concentration units , ideal and non ideal solutions, Raoult’s law, Solutions of solids in liquid,
Solutions of gases in liquid, Solutions of liquids in liquid, Colligative properties such as lowering of vapour
pressure, Elevation of boiling point (Ebullioscopy), Depression of freezing point (Cryoscopy), Osmotic
pressure, distillation and concept of azeotropic mixture.
2. Chemical Equilibrium
The concept of equilibrium, Law of Mass Action, equilibrium constant and its applications, Relationship
between Kc, Kp, Kx and Ka, homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria, Le-Chatelier’s Principle and the
effects of variables e.g. temperature, Concentration and pressure on equilibrium constant.
3. Surface and Colloids Chemistry.
Adsorption, Physical adsorption and chemisorptions, Adsorption isotherms and its types, Catalysis,
Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, enzyme catalysis, Promoters and inhibitors, types and properties of
colloidal suspension, Preparation and applications of colloidal suspensions.
4. Electrochemistry-1
Fundamentals of electrochemistry, electrolytes and its types, Arhenus law, conductance, dependence of
conductance on nature of solvent and temp, Kohlranch’s law, measurement of conductance, Ostwald dilution
law.
Lab
1-
Determination of specific and molar conductivities of strong and weak electrolytes.
2-
Potentiometer titration of strong acid and strong bases.
3-
Potentiometer titration of weak acid and weak bases.
4-
Determination of molecular weight of a compound by lowering of freezing point (The Cryoscopy
methods).
5- Determination of molecular weight of a compound by elevation in boiling point. (Ebullioscopy method).
6- Determination of heat of solution by solubility method.
7- Determination of heat of neutralization of an acid with a base.
8- Determination of partition coefficient of a substance in two immiscible liquids.
Recommended Books
1- Practical Chemistry, O.P. Pandey, D.N. Bajpai and S. Giri., (2009).
2- Physical Chemistry for BS Students by Ghulam Nabi., (2008).
3- Advanced Experimental Physical Chemistry by Ayodhya Singh., (2008).
4- General Chemistry, Darrell D. Ebbing, 9th Ed., (2007).
5- Physical Chemistry, Robert J. Silbey and Robert A. Alberty 4 rd Ed., (2006).
6- Fundamental concepts in Physical Chemistry, Devendra Nath Thakur, 2001.
7- Essentials of Physical Chemistry, B. S. Bahl, Arun Bahl, G. D. Tuli., 24th Ed., (2000).
16
BS 2nd Year
4th Semester
Course Code: CHEM222 Course Title: Basic Organic Chemistry II Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Chemistry of Carbonyl Compounds:
Nomenclature, Structure and reactivity of carbonyl group; preparation and reactions of aldehydes and
ketones.
2. Chemistry of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives:
Nomenclature, Preparation, properties and reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivative like esters,
amides, acid halides and acid anhydrides.
Effect of substitution and structure on the strengths of acidity of carboxylic acids.
3. Chemistry of Amino Group:
Nomenclature, Structure of aliphatic and aromatic primary, secondary ad tertiary amines; Synthesis
reactions and physical properties of amines, basicity and nucleophilicity of amines;. Diazonium salts:
Preparation and synthetic applications.
4. Simple Heterocycles:
Nomenclature of simple heterocyclic structures containing O, N and S in five membered and six membered
rings; furan, pyrrole, pyridine and thiophene:their aromatic character, physical properties, synthesis and
reactions.
5. Isomerism:
Geometrical isomerism: Determination of configuration, Z, E convention and cis, trans-isomerism in
compounds containing two double bonds; Optical isomerism: Racemisation ad resolution of racemic
mixture, R, S notation.
Conformational isomeris: Brief introduction to conformation of ethane, n-butane and cyclohexane.
6. An introduction to Chromatography and Spectroscopy:
(a) Chromatographic Methods: Paper, thin layer & column.
(b) Spectroscopic Methods: Infrared & ultraviolet.
Lab
1. Qualitative Organic Analysis:

Systematic identification of organic compounds containing group like C=C, C-X, COOH, OH, NH2 and
C=O
2. Organic Preparation: Acetylation /Alkylation of Alcohols or Amino Groups, Nitration of Benzene.
Recommended Books:
1. Kemp, W., Organic Spectroscopy, Macmilian, London, 1987.
2. Younas, M., Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Ilmi Kutab Khana, Lahore, 2nd Ed 2008.
3. March, J., Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 6 th Ed 2007.
4. Pine, S.H., Organic Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York 5th Ed 1987
5. Solomon’s, T. W. G., Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 10th Ed 2011.
6. Chughtai, F. A., Organic reaction, Majid book Depot, Lahore/Faisalabad 2 nd Ed.
7. Morrison R. T. and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, Allyn and Bacon, London, 6 th Ed 1999.
8. Wade G.L, Text book Organic Chemistry 5th Edition Pearson, 6th edu 2006.
9. Vogel., A. I., A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London 5 th Ed 1989
10. Clarke, H. T. and D. Haynes., A Hand Book of Organic Analysis, Edward Arnold, London 2009
11. Mann, F. G and B. C. Sauners, Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London.
Compounds, Wiley, New York, 1940.
13. Rehman, A., Experimental Organic Chemistry, The caravan Book House, Lahore, 2008
17
BS 3rd Year/MSc 1st Year

BS 5th Semester/M.Sc. 1st Semester
Course Code: CHEM311 Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry I Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Chemistry of Coordination Compounds
Introduction to d-block elements, nomenclature, Werner’s theory, valence bond theory, molecular orbital
theory, crystal field and ligand-field theory. Jahn-Teller theorem; magnetic properties, chelates and chelate-
effect. The spectrochemical series and color of metal complexes, Isomerism and stereochemistry, geometry of
complexes having coordination number 2 to 9. Techniques used for studying complexes; stability constant; and
applications of coordination compounds.
2. f-Block Elements
a) The Lanthanide Series
Electronic structure and position in the periodic table, Lanthanide’s contraction, oxidation states,
occurrence and preparations, complexes and uses.
b) The Actinide Series
Electronic structure and position in periodic table, Oxidation states, Occurrence and preparation with
reference to Uranium complexes, uses of actinides, half life and decay law.
3. π-Acceptor Ligands
Metal carbonyls: Mononuclear and polynuclear, general method of synthesis, the eighteen electron rule as
applied to metal carbonyls. Introduction to metal nitrosyls, nitrosyl complexes containing other ligands:
halonitrosyl; cyanonitrosyl complexes. Infrared and mass spectral studies of metal nitrosyls.
Lab
Qualitative analysis of inorganic mixtures containing six radicals, including interfering and insoluble
radicals.
Recommended Books
2. Basolo F. and Johnson R. ―Coordination Chemistry‖ National Book Foundation Pakistan, (2003).
3. Lee J. D. ―Concise Inorganic Chemistry‖ Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. 5 th Edition (2008).
4. Prakash S., Tuli G.D., Basu S.K. and Madan R.D. ―Advance Inorganic Chemistry Volume II‖ S. Chand &
Company Pvt. Ltd. India, 18th Ed. (2005).
6. Hill J. W. and Petrucci R. H. ―General Chemistry‖ Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1996).
8. Harris D.C. ―Quantitative Chemical Analysis‖ W.H. Freeman and Company USA, 8 th Ed. (2010).
18

BS 5th Semester/MSc 1st Semester
Course Code: CHEM321 Course Title: Organic Chemistry I Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Isomerism
Introduction; Structural Isomerism and its types, Stereoisomerism and its types, Optical isomerism: Optical
activity, Chirality and optical activity, Relative and Absolute configuration, R.S notation, Methods of
determining configuration, Racemic mixtures and their resolution, Enantiomers, Diastereomers,
Geometrical isomerism: Determination of configuration of geometrical isomers, Z, E convention and cis,
trans isomerism in cyclic systems; Conformational isomerism: Conformational analysis of monosubstituted
cyclohexanes, disubstituted cyclohexanes and decalin systems.
2. Strength of Acids and Bases.
Concepts of Acids and Bases; Scale of Acidity and Basicity; pKa values; Predicting acid/base reactions
from pKa values; the Effect of Structure on the strengths of acids and bases. Field effects, Resonance
effects, Steric effects, Hydrogen bonding effects and Hybridization effects; the Effect of the Medium on the
strengths of acids and bases.
3. Named Organic Reactions.
Cannizzaro reactioin, Perkin reaction, Michael reaction, Claisen-Schmidt reaction, Darzens Glycidic Ester
reaction. Stobbe reaction, Mannich reaction, Wittig reaction, Ene reaction and Reformatsky reaction. Aldol
addition reaction.
Lab
1. Mixture Analysis by Chromatographic Techniques:
Analysis of two components mixtures.
2. Preparation of organic compounds:
Preparation of simple organic compounds, t-butyl chloride, benzoic acid, tribromophenol, aspirin and
acetanilide.
Recommended Books
1. B.S.Bahl and Arun Bahl, Text Book of Organic Chemistry, 1997
2. March, J., Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 6 th Ed 2007.
3. Pine, S.H., Organic Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York 5th Ed, 1987
4. Sykes, P., A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry Longman, London, 6 th Ed 1985.
5. Younas, M., Organic Spectroscopy, & Chromatography, A. H. Publisher, Lahore. 2 nd Ed 2008
6. Solomon’s, T. W. G., Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 10 th Ed 2011.
7. Kemp, W., Organic Spectroscopy, Macmilian, London, 1987
8. Chughtai, F. A., Organic reaction, Majid book Depot, Lahore/Faisalabad, 2 nd Ed.
9. Vogel., A. I., A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London 5 th Ed 1989.
10. Clarke, H. T. and D. Haynes. A Hand Book of Organic Analysis, Edward Arnold, London, 5 th Ed 1975
11. Mann, F. G and B. C. Sauners, Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London, 2009
19
Compounds, Wiley, New York, 1970
13. Rehman, A., Experimental Organic Chemistry, The caravan Book House, Lahore, 2008.
14. Morrison R. T. and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, Allyn and Bacon, London, 6 th Ed 1999.
15. Atta-ur-Rehman, M.I. Choudhary Solving problems wth NMR Spectroscopy, Vol.1, National Academy of
Higher Education, university Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1996.
20

BS 5th Semester /MSc 1st Semester
Course Code: CHEM331 Course Title: Physical Chemistry I Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Mathematics for Chemists
Constants, variables, Functions and their graphs, Straight line equation, Differentiation of elementary
algebraic, Trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions; Maxima and minima, Definite and
indefinite integration and rules of integration, Analytical methods of integration and their applications in
chemistry.
2. Chemical Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics and its applications, Reversibility and maximum work, Second law of
thermodynamics, Entropy and its calculations, Entropy change in a reversible and in an irreversible
process, Entropy change in universe, entropy and phase change, entropy change for a chemical reaction,
Free energy and its calculation, dependence of free energy on pressure and temperature, Free energy
relationship with equilibrium constant for chemical reactions and other thermodynamic functions, Clausius-
Clapeyron equation, third law of thermodynamics, The Joule-Thomson effect, Partial molar quantities,
chemical potential and Gibbs-Duhem equation.
3. Kinetic Theory of Gases
The Kinetic Molecular Theory (K.M.T) of gases, Derivation of kinetic gas equation and deduction of gas
laws on the basis of kinetic gas equation, Kinetic energy and temperature, law of equipartition of energy,
Equations of state for real gases (other than van der waals equation), Maxwell law for distribution of
velocities, Calculations of molecular velocities, Maxwell and Boltzman law of energy distribution,
Molecular collisions and their calculations.
Lab
1. Preparation of Molar, Normal and ppm solutions.

2. Standardization of HCl solution against KHP
3. Determination of Molecular weight by the vapor density method
A. Dumas Method B. Victor Meyer’s Method (glass blowing is involved).
4. Study of heat capacity ratio for Gases (N2 – CO2 only).
5. Determination of the heats of combustion of organic compounds.
6. To measure the variation of vapor pressure of a pure liquid with temperature and to determine molar heat of
vaporization.
7. Binary solid-liquid phase Diagram to obtain cooling curves for the system naphthalene – diphenylamine.
8. Kinetics of decomposition of Benzendiazonium ion.
21
Recommended Books
1. Physical Chemistry, Atkin, 9th Ed., (2010), ELBS Oxford University Press.
2. Practical Chemistry, O.P. Pandey, D.N. Bajpai and S. Giri., (2009).
3. Physical Chemistry, Robert G. M., 3rd Ed. (2008), Publishers, Elsevier Academic Press.
4. Physical chemistry, Barrow G.M (5th Ed.)(Special Indian edition), (2008), McGraw Hill, Inc.
5. Physical Chemistry, Robert J. Silbey and Robert A. Alberty 4 rd Ed., (2006), John Wiley & Sons.
6. Principles of Physical Chemistry, Maron and Prutten, (1998), McGraw Hill, New York.
7. Physical Chemistry, Laidler K.J. & J.H. Meiser., (1998), Benjamin/Cummings publishing company, Inc.
8. Basic Mathematics for Chemists, Tegbutt P., 2nd Ed. (1998).
9. Advanced concepts in Physical Chemistry, Kaufman E.D., (1996), McGraw Hill.
10. Maths for Chemists, Cockett M. C. R. and Graham D., Vol. 1, (1996), Royal Society of Chemistry,
Cambridge, UK.
11. Experiments in Physical Chemistry, Shoemaker D.P., C.W. Garland and J.W. Nibbler., 6th Ed., (1996),
McGraw Hill, Inc.
22

BS 5th Semester/MSc 1st Semester
Course Code: CHEM341 Course Title: Biochemistry I Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Introduction to Biochemistry
A brief introduction to the scope and history of biochemistry, cell structure and their functions, origin and
nature of biomolecules.
2. Proteins
Amino acids: Classification structure, specific rotation, peptide bond, protein, physical properties and
structure of protein. Glycoproteins.
3. Lipids
Classification, properties, and biological significance of glycerides, phospholipids and steroids, structure of
biological membrane.-Oxidation of fatty acid, Glycolipids
4. Carbohydrates
Classification of carbohydrates, Chemistry and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides &
polysacctrides, mutarotation, Haworth prespective formula
5. Nucleic Acids
Purines, pyrimidines and nucleotides, nucleosides, structure and functions of DNA &RNA.
Lab
Carbohydrates: Qualitative tests for carbohydrates Distinction between pentoses, Hexoses, Aldoses and Ketoses,
Reducing, non reducing sugars, mono, di and Polysaccharides.
Lipids: Qualitative tests for Fats
Proteins: Qualitative tests for proteins and amino acids
Recommended Books:
1. Murray, Mayes, Granner, Rodwell, Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, Mc Graw Hills Co.
2. E.S.Conn and P.K. Stump, Biochemistry, John Wiley, New York.
3. M. Yudkin, and Offord, Comprehensive Biochemistry, Longmann, London.
4. E. S. west, W. Todd, H.S. Mason, J.T. bruggen, Text book of biochemistry, Macmillan, Co, New York.
5. A. L Lehninger, Biochemistry, Worths Publications, London.
6. J. L. Jain, Sunjay Jain, Nitin Jain, Elementary Biochemistry, S. Chand, New Delhi, India.
23
BS 3rd Year MSc 1st Year

BS 5th Semester/ MSc 1st Semester
Course Code: CHEM361 Course Title: Environmental Chemistry Credit Hrs: 2 0 2
Course Contents
1. The Atmosphere
Structure and Properties of Atmosphere, Atmospheric Segments and their Composition, Atmospheric
Photochemistry, Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Importance of Air, Common Air Pollutants and their Sources,
Particulate Matter, Photochemical Smog, Acid Rain –major sources and their environmental effect, Green House
Effect and Global Warming, Control of Automobile Emission.
2. Water Pollution and Water Treatment
Importance of Water, Physical and Chemical Properties of Water, Criteria of Water Quality, BOD and COD,
Sources of Water Pollution, Detergents and Phosphates, Heavy Metals, Primary, Secondary and Advance Treatment
of Water.
3. Fossil Fuel and Energy Resources
Origin of Development of Coal, Origin and Reserves of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Composition and Classification
of Petroleum and Environmental Problems Associated with Petroleum, Nuclear and Solar Energy, Synthetic
Chemical Fuels, and the Hydrogen Economy.
4. Soil Pollution
Importance of Soil, Nature and Composition of Soil, Macro- and Micro-nutrients in Soil, Soil Erosion, pH of Soil,
Ion Exchange in Soil, Sources of Soil Pollution and Reclamation of Soil. Pest and its Control, Pesticides, their
Classification and Toxicity, Pest Management.
Recommended Books
1. Anil Kumar De, Environmental Chemistry, 6th Edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi, 2006.
2. R. W. Raiswell, P. Brimblecombe, D. L. Dent and P. S. Liss, Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1980.
3. Staneley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, Eight Edition, Brooks, California, USA, 2004
4. S. K. Banerji, Environmental Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 2005.
5. J. H. Seinfeld and S. Pandis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air pollution to Climate Change ,
2nd Edition, , Wiley, 2006.
6. Colin Baird and Michael Cann, Environmental Chemistry, 4th Edition, 2008.
24
BS 3rd Year/ MSc 1st Year

BS 6th Semester/ MSc 2nd Semester
Course Code: CHEM312 Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry II Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Structure of Solids
Introduction to crystallography, unit cell, amorphous solids, Bravais lattice, typical crystal structure like
NaCl, CsCl, TiO2, CaF2, crystal defects, non-stoichiometric compounds, classification of crystals on the
basis of bonding.
2. Non-aqueous Solvents
Introduction, classification of solvents, types of reactions in solvents, effect of physical and chemical
properties of solvents, study of reactions in liquid NH 3, SO2 , HF, H2SO4 and BrF3. Reactions in molten salts
systems.
3. Organic Reagents Used in Inorganic Analysis
Types of reagent, specificity and sensitivity of the reagents, methods of application with specific examples,
like DMG, rubeanic acid, 8-hydroxyquinoline, pyrogallol, nitron, salicylaldoxime, anthranilic acid, EDTA.
Complexometric and gravimetric methods involving various reagents.
Lab
1- Determination of total hardness of water using EDTA
2- Estimation of Mn(II) using EDTA
3- Estimation of Copper (iodometrically)
4- Gravimetric Analyses of Following:
a) Cu +2 / Ni +2
b) Al 3+ / Fe 3+
c) Ca 2+ / Ba 2+
d) Cd 2+ / Pb 2+
Recommended Books
2. Prakash S., Tuli G.D., Basu S.K. and Madan R.D. ―Advance Inorganic Chemistry Volume I‖ S. Chand &
Company Pvt. Ltd. India, 18th Ed. (2005).
3. Miessler G.L. and Tarr D.A. ―Inorganic Chemistry‖ Pearson Prentice Hall International, Inc. 4th Ed. (2010).
4. Moeller, T. ―Inorganic Chemistry, a Modern Introduction‖, John Wiley, (1982).
5. Sharpe, A.G. ―Inorganic Chemistry‖ Dorling Kindersley Pearson Education, India, 3 rd Ed. (1992).
7. Harris D.C. ―Quantitative Chemical Analysis‖ W.H. Freeman and Company USA, 8 th Ed. (2010).
25

BS 6th Semester/MSc 2nd Semester
Course Code: CHEM322 Course Title: Organic Chemistry II Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions
a. Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: Mechanisms-Study of SN1, SN2, SNi; Neighbouring
group participation: Intramolecular displacement by neighbouring oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogen;
Structure and reactivity: the effects of the substrate structure, entering group, leaving group and reaction
medium on the mechanisms and rates of substitution reactions.
b. Elimination Reactions Mechanisms-Study of E1, E1cB and E2 mechanisms; Orientation: Saytzeff and
Hofmann Rules, Structure and Reactivity: The effects of the substrate structure, attacking base, leaving
group and the reaction medium on the rates and mechanisms of elimination reactions; competition between
elimination and substitution reactions.
2. Aromatic Substitution Reactions:
a. Electrophilic Substitution: Aromaticity; mechanisms of substitution; orientation and reactivity;
electrophilic substitution reactions, i.e. nitration, halogenation, sulphonation, Friedal-Crafts reactions,
diazo-coupling, formylation and carboxylation.
b. Nucleophilic Substituion: Mechanisms-Study of SNAr, SN1 and benzyne mechanisms; Structure and
reactivity: The effects of substrate structure, leaving group and the attacking nucleophile on the rates of
substitution reactions.
3. Introduction to Spectroscopy (I)
Principal and instrumentation of UV, IR, NMR and MASS Spectroscopy
Lab
Organic Preparations:
1. Two step synthesis (at least four compounds in number)
2. Protection of Functional Groups
Recommended Books
1. Finar, I.L.,Organic Chemistry, Vol-II, Longman, London, Fifth Edition, 2008.

2. March, J., Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 6 th Edition, 2007.
3. Pine, S.H., Organic Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 5th Edition, 1987.
4. Morrison, R.T. and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, Allyn & Bacon, London, 6 th Edition, 1999.
5. Solomons, T.W.G., organic chemistry, Wiley, New York, 10 th Edition, 2011.
6. Fleming, I., Frotier orbitals and organic chemical reactions, Wiley, New York, 4th Edition 2009.
7. Stock, L.M., Aromatic substitution reactions, Prentice Hall, London, 1968.
8. Mc Comie, J.F.W., Prtotective groups in organic syntheses, Plenum Press, London, 1973
9. Carey, F.A. and R.J. Sundberg, Advanced organic chemistry, part A&B, Plenum, New York, 4 th Edition 2000.
10. Hendrickson, J.B., D.J.Cram and G.S. Hammond, organic chemistry, Megraw Hill, London, 1980.
26
11. Sykes, P., A Guide Book to mechanism in organic chemistry, Longman, London, 6 th Edition, 1985.
12. Chughtai, F.A., Organic reachtions, Majid &Sons, Lahore, 2 nd Edition.
13. Beckett, A.H. and J.B. Stenlake, Practical harmaceutical chemistry, athlone press, London, 4 th Edition, 1988.
14. Clarke, H.T. and D. Haynes, A Hand book of organic analysis, Edward Arnold, London, 5 th Edition, 1975.
15. Vogel, A.I., At text book of practical organic chemistry, Longman, London 5 th Edition, 1989.
16. Gibert, Experimental organic chemistry, 2000.
17. Matiland, J.Organic chemistry, 1998.
18. Jones, M.Organic chemistry, 2nd Edition, 2000.
27
BS 3rd Year/MSc 2nd Year

Course Code: CHEM332 Course Title: Physical Chemistry II Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Chemical kinetics-II
Kinetics of third order reactions (Type-I when all the three initial concentration of the reactants are same,
Type-II when all the three initial concentrations of the reactants are different, Type-III when the two initial
concentrations of the reactants are same while 3rd one is different), Effect of temperature on reaction rates
and interpretation of the kinetic data(Arrhenius equation), activation energy and its determination,
introduction to unimolecular collision theory, bimolecular collision theory and the transition state theory.
2. Quantum Chemistry
Introduction, Black Body and Black Body radiations, Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect, concept of
wave functions, Orthogonal and normalized set of functions, eigen and non-eigen functions, Schrödinger
wave equation for a free particle in one and three dimensions, concept of zero point energy and degeneracy.
3. Electrochemistry-II
Introduction to electrochemistry, Migration of ions, Hittorf‖s method, Transport number and its
determination, Conductometric titration, Huckel and Onsager equation on conductance, Activity and
activity coefficients, Debye-Huckel limiting law, Electrochemical cells, concept of electrode potential,
standard electrode potential, liquid junction, electrochemical series, calculation of cell emf, reversible and
irreversible cells, Nernst equation, calculations for equilibrium constant, change in free energy and entropy
of electrochemical cells, Concentration cells, Electrolytic cells, fuel cells, kinds of electrodes.
Lab
1. To determine the activity coefficients from e.m.f. measurements.

2. To determine transport numbers from electrochemical cells.
3. To determine the degree of dissociation of a week electrolyte and to study the deviation from ideal behavior
which occurs with a strong electrolyte?
4. To measure the solubility’s in solutions of different ionic strengths to obtain experimental values for the
activity coefficients of silver acetate as a function of ionic strength.
5. Flame Photometry.
6. Kinetics of saponification of an ester.
7. PH measurements and its application.
8. Conductometric measurements and their applications.
9. Kinetics study of the Iodination of alikeness and effect of solvent upon it.
28
Recommended Books
1. Physical Chemistry, Atkin, 9th Ed., (2010), ELBS Oxford University Press.
2. Quantum Chemistry, John P. L. and Kirk A. P., 3 rd Ed. (2006), Elsevier Academic Press, USA.
3. Fundamentals of Quantum Chemistry, James E. House 2 nd Ed., (2004), An imprint of Elsevier Science,
California, USA.
4. Physical chemistry, Barrow G.M., 5th Ed., (1998), McGraw Hill, Inc.
5. Phsycial chemistry, Laidler K.J. & J.H. Meiser., (1998), Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing company, Inc.
6. Elementary Physical chemistry, Aktin P.W., 2 nd Ed. (1998).
7. Advanced concepts in Physical chemistry, Kaufman E.D., (1996), McGraw Hill Book Company.
8. Experiments in Physical Chemistry, Shoemaker D.P., C.W. Garland and J.W. Nibbler., 6th Ed. (1996),
McGraw Hill, Inc.,
9. Physical chemistry, Castellan G.W., 3rd Ed.,(1983), Norasa publishing House.
10. Experimental physical chemistry, Daniels, Mathews et al., (1956), McGraw Hill Book Company.
29

Course Code: CHEM342 Course Title: Biochemistry II Credit Hrs: 3 3 4
Course Contents
1. Enzymes
General properties, nature, nomenclature and classification of enzymes, Effect of different factors on enzymatic
activity; Cofactors and co-enzymes, Zymogens, Isozymes, Enzyme specificity, Enzyme-substrate interactions and
nature of active site;
2. Vitamins:
Chemistry, classification, and functions of fat soluble and water soluble vitamins.
3. Hormones
Chemistry, functions and metabolism of thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, steroid and growth hormones; Hormonal
regulation of metabolism.
Lab
1. Microscopic examination of Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

2. Hydrolysis of a protein and quantitative tests for amino acids.
3. Titration curves of amino acids.
4. Estimation of glucose in mixture of monosaccharide.
5. Acid, saponification and iodine values of fat
Recommended Books:
1. A. L Lehninger, Biochemistry, Worths Publications, London E.S.Conn and P.K. Stump, Biochemistry, John
Wiley, New York.
3. I. S. Kleiner and J.M. Orten, General Biochemistry, Mosby Co, New York.
4. Guyton and Hall, Text Book of Medical Physiology, W. B. Saunders UK
5. A.R. Mahler, and E.H. Cordes, Biological Chemistry, Harper and Row, New York.
30
BS 3rd Year/ MSc 1st Year

BS 6th Semester/ MSc 2nd Semester
Course Code: CHEM351 Course Title: Analytical Chemistry Credit Hrs: 2 0 2
Course Contents
1. Introduction to Analytical Chemistry.
Definition, Classification, Qualitative Analysis, Quantitative Analysis, Methods of Analysis, Classical
Methods, Instrumental Methods, Scope, Application.
2. Stoichiometry (Expression of Quantities and Concentrations).

Introduction, expression for different concentration units, inter-conversion of different concentration units,
i.e., (Molarity, Molality, Formality, Normality, Percent composition of solution, ppt, ppm, ppb).
Preparation of solutions.
3. Analytical Methodology
i. Plan, Sampling, Sample preparation, Analytical measurement.
ii. Figures of Merit, (Precision, Bias, Sensitivity, Detection limit, Concentration range (Dynamic range),
Selectivity).
4. Statistical Evaluation of Data

Description of data, digital information and its reliability in terms of confidence level, precision & accuracy
of data, calculation of mean, median, mode, stander deviation and regression R 2 value, variance, coefficient
of variance, significant tests for normal and random distribution of error such as Q, F, t test.
Recommended Books
1. Analytical Chemistry by Gary D. Christian; 6th ed. 2004; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James
Holler Stanley R. Crouch; 8th ed. 2003; Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
3. Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Daniel. C. Harris. (Third Edition) 2005 W.H. Freeman and Company New
York.
31
BS 4th Year/MSc 2nd Year (Specialization- Inorganic Chemistry)

BS 7th Semester/MSc 3rd Semester
Course Code: CHEM411 Credit Hrs: 3 0 3
Course Title: Paper-I (INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS)
Course Contents
1. Ultraviolet/Visible Spectroscopy
Beer Lambert’s Law, Electronic transitions, principle, instrumentation, selection rules, intensities of
transition, charge transfer complexes, Orgel diagram for d1d4d6d9 octahedral and tetrahedral complexes;
other applications of ultraviolet spectroscopy.
2. Infrared Spectroscopy
Basic principles, instrumentation and sample handling; interpretation of IR spectra, characteristic and
absorption frequencies of common functional groups; applications.
3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Properties of nuclei; instrumentation; chemical shift; factors affecting chemical shift; spin-spin coupling, its
origin, coupling constant and their use structure determination. Interpretation of simple first order spectra.
4. Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry, principle, instrumentation, ionization techniques, fragmentation process, characteristic
examples.
5. Thermogravimetric Analysis
Principals of thermal analysis, DTA, instrumentation, balances, their mechanism, arrangement of furnace
and balances, mechanism in TG sample holders for TG. The interpretation of TG curves, applications of
thermogravimetry.
Recommended Books:
1. Banwell, C.N. and McCash E.M. ―Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy‖, Tata McGraw-Hill, India
(2008).
2. Ewing G.W. ―Analytical Instrumentation Handbook‖ Marcel Dekker (1997).
3. Kemp W. ―Organic Spectroscopy‖ Macmillan Press Ltd. (1987).
4. Pavia D.L., Lampman G.M., Kriz G.S. and Vyvyan R. ―Introduction to Spectroscopy‖ 4 th Ed., Cengage
Learning, USA (2009).
5. Ekman R., Silberring J. and Brinkmalm A.M.W- ―Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation, Interpretation and
Applications‖ John Wiley & Sons, Canada (2009).
6. Brown M.E. and Gallagher P.K. ―Handbook of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Recent Advances
Techniques and Applications‖ Vol. 5, 1st Ed. Elsevier BV, The Netherlands (2008).
32

Course Title: Paper-II (Inorganic Reaction Mechanism)
Course Contents
1. Periodic Anomalies and Bonding in Electron deficient Compounds
First- and second- row anomalies; the use of d- orbitals by non-metals; reactivity and d- orbital
participation; pπ-dπ bonds; the use of p- orbitals in π- bonding; Multicenter bonding in electron deficient
molecules, three center two electron bond (3c-2e) and three-center, four-electron (3c-4e) bond model.
2. Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions
Classification of reaction mechanisms; rate laws; steady state approximation. Inert and labile complexes.
Substitution reactions i.e. SN and SE reactions; octahedral complexes: acid hydrolysis, acid catalyzed
aquation, anation reactions, base hydrolysis, square planar complexes. Nucleophilic reactivity; Trans-
Effect; effect of leaving group; Mechanism of substitution; Marcus Theory. Photochemical reactions; redox
reactions.
3. Bioinorganic Chemistry
Biochemistry of iron, haem proteins, haemoglobin, iron sulfur electron transfer protein (ferredoxins,
rubedoxin) complexes of biological interest: vitamin B12, chlorophyll. Biochemistry of copper and zinc.
Recommended Books
1. Espenson, J. H. ―Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms‖ 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill (2002).
2. Basolo, F. and Pearson, R.G., ―Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions‖, Wiley, New York (1982).
4. Douglas B.E., McDaniel D.H. and Alexander J.J. ―Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry‖ John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. Canada, 3rd Ed. (1994).
5. Alessio E. ―Bioinorganic Medicinal Chemistry‖ Wiley VCH Verlag & Company, Germany (2011).
33

Course Title: Paper-III (INORGANIC POLYMERS)
Course Contents
1. Molecular Species
Classification of inorganic polymers. Borazine or Borazole: Preparation properties (physical and chemical),
structure of borazine, substituted borazines, boron nitride. Silicones: Types of silicones, preparation,
properties and uses. Polymers of phosphorus, properties, chemical reactions, structure and uses of
phosphonitrilic halides. Polymeric compounds of sulphur: Nitrides and imides of sulphur, thiazyl halides,
preparation, properties and structure.
2. Polyionic species
Polyphosphates, borophosphate glasses, polysilicates, isopoly and heteropoly anions of transition elements.
Recommended Books:
1. Mark J.E., Allcock H.R. and West R. ―Inorganic Polymers‖ 2 nd Ed., Oxford University Press, New York
(2005).
2. Saxena P.B. ―Inorganic Polymers‖ Discovery Publishing House, Delhi (2007).
3. Mandelkern L. ―An Introduction to Macromolecules‖ Springer Verlag, Germany (1983).
Course Title: Senior Design Project I/ Special / Instrumental Practicals

Course Title: Lab I (Special Practical Mandatory for All Specializations)

34

BS 8th Semester/MSc 4th Semester
Course Title: Paper-IV (GROUP THEORY/MAGNETOCHEMISTRY)
Course Contents
1. Symmetry And Structure
i. Definition of group. The defining properties group, some examples of groups, sub-groups, classes, group
multiplication table.
ii. Molecular symmetry and the symmetry groups: symmetry elements and operations, symmetry planes and
reflections, the inversion centre, proper axis and proper rotations, improper axis and improper rotations,
products of symmetry operations, symmetry point groups, systematic procedure for symmetry classification
of molecules, examples of point groups, H2O, NH3, H2O2, [PtCl4]-2, [Ni(CN)4]-2, BF3, ferrocene, CO2,
benzene, cyclohexane chair and boat, CH3Cl etc. special point groups, Oh, Td, Ih, character table, chirality
of molecules
2. Magnetochemistry
Theory of magnetism, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ferro-, ferri- & anti- magnetism. Magnetic
susceptibility, magnetic moments, Faraday’s & Gouy’s methods, orbital contribution to magnetic moment,
temperature effects, The Russell-Sunders coupling scheme.
Recommended Books
1. Cotton F.A. ―Chemical Applications of Group Theory‖ 3 rd Ed. John Wiley, New York (1990).
2. Molloy K.C. ―Group Theory for Chemists‖ Harward Publishing Ltd. (2007)
3. Lever A.B.P. ―Introduction to Electronic Spectroscopy‖ Elsevier BV, Amsterdam, (1984).
4. Facer J.P. ―Symmetry in Coordination Chemistry‖ Academic Press, New York (1971).
5. Drago R.S. ―Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry‖ W. B. Saunders Company (1997).

35

Course Title: Paper-V (ORGANOMETALLICS)
Course Contents
1. Experimental Techniques in Organometallics
Techniques using Schlenk glass ware. Chemistry in anaerobic conditions.
2. Organometallic Compounds of Transition Metals
Introduction and history, types of ligands in organometallics, nomenclature, the 18-electron rule in
organometallics. Structure and bonding in organometallics, Synthesis of Alkyl/aryl, allyl, olefins,
cyclobutadiene, cyclopentadienyl, heterocyclic, carbene and carbyne organometallic, reactivity of
cyclopentadienyl complexes.
3. Organometallic Compounds in Homogeneous Catalytic Reactions
Homogenous catalytic hydrogenation, dimerization, oligomerization. polymerization, oxidation,
hydrosilation, hydroformylation of olefins. Catalytic polymerization of acetylenes, insertion reactions, use
of organometallics in organic synthesis.
Recommended Books
1. Parking A.W. and Poller R.C. ―An Introduction to Organometallic Chemistry‖ McMillan Education Ltd.
New York (1987).
2. Powell P. ―Principles of Organometallic Chemistry‖ Chapman & Hall, New York (1988).
3. Yamamoto A. ―Organotransition Metal Chemistry‖ Prentice Hall, (1992).
nd
4. Zuckerman, H. ―Basic Organometallic Chemistry‖, 2 Ed. (1985).
36

Course Title: Paper-VI (NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY)
Course Contents
1. Radiochemistry and isotopes
Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry, theory of disintegration, positive ray analysis, mass spectrograph,
Aston’s mass spectrograph, Dempster mass spectrograph, Jordan double focusing mass spectrograph, Bain
bridge mass spectrograph, structure of the nucleus, half-life, nuclear binding energy, artificial
disintegration.
2. Fission
Discovery, trans-uranium elements, Liquid drop model, fission products, spontaneous fission, induced
fission by thermal neutrons, energy of fission, symmetric and asymmetric fission.
3. Nuclear Spectroscopy and Nuclear Reactions
Decay scheme, the Shell Model, Collective model, Compound Nucleus theory, time of compound nucleus
existence, cross-section, direct interaction, energetics of nuclear reactions.
4. Acceleration of Charged Particles
van de Graaff generator, linear accelerator, cyclotron, synchrocyclotron and betatron.
5. Applications of Radioisotopes
Basic assumptions for tracer use, radiometric analysis, isotope dilution, activation analysis, reaction
kinetics and mechanism, structural studies, diffusion studies, artificial studies, organic reaction and
photosynthesis.
Recommended Books:
1. Choppin G., Lilgenzin J.O. and Rydberg J. ―Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry‖ 3rd Ed. Butterworth-
Heinemann, USA (2002).
2. Friedlander G., Kennedy J.W. Macias E.S. and Miller J.M. ―Nuclear and Radiochemistry‖ 3 rd Ed. John
Wiley & Sons Inc., Canada (1981).
3. Arnikar H.J. ―Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry‖ 4th Ed. New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New
Delhi (2005).
4. Harvey B.G. ―Introduction to Nuclear Physics and Chemistry‖, 2 nd Ed. Prentice Hall Inc. (1990).
5. Naqvi I.I. ―Radiochemistry‖, University Grants Commission, Pakistan (1990).
Course Title: Senior Design Project II/ Special / Instrumental Practicals

Course Title: Lab II Special Practical Mandatory for All Specializations
37
BS 4th Year/MSc 2nd Year (Specialization- Organic Chemistry)

Course Title: Paper-I (OXIDATION / REDUCTION)
Course Contents
1. Reduction
i. Catalytic hydrogenation, and dehydrogenation, catalysts, reduction of functional
Groups, mechanism and stereochemistry, dehydrogenation reaction.
ii. Metal hydride reductions and related reactions.
iii. Hydroboration and related reactions.
iv. Dissolving metal reductions and related reactions.
2. Oxidation
i) Oxidation of olefinic double bonds with (Osmium tetra oxide, KMnO 4,
Iodine silver acetate (wet), Iodine silver acetate (dry)
ii) Epoxidation
Epoxidation of α-β unsaturated ketones or aldehydes.
iii) Cleavage of C=C bond
Ozonalysis, Lemieux reagents
iv) Oxidation of saturated C-H groups
Allylic, Benzylic system, substituted aromatic system and uncreative C-H system
v) Oxidation of Alcohols, Pifzner oxidation, Swern oxidation, Oppenauer oxidation, Dess-Martin
oxidation, Pyridinium Chlorochromate, O-iodoxy benzoic Acid (IBX), Oxidation, Collins
Oxidations Oxidation of Aldehydes, Ketones, amines and Sulphides.
3. Organometallic compounds
Properties, structure and synthetic applications of organometallic compounds of Li, Mg & Zn.
Books Recommended:
1. Herbert O. House, Modern synthetic reaction, 2nd edition Benjamin inc., California.
2. Andew Streitweester, Jr, Introduction to organic chemistry, 2 nd edition.
3. R.O.C.Norman, Principles of organic synthesis, Methuen and Co Ltd., New York
4. I.L.Finar, Organic chemistry, Vol. 2, 6th edition, ELBS, Longman Group Ltd, Eng
5. Dale L. Boger, Modern Organic Synthesis, Printed and Bound in the U.S.A. by Rush Press, San Diego,
California
6. Jan-Erling Bäckvall, Modern Oxidation Methods. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,Weinheim
7. Bryan M. Lewis Christopher W. Boyce: Oxidation Reactions and Alcohol Oxidation
8. Clark A. Sehon, Marc A. Labroli: Reduction Reactions and Hydroboration Reactions
9. Oxidation Reduction in organic Synthesis by J Donohe 2000
10. Organic Chemistry by Carruther.
38

Course Title: Paper-II (REACTION MECHANISM)
Course Contents
1. Reaction Mechanism
Determination of organic reaction mechanisms by kinetic and non-kinetic methods.
2. Reactive intermediates
Introduction, Generation, Structure, Stability, Detection and Synthetic Applications of Carbonium Ions,
Carbanions, Free Radicals, BenzyneNitrenes, Carbene and Ketenes.
3. Molecular rearrangements
Intermolecular and intramolecular Rearrangements, Carbon to Carbon, Carbon to Nitrogen, Carbon to

Oxygen Rearrangements
Books Recommended:
1. Jerry March, Advanced organic chemistry, 4th edition, 2004, McGraw Hill Book Co, New York.
2. Morrison R.T. & R.N Boyd, Organic Chem, Allys and Bacon, London, 6 th Ed, 2003.
3. P. Syke, A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 6 th Ed, 1995.
4. Pine S.H Organic Chemistry, MC Graw Hill, New York, 5th Ed, 2007
39
BS 4th Year /MSc 2nd Year (Specialization- Organic Chemistry)

Course Title: Paper-III (ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY)
Course Contents
1. Ultraviolet spectroscopy
Mechanics of measurement. Electronic Excitations.Simple chromophoric groups. Conjugated systems.
Systems of extended conjugations.Aromatic systems. Problems.
2. Infrared spectroscopy
Molecular vibrations. Mechanics of measurement. Applications of infrared spectroscopy.Absorptions
of common functional groups. Problems.
3. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Magnetic properties of nuclei. Theory of nuclear resonance. The chemical shift. Spin-spin interaction.
Chemical exchange. Mechanics of measurement. Shielding mechanisms. Correlations; Hydrogen bond to
carbon and other nuclei, complex spin-spin interaction. Brief introduction to C13 NMR spectroscopy, A
brief introduction and sample handling, Problems.
4. Mass spectrometry
Instrumentation and sample handling.Basic aspects of mass spectrometry.Fragmentation of positive
ion.Interpretation of the mass spectrum.
Books Recommended
1. D.H.Williams and I.Fleming, Spectroscopy methods in organic chemistry, McGraw-Hill, London, 2008.
2. A.D.Cross, An introduction to Practical infrared spectroscopy, Butterworths, London, 1969
3. Jackman, Applications of NMR spectroscopy in organic chemistry, Pergaman, London, 1969.
4. R.M.Silversterin and G.Bassler, Spectrometric identification of organic compounds, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 2005
5. John R. Dyer, Applications of absorption spectroscopy of organic compounds, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood, Cliffs, New Jersey, 1965.
6. H.C.Hill, Introduction to mass spectrometry, Heydens and sons Ltd., London, 1972.
7. M. Younas, Organic Spectroscopy and Chromatography, Lahore, Pakistan, 2 nd Ed 2008.
8. Donald L.Paviaz Introduction to Spectroscopy Oxford Press New York, 2009.


40

Course Title: Paper-IV (HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY)
Course Contents
1. Heterocyclic Compounds:
i) This will include the study of the following topics with special reference of their introduction
natural occurrence, physical properties, and structure; chemical properties and synthesis.
ii) Three, four, five and six membered heterocyclic compounds with only one hetero atom (both
saturated and unsaturated heterocyclic compounds). Some compounds with more than two hetero
atoms, purines, pepridines, triazlines.
2. Photochemistry, Woodward and Hofmann Rules:
1 Introduction, excitation and the excitated state.
2 Intramolecular reactions of the olefinic bond.
3 Intramolecular reactions of the carbonyl group.
4 Intramolecular cycloaddition reaction.
5 Generalized Woodward and Hofmann rules for concerted reactions.
Books Recommended
1. R.M. Acheson, An introduction to the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds, 3 rd edition, John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 1976.
2. Raj K. Bansal, Heterocyclic chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd., Tokyo, 3 rd Ed 1999.
3. Charles H.Depuy and Orville S.chapman, Molecular reaction and photochemistry,Prentice Hall, New York,
1972.
4. J.M. Coxon and B.Halton, Organic chemistry, Cambridge University Press, England, 2 nd Ed 1987.
5. Gilchrist I.L, Heterocyclic Chemistry 3rd Edition, 2011
41

Course Title: Paper-V (NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY)
Course Contents
1. Alkaloids
Introduction, classification, isolation procedures structural elucidation and chemistry of the following alkaloids:
Ephedrine, Atropine, nicotine, and morphine.
2. Terpenes
Introduction to Terpenes; Isolation, structure elucidation, reactions and biological activity of Menthol, Citral, ,
Camphor, and Santonine
3. Steroids
General introduction; cholesterol and sex hormones.
4. Antibiotics
Synthesis, chemical properties, and pharmacological uses of the following antibiotics. Tetracycline, Penicillin.
Chloramphenicol.
Recommended Books
1. I.L.Finar, Organic chemistry, 5th edition, vol.1, Longman Group Ltd, England 1975.
2. Bakht SV, B.A Nagasam Pasi and M. Sivakumar, Chemistry of Natural Product, Narosa Publishing House
Calcuta 2005.
3. Studies in Natural Product Chemistry by Attau Rehman, Elsevier, 2012.
4. The Chemistry of Natural Products by R.H. Thomson, Springer, 1993.
42

Course Title: Paper-VI (ORGANIC SYNTHESIS)
Course Contents
1. Synthetic Application of Name & Reactions
Rosenmund (Rosenmund-Saytzeff) Reduction, Claisen Condensation, Knoevnagel Condensation, Kolbe
Reaction, Whol-Ziegler Reaction, Ruff Degradation, 1,3 Diapolar Reaction, Ritter Synthesis, Gattermann
Aldehyde Synthesis, Gattermann Reaction, Sandmeyer Reaction, Bucherer Reaction, Diels-Alder Reaction,
Gabriel Synthesis, Reimer-Tiemann Synthesis, Strecker Synthesis, Stille Coupling, Suzuki Coupling, Barton
Decarboxylation, Stork Enamine Synthesis.
2. Organic Synthesis
Organic Synthetic Reactions involving C-C, C-N, C-O Bonds.
3. Retro Synthesis
Introduction, FGI, Synthon, Synthetic Strategies, Examples of one group and two group disconnections.
Recommended Books
1. Herbert O. House, Modern synthetic reaction, 2nd edition Benjamin inc., California, 1972
2. Andew Streitwieser, Heathcock, Kosover, Introduction to organic chemistry, 4 th edition, April 1998,
Prentice Hall.
3. Mukherji, Singh and Kapoor, Organic chemistry, vol.III, New York, 1985
4. R.O.C.Norman, Principles of organic synthesis, Methuen and Co Ltd., New York, 3 rd Edition 1972.
5. I.L.Finar, Organic chemistry, Vol I, 6th edition, Pearsons, 2009.
6. R.C Denny, Named Organic Reaction, Published by Elsevier Science and Technology, 1969.

43
BS 4th Year/MSc 2nd Year (Specialization in Physical Chemistry)

Course Code: CHEM431 Credit Hours: 3 0 3
Course Title: Paper-I (Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics)
Course Contents
1. Statistical Distribution
Permutation, Combination, Probability, Most probable distribution and the Boltzmann distribution law,
Relation between entropy and thermodynamic probability.
2. Partition Function
Nature and significance of partition function, Separation of partition function, Translational, Vibration,
rotational, Electronic and nuclear partition functions.
3. Statistical Thermodynamics and its applications
The Bose-Einstein statistics, The Fermi-Dirac statistics, the statistical formulation of thermodynamic
functions work, heat, pressure, enthalpy, entropy and free energy, entropy of mixing, entropy of hydrogen,
ortho and para hydrogen, heat capacity of gases and solids.
Recommended Books
1. Physical Chemistry: A Modern Introduction, William M. D., Clifford E. D., (2011), CRC Press, USA.
2. Statistical Mechanics, Scott S. and Thomas S., (2009), American Mathematical Soc.
3. Physical Chemistry, Barrow G.M., 5th Ed., (2008), McGraw Hill, Inc, USA.
4. Statistical Thermodynamics Fundamentals and Applications, Normand M. L., (2007), Cambridge University
Press, UK.
5. Chemical Thermodynamics, Praveen T., (2006), Discovery Publishing House New Delhi, India.
6. Physical Chemistry, Atkins, P.W., 6th Ed., (1998), ELBS Oxford University Press.
44

Course Title: Paper-II (Surface and Polymer Chemistry)
Course Contents
1. Surface Chemistry
Different forms of adsorption isotherms (Fruendrich, Langmuir and BET adsorption isotherms), gas
adsorption and Henry’s equation, solid-Liquid interfaces, surface tension and adsorption from solution
(Gibbs adsorption isotherms), Surfactant, organized molecular assemblies (micelles, vesicles and
membranes), energy of adsorption, effect of chemical nature of surface, dimention of adsorbent pore,
temperature and solubility on adsorption. Cataysis and its types
2. Phase equilibria
Principle of phase equilibrium, Gibbs Phase Rule, Phase Equilibrium in One-Component Systems,
Clausius–Clapeyron Equation, Gibbs Energy and Phase Transitions, Vapor pressure of nonideal mixtures
and Henrys Law.
3. Polymer Chemistry
The science of large molecules, basic concepts of polymer science, Types of polymeric substances: primary
definitions, classification of polymers, condensation polymers and condensation polymerization, Kinetic of
addition and condensation polymerization, characterization of Polymers by Various Techniques: End group
analysis, colligative property measurement, light scattering, solution viscosity and molecular size.
Recommended Books
1. Physical Chemistry, R. L. Madan and G.D Tuli, (2012) S. Chand & Company Ltd.
2. Solid State Chemistry and its Application Anthony, R. W., Wiley Student Ed., (2004), John Wiley and Sons.
3. Colloid And Surface Chemistry, Mido Y. and Iqbal, S. (2003) Discovery Publishing House India.
4. Adsorption Technology and Design, Barry C. and Thomas W., (1998), Reed Educational and Professional
Publishing Oxford.
5. Heterogeneous Catalysis in Industrial Practice, C.N. Satterfield, 2 nd Ed., (1996), McGraw- Hill, New York.
6. Advanced concepts in Physical chemistry, Kaufman E.D., (1996), McGraw Hill Book Company.
7. Text Book of Polymer Science, Bill Meyer Jr., (1994), John Wiley And Sons.
45

Course Title: Paper-III (Chemical Kinetics and Photochemistry)
Course Contents
1. Chemical Kinetics
A review of some experimental methods and treatment of kinetic data, temperature effect on the rate of
reaction ( Arrhenius Equation), kinetics of opposing reactions, parallel reactions, consecutive reactions,
surface reactions and chain reactions (like reaction between H2 and Br2), detail study of the theories of
reaction rates (Collision theory of bimolecular and unimolecular reaction, Transition state theory),
comparison of bimolecular and Transition state theory, Kinetics of reactions involving ions in solution,
Primary salt effect in ionic reactions.
2. Photochemistry
Principle of photochemistry, sources of radiation, Laws governing absorption of light, Laws governing
photochemical reactions Laws of Photochemistry), actinometry (both physical and chemical), primary and
secondary photochemical processes, quantum yields, experimental techniques, photolytic studies of
aqueous and non-aqueous systems, Kinetics, mechanism, energetic of photochemical reactions,
Luminescence, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence, Photo-inhibitors.
Recommended Books
1. Principles and Applications of Photochemistry, Brian W., (2009), John Wiley and Sons, UK.
2. Physical Chemistry, Barrow G.M., 5th Ed., (2008), McGraw Hill, Inc.
3. Physical Chemistry, Ira N. L., 5th Ed., (2007), Maron and Prutten, McGraw Hill, New York.
4. Organic and Physical Chemistry using Chemical Kinetics: Prospects and Development, Medvedevskikh Y.G.,
Robert A. H., Zaikov G.E., (2007), Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York.
5. Chemical Kinetics and Mechanism, Espenson, J. H., 2nd Ed., (2002), RSC, Cambridge, UK.
6. Physical chemistry, Atkins, P.W. 6th Ed., (1998), ELBS Oxford University Press.
7. Advanced Concepts in Physical Chemistry, Kaufman E.D., (1996), McGraw Hill Book Company.


46

Course Title: Paper-IV (Nuclear Chemistry)
Course Contents
1. Nuclear Chemistry
Introduction to nuclear chemistry, Properties of nucleus ( Binding energy, nuclear radius, determination of
nuclear radius, nuclear mass), Nuclear forces, Discovery of nucleus, Liquid drop model, Shell Model,
Fermi model, Radioactivity, Properties of radioactivity, kinetic of radioactive decay, Units of activity, -
decay, Measurement of the energy of the -particle, -decay and related phenomenon, Radioactive
equilibrium.
2. Nuclear Reactions
Types of nuclear reactions (elastic scattering, inelastic scattering, photonuclear reactions, radioactive),
Special nuclear reactions (Fission and fusion reactions) Conservation in nuclear reactions (conservation of
protons and neutrons, conservation of energy)
3. Uses of Nuclear reaction
Uses of radiation in medicals, Radiation energy for chemical reaction synthesis, nuclear power for
electricity production, Agriculture applications, Prospecting of water and petroleum.
Recommended Books
1. Modern Nuclear Chemistry, Walter D. L., David J. M., Glenn T. S. (2006), John Wiley & Sons New Jersey
Canada.
2. Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Choppin G. R., Liljenzin J. O. and Rydberg J., 3 rd Ed., (2002),
Butterworth-Heinemann Publisher, USA.
3. Essentials of Physical Chemistry, B. S. Bahl, Arun Bahl, G. D. Tuli., 24 th Ed., (2000).
4. Essential of Nuclear Chemistry, H. J. Arnikar, (1995), New Age International Publisher.
47

Course Title: Paper-V (Quantum and Thermochemistry)
Course Contents
1. Quantum Chemistry
Operators, complex number, well-behaved functions, the laws of quantum mechanics, important corollaries in the
laws of quantum mechanics, some solutions of the steady state Schrodinger equation i.e system with constant
potential energy, free particles, particals in boxes, the one dimentional harmonic oscillator, Angular momentum,
the angular momentum of a single particle, and for system composed of many particles, tunneling effect.
2. Thermochemistry & Thermochemical Energetic
Introduction, units of energy, thermochemical conventions, heat of a process, heat or formation, heat of solution
and dilution, heat of ionization, heat of fusion and of transformation, energy changes in heats of reaction, bond
strengths, chemical bond enthalpies and bond energies, bond dissociation energies, Hess,s Law, crystal energies
and Born Haber cycle.
Recommended Books
1. Quantum Mechanics, Foundation, Green N. J. B., (2007), Androw Maczek, Oxford University Press New
York.
2. Physical Chemistry, Ira N. L., 5th Ed., (2007), Maron and Prutten, McGraw Hill, New York.
3. Quantum Chemistry, John P. L. and Kirk A. P., 3 rd Ed. (2006), Elsevier Academic Press, USA.
4. Physical Chemistry, Robert J. Silbey and Robert A. Alberty 4rd Ed., (2006).
5. Fundamentals of Quantum Chemistry, James E. House 2 nd Ed., (2004), An imprint of Elsevier Science,
California, USA.
6. Physical Chemistry, Atkins, P.W., 6th Ed., (1998), ELBS Oxford University Press.
7. Physical Chemistry, Barrow G.M., 5th Ed., (1998), McGraw Hill, Inc.
8. Phsycial Chemistry, Laidler K.J. & J.H. Meiser., (1998), Benjamin/Cummings.
Publishing company, Inc.
9. Advanced Concepts in Physical Chemistry, Kaufman E.D., (1996), McGraw Hill Book Company.
48
BS 4th Year /MSc 2nd Year (Specialization in Physical Chemistry)

Course Title: Paper-VI (Spectroscopy)
Course Contents
1. Introduction to Spectroscopy
Electromagnetic radiations, wavelength units, different spectral regions, theory of Spectrophotometry
(Beer-Lambert law).
2. UV/VIS Spectroscopy
Basic principal, modes of electronic transition, important definitions- Chromophores, Red shift or
bathochromic effect, Auxochromes, Blue shift or hypsochrom effect, hyperchromic effect, hypochromic
effect, instrumentation, measurement of the spectrum.
3. Vibration, Rotation & Electronic Spectra of Molecules
Vibration of various type of particles, harmonic and anhormonic oscillators, rigid rotor, coupling of rotation
and vibration bands, rotation of rigid and non rigid rotors, symmetric and asymmetric top molecules,
vibration and rotational structures of electronic bands, electronic stages of atoms and diatomic molecules,
potential energy curves for electronic states of diatomic molecules, Pure Rotation spectra of diatomic
molecules (IR spectra), Raman Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
Recommended Books
1. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, Jain V. K. , Vimal K. J., (2007), Alpha Science International Ltd.
2. Electron Spin Resonance Theory and Practical Applications, John A. W., James R. B., (2007), New Jersey
Canada.
3. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, Sindhu P. S., (2006), New Age International Ltd. New Delhi.
4. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell 4 th Ed., (1994), Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi.

49
BS 4th Year/MSc 2nd Year (Specialization in Biochemistry)

Course Title: Paper-I (METABOLISM)
Course Contents
1. Biological Oxidation and Reduction

Biological oxidation and reduction, Bioenergetics, ,Energy transfer through carrier ATP, NADH, NADPH,
FADH2
2. Carbohydrate Metabolism
Pentose phosphate pathway, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, Regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism.
3. Lipid Metabolism
Lipid metabolism, biosynthesis of fatty acids, glycerids, phospholipids, and ketone bodies, Degradation
and biosynthesis of sterols and bile acids.
4. Protein Metabolism
Protein metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids, deamination and transaminaion, urea cycle, creatine,
creatinine.
5. Nucleic acid Metabolism
Metabolism of nucleic acids, biosynthesis and degradation of puriens, pyrimidine, nucleosides and
nucleotides
Recommended Books
2. Lipponcot,s Illustrated Reviews, Biochemistry, Tokyo, Japan.
3. E. S. west, W. Todd, H.S. Mason, J.T. Bruggen, Text book of biochemistry, Macmillan, Co, New York.
5. J. L. Jain, Sunjay Jain, Nitin Jain, Elementary Biochemistry, S. Chand, New Delhi, India .
50

Course Title: Paper-ll (ENZYMOLOGY AND PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES)
Course Contents
1. Enzymes—general aspects and kinetics: Nature and structure, General properties, Cofactors and co-enzymes,
Substrate specificity, Enzyme kinetics—Michaelis-Menten equation; Enzyme inhibition, Factors affecting the
enzyme activity, Regulation of enzyme activity.
2. Enzymes—Mechanism of catalysis: Catalytic mechanisms; Kinetics of single substrate & bisubstrate
reactions; Regulatory and Allostric enzymes; Immobilized enzymes; Zymogens and Isozymes; Structure and
catalytic mechanism of lysozyme, chymotrypsin, ribonuclease and lactate dehdrogenase enzymes.
3. Physical Techniques in Biochemistry
Chromatography—Basic Principles, instrumentation and biochemical applications of chromatographic
techniques like Ion-Exchange chromatography, Gel chromatography, Paper & Thin layer chromatography and
HPLC;
Electrophoresis —Paper and Gel electrophoresis; Elecrofocusing.
Differential centrifugation; Ultracentrifugation; Immunoblotting; ELISA.
Spectroscopic Techniques—Basic Principles and applications of different spectroscopic techniques in
Biochemistry e.g. UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, IR and NMR
Spectroscopy.
Recommended Books
1. E. S. Conn and P.K. Stump, Biochemistry, John Wiley, New York.
2. J. S. Fruton, and S. Simmond, General Biochemistry, John Wiley, New York.
5. A. J. Salle, fundamental Principles of bacteriology, McGraw Hill, New York
6. Joh M. Clark Jr. and Robert L. Switzer, W.H.Freeman and Co, USA.
51

Course Title: Paper-III (MOLECULAR BIOLOGY)
Course Contents
1. DNA- Synthesis and Sequencing; Replication, Repair and recombination of DNA; Mutations; DNA Chips.
2. RNA-Different types of RNA and their roles; Transcription, Regulation of Transcription; Genetic Code.
3. Protein Synthesis-Translation; Post translational processing of Proteins; Regulation and control of translation;
Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
4. Genetic Engineering-Methods and applications of recombinant DNA; DNA libraries; Chemical Synthesis of
Gene; Cloning vectors (lambda phage plasmid, M-13 phage, bacteriophages, and cosmids), Analysis of
genomic DNA; Amplification of DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR);
Recommended Books
1. T. A. Brown, Gene Cloning, an introduction, Chapman and Hall, Tokyo, Japan.
2. Lipponcot,s Illustrated Reviews, Biochemistry, Tokyo, Japan.
3. Chatterjea and Shinde, Text Book of Medical Biochemistry, Jayppee, India.
4. P. Karllson, Introduction to modern biochemistry, Academic Press, New York.
5. A. Cantarow and E. Schepartz, Biochemistry, Saunders and Co. London.
7. J.M.Berg,J.L.Tymoc2ko,L.Styer Biochemistry,USA


52

Course Title: Paper-IV (PHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY)
Course Contents
1. PHYSIOLOGY
Blood― Composition and functions of blood, Properties, synthesis, functions, & degradation of
hemoglobin; Mechanism of blood clotting, thromboembolism, anticoagulants; blood types and transfusion;
Blood pressure.
Other Body Fluids― Biochemistry of urine, tears, sweat, and lymphatic fluids.
Physiological Chemistry― Structure and function of Liver, Lungs, Muscles, Connective tissue, Kidney,
Heart and Sensory Systems.
2. IMMUNOLOGY
Immunoglobulins― Structure, Classification & Functions.
Antibody-Antigen Reactions—Antigen types, Serologic Reactions, Precipitation Reactions, Agglutination
Reactions, Toxin-Antitoxin Reactions.
Types of Immunity― Innate, Acquired, Passive and Active.
Lymphoid Tissue― Structure and Function of Lymphoid Tissue; Differentiation of Lymphocytes; T and B
Cells and their Antigens; Phagocytic Cells. Hypersensitivity, Allergy and Inflammation; Complement
System. Myeloma and Hydridoma
Recommended Books
1. Guyton and Hall, Text Book of Medical Physiology, W. B. Saunders UK
3. W. Levinson Reviews of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.
4. R. Dowben, Cell biology, Harper and Row, New York
5. G.R.Bell, J.N. Davidson and H.Scarborogh, Text book on physiology and biochemistry, Livingstone,
London.
6. Hawks, Physiological Chemistry, Edi. PL Oser, McGraw Hill Publishing Inc., New York.
7. Abdul Mubin Khan, Immunology, Time Traders, Karachi, Pakistan.
53

Course Title: Paper-V (MICROBIOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY)
Course Contents
1. MICROBIOLOGY
Classification of micro-organisms; Techniques for studying the microbes; Microbial cultivation.
Fermentation technology—Primary and secondary metabolites, Continuous and batch type culture
techniques; Fermentation Processes- Brewing manufacture of penicillin and other antibiotics, vaccines, and
organic compounds( ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid).
Application of microbes in food industry, dairy products and food preservation.
2. CHEMOTHERAPY
Pharmacodynamics, Drug receptors (chemistry, types, characteristics), Dose-response relationships;
chemotherapeutic spectrum, Sites of antimicrobial actions, Prophylactic antibiotics, Antimicrobial drug
combinations,
Pharmacokinetics, Administration, absorption and the bioavailability of drugs, Drug distribution, Drug
metabolism; Elimination of drugs; Drug resistance, adverse effects of antimicrobial therapy.
Anti-bacterial—Inhibitors (cell wall, protein and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors). Pharmacology of
Antimalarials.
Recommended Books
1. W. Levinson Reviews of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.
2. Katzung, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw Hill Co.
3. Lippincotts Pharmacology.
4. R. Dowben, Cell biology, Harper and Row, New York
5. A. J. Salle, fundamental Principles of bacteriology, McGraw Hill, New York
54

Course Title: Paper-VI (NUTRITION)
Course Contents
1. Major Dietary Constituents: Nutrition; Basal Metabolic Rate; Nutritional aspects of the carbohydrate,
lipids & proteins (dietary types, requirements, utilization and functions).
2. Energy Needs: Energy value of the foods; Assessment and requirement of energy in different age
groups; Nutritional requirement; (role of nutrition in growth, development and diseases); Balanced diet—
Recommended dietary allowances for different categories of the human beings.
3. Minerals: Biochemical role of Calcium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Iodine, Magnesium, phosphorous,
Selenium, and Zinc (dietary sources, daily requirements and deficiency).
4. Vitamins
Structure, functions, deficiency and recommended dietary allowances of water soluble and fat soluble
vitamins.
Recommended Books
2. E. S. West, W. Todd, H.S. Mason, J.T. Bruggen, Text book of Biochemistry, Macmillan, Co, New York.
4. E.S.Conn and P.K. Stump, Biochemistry, John Wiley, New York.


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Scheme of Studies Undergraduate 2013-1

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1

UNDERGRADUATE SCHEME OF STUDIES

BS 5th Semester/M.Sc. 1st Semester

Total Credit Hours 18

CHEM351 Analytical Chemistry (2 0 2) Nil 30

Total Credit Hours 18

* Course is only for M.Sc. students

BS 7th/M.Sc. 3rd Semester (Biochemistry) Credit Hours Pre-Requisites

BS CHEMISTRY (4 YEARS PROGRAMME)

A. Study Habits, Study Place, Study Time (Time Management)

-------Writing paragraph: Topic Sentence, Support, Conclusion.

L Preparing for Examination

------How to prepare for Examinations

a) Boron and Aluminum

Anomalous behaviour of fluorine. Industrial preparation of chlorine. Preparation, structures,properties and

 Practice language skills by carrying out different activities

 Communicating Effectively by Saundra Hybels, Richard L. Weaver II

After studying this course, the students will be able to:

 Describe business writing principles

1. Business Writing Principles:

Planning a Proposal, Research Proposal, Sales Proposal

7. Abstract of a Technical Article

Suggested Readings for Technical and Business Writing

1. Principles of Chemical Bonding

2. Acid and Bases

3. An Introduction to Modern Materials.

Metallurgy of Copper, Metallurgy of Silver, Metallurgy of Calcium.

3- Preparation of microcosmic salt

4- Determination of halides in water samples argentometrically

Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion

1. Qualitative Organic Analysis:

BS 3rd Year/MSc 1st Year

BS 3rd Year/MSc 1st Year

BS 3rd Year/MSc 1st Year

3. Kinetic Theory of Gases

1. Preparation of Molar, Normal and ppm solutions.

BS 3rd Year/MSc 1st Year

BS 3rd Year MSc 1st Year

Effect and Global Warming, Control of Automobile Emission.

2. Water Pollution and Water Treatment

3. Fossil Fuel and Energy Resources

Chemical Fuels, and the Hydrogen Economy.

Classification and Toxicity, Pest Management.

BS 3rd Year/ MSc 1st Year

3. Organic Reagents Used in Inorganic Analysis

BS 3rd Year/MSc 1st Year

1. Finar, I.L.,Organic Chemistry, Vol-II, Longman, London, Fifth Edition, 2008.

BS 3rd Year/MSc 2nd Year

1. To determine the activity coefficients from e.m.f. measurements.

BS 3rd Year/MSc 1st Year

1. Microscopic examination of Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

BS 3rd Year/ MSc 1st Year

2. Stoichiometry (Expression of Quantities and Concentrations).

4. Statistical Evaluation of Data

BS 4th Year/MSc 2nd Year (Specialization- Inorganic Chemistry)

BS 4th Year/MSc 2nd Year (Specialization- Inorganic Chemistry)

BS 7th Semester/MSc 3rd Semester

2. Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions

BS 4th Year/MSc 2nd Year (Specialization- Inorganic Chemistry)

Course Title: Senior Design Project I/ Special / Instrumental Practicals

Course Title: Lab I (Special Practical Mandatory for All Specializations)

BS 4th Year/MSc 2nd Year (Specialization- Inorganic Chemistry)

3. Lever A.B.P. ―Introduction to Electronic Spectroscopy‖ Elsevier BV, Amsterdam, (1984).