Task 1: Complete the sentences in the paragraph. Use the following Words, engineers, disciplines, solution, scientist, implementation, fields, question, bene empirical i m, Engineering is concerned with the'____——_of a am a Prac A® may ask “why?” and start researching to fin the 4 Sis: > inteonente ‘want to know how to solve a Problem a how to implement that 5 Many early branches of engineering, however e not based on science buton® information, that is, information that depen 1 4 le on? and experience rather than theoretical knowledge. Ciyi engineerin broadest of the e Alivided ing, tical Proby answer a the broadest of the engineering pam "Gn fact, engineering Nic once only two fields - military and civil engineering, All the engineering te derived from civil engineering, Task 2: Are these Statements true or false? Correct the false ones. ~ An engineer is a person who usually runs a company, . All engineers have Scientific training anda university degree, - Many early branches of engineering were based on empirical information, + Empirical information depends on theoretical knowledge, . Scientists often deal with theoretical problems, Allengineers are trained to opera - A soldier who builds toads or bri NANRONE te machines and electrical equipment, idges is called an engineer. Task 3: Explain the meanings of these words or expressions. What do you do if you... -- design something +» Coordinate activities accomplish tasks + Specialize in afield +: Tun or manage something + are in charge of Something ~ Operate something -- Maintain something What is already understood and builds with it. Scientists seek simple systems that challenge their understanding: engineers Seek to build systems of challenging complexity Undestandsble components.” Drexler, 1999) eins! Ning Are engineering and science related? What aspects of both are important? Is scientific esearch important for engineering?Part 2 — Civil Engineering Saying: “For a civil engineer, there is no such thing as a little mistake. “ Task 1: a) Discuss the above saying and give examples of cases when ‘a little mistake’ caused a failure or collapse of a structure. The beginning of civil engineering dates back to the times when people started first living in permanent settlements. They needed to build houses that had to be designed and planned along with a network of roads and streets. Additionally, early engineers built bridges and tunnels, as well as dams and levees; they dug wells, irrigation ditches and trenches. Civil engineers and architects designed remarkable castles and towers, which even now are landmarks in cities and countries. Most people know structures such as the Golden Gate Bridge, the Eiffel Tower, the Sydney Opera House, or the tallest skyscraper in the world, Jeddah Tower in Saudi Arabia (2020), but often are not familiar with the names of the engineers and designers behind these engineering achievements. Nevertheless, civil engineering is not just about designing and realizing outstanding structures. Civil engineers also have to maintain and adapt infrastructures that we depend on every day for our roads, railways and bridges; energy needs and water supply, wastewater networks, and flood defences. They have to keep these infrastructures running effectively and modify them when new situations, such as the growth of a population, climate change, and natural disasters, arise. Civil engineers have to solve complex problems and implement their solutions. They literally shape the world we live in. There are many different fields of civil engineering, for example, structural, geotechnical, and transportation engineering, or environmental and hydraulic engineering, etc. Civil engineers also have to closely cooperate with land surveyors, who have to stake out the points at the very beginning of the construction and then do multiple measurements during and at the end of the construction and also during the operation (deformation measurements). rte: ; Fig.3 Environmental Engineerin; Fig.1 Constructional Engineering (eter Gonicacrsy) (Gource: (Universal Engineering) Fig.2 Geotechnical Engineering (source: (GUB))Fig.4 Transportation Engineering ig p i Fig.5 Land Surveyor Fig.6 ig.6 Hydraulic Engineering source: (Khan, 2011) source: (Wilson) (cource: (Engineers Journal, 20175, stand how various structures and materials work and behave have an in-depth understanding of mathematics and phys = and draw projects accurately to make sure every part of Pi structure will function in the way it should. Logical thinking, a problem-solving mind as ai as creativity and versatility, are essential aptitudes of a civil engineer. Currently, ciyiy ded design (CAD) systems, so proficiency with computers 4 ely on computer-ait Moreover, they have to have good interpersonal skis, because most of ‘with a number of other professionals, or negotiate with investors, Some civil engineers work in an office designing a project, or writing specifications for processes and materials for a construction to ensure that everything is in compliance with building codes; others have to work outdoors at a building site, supervising or monitoring al] of the building process and managing the working crews, or as facility managers. s civil engineers have to unde certain conditions, they have to they have to be able to calculate engineers very important, too. them need to collaborate phases From the point of view of future jobs, there are good prospects for civil engineers. They can find jobs in design, architectural and static studios dealing with dwellings and civic, industrial and agricultural structures. ‘As many infrastructures are aging, civil engineers will be needed jin the management of projects to maintain or reconstruct buildings, and transportation-related structures such as roads, bridges, railways or airports. Civil engineers who are specialists in water resources management and hydraulic structures or environmental engineering can apply their skills in the design of hydro-electric plants and reservoirs, the restoration of rivers, water transport or drinking water supplies, waste water and sludge management, etc. Those who deal with building technology and ‘management can find employment in the preparation reconstruction and utilization of building constructions as assistants for or site engineers, construction quality managers, and operational and realization, construction managers maintenance managers. “Go for civil engineering, because civil engineering is the branch of engineering which teaches you the most about managing people. Managing ‘people is a skill which is very," useful and applies almost regardless of what you do.” Sir John Harvey Jones erial skills important? Is hn Jones’s statement? Are manag d calculations or about Task 2: Do you agree with Sir Jol civil engineering more about creativity, accurate design an‘ management? 10ask 3: Scan the text again and match the underlined words with their synonyms. ability : adjust . apply . attraction * circumstances . compl cated aa cooperate a efficiently s expertise - flexibility a keep up . outstanding ra social . ‘Task 4: Complete the sentences with appropriate words. Choose from the following list. flexibility, apply, attractions, modify, expertise, outstanding, circumstances, abilities, collaborate, complex, keep up, social, efficiently 1. Civil engineers and architects designed castles and towers, which are now tourist 3 2. Civil engineers also have to and the infrastructure that we depend on every day. 3, They have to keep this infrastructure running and adjust to new 4. Civil engineers have to solve problems and their solutions. 5. Logical thinking, a problem-solving mind as well as creativity and are essential an oe needs to possess. . with com . Civil engineers also have to h need toTask $: Scan the above text and to the following jobs or activities. In some case’ can be involved. Fill in the blank spaces. Work focused on: Restoration of rivers Writing specifications for building materials Wastewater management Staking out points Management at a construction site Drawing projects Planning road or railway networks Flood defences Preparation, realization or reconstruction of building structures Static design Hydro-electrie power plants Measurements at various stages of construction Sludge management 12 find the fields of civil engineering that can be ass ¢ more than one branch of engineer % Fields of civil engineering‘Water supply systems Maintenance of buildings Writing specifications for building processes Supervising and monitoring all phases of th building process s Designing office and residential buildingsVocabulary: aptitude crew defense/defence ditch dwelling flood implementation in compliance with irrigation landmark levee negotiate observation outstanding perspiration proficient, n, proficiency prospects remarkable residence, adj. residential site sludge capability; ability; innate or acquired capacity for something; talent a group of persons involved in a particular kind of work or who work together resistance against attack; protection a long, narrow excavation made in the ground by digging, as for draining or irrigating land; a trench a building or place of shelter to live in; place of residence; home a great flowing or overflowing of water, especially over land not usually submerged the act of implementing or putting into effect in the way that is required by a rule, law, etc. the artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops. a building or other place that is of outstanding historical, aesthetic, or cultural importance an embankment designed to prevent the flooding of a river to deal or bargain with others the act of noticing or perceiving prominent, conspicuous, striking a salty, watery fluid secreted by the sweat glands of the skin, especially when very warm well-advanced or competent in any art, science, or subject; skilled an apparent probability of advancement, success, profit, etc., the outlook for the future unusual, extraordinary a structure serving as a dwelling or home, especially one of large proportion and superior quality the area or exact plot of ground on which anything is, has been, or is to be located sediment deposited during the treatment of sewage 14 eesolution stake out points trench versatility the act of solving a problem, question, etc. to create new points on a terrain according to a drawing with given coordinates (position and elevation) of points a long, narrow excavation in the ground variable or changeableNumbers and Geometrical Shapes Part 1 No matter what you do in your life, how educated you are or what job you have, tered in your everyday life phy. definitely need numbers to cope with situations ort ; ient Cl ying knots on a string; other ci the ancient Chinese recorded numbers by tying . sation pictures ot slashes inthe dit, made marks on stones or pees of clay, or made noche ~ ae stick to represent numbers. Luckily, with the development of the modern world, a numeration system was Created, w, have to distinguish the difference between numbers that are mathematical ‘quantities ang numerals — the symbols we use to represent numbers. There are different types of Dumerals in Europe, we use Hindu-Arabic numerals, but frequently also encounter Roman nuera, Hindu-Arabic numerals were disseminated around the world by the Arabs between the 7 5, : 9 centuries. Roman figures are actually a legacy of the Etruscan period. The Rom numeration is based on a biquinary (5) system; and they used an additive and subtractig system. However, in modern times Roman numerals are used for copyright dates in the film and television industries, in the names of monarchs or popes, €.8., Queen Elizabeth II or Pope Benedict XVI, and sometimes also for dates or eras in history books. The Hindu-Arabic numerals are a combination of 10 digits: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0, This system uses multiplicative grouping based on powers of 10, which is called a decimal sytem of numeration. It is a place-value or positional system of numeration. The position of numerals in a number is important, e.g., in the number 3,586, the number 6 represents six units, 8 represents eight tens, 5 represents five hundreds, and 3 represents three thousands, In computing we use the binary system to store data. The binary system only uses the digits 0 (zero) and 1(one). Task 1: Answer the following questions: How did people record quantities before a numeration system was invented? 1 2. What type of numerals do people use in most countries? 3. What types of numerals did people use in Europe until the Middle Ages? 4. In what cases do people still use Roman numerals? 5. What is the decimal system of calculation? 6. For what purpose do people use the binary system?a Numbers, arithmetic operations and how we read them ad numbers 13; Sy Even numbers: 2,4,6,8 Prime numbers yavou Common fractions | % Ya % one-quarter, one-half, three fourths (quarters) Decimal fractions* | 11.8 eleven point eight Powers #7 88 four squared, seven cubed, eight to the fourth power Roots 29 327 the square root of nine, the cube root of twenty seven Percentages 28% twenty-eight per cent Parameters 30m x 20m thirty meters by twenty meters Ratio/proportion ORS two to three Long integers** 2,582,934 two million, five hundred eighty-two thousand, nine hundred thirty four Temperature 312e thirty-one degrees Celsius/Centigrade ‘Area 80m? eighty square meters i Volume/capacity 53m fifty-three cubic meters Velocity 130 km/h ‘one-hundred and thirty kilometres per hour Acceleration 10 cm/s? ten centimetres per second squared Density 3.86 kg/m? three point eight six kilograms per cubic meter eae Note (Gio TelewpeA * In English, you use a point (.) not a comma (,) when writing decimal numbers. You can say the numbers after the po ‘conven fei imaraps 48.52 you can read forty-eight point five two, or you ¢Task 2: Write the numbers: 1. minus five degrees Celsius 2. fifty meters by twenty meters . nought point six two eight three squared . three thousand two hundred and ninety-five .. forty-two point nine percent two thirds . the square root of sixteen err awe . plus three and a quarter 10, nine cubed Task 3: Match the subjects with their names and parameters: the highest waterfalls Mount Everest 219,000 m*/s the tallest monument the Amazon 6,695 km the longest river Angel Falls 8,848 m the highest mountain the Great Pyramid of Giza ‘138.8 m the largest average discharge __ the Nile 979 m There are four basic arithmetic and other operations. addition (sign+) — - combining two or more arithmetical quantities into one sum e.g., 3 +5 =8 (three plus five equals/is eight) subtraction (sign -) - the difference (positive or negative) between two quantities e.g., 12-2 = 10 (twelve minus two equals/is ten) multiplication (sign x) — the sum of a number repeated a given number of times (the multiplier) is called the product; e.g.,4x 3 = 12 (four times/multiplied by three equals twelve) division (sign : or / ) — the ratio of one number to another, or how often one quantity is contained in another; the result is called the quotient. ©.g., 16: 8 =2 (sixteen divided by eight equals/is two) 18el x= 3(ath) logio7 B2C. 250 m> 3:1 550 : 22 =25 4,821,578 . Write In mathematics parentheses (), brackets [] and braces, Multiply by 2, a is not equal to b xis greater than y Alpha is less than Beta one over x three, a to the fourth power pi {read pai] over two e equals mc squared a by b over n minus one x equals three, multiplied by parenthesis a plus 5, parenthesis log of seven to the base ten also called curly brackets { } are used. Task 4: Read the following numbers and expressions: 67.92 123-21=102 2,567 xX > 3/5 25 5.2 kg/m? a+ b?=c2 - 12°C 18 x 56 70 km/h 32 x 23 = 736 98% 5 kg/m? 40 mx 20m ore Bau loge n Task 5: Follow the directions: any number belowPart 2 Mathematics and descriptive geometry are an integral part of civil engineering studies, 14 her, Designers draw shapes and pate, subjects contain these disciplines in one way or anot to create a project; other civil engineering specialists calculate the correct Proportions oF designed structure; they make decisions about where and what kind of reinforcements tg i so that the structure will withstand the expected types of loads. They have to make sketcheg as well as the design brief, where they have to describe the planned project. Therefore, Some vocabulary for mathematics and descriptive geometry is relevant for the civil engineerin specialists. There are various shapes of lines, two-dimensional (2D) figures and three-dimensional 6) figures. Lines: straight § ——_ curved a bent horizontal vertical | parallel emai es, tapering bo \ perpendicular Classification of angles: <90° acute angle > 90° obtuse anglels NOS = 180° straight angle =90° right angle Classification of triangles: > equilateral triangle (all the sides are equal), > isosceles triangle (two sides are equal), > right-angled triangle (one angle is a right angle or 90°), > sealene (general) triangle (all the sides have different lengths). wD figures: oe en il : ional circle: ih pentagon:A rectangle is a two-dimensional figure with two opposite sides that are parallel with adjacent ones perpendicular. A rectangle has four right angles. Something in the shape gp rectangle is rectangular, ¢.8-5 4 long rectangular table. If we want to calculate the Perimeje or area of a rectangle, we need to know how long and how wide the sides are. If we haye Pi length and width of a rectangle, we can start calculating. ‘Accirele is a round shape consisting of @ curved line that core sehen a space and ig the same distance from the centre a mething in the shape of a citcle is citculy, A cirle is cut in half by its diameter. I lied semi-circles. The radius of circle is the distance from its centre to its circumference. .s that are all the same size. Cubic units arg like a ball. A cube and sphere are bot t every point. So 1s two halves are cal six square side 0x wil bject ‘A cube is an object like a b A sphere is a round 0 used for measuring volume. three-dimensional objects. A cylinder is @ three-dimensional object. Its cross-section is circular_in_shape, and its longitudinal section is rectangular in shape. In other words, the cross-section of a cylinder jg haped like a circle and the longitudinal section is shaped like a rectangle. The cross-section inal section is shaped like a triangle. shaped [ike a cE’ Jar in shape, but the longitu ofa cone is also circul Noun and adjective forms of geometric figures NOUN ‘ADJECTIVE NOUN | ADJECTIVE square square cube cubic rectangle rectangular prism prismatic triangle triangular sphere spherical circle circular hemisphere hemispherical semi-circle semi-circular pyramid pyramidal pentagon pentagonal cone conical octagon octagonal cylinder cylindrical trapezoid trapezoidal ellipsoid ellipsoidal rhombus thombic spiral spiral Task 1: Complete the sentences with the correct words: 1. A tennis court is shaped like a or 2. If we have the length and width of a room, we can calculate its 3. The Great Wall of China is over 2,000 km. 4. The first Egyptian is over 140 m high. 22a Le 5, Atwo-dimensional figure that has three sides and three angles smaller than 90° is @ 6, Volcanoes are shaped like a 7, Abbar chart is and pie chart is in shape. 8, The bottom andtopofa__are circular in shape. g, A shape with five sides, usually of equal length and angles greater than 90” is called a 10, The two halves of a circle are called Task 2: Answer the following questions: 1, What is the Slovak Radio building shaped like? |. What are some shapes of swimming pools? What is the shape of the cross-section of a pyramid? | What is the shape of the longitudinal section of a triangular prism? weep What are the formulae for calculating the circumference of a circle and the formula for its surface area? ‘What is the standard floor-to-ceiling height /clearance in residential buildings? | What is the most common width of a doorway? What is the standard doorway height? 8. ‘Task 3: Give a description of the following shapes or angles: Seedescribe the possible shapes of the Task 4: Using geometrical figures and shapes, following objects: onnis ball, a table 4a tent, a chimney, a roof, a football pitch, a te ‘ven in the metric system of measurement, byt q In Europe dimensions and quantities are gi a engineers and scientists often encounter the imperial system of measurement, which jg i used or preferred in certain countries and cities, such as the USA, the UK, India, Cana, a, il Hong Kong. Scientists and engineers from these countries use the imperial system in technical or scientific literature. For people who are used to the metric system, itis someting” hard to imagine how long, how far or how heavy something is, and in most cases they heveg recalculate dimensions or quantities from the imperial to the metric system. & what can happen if you mix up the imperial and metric uni, Here are just a few examples o} and there are many more: In 1999, NASA lost a Mars orbiter because one te and, the other team used imperial ones. This «tittle mistake” cost NASA $125 million, In 1983, an Air Canada plane ran out 0 airline's first plane to use metric measure thought they had double amount of fuel they a and no one was killed. m used metric units for their calculatg, ns f fuel in the middle of a flight, because it was the ments and not everyone was aware of it. The he tually had. Luckily, the plane was able to lang Even Columbus miscalculated the circumference of the globe. He used Roman miles insteag tical miles; as a result he ended up in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492, thinking te of nat had arrived in Asia. The following tables may help prevent such miscalculations. Length a US or Imperial Metric | US or Imperial Metric 1 inch [in] 2.54m T sq inch [in’] 6.4516 cm | 1 foot [ft] = 12 in 0.3048 m 1 sq foot [ft7] = 144 in? 0.0929 m? | tyard [yd]=3 ft 0.9144 m Tsq yd [yd*] =9 0.8361 m> | I mile = 1760 yd 1.6093 km T acre = 4840 yd* 4046.9 m? Tint nautical mile = 2025.4 | 1.853 km 1 sq mile [mile”] = 640 2.59 km? yd acres Weight Volume/Capacity US or Imperial Metric US or Imperial Metric T ounce [oz] = 437,5 grain | 28.35 g 1 pint 0.4732 litres | T pound [Ib] = 16 oz 0.4536 kg T gallon 3.7854 litres —— 24Me i stone =14 Ib 6.3503 kg [short ton (US) 0.9072 t Tiong ton (UK) 1.0160 tVocabulary: acceleration additive adjacent average bar chart (a bar graph) circumference cross-section density design brief discharge disseminate encounter even number fraction integer legacy load longitudinal section notch odd number pattern perimeter perpendicular pie chart (a circle chart) power (index, exponent) prime number increase in speed or velocity produced by addition; cumulative lying near, close, or contiguous a quantity or rating that represents or approximates an arithmetic Mean a chart that presents grouped data with rectangular bars with bag tia proportional to the values that they represent the outer boundary, especially of a circular area; perimeter a section made by a plane cutting anything transversely, especialy right angles to the longest axis mass per unit volume; closely set or crowded condition a written document for a design project to deliver a charge or load; to pour forth to scatter or spread widely to come upon or meet with, especially unexpectedly any number that can be divided by 2 a number usually expressed in the form a/b; a very small amount one of the positive or negative numbers 1, 2, 3, ete,, of zero anything handed down from the part, as from an ancestor or predecessor the weight supported by a structure or part a cut by a plane passing through the longest axis of an object a cut or slit made in a stick or other object for recording amounts any number that cannot be divided by 2; there is always a remainder of | a distinctive style, model, or form the border or outer boundary of a 2D figure; the length of such a boundary meeting a given line or surface at right angles a circular statistical graphic, which is divided into slices to illustrate a numerical proportion exponentiation, repeated multiplication ofa base number (other than 1) that has no factor except itself 26ratio einforcement rhombus shape sketch subtractive velocity volume Proportional relation; rate a system of steel bars, strands, wires, or mesh for absorbing the tensile and shearing stresses in concrete an oblique-angled equilateral parallelogram; any parallelogram except a square outline of a specific form or figure a rough design, plan, or draft tending to subtract; having a minus sign rapidity of motion or operation; speed the amount of space, measured in cubic units, that an object occupiesUnit 3 Properties of Materials lection of pi civil engineering is an importa sed in civil engineering if he selection of particular materials to be u: a via _ : Janning the construction process. Failures that arise we bad - ss - ; : ian pla make qualified decisions as to Whar fi in igners and builders have to mal if not uncommon. Designers and : ‘ ae ; materials and which combinations of materials should be used aie fii ru ; . cig 01 pete 1 decision can only be made if they know how materials behave : natura : a mt in ‘onditions, so they ties, i.e., their q \d under certain conditions, so they need to understand their prope ir aig and under c¢ Ss, eee i tegories, such as mechanical, ey The properties of materials can be divided into a few categories, thera chemical, and electrical properties. eon Mechanical properties play the most important role in civil Sn ce figure out relatively easily. When we touch a material, we can feel if it is ar é ugh. If we try to carve or drill into the material, we will find out if it is soft or ear need a crane to lift a concrete block as it is really heavy, but things we can lift with our pans are obviously light. We use concrete blocks for building constructions pecase they are rigid. But car tytes should be flexible; therefore, we use rubber for their production. We also have {0 mention Plasticity and elasticity. A rubber band is elastic and modelling clay is a plastic Material They behave differently when we stop applying force to them. An elastic material will Tetum to its original form, but a plastic material will keep its new form. We use glass for windows as we want to see through them. Glass is transparent, but brittle, so it can be easily broken, Glass is not tough at all. Plastics are tough, but they are usually either translucent o; Opaque, so we cannot clearly see through objects made from them. The other mechanical Properties which play a key role in structural engineering and in the building industry as a Whole are compressive and tensile shear strength, flexural/bending strength, as well as resilience, stiffness, fatigue limit and ductility. Combustibility is another important property to be considered in the building industry Materials can be combustible or non-combustible. We can also say that materials are flammable/inflammable or non-flammable, Fire-resistant material will not burn easily in the process of combustion, which is why fire-resistant doors in office or residential buildings are made of non-combustible materials. These Properties, together with thermal conductivity, belong to the category of thermal properties. Other important properties which belong to the category of chemical Properties are corrosion resistance, which means that materials are a building. Conductivity means that materials are good or poor conductors of an electrical current, but they can also be good or poor conductors of heat. 28TO EES ask lt Match the adjectives with their meanings. _ combustible 4) not easily broken or made weaker 2. transparent b) hard and can easily break into pieces 3, elastic ) easy to press o shape, pleasant to touch, not rough or stiff 4, rough d) can be shaped into any shape and will keep that shape 5, rigid ¢) clear and thin enough to see through things 6, translucent ) able to stretch or bend and then return to its original shape 7, tough 2) stiff, hard, and difficult to bend or move 8. soft h) a enough for light to pass through but not completely clear 9.. brittle i) a surface which is not smooth 10. plastic j) able to burn easily Task 2: What are the opposite meanings of these adjectives? flexible soft rough brittle pacsesees! Sree transparent | ____ heavy ee combustible = ____ permeable Task 3: Choose the right answers. L. Why is glass used for windowpanes? a) Because it is brittle.3. Why do we need a special drill to make holes in 8 conerete wall? a) Because concrete is hard. b) Because concrete is heavy: ©) Because concrete is rigid. | should a fireproof door be made of? 4, What kind of material a) Inflammable material. b) Non-combustible material. c) Plastic material. ‘oncrete panels? 5, Why do builders need eranes 0 lift in shape. a) Because conerete panels are savar b) Because concrete panels are rigid. rete panels are heavy. c) Because conc! pieces when we drop it? 6. Why will a glass break into a) Because itis brittle. b) Because it is smooth, c) Because it is tough. 7. Why is aluminium used to construct aircraft? a) Because aluminium is soft. b) Because aluminium is easy to shape. c) Because aluminium is light. ‘Task 4: Choose the correct properties of the following materials. glass: a) rigid b) permeable ¢) brittle wood: a)combustible _) brittle ¢) transparent lead: a) light b) hard ©) heavy concrete: a) flexible b) rigid c) combustible chalk: a) rigid b) soft c) flexible 30ere 5; You can form nou; Tose antrias by aia aie adjectives that describe the properties of building form. + ness, -ity, -ility, -cy, or using a completely different Adjective ‘wa | elastic | soft fragile transparent flexible brittle rough plastic combustible ‘ough ee a es rigid strong thick permeable — weak dense Sa hard smooth Task 6: Make sentences. Choose the suitable combination of properties of materials from the table. [ Steel good sound insulation Conerete good thermal conductivity Mineral wool has the property of | good thermal insulation Brick high compressive strength high tensile strength Copperican Withatand high compressive forces it can transmit heat easily it can resist high tensile forces it does not transmit heat easily | it does not transfer sound easily = [ee = This means ions. gs made from plastic material? rructures to keep heat in the attic? ofcars galvanized (covered with a thin lag of ‘Task 7: Answer the following questi 1. Why are sewer pipes in buildin Why is mineral wool used in roof st Why is steel used for the construction zinc)? Why is concrete used for t Why is steel used in concrete as fhe construction of piles or piers? inforcement? ‘Task 8: Complete the sentences with the correct properties: Various coatings are applied to protect iron from chemical reaction. As a resu}, iton becomes We use wood to light a fire in a fireplace, because wood is We need a special drill to make a hole in a concrete wall. This means concrete j s Electric repairmen use rubber gloves, because rubber is s Concrete panels are lifted by a crane, which means that a concrete panel is Vertical blinds are used in modern offices to prevent sunrays from directly Penetrating into a room, i.., vertical blinds are Task 9: What are the properties of the following materials? concrete, wood, rubber, glass, stone, plastic, lead, clay, chalk, sandpaper Task 10: What are these materials used for in construction? Wood Strengths: cheap, lightweight, moderately strong in compression and tension Weaknesses: rots, swells and burns easily 32Use! ‘Wood products Wood sa vrsatile material that can be used for many different purposes. Fig 1 Wood as a building material (source: (Swedish Wood)) Plastic strengths: flexible, lightweight, long-lasting, strong in compression and tension Weaknesses: expensive Fig2 Plastics as a building material (source: (IndiaMart)) ‘Aluminium (with ingredients of magnesium and copper) Strengths: lightweight, does not rust, strong in compression and tension Weaknesses: expensive 33Use: Fig3 Aluminium as a building material (source (Anupoju)) Brick Strengths: cheap, strong in compression Weaknesses: heavy, weak in tension Use: frebrick perforated brick hollow brick partion te sala brick Fig Brick as a building material (source: (Visual Dictionary) Concrete Strengths: cheap, fireproof, weatherproof, moulds to any shape, strong in compression ‘Weaknesses: cracks with temperature changes, weak in tension Use: 34Fig. Concrete as a building material (source: (PinPoint Commercial, 2014)) Reinforced concrete strengths: low cost, fireproof and weatherproof, moulds to any shape, strong in compression and tension Weaknesses: the corrosion of reinforcement when cracks are formed Use: Fig6 Reinforced concrete as a building material (source: (Quora.com) Steel Strengths: one of the strongest materials used in construction, strong in compression and tension ses: rusts, loses strength in extremely high temperaturesUse: Fig.7 Steel as a building material (source: (SteeIConstruction.info)) ind materials that possess the following properties: Task 11: lightweight - strong in compression — rusts — cheap — fireproof — strong in compression and tension — weak in tension — expensive — breaks under tension — swells and rots — can crack when cool and hard — cracks with temperature changes — loses strength in extremely high temperatures — doesn’t rust — heavy —yocabull apply: v. prittle combustible compress compressive conductivity drill, v: ductility elastic fatigue fatigue limit feature fire resistant flammable, inflammable flexible force fragile friction hard heavy hole insulate, v. insulation lead to put to pe Use, to bring into action, to Put into effect having hardness and rigidity but little tensil damaged le strength, fragile, easily capable of catching fire and burning; inflammable ‘0 press together; force into less space tending to compress the power to conduct electricity or heat to pierce or gore a hole in something ability of a material to deform under a tensile load capable or returning to its original length, or shape after being stretched, deformed or compressed weakness in something, such as a metal part or structure, often caused by repeated bending maximum stress a material can withstand under repeated loading a prominent or conspicuous part or characteristic totally or almost unburnable easily set on fire, combustible capable of being bent, usually without breaking strength or power exerted upon an object easily broken, shattered, or damaged; delicate, brittle a force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers and material elements sliding against each other solid and firm to the touch; not soft of great weight; hard to lift or carry a hollow place in a solid body or mass; a cavity to cover with a material that prevents or reduces the passage, transfer or leakage of heat, electricity or sound material that is used to stop heat, sound, or electricity from escaping or entering a heavy, comparatively soft, malleable, bluish-gray metal 37 _ a7