àH$aU : 4

"H$éUmîQ>H$' n[aM` d H$WmZH$

4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
4.2 AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar : g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n
4.3. "H$éUmîQ>H$' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$
4.3.1 gwédmV
4.3.2 H$îQ>mMm g§gma
4.3.3 AmB©Mo _mUygào_
4.3.4 AmOrMm _¥Ë`y
4.3.5 _wcm§Mr AmOmanUo
4.3.6 AmB©Mo ~mi§VnU
4.3.7 gmIaJS>Mm _wŠH$m_
4.3.8 nwÝhm _yi Jmdr
4.4 g_mamon
4.5 gmam§e
- Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao
- gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

4.0 C{Ôï>o
"H$éUmîQ>H$' hr _mS>JyiH$am§Mr AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar Amho. n{hë`m nmR>mV
AmnU "AmË_M[aÌ' `m gm{hË` àH$mamMr g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoVco.
"AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar' Agm eãXà`moJ Ooìhm AmnU H$aVmo Voìhm ho ñnîQ>M Amho, H$s
AmË_M[aÌ Am{U H$mX§~ar `m XmoÝhr gm{hË`àH$mam§Mr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`mV AgUma. åhUyZ
AmnU àW_ Vr Aä`mgUma AmhmoV d Ë`mZ§Va "H$éUmîQ>H$' `m H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$
g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. H$mX§~ar~amo~arZo hm nmR> Aä`mgë`mda Vwåhmcm -
l AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar åhUOo H$m` Vo {c{hVm `oB©c.

"H$éUmîQ>H$' n[aM` d H$WmZH$/ 29

 l "H$éUmîQ>H$' `m H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ gm§JVm `oB©c.
l AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar åhUyZ "H$éUmîQ>H$'Mr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm `oVrc.

4.1 àmñVm{dH$
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar hm XmoZ dmL>²_`àH$mam§Mm g§H$a Amho.
AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r gm{hË`mV AmVm hm àH$ma Mm§JcmM pñWamdcm Amho. Jmo. Zr. Xm§S>oH$a `m§Mr
"Hw$Um EH$mMr ^«_UJmWm", ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m "dmdQ>i' d "{MÌH$Wr', AmZ§X `mXd
`m§Mr "Pm|~r' B. H$mX§~è`m `m AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~è`m AmhoV. Amnë`m Aä`mgmcm
Zo_cocr "H$éUmîQ>H$' hr _mS>JyiH$am§Mr H$mX§~arhr AmË_M[aÌmË_H$M Amho. åhUyZ
"H$éUmîQ>H$'Mo H$WmZH$ g_OyZ KoÊ`mnydu AmnU AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar åhUOo H$m` Vo
g_OyZ KoD$.>

4.2 AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar : g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n

AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar hm {_l qH$dm g§H$[aV gm{hË`àH$ma Amho. AmË_M[aÌ Am{U
H$mX§~ar `m XmoÝhr gm{hË`àH$mam§Mr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`mV EH$dQ>cocr AgVmV. åhUOoM
Ë`mV "AmË_M[aÌ'hr Agmdo cmJVo Am{U H$mX§~arhr!
H$mX§~arV Zm`H$-Zm{`Ho$À`m OrdZàdmgmMo {MÌU AgVo, VgoM AmË_M[aÌmVhr-
AmË_M[aÌ Zm`H$mÀ`m- åhUOoM AmË_M[aÌH$mamÀ`m OrdZmMo {MÌU AgVo. Ë`mVcr
gwI-Xw:Io, Ë`m§Mo Pmcoco n[aUm_, Ë`m_wio Zm`H$mÀ`m OrdZmcm àmá Pmcocm AmH$ma ho
XmoÝhr àH$mam§V {XgyZ `oVo. \$ŠV H$mX§~arVrc nmÌo H$pënV AgVmV Va AmË_M[aÌmVrc
nmÌo dmñVd, IarIwar AgVmV. Ë`m_wio AmË_M[aÌmVrc gwI-Xw:Iohr Ë`m Ë`m ì`ŠVtMr
IarIwar gwI-Xw:Io AgVmV. H$mX§~arV gË`mcm, dmñVdmcm H$pënVmMr OmoS> {Xcocr
AgVo.
AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arMo gdmªV _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Ago H$s {VMm Ame`
AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ AgVmo Am{U {VMr A{^ì`ŠVr H$mX§~argmaIr AgVo. åhUOo Ë`mVrc
nmÌo, Ë`m§Mo OrdZM[aÌ ho dmñVdmV KS>coco AgVo, nU Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur _mÌ H$mX§~argmaIr
AgVo. Ë`mV cm{cË` AgVo. ^mdZmZmQ>ç, H$mì`mË_Vm, qMVZ, AZw^dmMo AmH$cZ Am{U
A{^ì`ŠVr `mVyZ Ë`mMo "H$mX§~ar'nU {gÕ hmoVo. H$mX§~arV coIH$mcm OmUdcoco dmñVd,
Ë`m dmñVdmMo Ë`mMo AmH$cZ `m§Mm Am{dîH$ma AgVmo. AmVm "H$éUmîQ>H$'Mo CXmhaU nmhm.
`m H$mX§~arMo {ZdoXZ àW_nwéfr Amho. Ë`mVrc AmB©, AmOr, XmXm Am{U AmR> ^md§S>o hr nmÌo
dmñVdmVrc nmÌo AmhoV. ñdV:À`m AmB©-d{S>cm§Mr "g§gma H$hmUr' Ago `m coIZmMo ñdê$n
Amho. nU Vr H$hmUr gm§{JVcr Amho AmR> ^md§S>m§n¡H$s EH$mZo. åhUOoM ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a
`m§Zr. hrM H$hmUr J. {X. _mS>JyiH$a `m§Zr qH$dm BVa Hw$Ur gm§{JVcr AgVr Va Vr doJir

30 / {deof J«§WH$ma Aä`mg AÜ``Z gm{hË`

Pmcr AgVr H$m? Va {c{hUmè`mMm AZw^d Ë`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Ë`mÀ`m coIZmV C_Q>VmoM.
AmË_M[aÌmV coIH$ Amnë`m OrdZmMm B{Vhmg gm§JV AgVmo. Amnë`m d¡`pŠVH$,
ImgJr Am`wî`m{df`r Vmo gm§JV AgVmo Am{U Vo "ñdV:'{df`r Agë`m_wio EH$m
_`m©XoncrH$S>o Ë`mV VQ>ñWnUm, Ì`ñWd¥Îmr `oUo AdKS> AgVo. H$mX§~arV _mZdr OrdZmda
àH$me Q>mH$cm OmVmo, Ë`mMo ahñ` emoYco OmVo. H$ënZoZo EH$ ZdoM {dœ H$mX§~arH$ma {Z_m©U
H$aV AgVmo. `m {dœmVrc nmÌo, Ë`m§À`mV KS>Umao KQ>Zm-àg§J Am{U Ë`m§Zm à{V{H«$`m
XoUmao nmÌm§Mo ñd^md ho gmao H$mX§~arH$ma KS>dV AgVmo. AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arV nmÌo,
KS>coco àg§J Am{U nmÌm§Mo ñd^md{deof ho _yi dmñVdmVrcM AgVmV. nU Ë`m§Mm AÝd`
_mÌ coIH$ ñdV:À`m ÑîQ>rZo cmdVmo åhUyZM da åhQ>ë`mà_mUo ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m
BVa Hw$Umhr ^md§S>m§Zr AmB©-XmXm§À`m g§gma{df`r {chm`Mo R>adco AgVo- Va Ë`mMo
ñdê$n doJio Pmco AgVo.
AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arV coIH$ Amnë`m OrdZmVrc EH$m {d{eîQ> H$mcI§S>mMm nQ>
dmMH$m§g_moa R>odVmo. Ë`m_mJo H$mhr {Z{üV gyÌ AgVo. "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Ü`ohr nmhm, coIH$mZo
Amncm ~mcnUmnmgyZMm H$mi {M{ÌV Ho$cm. Ë`mVhr Amnë`m AmB©cm H|$ÐdVu R>odyZ Ë`m
ÑîQ>rZo H$mX§~arMr aMZm Ho$cr Amho. Ë`mV Ë`mH$miMo dmVmdaU, ^modVmcMm n[aga,
OrdZe¡cr, na§nam, Hw$Qw>§~mVrc BVa ì`ŠVr, {_Ì, {ejH$, ñZohr `mg§~§YmZo Amnco AZw^d
_m§S>co AmhoV.
AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar "AmË_M[aÌ' dm "H$mX§~ar' `m gm{hË`àH$mam§à_mUoM
{dñV¥V AgVo. _moR>m H$mcnQ> Ë`mVyZ {M{ÌV Ho$cm OmVmo. "H$éUmîQ>H$'_Ü`ohr AmB©À`m
VéUnUmnmgyZ _¥Ë`yn`ªVMm H$mi coIH$mZo a§Jdcm Amho.
"H$mX§~ar' `m dmL>²_`àH$mamMo ~møê$n (form) Am{U "AmË_M[aÌ' `m dmL>²_`
àH$mamMo> A§Va§J- `m_YyZ AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar {gÕ hmoVo. åhUOo eara H$mX§~arMo d
AmË_m AmË_M[aÌmMm! Ë`m_wio coIH$mcm H$ënZmeŠVrMm \$magm dmna H$amdm cmJV Zmhr.
ñWi-H$mi àË`jmVrc AgVmo. Ë`mVcr Jmdm§Mr Zmdo (CXm. {H$ÝhB©, gmIadmS>r B.) Ë`mV
d{U©cocm {ZgJ© ho gmao àË`jmVrc AgVo. KQ>Zm (CXm. ßcoJMr gmW, d{S>cm§À`m ~Xë`m
B.) d àg§J ho hr dmñVdmV KSy>Z Jococo AgVmV. nmÌo Va IarIwar AgVmVM. H$YrH$Yr
coIH$ Ë`m§Mr Zmdo ~Xcy eH$Vmo (AmË_M[aÌmV _mÌ Ago H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` ZgVo.)
J¡agmo`rMm ^mJ coIH$ Q>miy eH$Vmo qH$dm Ë`mcm H$cmË_H$ ê$n XoVmZm Ë`mV ~Xcm~Xc
H$ê$Z hdr Ver aMZm {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
AmË_M[aÌmV "AmË_naVm' A{YH$ AgVo, Va H$mX§~arV "d¡pídH$Vm.' `m XmoÝhtMm
g_Ýd` gmYyZ AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar H$mcmË_H$VoMm AmZ§X XoD$ eH$Vo. Ogm
"H$éUmîQ>H$', "Hw$Um EH$mMr ^«_UJmWm', "_mV¥H$m' B. H$mX§~è`m XoVmV.
AmVm AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arÀ`m ñdê$nm{df`r OmUyZ KoVë`mda "H$éUmîQ>H$' `m
H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ AmnU Aä`mgm`Mo Amho.

"H$éUmîQ>H$' n[aM` d H$WmZH$/ 31

 4.2 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm :
1) AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arV H$moUË`m XmoZ gm{hË`àH$mam§Mm g§H$a AgVmo?
2) AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~arMo gdmªV _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç H$moUVo?
3) "H$éUmîQ>H$' H$mX§~arMo {ZdoXZ H$emàH$maMo Amho?
4) AmË_M[aÌmV EH$m _`m©XoncrH$S>o VQ>ñWnUm `oUo H$m AdKS> AgVo?

4.3 "H$éUmîQ>H$' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$

gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo Am`wî` AgVo gm_mÝ`M nU Ë`m§À`m Am`wî`mV R>m`rR>m`r AmS>H$mR>r
KmcyZ gwI cm§~ R>odUmar g§H$Q>o Omo cT>m ¿`m`cm cmdVmV, Vmo _mÌ Agm_mÝ` AgVmo.
AerM H$R>rU n[apñWVrer Pw§OUmar EH$ AmB© Am{U EH$mnmR>monmR> EH$ OÝ_cocr
{VMr AmR> _wco `m§Mr H$Wm åhUOo "H$éUmîQ>H$'. IamoIa BVa gmYmaU Hw$dVrÀ`m
coIH$mÀ`m coIUr_YyZ EH$ emoH$H$Wm qH$dm nmZm§_mJyZ nmZo CcQ>Umar Xw:I_m{cH$m C_Q>cr
AgVr, na§Vw ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mr ghO AmoKdVr ^mfm, àmXo{eH$Vm, gm_m{OH$ d¡{eîQ>ço
Am{U _mUwgH$s `m§Zr n[anyU© Agcocr coIZe¡cr `m_wio "H$éUmîQ>H$' Amncm doJim R>gm
_amR>r H$mX§~arda C_Q>dyZ ~gco Amho.
4.3.1 gwédmV
nmoQ>mgmR>r amhVo Jmd gmoSy>Z naŠ`m Jmdr ZmoH$argmR>r OmUmao Hw$Qw>§~, BVŠ`m gmÜ`m
àg§JmnmgyZ `m H$mX§~arMr gwédmV hmoVo. `m gwédmVrcm ~mdMicoco, ~mdacoco ~mB©AmOrMo
ì`pŠV{MÌ g_moa `oVo. _wimnmgyZ CnQy>Z XwgarH$S>o éOdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$coë`m PmS>mà_mUo
`m AmOrMr AdñWm {M{ÌV Pmcr Amho.
ZdrZ _wcwImV nydu _mUgo ghOmghOr OmV ZgV. Ë`m_wio Amncm amhVm Jmd d
OmoS>cocr _mUgo gmoSy>Z "~ocXmam à_mUo' nmoQ>m_mJo {\$aUo AmB©cm _moR>o {Odmda `oVo. AmB©À`m
ZOaoVyZ nm{hcoco ho Zdo Jmd _mS>JyiH$am§Zm OmË`mM AñVmì`ñV, Hw$ê$n Am{U AZmoiIr
Mohè`mMo dmQ>co. EH$m CXma ~«m÷UmZo XoD$ Ho$coco Ë`mMo nyduMo nS>Ho$ Mm¡gmonr Ka AmB©cm
^wVmQ>H$sà_mUo dmQ>o. WmoS>çm S>m|JaCVmamda OmD$Z AmoT>çmdê$Z nmUr ^ê$Z AmUÊ`mMo
H$îQ>mMo H$m_ H$aUmar AmB© nmhUo, ho _mS>JyiH$am§Zm Ë`mhr d`mV ^md{ZH$ doXZm XoUmao hmoVo.
`m EH$mH$s KamÀ`m AmOy~mOycmhr qIS>mao Am{U nS>PS> Pmcocm n{agaM hmoVm. AnamÌr-
nhmQ>o H$Yr KamV ZmJ {eao Va H$Yr "nS>H$mV' åhUOo Kam~mhoa {hado dñÌ Zogcocr Amocr
~mi§VrU AmB©g {Xgo. {VZo A§Jmcm cmdcoë`m gyú_ CQ>Ê`mMmhr dmg `oV Ago. `m
dmŠ`mdê$Z hm AZw^d ~mcnUm_Ü`o coIH$mÀ`m _Zmda {H$Vr Imoc n[aUm_ H$ê$Z Jocm
Agoc `mMr àMrVr `oVo. ZdrZ Jmdm_Ycr emimhr _wcm§Zm AmdS>cr Zmhr. gXmZH$Xm _wcm§Zm
"~XS>Umao' _mñVa Z AmdS>ë`m_wio coIH$ dma§dma Kar niyZ `oV Ago.

32 / {deof J«§WH$ma Aä`mg AÜ``Z gm{hË`

4.3.2 H$îQ>mMm g§gma
AmoT>JñVrV g§gma MmcdVmZm Ë`m H$mir gdmªV H$îQ> ñÌrcmM nS>V AgV. {Xdg^a
MmH$ar H$aUo Am{U ahmQ>JmS>½`m_Yrc ~mhoaMr {H$aH$moi H$m_o nmhUo EdT>rM nwéfmMr
O~m~Xmar, ñÌrda _mÌ KaH$m_, nmR>monmR>Mr ~mi§VnUo Am{U `oUmè`m AZ§V AS>MUr! Vo
Aew^ Ka ~XcÊ`mMm {H$Vrhr Kmoem KoVcm Varhr {~Zm^mS>çmMo, BVŠ`m gmo`rMo Xwgao Ka
{_iUo Am{U Vo nadS>Uo, XmoÝhrhr eŠ` ZìhVo. åhUyZ g§gma {VWoM gwê$ am{hcm. Ë`mVë`m
Ë`mV XmXm "Ooca' Pmco Am{U AmB©Mr ñdßZo WmoS>r nmcdcr. Zdè`mÀ`m åhUOo Amnë`mhr
{X_Vrcm ^mcm, cmc nÅ>odmcm {enmB© `oB©c ho OmUyZ Pmcocm {VMm AmZ§X AJXr ^m~S>m
Amho. _mS>JyiH$a åhUVmV, H$s `m ~T>Vr_wio "AmB©À`m Ü`mZr_Zr cm|~Umam ZmJ hiyhiy
{ZKyZ Jocm.'
pñÌ`m OmË`mM ~mocKodS>çm Am{U Mma cmoH$m§_Ü`o nQ>H$Z {_giUmè`m AgVmV.
Ë`mM Ý`m`mZo AmB©Zohr `m Zì`m JmdmV Amncr nmio_wio éOdm`cm gwédmV Ho$cr. AWm©VM
_mUgo OmoS>m`cm {Vcm \$ma doi cmJcmM Zmhr. R>gR>erV CRy>Z {XgmdrV Am{U AJXr
nm{hë`mgmaIr qH$dm nhmdrer dmQ>mdrV AerM hr H$mhr Zdr OmoS>cocr _mUgo dU©Z
H$aVmZmMr _mS>JyiH$am§Mr AZw^dm§_Ycr Imocr, ñ_¥VtMm VmOonUm àË`oH$ eãXmVyZ
àË``mcm `oVmo.
dmS>çm_Ü`oM eoOmar amhUmao gS>o\$qQ>J {dRy>H$mH$m ho n{hcdmZ hmoVo. nU J§_V åhUOo
AmB©cm {Xgcoë`m ZmJmMm "~§Xmo~ñV' H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vo KoD$Z _mÌ Amco VWmH${WV
_m§{ÌH$mcm! ZmJ _mÌ Ë`mcm _wirM gmnS>cm Zmhr; hm ^mJ _mS>JyiH$am§Zm {dZmoXrM dmQ>Vmo.
{\$aVrdaM Agë`m_wio `m {dRy>H$mH$m§Mr "H$éUmîQ>H$m'Vrc Hw$Qw>§~mer AJXr amoOMr KgQ>
Zgcr Var G$UmZw~§Y _mÌ ZŠH$sM hmoVo. ßcoJMr gmW Amë`mda Vo XmXm§Zm Vi_irZo
åhUVmV, "H$m` amhUma Agë`m gmWrÀ`m ImB©V? Ahmo, nmoa§ AmhoV Mma nXamV Vw_À`m,
n§V Xodmda hdmcm, åhUyZ ^mJm`M§ Zmhr.'
4.3.3 AmB©Mo _mUygào_
Ë`m H$mir eham_Ü`oM d¡Ú, S>m°ŠQ>a \$mago ZìhVo Va IoS>oJmdm_Ü`o Hw$Ry>Z `oUma?
nS>ë`m-PS>ë`m XwIÊ`m-IwnÊ`mcm KaJwVr CnMmaM hmoV AgV. Ago CnMma H$aUmam
H$ma§S>o_m_m Am{U Ë`mMr R>gR>erV "Vm§~S>^S>H$ BaH$cr cwJS>§" ZogUmar ~m`H$mo D$\©$
H$ma§S>o_m_r hohr AmB©À`m AmVS>çmÀ`m JmoVmdiçmV g_m{dîQ> Pmco. AmB©À`m ~mOycm
~gÊ`mÀ`m Mma {Xdgm§V Ë`m _m_rZo _wcm§Zm n«o_mZo nmoQ>^a Oody-ImD$hr KmVco.
nwamUmVM EoH$m`cm {_imì`mV Aem H$mhr KQ>Zm H$Yr H$Yr A{Vgm_mÝ`
_mUgm§À`mhr Am`wî`mV KS>VmV. Ë`mMà_mUo _mS>JyiH$am§Zm AmB© ahñ`^oX H$aVo H$s, "Vy
nmQ>crUrM§ XyY {nD$Z dmT>cm Amhog.' Ë`m§Mo {eH$marcm OmUo, _m§g_ÀN>a ImUo ho gJio
Ë`m XwYmMo JwU AmhoV. Ago g_W©Zhr Vr H$aVo! AWm©V hr nmQ>crU AmB© OwÝ`m, _yi JmdMr
hmoVr. nU {VMm C„oI H$aUo A{Ve` Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo. H$maU AerM _mUgo AmB©Zo Zì`m

"H$éUmîQ>H$' n[aM` d H$WmZH$/ 33

 Jmdrhr OmoS>cr, Ë`mMo _yi H$Xm{MV `m hH$sH$VrV Amho Agohr _mS>JyiH$am§Zm chmZnUrÀ`m
AZw^dm§dê$Z dmQ>V Agmdo.
n§Yam-drg EH$a ~mJmB©V O{_ZrMo _mcH$ AgUmao Vm§~o_mñVa Am{U Ë`m§Mr H$Zdmiy
~m`H$mo hohr AmB©Mo gJogmo`ao Pmco. dm`m H$mhrhr Kmcdm`Mo Zmhr åhUyZ Ea§S>cmMr Am»Ir
~mQ>cr {nD$Z Q>mH$Umè`m `m _mñVam§Zm Owcm~ gwê$ Pmco. KaJwVr Am¡fYm§Mr Mm§Jcr _m{hVr
AgUmè`m AmB©Zo Ë`m§Mm Ìmg AmQ>moŠ`mV AmUcm Am{U g»` OmoSy>Z Ë`mda OUy {eŠH$m
_moV©~M Ho$co. nwT>o ßcoJÀ`m gmWr_Ü`o `mM _mñVam§À`m _içm_Ü`o OUyH$mhr naV\o$S>
Ho$ë`mgmaIm {Zdmam {_imcm Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mdaMo OrdKoUo A[aîQ> Q>ico.
AmUIr EH$m _mdeter AmB©Zo JmoV OmoS>co. "_moJamÀ`m \w$cmgma»`m' {XgUmè`m `m
gm¡å` ñÌrMm Zdam _mÌ Vm§~acoë`m S>moiçm§Mm, CJ« ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm hmoVm. ho ZmZm Am{U
Ë`m§À`m Vm|S>r AgUmè`m h[aZm_mÀ`m KmofUmgma»`m {eì`m, WmoS>o _moR>o Pmë`mda C§S>aUmè`m
gJiçm _wcm§Zm, ZmZm Jm§Om AmoT>VmV, `mMmhr CcJS>m Pmcm Am{U Ë`m§À`m {eì`m§Zr
^acoë`m àË`oH$ dmŠ`mV ào_mì`{V{aŠV Xwgao H$mhrhr Zmhr, `mMmhr CcJS>m Pmcm.
AmUIr gmo`[aH$sMr _mUgo åhUOo godm{Zd¥Îm hmoD$Z AmVm ñdV§Ì d¡ÚH$s` ì`dgm`
H$aUmao OdiOdi ~{hao Jmoio H§$nmC§S>a Am{U gmdcrgmaIm Ë`m§Mm gm§^mi H$aUmar Ë`m§Mr
~m`H$mo- "JmoirU ~mB©' `m {Znw{ÌH$ OmoS>ß`mdahr ßcoJZo nwT>o Kmcm KmVcm, ~{hè`m Jmoiçm§Zm
OJmV EH$Q>o gmoSy>Z Ë`m§Mr gmWr AgUmar ~m`H$mo Mma {Xdgm§_Ü`o ßcoJZo VS>H$m\$S>H$s
_ê$Z Jocr. Voìhmhr ßcoJ Pmë`mMo H$iyZhr ndm© Z H$aVm Ë`m§Zm ^oQ>m`cm {ZKmcoë`m AmB©cm
Wm§~dmdo cmJco. coIH$mMm _moR>m ^mD$ {Zdm©UrMo, H$S>H$ ~moccm åhUyZ Vr JmoirU ~mBªZm
^oQ>m`cm Om`Mr Wm§~cr.
4.3.4 AmOrMm _¥Ë`y
OmoS>coë`m Zì`m _mUgm§gh gwairV åhUVm `oUma Zmhr, nU Am`wî` gwê$ Pmco Am{U
nmdgmimhr! Ë`m~amo~aM ~mB©AmOrMr Vã~oV {~KS>cr Am{U Vr WmoS>çmM H$mimV Ajae:
_aUmgÞ Pmcr. EHo$ {Xder Kamcm Hw$cyn cmdyZ AmB© AmoT>çmda YwUr-^m§S>r H$am`cm Jocr
AgVmZm EH$Q>rM Aghmæ`nUo AmOr _ê$Zhr Jocr. ~odmaemgmaIo EH$mH$snUo Pmcoco {VMo
_aU AmB© Am{U XmXm XmoKm§À`mhr _Zmcm MQ>H$m cmdyZ Joco. {VMr _wio Zì`m {R>H$mUr
éOcrM ZmhrV. OUy hm` ImD$ZM {VMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm.
4.3.5 _wcm§Mr AmOmanUo
AmOrÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§VaMm gwZonUm hiyhiy H$_r Pmcm Am[U _wcm§À`m EHo$H$m AmOmanUmMm
AmB©cm ì`mn hmoD$Z ~gcm. Amnë`m gJiçm _wcm§Mr Vã~oVrà_mUo Am{U ì`pŠV_Îdmà_mUo
AmB©Zo Q>monUZmdo R>odcr hmoVr. H$mhr Zmdo XmXm§Zrhr R>odcr hmoVr. gJiçmV _moR>çmcmM
chmZnUmMo Ago H$mhr Img Q>monUZmd R>odë`mMm C„oI H$éUmîQ>H$mV {XgV Zmhr. ZmhrVa
ñdV: _mS>JyiH$a åhUOo "JS>Xy^mB©', MÈ>r KmcUo ng§V ZgUmam "ZmJyn§V', Vã~oVrZo
{H$aH$moi AgUmam "~marH$amd' Am{U gmIaJS> g§ñWmZmÀ`m dmñVì`mV OÝ_mcm Amcocm

34 / {deof J«§WH$ma Aä`mg AÜ``Z gm{hË`

Vmo "~S>o'. ZmJyn§Vm§À`m nm`mcm Pmcocm ^`mZH$ ËdMmamoJ, Ë`mMo nm` H$m`_Mo cwio hmoVmhmoVm
AmQ>moŠ`mV Amcm Am{U Vmo ~Mmdcm. VgmM hOm_V H$aÊ`mMm H§$Q>mim AgUmam ~marH$amd
Ë`mZo S>moHo$ ^ê$Z Ho$g dmT>dco. Ë`mV OI_m Pmë`m. Ë`m {MKiyZ H¥$_r Pmco. amÌ^a OmJyZ
Ë`mÀ`m OI_r S>moŠ`mVco H¥$_r doMUmar AmB©, hohr AgoM EH$ _mS>JyiH$am§À`m _Zmda
H$moaco Jococo Ñí` Amho.
EH$m ñdH$s`mcmM Vwé§JmV ~§X H$aÊ`mMr doi Amë`m_wio XmXm ì`{WV Pmco Am{U
Ë`m§Zr ZmoH$arV {_imcocr ~T>Vr ZmH$mê$Z nwÝhm nyd©nX ñdrH$maco. cmc nÅ>odmcm {X_Vrcm
Agë`mMo AmB©Mo ñdßZ _mcdco. Amncr {Zamem {VZo "Z{e~mMo ^moJ' åhUyZ ñdrH$macr
Am{U cndcrhr. dmñV{dH$ _mhoaMr ^anya gw~Îmm Am{U dmagmhŠH$mZo eoVO_rZ, Kahr
{Vcm [_imco hmoVo, Varhr ho H$îQ>mMo Am{U Am{W©H$ MUMUrMo OrdZ Vr Hw$aHy$a Z H$aVm
{Z^mdV hmoVr hr coIH$mcm \$ma _hÎdmMr ~m~ dmQ>Vo. `mVM XwîH$mimV Voamdm _{hZm åhUyZ
H$s H$m`, {Vcm ^`§H$a AY©{e{ehr gwê$ Pmcr. Iwaß`mMo S>mJ KoUo, Jmogmì`mH$Sy>Z
PmS>nmë`mMo Cnm` H$ê$Z KoUo Agë`m JmoîQ>r H$ê$Z KoD$Zhr Vr Wm§~cr Zmhr, {Z{_Îm _mÌ
AgUmam AmOma nwT>o {Vcm OÝ_^a nwacm. d¥ÎmrZo Ym{_©H$ AgUmè`m AmB©Zo H$Yr Hw$Umcm
XmamVyZ [aH$må`m hmVr OmD$ {Xco Zmhr. nU Xmar Amcoë`m Jmogmì`mcmM {nR>mMr `mMZm
H$aÊ`mMr doi Ooìhm Amcr Voìhm _mÌ Vr \$ma H$îQ>r> Pmcr. WmoS>H$m H$mi, Z{e~mda Am{U
H$Yr Zm H$YrVar `oD$ KmVcoë`m cú_rdaMmhr {VMm {dœmg CS>mcm.
4.3.6 AmB©Mo ~mi§VnU
gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo Am`wî` AJXr gm_mÝ` AgVo. nU g§H$Q>o EH$_oH$m§Mm hmV Yê$Z
qH$dm EH$mnmR>monmR> `oD$ cmJcr H$s Vo {H$Vr IS>Va hmoD$Z ~gVo, `mMm àË``
"H$éUmîQ>H$mVyZ' `oVmo. AmOmanmOma, Cnmg_ma Am{U hmcmIrMo {Xdg Oo_Vo_ g§nVmV Z
g§nVmV VmoM ßcoJÀ`m gmWrZo gd©Ì W¡_mZ KmVco. AemV \$mgonmaÜ`mà_mUo PmonS>r Q>mHy$Z,
amZmV amhÿZhr `m Hw$Qw>§~mZo {Xdg H$mT>co. hmhr KoVcocm AZw^d Ogm ^mdcm VgmM
_mS>JyiH$a eãXm§V AmUVmV. Hw$R>ohr A{V[aŠV H$éUm Zmhr H$s VH«$marMm gya Zmhr.
ßcoJZ§Va d{S>cm§Mr H$Moar nwÝhm gwê$ Pmcr. nU Vr gaH$mar ~§Jë`mV. emim gwê$ Z
Pmë`m_wio _wcm§Mm doi amZmo_mi ^Q>H$Ê`mV Am{U C§M PmS>mda MT>Ê`mgmaIo Mmio
H$aÊ`mV OmD$ cmJcm. ßcoJÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo gwQ>coco "nS>H$mVco' ^wVmQ>H$sMo Ka AmB©À`m
Z{e~mZo H$m`_Mo gwQ>co Am[U ~am eoOmanmOma Agcoë`m Xwgè`m EH$m Kar ho Hw$Qw>§~ AmVm
amhÿ cmJco Am{U S>moŠ`mV {H$S>o hmoD$Z Pmcoë`m J§^ra, XwIÊ`mVyZ dmMcocm ~marH$amd
Amnë`m H$mH$m~amo~a amhm`cm Am{U {eH$m`cm Xwgè`m Jmdr {ZKyZ Jocm. VodT>çmVM AmB©da
nwÝhm nmMdo ~mi§VnU hmoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar `oD$Z nS>cr. Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZmMm \$magm àMma-
àgma ZgcocmM Vmo H$mi hmoVm. pñÌ`m§Zr _wco nmoQ>mV Am{U A§JmIm§Úmda dmJdmdrV Am{U
nwéfm§Zr \$ŠV ZmoH$arY§Xm ~Kmdm. `m nmMì`m J^m©anUmV, ~mi§VnUmcm H$go-Hw$R>o Omdo.
H$m` H$amdo `mM {dd§MZoV AmB© hmoVr Am{U XmXm _mÌ Amnë`m doJiçmM {dœmV X§J,
XmoKm§À`mhr {dMmaYmaoMo ho XmoZ doJio añVo Ë`m§À`m hmoUmè`m g§^mfUmVyZ {XgVmV åhUOoM
_mS>JyiH$am§À`m chmZnUrÀ`m AmR>dUr_Yrc hmhr EH$ _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho. AmB©Mo {dMma-

"H$éUmîQ>H$' n[aM` d H$WmZH$/ 35

 AZw^d-^md{dœ doJio Am{U d{S>cm§Mo doJio ho ~mc_Zmcm OmUdÊ`mBVnV ñnîQ> hmoVo.
AIoarg AmB© ~mi§VnUmcm Jocr Am{U _mS>JyiH$a d{S>cm§~amo~a EH$Q>o am{hco. H$Yr \$mago
dmQ>çmcm Z Amcoco, Z `oUmao dS>rc `m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ë`m§Zm OdiyZ AZw^dm`cm {_imco.
{nR>c§^mV H$aÊ`mÀ`m ZmXmV Ho$coco, ñd`§nmH$mMo _OoXma à`moJ, nmUr ^ê$Z AmUÊ`mÀ`m
ZmXmV ñdV:M {d{harV AS>Hy$Z nS>Ê`mMm CÚmoJ, dS>rc d Ë`m§À`m {_Ìm§~amo~a H$mT>coë`m
ghcr Am{U ì`§H$Q>oeñVmoÌ EoH$Vm EoH$Vm Ë`m§À`m Hw$erV cmJcocr Pmon `m gJù`m Ë`m
AZw^dmVëm J{hè`m-JS>X g§nÞ N>Q>m åhUVm `oVrc. `mM H$mimV {eH$cocr {MÌH$cmhr
_mS>JyiH$am§À`m coIUrVyZ H$éUmîQ>H$mV CVacr Amho. Vo åhUVmV- ~KVm ~KVm S´>m±BªJ
~moS>©daÀ`m nm§T>è`m H$mJXmda _moJam Vamê$Z `m`Mm! narjm XoÊ`mAmYrM gmIaJS>
g§ñWmZcm ~Xcr Pmcr Am{U `m Hw$Qw>§~mMo Am`wî` nwÝhm EH$Xm ~Xcco.
4.3.7 gmIaJS>Mm _wŠH$m_
AmVmn`ªVMr "nS>H$m'_Ycr hcH$s Kao, ßcoJMr gmW, `mVyZ gmIaJS>cm Pmcocr
~Xcr Ajae: ñdßZdV hmoVr. {MÌmVë`mgma»`m `m Jmdr `m Hw$Qw>§~mcm Am`wî`mVcm
WmoS>mgm H$m hmoB©Zm H$mi, nU ^a^ê$Z OJVm Amcm Amcm. ^co_moR>o Zmco, cmH$S>r XadmOo,
nhmè`mdaMo am_moer, Mm¡H$, gmono, daÀ`m _Oë`mdaÀ`m ~¡R>H$s, h§S>çm, Pw§~ao Am{U
amOKamÊ`mVë`m nwéfm§Mr {Od§V dmQ>mdr Aer V¡c{MÌo ho Am{U Ago gwag dU©Z _mS>JyiH$a
Vn{ecmgh Ooìhm H$aVmV Voìhm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s EImXm chmZ _wcJmM OUy JmoîQ>rÀ`m
nwñVH$m_Yë`m AX²^wVaå` AZw^dm§Mo dU©Z H$aVmo Amho. dmS>çmMr XoI^mc H$aÊ`mMo H$m_
Ë`m§À`m d{S>cm§Zm XoÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. {VWcm ZmoH$aMmH$am§Mm am~Vm, _wco, _mUgo CVê$Z ~gy
eH$Vrc Aer _moR>r ^m§S>r Agm gJim AM§ã`mMm H$ma^ma hmoVm! BWco gUdma Am{U
CËgdhr WmQ>m_mQ>mZo S>moio {XndUmao hmoVo. OÌm a§JJ§Ym§Zr Am{U _mUgm§Zr \w$ccoë`m hmoË`m.
"H$éUmîQ>H$m'Vë`m dmid§Q>mVë`m OrdZàdmgm_Ycm hm Q>ßnm OUy H$mhr _¥JOimà_mUo
hmoVm. Zdè`mÀ`m {X_Vrc B_mZr nÅ>odmcm {_iÊ`mMo AmB©Mo ñdßZ AmVm IamoIaM nwao Pmco.
BVHo$M H$m`, {VÀ`m ñdV:À`mM {ZË` {X_Vrcm EH$ "gIy~mB©' Amcr. `m AënH$mimÀ`m
naŠ`m Eoœ`m©À`m H$m hmoB©Zm, nU AmYmamZo {VZo Amnë`m YmH$Q>çm {XamMo c¾ "OJX§~oÀ`m
H¥$no'Zo gmJ«g§JrV, WmQ>m_mQ>mV nma nmS>co. nwT>o `m dmñVdmVë`m gwImcmhr J«hU H$im
cmJcr. Om_XmaImÝ`mVë`m Xm{JÝ`mVyZ nÞm aËZ hadco. AZw^dr cImo~mÀ`m (nÅ>odmcm)
H$gyZ Ho$coë`m emoYm_wio Vo gmnS>co Iao; nU Xaå`mZMm H$mi H$gmoQ>rcm CVadUmam R>acm.
`mVM _mS>JyiH$am§Mo dS>rc ~§Yy _°{Q´>H$ Zmnmg Pmco. An_m{ZV hmoD$Z Vmo Ka gmoSy>Z namJ§Xm
Pmcm. gmIaJS>er AgUmao cmJo~§Yhr g§nco Am{U Am¡Q> KQ>Ho$Mo Eoœ`© Cn^moJUmao
d{hdmQ>Xma ~Zcoco coIH$mMo dS>rc Amnë`m _yi H$maHy$ZnXr nwÝhm éOy Pmco.
Xaå`mZ AmB©Mr ~mim§VnUo gwê$M hmoVr. AmR>do _yc _Yy OÝ_cm. H${damO-
(J{X_m§Zm) ^«_§VrÀ`m A§Vr AIoarg {gZo_m ñQw>{S>AmoV ZmoH$ar {_iyZ Ë`mMr H$maH$sX© ~hê$
cmJcr Am{U MT>-CVmamÀ`m Ý`m`mà_mUo XmXm§Zm ZmoH$arVyZ H$_r H$aÊ`mV Amco. C_oXrZo
IMcoë`m `m J¥hñWmZo `m doionmgyZ Am`wî`mV C^mar Aer nwÝhm YacrM Zmhr. AmB© _mÌ
{MH$mQ>rZo Am{U {MdQ>nUo Am`wî`mer Pw§OVM am{hcr. Wmoaë`m _wcmcm ~mocmdyZ {VZo H$O}

36 / {deof J«§WH$ma Aä`mg AÜ``Z gm{hË`

\o$S>Ê`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$cr. Vr \o$S>cr. _mS>JyiH$a åhUVmV, "AmB© {VMr dmQ> H$YrM Iw§Qy>
Úm`Mr Zmhr' Ë`mn«_mUo {VMo n[apñWVr Am{U g§H$Q>m§er Mma hmV gwê$M am{hco.
_mS>JyiH$am§Zr S´>m°BªJÀ`m narjogmR>r _mñVam§À`m KamMm Amgam KoVcm. ho {Xdghr nwÝhm Iyn
hmcmIrMo hmoVo Am{U AemVM AZm{_H$ XwIÊ`mMo {Z{_Îm hmoD$Z hgVm-IoiVm chmZ
{ZamoJr _Yy _aU nmdcm.
4.3.8 nwÝhm _yiJmdr
nwT>o H${damOm§Zr A_mn `e {_idco. c¾ R>adco. Vo c¾ WmQ>mV nma nS>co Am{U
Iè`m AWm©Zo O~m~XmarVyZ CVmad`mH$S>o AmB© XmXm§Mm n«dmg gwê$ Pmcm. Vo nwÝhm Amnë`m
OwÝ`m Jmdr, OwÝ`m dmS>çmV OmD$Z am{hco. "H$éUmîQ>H$mÀ`m' AJXr gwédmVrcm Oo Jmd
gmoS>ë`mMm C„oI `oVmo, Vo Jmd, Vo Ka Am{U Ë`mdoiMr AmVm Cacocr JmoVmdiçmVcr _mUgo
Ë`m§Zm nwÝhm {_imcr. Amnco _yi Jmd Am{U _yi nyd©Om§Zr ~m§Ycoco Ka `m{df`rMo ào_
(H$moUmMohr) gd©lwVM Amho. nU _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Ë`mgmR>r \$ma gw§Xa eãX dmnaco AmhoV.
"Ë`mV ho Ka nma dmS>d{S>cm§Zr C^macoco Agco Va {Vim^modVr AZoH$ gwIX ñ_¥Vr
{MH$Qy>Z Ë`mcmhr ì`pŠV_Îd Amcoc§ AgV§!' gmIaoÀ`m H$UmgmaIo _m`m H$aUmao MwcV
AmOmo~m Am{U H$mQ>çmà_mUo ~moMam XwîQ> ñd^md AgUmar MwcV AmOr `m chmZnUmÀ`m
AmR>dUr {MÌmVë`m/JmoîQ>rVë`m nm§T>è`m qH$dm H$miçm a§JmVë`m nmÌm§gma»`m dmQ>VmV.
åhgmo~mMo PmS> H$mnyZ Ë`mMr VwiB© Kamcm KmVcr. Ë`m VwiB©Imcr Pmoncocm àË`oH$OU
Xadoir AmoaS>V OmJm hmoB©. Ë`mMà_mUo "VmB©-AmB©' hr nU EH$ _Ooera g§Vmnr J«m_XodVm.
{VMm "Z¡doÚ' MwH$cm H$s KamVë`m dñVy Jm`~ hmoV!
`mM diUmda e¡ed g§nyZ nm¡J§S>mdñWm Am{U Vrhr g§nyZ OmUVonU _mS>JyiH$am§Zm
Amco Agmdo. Ë`m§Mo Kar Hw$Umcmhr Z gm§JVm "N>moS>mo ^maV' MidirgmR>r {ZKyZ OmUo,
_hm`wÕmMo Jm§^r`© g_OUo, ñdmV§Í`mMm Am{U Vo {_imco åhUyZ OZ_mZgmcm hmoUmè`m
AmZ§XmMm C„oI H$aUo H$aUo `m JmoîQ>r `mMr gmj XoVmV. Jm§YrOtÀ`m hË`oZ§Va Pmcocr
Ominmoihr AerM OZ_mZgmda Imoc n[aUm_ H$aUmar hmoVr. Ë`m KQ>Zm§Mo nS>gmXhr
"H$éUmîQ>H$' _Yrc g_J« Am`wî`m§À`m `m Q>ßß`mda ñnîQ> C_Q>coco {XgyZ `oVmV. `m
_moR>çm gm_m{OH$ ~XcmZ§Va _mS>JyiH$am§Mo dS>rc \$ma OJy eH$co ZmhrV. Vo {ZdV©co.
OJÊ`mÀ`m Z OmUo Hw$R>ë`m {MH$mQ>rda Am{U nmR>~imda AmB© _mÌ WH$ë`m XohmZo
CVmad`mVhr dmQ> MmcVM am{hcr.
nmR>monmR> OÝ_coco ho gJio _Oo_Ooera Q>monUZmdmMo ^mD$ H$_rOmñV àm_mUmV H$_dy
cmJco. H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m àH$mao _mJu cmJco. nU AmB©À`m nmoQ>À`m XmoÝhrhr _wctMr _mÌ
nyU© Am`wî`^a dmVmhVM Pmcr. _moR>r ~hrU H$îQ>mZo gmgwadmgmZo _ocr. Xwgar _mZ{gH$-
~m¡{ÕH$ H$_VaVm KoD$ZM {ZnOcr Var ^m½` COmS>ë`mgmaIm g§gma WmQ>cm. nU Vmohr
Am¡Q> KQ>Ho$MmM Ioi R>acm. AmOmar Zdam _ocm Am{U VrXoIrc _ZmZo IMcr Am{U _¥Ë`ycm
gm_moar Jocr. `m XmoZ _wctÀ`m {d`moJmZo AmBªMm XodmdaMm Am{U X¡dmdaMmhr {dœmg
CS>më`mgmaIm Pmcm. {VZo On_mi gmoS>cr. gJiçmV eodQ>Mm YŠH$m {Vcm ~gcm Vmo

"H$éUmîQ>H$' n[aM` d H$WmZH$/ 37

 nwÌ[d`moJmMm. Vmohr Wmoaë`m, H$V¥©ËddmZ, {X½JO _wcmÀ`m {d`moJmMm. Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ {Vcm
nwÊ`mVë`m dmñVì`mV éMrM Cacr Zmhr. AIoarg {ZgJ©{Z`_mà_mUo {Z`VrZo {c{hcocm
{VMmhr OmÊ`mMm {Xdg CJdcm. `m OmÊ`mMm Ü`mg {VZo nwÌ{d`moJmnmgyZM KoVcocm
_mS>JyiH$am§Zm OmUdcocm {XgVmoo. Vo åhUVmV, ""Ë`mM doir {VÀ`m _ZmVc§ _cm H$ic§,
`m nm`è`m AmVm nwÝhm H$Yr H$mir Vr MT>Uma ZìhVr.'' "H$éUmîQ>H$m'Mm àdmg AmB©À`m
_¥Ë`ynmer g§nVmo Am{U g§nV Zmhrhr. 'AmB© Jocr H$s _mUgmM§ ~aM§ H$mhr OmV§' åhUOo Oo
OmVo Vo OnyZ R>odmdogo AmgwgyZ AZw^dcoco. aŠVmÀ`m, ZmioÀ`m AmoT>rMo, C~Xma AgVo. Vo
[aVonU "H$éUmîQ>H$m'À`m eodQ>À`m H$moUË`m eãXm§V Amho ho gm§JUo AdKS> Agco Var Vo
{VWo AmoVàmoV ^acoco Amho ho ZŠH$s.

4.3 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm :

1) AmB©Mr ñdßZo Ho$ìhm nmcdcr?
2) ßcoJÀ`m gmWrV _mS>JyiH$am§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mcm H$moUr Amgam {Xcm?
3) ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mo `m H$mX§~arVrc chmZnUMo Q>monUZmd H$m` hmoVo?
4) AmB©cm H$moUVm AmOma OS>cm?
5) H${damO åhUOo H$moU?

4.4 g_mamon
AmB© Am{U {VMr AmR> _wco `m§À`m ^modVr `m H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ {\$aVo. àË`oH$
_wcmÀ`m ê$nmZo AmB©Zo OUy EHo$H$ Zdo Am`wî` AZw^dco. {MH$mQ>rZo Am{U {OÔrZo {VZo
Am`wî` AmgwgyZ OJco. `m gmè`mMo chmZ _wcmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Ho$coco {MÌU `m H$mX§~arV
AZw^dm`cm {_iVo. AmVm nwT>rc nmR>mV "H$éUmîQ>H$' `m erf©H$mMr AÝdW©H$Vm AmnU
VnmgyZ nmhUma AmhmoV Am{U `m H$mX§~arVrc nmÌ{MÌU coIH$mZo H$go Ho$co Amho Vohr
Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

4.5 gmam§e
nmoQ>mgmR>r JmdmoJmdr {~èhmS> KoD$Z {\$aV amhmdo cmJUmè`m EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mMr H$hmUr
AmnU "H$éUmîQ>H$' _Ü`o AZw^dVmo. hr H$hmUr \$ŠV Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mMr amhmV Zmhr. coIH$mZo
Amnë`m à{V_oÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Ë`m H$mimVrc dmVmdaU, g_mOOrdZ, MmcrarVr, VoìhmMm
{ZgJ© Am{U _mUgo- ho gmaoM A{Ve` {Od§VnUo aoImQ>co Amho. AmB©À`m gwI-Xw:Im§~amo~a
dmMH$mMo _Zhr hocH$mdo ImV amhmVo Am{U hoM `m H$mX§~arMo _moR>o `e Amho.

38 / {deof J«§WH$ma Aä`mg AÜ``Z gm{hË`

 Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm - CÎmao
4.2
1. AmË_M[aÌ d H$mX§~ar
2. {VMm Ame` AmË_M[aÌmË_H$ AgVmo d A{^ì`ŠVr H$mX§~argmaIr AgVo.
3. àW_nwéfr
4. AmË_M[aÌ "ñdV:'{df`r Agë`m_wio

4.3
1. XmXm "Ooca' Pmë`mda
2. Vm§~o _mñVam§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mZo
3. JS>Xy^mB©
4. AY©{eerMm
5. J. {X. _mS>JyiH$a

***

"H$éUmîQ>H$' n[aM` d H$WmZH$/ 39

 A{YH$ {Q>nUmgmR>r

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40 / {deof J«§WH$ma Aä`mg AÜ``Z gm{hË`