MECHANICS Book Chapter 4: Motion in Two and Three Dimensions Lesson 1 4.1 Position and Displacement 4.2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 4.3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 4.4 Related Math Problem Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain Assistant Professor Department of Physics, AIUB4.1 Position and Displacement Position: Position is a place where someone or something is located or has been put. Distance = The change of position of an object is called distance. The diagram shows an example: Figure 1 shows an object changes its position from A to B. So the distance travelled by the object is AB. Displacement = The change of position of an object in a particular direction is called displacement. Figure 2 shows another object changes its position from C to D through curved path but the displacement will be straight distance from C to D.Position vector Position vector: Position vector of an object at time t is the position of the object relative to the origin. It is represented by a straight line between the origin and the position at time t. As the point moves, the position vector will change in length or in direction or in both length and direction. The curved path followed by an object moving in a (2-d) plane is called its trajectory. Position vectors can be written: =x i+ yj and A=x,i+ yj and the displacement vector as: x AF =F, —7, =(*1-x, )i+(92-¥1)5 ie. AF =Axi+AyjPosi on P of a particle at a given time has ¥@ _ coordinates x. y. z. Position Vector of point P has components x, », z: Fo= xt + yf + Hh. ‘@ The location of a particle relative to the origin of a coordi- ‘nate system is given by a position vector 7’, which in unit- vector notation is ait yj tek. Here xi, yj, and zk are the vactor components of position vector r, and.x, y, and z are its scalar components (as well as the coordinates of the particle), ‘@ A position vector is described either by a magnitude and ‘one or two angles for orientation, or by its vector or scalar components, ‘fa particle moves so that its position vector changes from 7,10 ry the particle's displacement A is MP=7- 7, The displacement can also be written as AF = (ma) + On + ak = Axi + Ayj + Ack,4.2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity Average Velocity: The total displacement travelled by an object in total time is known as average velocity. It is vector quantity and its unit is m/s. Ifa particle moves through a displacement Av in a time interval At, then its average velocity Vis displacement ae AP average velocity = —— : Vag =—— . “time interval ea tESAE » _ Axit+dyjtAck Ax, Ay; Az; Ving ae og me k. (4-9) For example, if a particle moves through displacement (12 m)i + (3.0 m)k in 2.0, then its average velocity during that move is ~ _ Ar _ (2m)i + B.0mk Ve = sae = (6.0 m/s)i + (1.5 mis)k.y Position at time t *» The average 4 a velocity > between two Ca = AE points is the displacement 4 divided by the Displacement time interval ¥4..«vector Ar’ points between the two y from P, to P>. points, and it ear ty fi has the same 7 *-« Position at time ty direction as the if Baa het displacement. I Xx Particle’s pathAverage velocity vector During a time interval t the particle moves from P, , where its position vector is r,, to Pj, where its position vector is r. 2 AF =F, — 7, = (x, - 4 )8 + (2 — vw) t+ (z — 2k. By = Anti = = (average velocity vector) bh-hInstantaneous velocity “ The instantaneous velocity is the instantaneous rate of change of position vector with respect to time. * Speedometer shows that instantaneous speed. yet a * The components of the instantaneous velocity are v, = dx/dt, v, = dy/dt, and v, = dvdt. The instantaneous velocity vector 0 is always tangent to the path. Particle’s path in the xy-plane eentot> | vy and v, are the x- and y- components of v.Instantaneous velocity v= jim, a ¢ (instantaneous velocity vector) we d [ (4-16) = a : = - 4 =p si + yj + vik) _ ave 5 , dys, dvs g dt ae 3 dc @=a,i+ a,j +a,k,Instantaneous acceleration “ The instantaneous acceleration is the instantaneous rate of change of the velocity with respect to time. * Any particle following a curved path is accelerating, even if it has constant speed. * The components of the instantaneous acceleration . = dv fdt, a, = dv jdt, and a, = dv/dt. (@) Acceleration: curved trajectory To find the instantaneous 8 _— acceleration Pp aatP, By we take the limit of @yy ‘SP approaches P ... Fo / ae meaning that Ad and Ar approach 0. a Ad ima “Ar se" Acceleration points to concave side of path. (b) Acceleration: straight-line trajectory Only if the trajectory is oe a straight line By Pr cs oo Ae gee “OP, ae 2 .. is the acceleration in the direction of the trajectory.Instantaneous Acceleration aro Ar = arr _ dx, dy, d _ dv, a@=—it— yt sk a di dt di ant du, ay “7a [eztarrarray] eee —> ou - A FO iF velocit chum es divectron between PxQ ov if velocity Rane in magni ty de.4.4 Related Math Problem 3 A positron undergoes a displacement AT = 2 oi -3 0} + 6.0k, ending with the position vector r = 3.0) - 4.0k, in meters. What was the positron’s initial position vector? *13. ssm A particle moves so that its position (in meters) as a function of time (in seconds) is Fait 4 + th. Write expres- sions for (a) its velocity and (b) its acceleration as functions of time.