URC - 628 - Ver 4

CORETEST SYSTEMS, INC.
URC-628
USERS MANUAL
NOTE: Only one computer monitor comes with the system.
ULTRA-ROCK CENTRIFUGE
Shown above with optional Camera and Computer System.
This manual includes Information about the Optional CentA Image Acquisition/Conversion software.
A brief introduction to the Data Analysis software is also included.
©2014, V3d
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2009 - 2014 by Coretest Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system,
or translated into any language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission
of Coretest Systems, Inc., 400 Woodview Avenue, Morgan Hill, CA 95037.
DISCLAIMER
Though every effort has been made to supply complete and accurate information in
this manual, the contents are subject to change without notice or obligation to inform
the buyer. Furthermore, Coretest Systems, Inc. assumes no responsibility for the
accuracy of any manual which has been translated from English. In no event will
Coretest Systems, Inc. be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or
consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use the product or
documentation.
SOFTWARE AND COMPUTER DISCLAIMER

The computer and software supplied by Coretest Systems, Inc. with this instrument is
intended solely for use with this instrument. Any alteration from the originally supplied
condition other than files created by the instrument that originally installed with the
computer system could void the warranty. The original Windows™ computer
operating system in English language is the only operating system that should be on
this computer. Any other operating system may cause problems and void the
warranty. Connection to the Internet or a Network during use of this instrument may
cause problems related to the data collection timing and could cause the computer to
crash or malfunction. The addition of any software programs or files other than those
supplied by (or verified by) Coretest Systems, Inc. could also cause the computer to
crash or malfunction. The addition or changes to any hardware such as boards inside
the computer or peripherals connected via USB, Ethernet, Serial, or other ports are
also prohibited and could cause the computer to malfunction. Any of the above stated
conditions may also void the warranty for this system.
The English language version of this manual will prevail in the event of any dispute
concerning the contents of this manual.
The information in this manual is confidential. No portion of the information presented

in this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means for, or shared with
parties other than the intended recipient, without the prior written permission of
Coretest Systems, Inc.
IMPORTANT NOTE: After every 1000 runs or 2500 hours of centrifugation, permanently
de-rate the maximum speed of any rotor by 10%. ALWAYS keep an accurate log of the time
and speed for each run on each rotor for this purpose. Maintain a master logbook for each
rotor. For the 20,000 RPM 6-place rotors the overspeed disk should be replaced with the
device corresponding to 90% of the rotor’s maximum speed. Three place rotors require the
operator to be vigilant about logging and maintaining records for each rotor as the overspeed
disk does not apply to speeds below 18,000 RPM and it is up to the operator to limit the RPM
used with the 3-place rotors.
CAUTION: The overspeed detection system is not designed to detect speeds below
18 000 rpm. It is the operator’s responsibility to ensure that the rotor is not run beyond
the maximum rotor speeds permitted.
BE VERY CARFUL WHEN REACHING INTO THE CENTRIFUGE BUCKET AS THERE IS AN

OPEN HEATER COIL IN THE BOTTOM OF THE BUCKET THAT CAN CAUSE SERIOUS BURNS.
SOFTWARE NOTE: It is highly recommended that no other program is running while in the Data
Acquisition Mode. The Data Acquisition program can require most of the computer processor time
at the start of a speed. If another program is running it could conflict with the Data Acquisition
program causing it to crash which would end the AutoRun test and possibly loose data to that point.
IMPORTANT NOTE: NEVER RUN THE CENTRIFUGE WITHOUT A ROTOR AND NEVER RUN A
ROTOR WITHOUT ALL THE BUCKET ASSEMBLIES INSTALLED AND BALANCED.
URC-628 ULTRA ROCK CENTRIFUGE USERS MANUAL
i
1 Warranty, Disclaimers, Limitations .......................................................................... 1-1
2 PREFACE - Discussion of the URC-628 and Capillary Pressure ........................... 2-1
3 SAFETY ....................................................................................................................... 3-1
4 INSTALLATION ........................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1 Where to Locate the Equipment............................................................................. 4-1
4.2 Uncrating and Inspection........................................................................................ 4-1
4.3 Installing the System .............................................................................................. 4-2
4.4 Connecting Power and Turning the System On ..................................................... 4-2
4.5 Required Utilities and Installation Dimensions ....................................................... 4-2
4.6 Centrifuge Front Control Panel Description ............................................................ 4-3
4.7 Diagnostic Messages at the Centrifuge Control Panel ........................................... 4-4
4.8 Diagnostic Indicators at the Centrifuge Control Panel ............................................ 4-6
4.9 Outgas the System Before Use .............................................................................. 4-9
4.10 Setting Up the Camera and Software................................................................ 4-10
5 PREPARATION FOR A TEST ..................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Preparing the Core Sample .................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.1 Core Cleaning ............................................................................................................. 5-1
5.1.2 Wettability Restoration* .............................................................................................. 5-2
5.1.3 Sample Selection ........................................................................................................ 5-6
5.2 Other Considerations ............................................................................................. 5-7
5.2.1 Fluids .......................................................................................................................... 5-7
5.2.2 Degassing .................................................................................................................. 5-7
5.2.3 Brine electrolytes and pH ............................................................................................ 5-7

ii
5.2.4 Refined oil purification ................................................................................................ 5-8
5.2.5 Density, viscosity, interfacial tension IMPORTANT* ................................................... 5-9
5.2.6 Saturating Core and Initial Swir Procedure ............................................................... 5-10
5.2.7 Pore Volume and Saturation ..................................................................................... 5-11
5.2.8 Material Balance by Weighing .................................................................................. 5-15
5.2.9 Material Balance by Measured Production ................................................................ 5-16
5.2.10 Flowing Measurements* ........................................................................................ 5-16
5.2.11 Iron Minerals .......................................................................................................... 5-20
6 CENTRIFUGE PREPARATION AND OPERATION .................................................... 6-1
6.1 Selecting the Correct Volumetric Tube ................................................................... 6-3
6.2 Discussion of a “Pre-volume” ................................................................................. 6-4
6.3 Discussion of Temperature .................................................................................... 6-5
6.4 Duration of Experiment........................................................................................... 6-6
6.5 Discussion of Speed and the Interface Enhancement “Floater” ............................. 6-8
6.6 MAXIMUM Speeds for Rotors –VERY IMPORTANT- ............................................ 6-9
6.7 Speeds for Capillary Pressure Measurements ....................................................... 6-9
6.8 Using the Low Speed Stabilizer ........................................................................... 6-10
6.9 Normal Sequence of a Complete Experiment (Restored State) ........................... 6-12
6.10 MANUAL STROBE DESCRIPTION (view with strobe lamp only) ..................... 6-14
6.10.1 Volumetric Tube Calibration for the MANUAL Strobe System ............................... 6-15
6.10.1.1 Calibration Method 1: Dimensional Graduation Line Measurement .................... 6-15
6.10.1.2 Factory Supplied Approximate Receiving Tube Mark - Volume Calibrations ...... 6-16
6.10.1.3 Calibration Method 2: Gravimetric Graduation Line Measurement ..................... 6-17
6.10.2 Initial Srobe Test and Alignment ............................................................................ 6-18
6.10.3 Pre-Volume Calibration (Standard drainage buckets only) ................................... 6-20

iii
6.11 AUTOMATED CAMERA SYSTEM PREP (CentA data acquisition software) .. 6-21
6.11.1 Alignment and Focus of Optical System (using tubes with graduations) ................ 6-21
6.11.2 Volumetric Tube Calibration - AUTOMATED CAMERA System ............................ 6-26

6.11.2.1 Factory Supplied Approximate Receiving Tube Mark - Volume Calibrations ...... 6-26
6.11.2.2 Calibration Method 1: Camera Measures Distance Between Tube Marks .......... 6-27
6.11.2.3 Method 2: Known Volumes with Camera Measured Distances .......................... 6-29
6.11.3 Pre-Volume Calibration (using Automated Camera system) .................................. 6-31
6.11.3.1 Standard (drainage) Rotor / Bucket Assemblies ................................................ 6-31
6.11.3.2 Inverted (imbibition) Rotor / Bucket Assemblies ................................................. 6-35
6.12 LOADING A CORE SAMPLE (MANUAL and AUTOMATED Systems) ........... 6-39
6.12.1 CORE SAMPLE DIMENSIONS FOR THE VARIOUS ROTORS ............................ 6-39
6.12.2 LOADING STANDARD (Drainage) Cups (core towards center of rotation) ........... 6-40
6.12.2.1 DISPLACE CLEAR LIQUID FROM CORE USING AIR (brief description).......... 6-41
6.12.2.2 DISPLACE OPAQUE FLUID FROM CORE USING AIR (brief description) ........ 6-43
6.12.2.3 DISPLACE WATER FROM CORE USING A CLEAR OIL (brief description) ..... 6-44
6.12.2.4 DISPLACE WATER FROM CORE WITH OPAQUE FLUID (brief description) ... 6-45
6.12.3 LOADING INVERTED “Imbibition” Cups (core towards outside)............................ 6-46
6.12.3.1 DISPLACE OIL FROM CORE USING WATER (brief description) ..................... 6-47
6.13 CORE TEST USING THE MANUAL STROBE SYSTEM .................................. 6-49
6.14 ACQUISITION TEST USING THE AUTOMATED CAMERA SYSTEM ............. 6-51
7 SOFTWARE OPERATION (Data Acquisition) ........................................................... 7-1
7.1 Preparation For The Centrifuge Test...................................................................... 7-2
7.2 CENTA DATA ACQUISITION MODULE ................................................................ 7-3
7.2.1 Main Screen. .............................................................................................................. 7-4
7.2.2 Pull Down Menu: Setup -> Test Setup. ...................................................................... 7-7
7.2.2.1 Test procedure ..................................................................................................... 7-7
7.2.2.2 Test Conditions .................................................................................................... 7-8
7.2.2.3 Sample ............................................................................................................... 7-10
7.2.2.4 Fluids ................................................................................................................. 7-11
7.2.3 Pull Down Menu: Setup -> Configuration.. ................................................................ 7-12
7.2.3.1 Trigger Delay...................................................................................................... 7-12
7.2.3.2 Centrifuge and Camera Setup ............................................................................ 7-13
Light Source Setup ............................................................................................................. 7-14
iv
7.3 CENTAA DATA (Image) CONVERSION .............................................................. 7-16
7.3.1 Starting “Data Conversion” ....................................................................................... 7-16
7.3.2 Description of the Conversion Screen Top Information Section ................................ 7-17
7.3.3 Description of the Conversion Screen Controls ........................................................ 7-19
7.3.4 Opening a “.daq” File ................................................................................................ 7-23
7.3.5 Initial Image and Header Information Evaluation ...................................................... 7-28
7.3.6 Selecting the Interface Mode and Processing Images .............................................. 7-31
7.3.7 INTERFACE “Edge” SELECTION MODES WITH EXAMPLES AND CRITERIA....... 7-44
7.3.7.1 Air-Brine or Air-Transparent Oil Production ........................................................ 7-45
7.3.7.2 Oil Displacing Brine Drainage Production ........................................................... 7-47
7.3.7.3 Brine Displacing Oil Imbibition Production: ......................................................... 7-49
7.3.7.4 Air-Opaque Oil Production: ................................................................................ 7-51
7.3.8 Save output data ...................................................................................................... 7-52
7.3.9 Legacy Analysis Header – VERY IMPORTANT ........................................................ 7-53

7.3.9.1 For MultiSpeed Capillary Pressure Tests ........................................................... 7-53
7.3.9.2 For Single Speed Relative Permeability Tests .................................................... 7-55
7.3.10 Conversion Quick Checklist ................................................................................... 7-59
8 CORE TESTING PROCEDURES, STEP-BY-STEP .................................................... 8-1
8.1 MULTI-SPEED DRAINAGE TEST USING A STANDARD ROTOR ....................... 8-1
8.1.1 STARTING THE URC-628 SYSTEM .......................................................................... 8-1
8.1.2 PREPARING FOR MULTI-SPEED OIL DISPLACING WATER “DRAINAGE” ............ 8-3
8.1.3 COLLECTING THE SAMPLE AND FLUID DATA NECESSARY FOR A TEST ........... 8-4
8.1.4 SELECTING THE CORRECT VOLUMETRIC RECEIVING TUBES TO USE ........... 8-10
8.1.5 DETERMINING TEST PROCEDURE PARAMETERS (speeds, run time) ................ 8-11
8.1.6 RUN A “PRE-VOLUME” TEST BEFORE EVERY CORE SAMPLE TEST ................. 8-17
8.1.7 RUN THE CORE SAMPLE TEST ............................................................................. 8-19
8.2 MULTI-SPEED IMBIBITION TEST USING AN INVERTED ROTOR ................... 8-21

v
8.2.1 STARTING THE URC-628 SYSTEM ........................................................................ 8-21
8.2.2 PREPARING FOR MULTI-SPEED WATER DISPLACING OIL “IMBIBITION” .......... 8-23
8.2.3 COLLECTING THE SAMPLE AND FLUID DATA NECESSARY FOR A TEST ......... 8-23
8.3 SINGLE-SPEED DRAINAGE TEST USING A STANDARD ROTOR................... 8-42
8.3.2 PREPARING FOR SINGLE-SPEED OIL DISPLACING WATER “DRAINAGE” ........ 8-44
8.4 SINGLE-SPEED IMBIBITION TEST USING AN INVERTED ROTOR ................. 8-61
8.4.2 PREPARING FOR SINGLE-SPEED WATER DISPLACING OIL “IMBIBITION” ....... 8-63

vi
9 DATA ACQUISITION, CONVERSION AND ANALYSIS OVERVIEW ......................... 9-1
9.1 DATA ACQUISITION SUMMARY .......................................................................... 9-1
9.2 DATA CONVERSION SUMMARY ....................................................................... 9-11
9.2.1 CAPILLARY PRESSURE DATA ANALYSIS SUMMARY .......................................... 9-16
10 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CAMERA SYSTEM FILES ................................... 10-1
10.1 Example .smo File For Single Speed Relative Perm Test................................. 10-5
10.2 Example .smo File For Multi-Speed Capillary Pressure Test ............................ 10-8
11 DEFINITIONS AND EQUATIONS ........................................................................... 11-1
11.1 Definitions ......................................................................................................... 11-1
11.2 EQUATIONS ..................................................................................................... 11-3
12 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE RUNS ...................................................................... 12-1
12.1 Important Settings When Using Elevated Temperatures .................................. 12-2
13 TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................................ 13-1
13.1 Diagnostic Messages at the Centrifuge Control Panel ...................................... 13-1
13.2 Diagnostic Indicators at the Centrifuge Control Panel ....................................... 13-3
13.3 Strobe Not Syncing with Rotor .......................................................................... 13-6
14 CARE AND MAINTENANCE .................................................................................. 14-1
14.1.1 CLEANING ............................................................................................................ 14-1

14.1.1.1 Rotor .................................................................................................................. 14-2
14.1.1.2 Tubes ................................................................................................................. 14-2
14.1.2 LUBRICATION ...................................................................................................... 14-2
14.1.3 REPLACING THE OVERSPEED DISK ................................................................. 14-3
14.1.4 STORAGE ............................................................................................................. 14-3
14.1.5 Programming the Temperature Controller ............................................................. 14-4

vii
14.2 RETURNING A ROTOR.................................................................................... 14-1
15 MISCELLANEOUS DRAWINGS AND PHOTOS .................................................... 15-1

1-1
1 Warranty, Disclaimers, Limitations

Coretest Systems Corporation warrants for a period of one (1) year from the date of
delivery of its products to the customer that its products shall be free from defects in
materials and workmanship and that they will conform to Coretest Systems products
specifications, as set forth in its catalogues in use at the time of sale. In the event
that any of its products fail to conform to the warranty contained herein, Coretest
Systems shall, at its option and own expense, repair or replace such products or
refund the purchase price of the defective products, provided, however, that (1)
Coretest Systems warranty shall ot apply to any of its products which have been (a)
modified, changed, misused, or used in a manner contrary to its instruction manual,
or (b) used prior to installation or qualification by Coretest Systems, and (2) Coretest
shall not be responsible for the payment of freight, insurance, export and import
duties, and other related shipping charges incurred in fulfilling its warranty
obligations hereunder. Coretest Systems makes no warranty for parts, components
or products sold with its products which Coretest Systems did not manufacture;
provided however, that Coretest Systems shall extend warranties that it receives
from its manufacturers or suppliers to its customers. The remedies set forth in this
warranty are exclusive and in lieu of all other remedies for the failure of any of
Coretest Systems products to conform to Coretest Systems warranty, as set forth
herein.
DISCLAIMER OF OTHER WARRANTIES: CORETEST SYSTEMS WARRANTY,

AS SET FORTH ABOVE, IS THE SOLE WARRANTY MADE BY CORETEST
SYSTEMS WITH RESPECT TO ITS PRODUCTS, AND TO THE EXTENT
PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ALL OTHER WARRANTIES AND
CONDITIONS, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR ANY
PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE HEREBY
EXCLUDED.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: THE LIABILITY OF CORETEST SYSTEMS, IF ANY,

FOR DAMAGES RELATING TO ANY OF ITS PRODUCTS SHALL BE LIMITED TO
THE ACTUAL PURCHASE PRICES OF SUCH PRODUCTS. IN NO EVENT SHALL
CORETEST SYSTEMS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING LOST PROFITS) OF ANY KIND,
WHETHER ARISING IN TORT, CONTRACT, IMPOSED BY OPERATION OF LAW,
STATUTE OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF CORETEST SYSTEMS KNEW OR
SHOULD HAVE KNOWN OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
The information presented in this manual may not be reproduced in any form or by
any means for, or shared with parties other than the intended recipient, without the
prior written permission of Coretest Systems, Inc.
1-2
IMPORTANT NOTE: After every 1000 runs or 2500 hours of centrifugation,
permanently derate the maximum speed of all PIR rotors by 10%. At this time
replace the overspeed disk with the device corresponding to 90% of the rotor’s
maximum speed. Keep an accurate log of the time and speed for each run for this
purpose. Use a master logbook for each rotor.
2-1
2 PREFACE - Discussion of the URC-628 and Capillary

Pressure
The URC-628 is an ULTRA centrifuge modified to enable a user to de-saturate core
samples to endpoint saturations or perform an incremental capillary pressure test or
perform a single speed relative permeability test. Short test duration is the primary
reason the centrifuge method is utilized over other flowing desaturation or standard
Capillary Pressure and Relative Permeability methods. Some common tests
performed in the centrifuge include liquid/liquid or gas/liquid capillary pressure, rapid
desaturation to connate water in a gas/water system, rapid desaturation to connate
water in an oil/water system, rapid desaturation to residual oil saturation, relative
permeability and any other sample preparation procedures that require a
displacement that results in a change in core saturation. The centrifuge can also be
used for wettability determination when using a modified AMOTT or USBM test
procedure (requires glassware not included with the URC). The Coretest Systems,
Inc. URC-628 offers one of the industry’s most dependable systems for Ultra speed
centrifugal test procedures.
Capillary pressure is defined as the pressure difference across an interface between

two static and immiscible fluids in a capillary system. Capillary force is the force that
holds fluid in the pore spaces of a rock. Since capillary force holds fluid in a pore
system a force must be applied to the fluid in the system to remove it. The
measurement of the force required to displace one fluid with another is the principle
behind capillary pressure measurements. Because different capillary system
geometries and composition require different forces to drain them, the measurement
of capillary pressure characteristics can also help determine pore geometry
parameters. The URC-628 enables the user to place variable centripedal forces
across a core sample by spinning in a centrifuge at variable RPM’s. The volume of
liquid effluent that exits the core can be measured and documented to create the
industry standard pressure versus saturation capillary pressure curve. (Capillary
pressure data is only calculated if the digital camera system and complete software
package, with Analysis, is purchased.)
Capillary pressure is also affected by interfacial tension and contact angle

characteristics as well as the geometry of the capillary system. Capillary pressure
versus fluid saturation measurements are an important aid in determining the initial
distribution and mobility of two fluids in a reservoir. Pore geometry and wettability
characteristics of the rock/liquid/liquid system can cause the transition between the
two immiscible phases to span a significant distance in the reservoir creating a
transition zone. The measurement of capillary pressure characteristics on core
samples can not only help understand the initial fluid saturations in a reservoir, it can
also aid the reservoir engineer in determining several production characteristics of
the reservoir under study. For instance, it can aid in determining if a well will
produce oil or water and it can help determine from what depth(s) the well should be
produced.
There are several uses for capillary pressure data. The most widely applied use for
capillary pressure data is to calculate initial connate water saturations in a reservoir
2-2
and calculate oil saturations versus height above the free water level. A few other
uses (not included with the URC-628) include wettability determination, calculation
of pore throat size and distribution, and determination of economic perforation
zones.
A set of differential pressures (and corresponding RPM’s) can be selected prior to

the test that should best define a characteristic capillary pressure curve. During the
test process each pressure differential will cause all pores that possess capillary
retention forces lower than the force created by the imposed differential pressure to
be drained of their water content. Starting with the lowest differential pressure, all
pores of similar capillary retention characteristics are drained at each differential
pressure condition. This volumetric displacement process will stabilize at each
pressure/RPM. Each time the volumetric displacement process stabilizes, the
operator will step to the next pre-programmed RPM/pressure differential until the
complete set of pressures has been tested and measured.
Core saturation is calculated by subtracting the volume of the displaced liquid from
the total pore volume at 100% saturation to obtain the volume of liquid left in the
core sample. This volume is then divided by the pore volume of the sample and
subsequently multiplied by 100 to obtain saturation in percent of pore space.
Water saturation versus height above the water level can be (not calculated by
URC-628 software) calculated by using the measured core saturation versus
capillary pressure data. To calculate the height above the water level for a range of
permeabilities or porosities, data must be measured on a suite of core samples from
the reservoir of interest that possess permeabilities and/or porosities which span the
range of interest. After measuring the characteristic capillary pressure curves for
each sample, a correlation between connate water saturation versus permeability
and/or porosity and height can be derived.
3-1
3 SAFETY
Every Coretest Systems, Inc. centrifuge is manufactured and tested with your safety in mind; however,
improper use can result in potential electrical shock or fire hazards.
Please read this section. It contains information critical to the safe operation and maintenance of
your centrifuge.
Introduction
This safety section summarizes information basic to the safe operation of the equipment described in
the centrifuge instruction manual shipped with the instrument. All safety instructions should be read
and understood before installation, operation, maintenance, or repair of this instrument is attempted.
Observance of safety precautions will also help to avoid actions that could damage or adversely affect
the performance of the instrument.
We recommend that you read this safety section, the entire centrifuge manual, and any other
literature included in the centrifuge shipment before operating or performing maintenance on
this instrument.
Safety During Installation and/or Maintenance

Ultracentrifuges and floor model centrifuges are designed to be installed by a Coretest Systems, Inc.
Field Service representative. Installation by anyone other than authorized Coretest Systems, Inc.
personnel invalidates the centrifuge warranty. Also, should the centrifuge need to be moved, a
Coretest Systems, Inc. Field Service representative must reinstall and relevel the instrument in its new
location.
If an anchoring or anti-rotation system (feet stabilizer pads) is provided or is available for the
centrifuge, be sure to use it to keep the instrument in place. These systems are designed to reduce the
possibility of injury or damage that could result from centrifuge movement in the event of a major rotor
mishap.
To ensure safety, the centrifuge should be wired to a remote emergency switch (preferably outside the
room where the centrifuge is installed, or adjacent to the exit from that room), in order to disconnect the
instrument from the main power source in case of a malfunction.
Any servicing of this equipment that requires removal of any covers can expose parts which involve
the risk of electric shock or personal injury. Make sure that the power switch is turned off and the
centrifuge is disconnected from the main power source, and refer such servicing to qualified personnel.
Electrical Safety
To reduce the risk of electrical shock, the centrifuge uses a three-wire electrical cord and plug to connect
the equipment to earth-ground. To preserve this safety feature:
Make sure that the matching wall outlet receptacle is properly wired and earth-grounded.
Check that the line voltage agrees with the voltage listed on the name rating plate affixed to the
centrifuge or provided in the centrifuge preinstallation requirements.
Never use a three-to-two plug adapter; never use a two-wire extension cord or a two-wire grounding
type of multiple-outlet receptacle strip.
Do not place containers holding liquid on or near the chamber door. If they spill, liquid may get into the
centrifuge and damage electrical or mechanical components.
3-2
Safety Against Risk of Fire

Fuses protect certain electrical circuits within the centrifuge against over-current conditions. For
continued protection against the risk of fire, replace only with the same type and rating specified.
The centrifuge is not designed for use with materials capable of developing flammable or explosive
vapors. Do not centrifuge such materials (for example, chloroform or ethyl alcohol) in the instrument nor
handle or store them within the 30-cm (1 -ft) clearance envelope surrounding the centrifuge.
Mechanical Safety
For safe operation of the equipment, observe the following:
• Use only the Coretest Systems, Inc. rotors and accessories designed for use in the centrifuge.
• Do not exceed the maximum rated speed of the rotor in use.
• NEVER attempt to slow or stop the rotor by hand. NEVER run the centrifuge with the
door open unless it is in the zonal mode (available with certain centrifuges).
• Do not lift or move the centrifuge while the rotor is spinning.
• NEVER attempt to override the door interlock system while the rotor is spinning.
• In the event of a power failure, do not attempt to retrieve the sample from the
centrifuge for at least one hour.
• When glass tubes are run, be careful if these tubes break inside the chamber bowl.
Examine and clean the gasket and/or chamber bowl with care because glass
fragments may have become embedded in them.
4-1
4 INSTALLATION
4.1 Where to Locate the Equipment

The URC-628 should be placed in a low traffic area away from any frequently traveled
doors that may allow inadvertent tampering with the apparatus during a test
procedure. The URC-628 should be located in an area with sufficient power utilities
(see the Specifications section), a tabletop working area, and a source of air pressure
(100 - 125 psi).
֠ NOTE: It is imperative that the power source for the URC-628 is reliable
as any power failure will result in the failure of the test that is in progress
at the time of the power failure. Coretest Systems, Inc. highly
recommends a backup power source that is capable of restoring power in
less than one second.
There should be sufficient area around the URC-628 to allow the operator access to
all sides of the instrument at any time without restriction. (Usually a 2 meter by 2 meter
area will suffice for the instrument.)
A sample and equipment preparation area with a tabletop should also be available in
the immediate vicinity. This tabletop area will be utilized to load the sample into the
containment cups and also to clean components between test procedures.
The URC-628 should be utilized in a clean and dry area that offers temperature
control to within +/- 2 degrees Fahrenheit.
4.2 Uncrating and Inspection

The system is shipped in one large crate. Any miscellaneous supplies are shipped in
other crate(s). Carefully remove the system and the electronics from their respective
shipping crates and inspect for evidence of damage. If any damage is observed,
report this directly to the shipper and your receiving department. Coretest Systems,
Inc. cannot be held liable for damage incurred during shipping.
4-2
4.3 Installing the System
The URC-628 must be installed by a trained Coretest Systems or Beckman-Coulter

trained representative to maintain the Warranty.
4.4 Connecting Power and Turning the System On

IMPORTANT NOTE: It is very important that a trained representative has installed this centrifuge
and verified that the input power selector jumper has been set to the correct
voltage equal to the connected electrical power. Failure to perform this
verification could result in damage to the centrifuge and would void any
Warranty. DO NOT POWER THE CENTRIFUGE ON IF THIS JUMPER HAS
NOT BEEN VERIFIED AT INSTALLATION.
The power cables for the URC-628 should be wired to a 220 VAC, 30amp circuit. Do
not connect these cables to electrical power until all parts of the system have been
installed and checked for proper voltage settings and connections.
Measure the voltage at the point that the centrifuge will be connected to electrical
power. Note the voltage. The installation engineer will require that voltage value so
he can set the correct jumper setting on the main power entry board of the centrifuge.
֠ NOTE: An earth ground is required.
Place the appropriate electrical plug on the end of the power cord for the system,
make sure the Main Power Switch is set to OFF and when approved by a Coretest
Systems representative, plug the cables into 220 VAC.
4.5 Required Utilities and Installation Dimensions

Centrifuge 220 VAC, 50Hz (or 60Hz if so configured),30A
Weight 750 lbs approximately
Dimensions: H x W x D
Crated Centrifuge = 143 x 102 x 122(inches)
4-3
4.6 Centrifuge Front Control Panel Description

IMPORTANT NOTE: It is very important that a trained representative has installed this centrifuge
and verified that the input power selector jumper has been set to the correct
voltage equal to the connected electrical power. Failure to perform this
verification could result in damage to the centrifuge and would void any
Warranty. DO NOT POWER THE CENTRIFUGE ON IF THIS JUMPER HAS
NOT BEEN VERIFIED AT INSTALLATION.
To power on the centrifuge, locate the main power toggle switch on the right side of the cabinet as
you face the front of the centrifuge. Flip the toggle switch UP to power the centrifuge ON.
Key Description of Run Status Indicators

Pressed
START A green LED on the [START]key lights when the key is pressed. It blinks until the rotor
reaches set speed and then shines continuously until the run ends or[STOP] is pressed.
STOP A green LED on the[STOP] key lights when either the key is pressed or the rotor begins
to decelerate. It blinks until the rotor comes to a stop.
ACCEL MAX or SLOW indicates which acceleration profile has been selected.
DECEL MAX, SLOW, or NO BRAKE indicates which deceleration profile has been selected.
2
ὼt ω2t indicates that the ultracentrifuge is in the ω2t mode. (NOT USED with URC-628
software control.)
HOLD HOLD indicates that the ultracentrifuge is in the HOLD mode.
PROG A number (1 through 9) above the [PROG](program) key indicates the number of the
program that has been selected for the run. (NOT USED with URC-628 software
control.)
SAVE SAVE blinks to indicate that you may save the program values just entered. Press
[SAVE]and the values will be saved in memory under the assigned program number.
(NOT USED with URC-628 software control.)
VACUUM 750, 200, and <20 (microns) — located in the upper display — indicate the approximate
chamber pressure as the chamber is being evacuated. Onlyone LED will be on
continuously at any given time. Once below 20 microns the <20 LED shines
continuously until the [VACUUM] key is pressed to vent the chamber. (The instrument
will typically draw vacuum to 5 microns or less.)
4-4
4.7 Diagnostic Messages at the Centrifuge Control Panel

Diagnostic messages appear as red LEDs at the left side of the upper display (see Figure
below) to alert you to conditions that may need your attention. A tone will sound and the
appropriate message will blink until you press the [CE] key. The diagnostic messages will
reappear if you attempt to restart the instrument and the problem has not been corrected.
Some of the messages provide cautionary information that will not shut down a run in
progress. Others indicate a user error. For example, if you left the chamber door open when
you pressed [START], the DOORmessage would appear to let you know it must
be closed.
If the associated display is flashing when a diagnostic message appears, a shut-down

malfunction has occurred. The run will come to a stop.
See the Table on the next page to determine the nature of the error or problem,
possible causes, and recommended corrective actions. If no user action is indicated, or the
error persists, call Coretest Systems,Inc. for assistance.
4-5
Diagnostic
Message Possible Cause User Action
SPEED Wrong, damaged, or missing Check set speed; check the rotor for
overspeed disk on the installed clean, undamaged, and correct
rotor overspeed disk.
TEMP Temperature control or Check the air inlet (at bottom of the front
vacuum system malfunctioning panel) for obstructions. Call Coretest
Systems, Inc. if problem persists.
DRIVE Abnormal change in drive Be sure a rotor is properly installed on
speed or overheated drive the spindle; if power has failed, wait for 5
minutes for drive to cool; check for air
inlet obstruction.
VAC Vacuum not being drawn o If the vacuum level is showing at least
properly. This message is a flashing “200” on the front panel this
primarily important when the VAC error can be disregarded and
centrifuge is spinning at 20000 removed by pressing the CE button.
RPM and above, which will o If the vacuum level never reaches the
never happen when using the point where it flashes “200” do the
URC-628 rotors. It will flash if following:
the vacuum has not pulled o Check door O-ring for damage and
down completely within 20 dirt.
minutes. o Check rotor lid O-rings for possible
leakage.
This VAC error can also be o Check the vacuum oil. If milky in color,
due to excess moisture in the run the vacuum system for several
system which will require hours or overnight until the oil is clear.
running the vacuum system for
several hours or overnight.
IMBAL Rotor imbalance (at low Check for proper rotor loading.
speeds)
DOOR Door is open when the Be sure door is closed.
[START] key is pressed
PWR Loss of power during run Check TIMEdisplay; run may need to be
restarted or aborted.
CPU Microprocessor malfunction or Press CE to clear the error. If it persists
loss of program memory, or power the control computer off and back
lost communication with on then restart CentA progrm.
control computer
WHEN AN ERROR CONDITION EXISTS THAT CANNOT BE CLEARED OUT BY PRESSING THE
<CE> BUTTON ON THE FRONT PANEL IT MAY BECOME NECESSARY TO QUERY THE
CENTRIFUGE ABOUT THE SPECIFIC ERROR THAT HAS OCCURRED SO IT CAN BE
RECTIFIED.
TO QUERY THE SYSTEM, PRESS 4-1-1 AND AN ERROR CODE WILL APPEAR IN THE
TEMPERATURE SECTION OF THE DISPLAY. SEE TH E NEXT SECTION FOR MORE
INFORMATION ABOUT THESE SPECIFIC ERROR CODES.
4-6
4.8 Diagnostic Indicators at the Centrifuge Control Panel

The following DIAGNOSTIC INDICATORS may appear as red LEDs on the front control
panel of the URC-628.
• SPEED (speed related diagnostic indicator)

• TEMP (temperature rerated diagnostic indicator)
• DRIVE (drive related diagnostic indicator)
• VAC (vacuum related diagnostic indicator)
• IMBAL (imbarance rerated diagnostic indicator)
• DOOR (door related diagnostic indicator)
• PWR (power related diagnostic indicator)
• CPU (CPU related diagnostic indicator)
DIAGNOSTIC INDICATORS are used to designate that an abnormal condition has occurred at the
centrifuge hardware. An error tone will sound, and the appropriate LED(s) will blink on the front
control panel to indicate that a problem has occurred. The LEDs will continue blinking until the user
clears them. If the problem still exists after the user clears the LED(s), an error tone will sound and
the LED(s) will again begin blinking, indicating that an abnormal condition still exists.
The user may attempt to clear the LED(s) by using the <CE> or <STOP> keys/buttons.
There are two basic types of diagnostics, cautionary and shut-down. Cautionary diagnostics are
less serious diagnostics and do not shut down the centrifuge. Shut-down diagnostics are more
serious, and will cause centrifugation to end.
If the display is flashing when a diagnostic occurs, this indicates a shut-down diagnostic has
occurred. Centrifugation will end and the machine will be shut down.
If the display does not flash when a diagnostic LED occurs, this indicates that only a cautionary
diagnostic exists. Centrifugation will continue and the machine will not be shut down.
If the user desires more information on the diagnostic(s) which exists, he may request information
by pressing the 4-1-1 key sequence while the diagnostic LED(s) are still blinking.
Information obtained by pressing the 4-1-1 key sequence will appear in the temperature section of
the display. A lower case "d" followed by two digits will often appear. The two digits may then be
decoded to inform the user of the nature of the abnormal condition.
Some common two digit diagnostic numbers and their associated diagnostic class are summarized
below. If you encounter a different Diagnostic Code message than shown below please contact
Coretest Systems, Inc. with the Diagnostic Code for further instruction.
4-7
Diagnostic Specification / Condition Suggested Action

Code
d14 Communications time-out. The connected • Check the USB cable between the
computer controller has lost communication. control computer and USB hub (box
on back of centrifuge).
This error may result in stopping a test • Check the cable from the USB hub
procedure if it occurs during an AutoRun. to the back of the centrifuge.
• Press CE to see if communication
with the control computer can be
restablished.
• If all cables are connected with good
connections and the CE did not
reestablish communicaiton, Shut
down the control computer and
reboot. Then Restart the CentA
program.
d20 Power failed, Continue run "Loss of Power Occurred During Cent.
The Run in Progress Was Continued."
Instrument spins up to set speeds
May require cancelling the current test

and starting over.
d21 Power failed, Restart run “Loss of Power Occured During Cent.
The Run in Progress was restarted."
Instrument spins up to set speed and

time is reset

and starting over.
d30 Overpeed condition exists (software) "Speed Malfunction"
Circuit breaker trips
Disk Frequency=15.5KHz +5%

and starting over.
d31 Mssing or invalid disk on bottom of rotor Shutdown with brake
stem
and starting over.
d34 Overpeed limit exceeded “The Speed Setting Exceeds the Over-
speed Disk Rating"
Shutdown with brake
If happens frequently the speed disk

sensor under the rotor stem may
require adjustment. Contact Coretest
Systems.
4-8

and starting over.
d41 Vacuum prrmp down took too long "Vacuum Malfunction."
May indicate gas or moisture in the

vacuum pump oil. Follow OUTGAS
procedure.
This error occurs if the chamber

vacuum does not reach 20 microns in
20 minutes.
As long as the vacuum indicator LEDs

indicate 200 or a flashing <20 just
press 411 followed by CE to clear the
error. If 750 is showing there is a
serious vacuum leak that should be
found and fixed.
d70 Rotor imbalance Decelerates to zero with brake
Check buckets for leaks, fix if found

and rebalance.
Verify all bucket assemblies are

balanced to within +/- 0.05 grams.
d80 Door open “Door is Open"
Decelerates to zero with brake
Close the door and insure it is latched

d81 Door latch malfunction “Door Malfunction"

4-9
4.9 Outgas the System Before Use

Before doing anything with the centrifuge it is highly recommended that you OUTGAS the system by
doing the following:
1) Insure all Installation procedures have been performed and the power settings are correct.
Be sure the vacuum pump has the correct level of oil.
2) Turn ON the power switch on the right side of the centrifuge.
3) Open the sliding door and load a rotor with three (or six) buckets screwed in place. ONLY
THE BUCKETS, NOTHING INSIDE THEM.
4) Close the sliding door and start the vacuum.
5) Set the centrifuge temp at the right hand control panel to 40 Centigrade
6) Set the run time to continuous and set the speed to 1000 RPM.
7) Start the centrifuge and allow it to run overnight with the vacuum ON.
8) Allow it to run for a minimum of 4 hours (overnight is recommended).
9) This prepares the system for use in your laboratory. Sometimes parts of the system gather
excess gas that must be removed before the centrifuge will pull down to an adequate
vacuum for high speed tests. Perforing this OUTGAS procedure will insure you will be able
to reach an adequate vacuum level for your first test.
10) Be sure to reset the centrifuge temperature to 25C using the right hand control panel.
IMPORTANT VACUUM ERROR NOTE: The Beckman centrifuge expects the vacuum to be below
20 microns in less than 20 minutes. The modifications that have been performed by Coretest
Systems, Inc. will extend the time required to reach 20 microns and as a result and ERROR
MESSAGE “Vac” will be displayed on the control panel of the centrifuge with a BEEP sound every
20 minutes until a vacuum of 20 microns is reached. THIS IS NORMAL AND SHOULD NOT BE A
CONCERN. Either leave the error message on the centrifuge control panel or press 411 followed
by CE on the control panel to remove the error being displayed. This does not affect the URC-628
in any way and the BEEP with “Vac” message at the control panel should not be cause for concern.
4-10
4.10 Setting Up the Camera and Software

1) This procedure will be required upon initial installation of the system and anytime
the system components are physically modified or any time the camera and
camera mount are disassembled and reassembled.
2) This procedure requires the operator to assemble the rotor and bucket
assemblies similar to when a core sample will be tested (see Section 5.9:
LOADING A CORE SAMPLE (MANUAL and AUTOMATED Systems); however,
no core or liquid is required for this procedure. To start, when placing the plastic
receiving tubes into the cup assemblies, rotate the plastic tubes so the volumetric
graduation lines can be viewed in bucket #1 fully. In Bucket #2 turn them so you
will see only ¼ of the lines to the left of the window. In Bucket #3 turn them so
you will see only ¼ of the lines to the right of the window.
֠ NOTE: This is recommended the first time to mechanically align the camera over
a rotor window by sliding the camera mount arm in or out, adjust the camera
Aperture (to largest aperture=2) and Focus ring at the camera. It may also be
necessary to adjust the Trigger Delay in software such that the window is imaged
correctly. Aligning the receiving tube volumetric lines as illustrated above will
allow the user to verify that number one; two and three tubes are displayed
correctly at the computer screen.
4-11
3) Upon assembling each bucket/receiving tube assembly as described in 2 above,

weigh each assembly and document the heaviest assembly.
4) Match the other bucket assemblies to the same weight as the heaviest within +/-
0.05 gram. (balance to within 0.01 gram for best results)
5) Screw all buckets into the rotor. Be sure to get the correct bucket in the correct
opening of the rotor. ALSO: DO NOT INSTALL COLD CUPS IN HOT OR WARM
ROTOR. THIS MAY CAUSE THEM TO LOCK IN PLACE. BOTH MUST BE AT
THE SAME TEMPERATURE.
6) Place rotor/bucket assembly into the centrifuge and rotate the rotor so one of the
bucket windows line up between the camera and light source. This will help when
initially setting the camera position in or out to align with the current rotor
windows.
7) Close the centrifuge sliding door and place camera assembly on door. Make sure
the aperture of the camera lense (upper thin ring setting on the camera lense) is
set to 2.8 (set to smallest number). Visually inspect the alignment of the camera
with the window (slot) of the bucket that is inside the centrifuge. It is possible that
the camera mounting arm is set for another rotor/bucket and the camera is not
mechanically adjusted to align with the current bucket window. The center of the
camera lense should line up with the center of the bucket window as shown
below. If not loosen the ¼-20 socket head cap screw where the camera mount
arm attaches to the upright stand and slide the camera arm to position directly
above the window in bucket. When in the correct positon look on the camera
mounting arm for white lines etched into the arm. One of these white lines should
align with the edge of the Camera Mount Stand upright. Tighten the ¼-20 screw.
It may be necessary to fine adjust this alignment such that the window is centered
at the computer screen after adjusting the light intensity, trigger delay and focus
described below.
8) Insure that the fiber optic cable is connected to the Constant Light source at the
back of the centrifuge. (In older units you will have to turn on the light manually!)
4-12
9) At the computer, Start the CentA program by double clicking the CentA icon at
the desktop then single click on Data Acquisition to start the Data Acquisition
program
IMPORTANT VACUUM ERROR NOTE: The Beckman centrifuge expects the vacuum to
be below 20 microns in less than 20 minutes. The modifications that have been
performed by Coretest Systems, Inc. will extend the time required to reach 20 microns
and as a result and ERROR MESSAGE “Vac” will be displayed on the control panel of
the centrifuge with a BEEP sound every 20 minutes until a vacuum of 20 microns is
reached. THIS IS NORMAL AND SHOULD NOT BE A CONCERN. Either leave the
error message on the centrifuge control panel or press 411 followed by CE on the control
panel to remove the error being displayed. This does not affect the URC-628 in any way
and the BEEP with “Vac” message at the control panel should not be cause for concern.
4-13
Go to Configuration – Centrifuge and Camera Setup screen as shown below. Be
sure the settings match the settings that were sent with the original system
documentation. The example below may NOT match your setup.
NOTE: The original system documentation package delivered with the centrifuge
will contain a printed sheet with the correct Com port settings for your system as
configured from the factory. The Com Port Settings can also be found on the
computer at C:\CentA\Samples folder. Use the illustration below as an
EXAMPLE ONLY. The Com Port settings in the following screen may not match
the settings for your centrifuge.
4-14
10) Go to the Confuguration – Light Source Setup window and turn the light on (move
the switch to the ON positon), then adjust to about 160 by rotating the knob as
shown in the screen below. Return to the main screen. NOTE: It may be
necessary to raise the Lamp Intensity later in this sequence for adequate light.
NOTE: The original system documentation package delivered with the centrifuge will
contain a printed sheet with the correct Com port settings for your system as
configured from the factory. The Com Port Settings can also be found on the
computer at C:\CentA\Samples folder. Use the illustration below as an EXAMPLE
ONLY. The Com Port settings in the following screen may not match the settings for
your centrifuge.
11) Set the centrifuge speed to 2000 RPM.
12) Start the Centrifuge and wait until the speed of 2000 RPM is reached. (Vacuum
turns on automatically, if set speed is above 3000 RPM the unit will hold at 3000
RPM until the vacuum is below 750).
13) Monitor the images showing on the computer screen. In the beginning while the
centrifuge is building up to the desired speed the images on the monitor will be
garbled or will not be shown. They should begin to take shape and stabilize as
the centrifuge reaches the setpoint RPM. If there is no image showing after the
centrifuge has stabilized at the desired RPM, first insure the focus ring is located
between 0.34 and 0.38 at the lense. Next, change the trigger delay in the
Configuration screen until you see an image. Then fine tune the focus.
4-15
14) Now start to fine tune the focus, light intensity and trigger delay of the camera.
With the trigger delay initially set near 36 degrees, adjust the focus ring on the
lense of the camera until you can see the lines marked on the buckets at their
highest point. This will normally be between 0.34 and 0.38 on the focus ring
distance indicator window of the lense. Rotate the focus slowly and give the
system a second or two to react to the focus adjustment with each small move. If
the marks (peaks) are showing up very low on the screen, increase the light
intensity to put the tops of the lines near the top of the window on the computer
screen. Adjust until you get the most lines showing that are possible for each
bucket. Now use the Configuration – Trigger Delay to adjust the timing at which
the camera views the bucket windows. It is critical to insure that each bucket is
being seen in the correct position before proceeding beyond this setup routine.
4-16
15) There are two normal scenarios that can occur during this setup. 1) Delay is too
short and 2) Delay is too long. If you see volumetric graduation lines in bucket 1 and
2 but none in 3 then your delay is to short. (See screen below.)
Adjust the trigger delay upward until all lines are seen in bucket 1.
4-17
16) The screen below indicates how the correct delay setting for the buckets will
appear on the screen.
17) In scenario 2), if you see volumetric graduation lines in bucket 1 and 3 but none in 2 then
your delay is to long.
4-18
Adjust the delay until all the lines are correct.
18) If you see all the volumetric graduation lines in bucket 1 then your delay is GOOD.
4-19
The final Trigger delay setting should be near 36.

5-1
5 PREPARATION FOR A TEST
5.1 Preparing the Core Sample

All core samples should be precision right cylinders with endfaces parallel to within +/-
0.01 inches. Sample diameter and length is limited by the specific rotor / bucket
assembly that will be used.
Sample preparation for a capillary pressure test and a relative permeability test is quite
often the same. The following descriptions should help you determine the best
procedure to use.
Rotor / Buckets Maximum Length Maximum Diameter

PIR-120 (6 place for 1” cores) 1.04 inch (2.69 cm) 1.045 inch (2.65 cm)
PIR-121 (6 place for 30mm cores) 1.29 inch (3.30 cm) 1.185 inch (3.01 cm)
PIR-122 (3 place for 1.5” cores) 2.05 inch (5.207 cm) 1.555 inch (3.95 cm)
PIRO-123 (3 place for 1.0” CONFINED cores)
The Confined sample dimensions must be 1.00 inch (2.540 cm) 1.00 inch (2.540 cm)
EXACTLY as stated and cannot be shorter.
5.1.1 Core Cleaning
Our recommended standard procedure is to clean all samples to a water-wet

condition, and to then restore wettability by aging in the presence of crude oil. In
some cases, water-wet measurements may be requested in addition to restored
state. Purified, refined oils are used for water-wet measurements. Cleaning and
restoring allows control of the fluids and wetting state. Except under unusual
circumstances, we do not recommend preserved state measurements, which
assume that the 'as-received' core is in a representative wetting state. Too many
things can happen (e.g. drilling mud invasion, oxidation, de-saturation by gas
expansion) to make this a reliable assumption. Also, it is not possible to measure a
primary drainage capillary pressure curve unless we start from 100% water
saturation, which requires cleaning the core.
In most cases very low permeability samples probably cannot be cleaned to a water-
wet condition. The diatomite is a good example. In these cases, preserved state
analysis may be the best that we can do. Some cleaning will be necessary to
establish known fluid saturation in the sample, but it is probably not worth making
this a lengthy process. As our present state of knowledge, we should consider any
primary drainage capillary pressures measured on such samples to be suspect,
because they do not have the correct starting wettability.
5-2
Assume that all cores need cleaning, even if they have been previously cleaned by
another laboratory. Usually, significant contamination is found. Also, always re-
clean cores after a water-wet series of experiments before they are used in restored
state.
Considerable research over the past few years has shown that it is quite difficult to
clean a sample to a truly water-wet condition. The procedure given below has been
arrived at by trial and error, and is based on the following principles.
1) contact with a relatively large volume of solvent is necessary. This is most efficiently
achieved with a flow-through technique, rather than by refluxing.
2) to achieve water-wetness, part of the cleaning should be with a solvent which is efficient
at removing asphaltenes, but which is itself relatively easy to remove from the core. We
currently prefer tetrahydrofuran for this purpose. Because of the potential hazard from
peroxide formation, the THF is purchased in small (100cc) bottles, which are used up
soon after being exposed to the atmosphere. The THF is never evaporated to dryness.
3) Often, color is seen in the effluent each time a solvent change is made. Cleaning is
more efficient when several small slugs of each solvent are alternated.
Based on these considerations, the currently suggested cleaning procedure is as

follows.
Consolidated samples are wrapped in Teflon™ tape and enclosed in shrink-wrap

Teflon™ for cleaning, and then subsequently jacketed for the centrifuge work.
Unconsolidated samples are jacketed before cleaning to preserve sample integrity.
5.1.2 Wettability Restoration*

Testing has shown that restored state experiments provide the best wettability
correlation to field data indicating proper wettability. The traditional method of
cleaning cores by Dean-Stark extraction with toluene followed by
chloroform/methanol or toluene/methanol was found to be ineffective in making
cores water-wet. The Dean-Stark process removes water from the cores before
removing the crude oil thus allowing the oil to contact the core and deposit waxes
and asphaltines on the surface. To overcome this difficulty, a cleaning procedure
employing a sequence of solvents was developed. Extensive testing has shown that
‘as received’ core plugs rarely result in field wettability conditions since drilling fluids
contain chemicals or pH values sufficiently different than those of the reservoir.
These changed conditions alter the native-state of the core plugs. Many well side
tests showing fields to be water-wet by producing spontaneous oil production when
the samples were submerged in brine were found to be the result of contact with the
10+ pH values of the water based drilling mud and gas expansion in the plugs with
the removal of reservoir pressure. Oil based drilling muds contain surfactants which
alter the wettability of the system making the samples appear more mixed or oil wet.
If the ‘as received’ state is requested by the client, then some precautions must be
observed to attempt to restore the wettability before testing can begin. The samples
5-3
should be heated to a temperature above the wax point of the reservoir crude and a
de-gassed synthetic brine or de-gassed cleaned and filtered reservoir brine flowed
through the core to displace the brine in place contaminated by drilling. A flow of
stock tank oil above the wax temperature should be established to clean
contaminated oil from the core. Aging for at least 14 days should be accomplished
to allow fluid interface equilibrium before centrifuge testing begins.
Dean-Stark or extracted core plugs normally show signs of wettability alteration. A

drop of water placed on the dried surfaces will bead up instead of imbibe if the core
has been seriously damaged. Cleaning can be accomplished by flowing a sequence
of solvents through the core until contaminants have been removed. Several
precautions should be followed during this procedure. This procedure applies to ‘as
received’ samples where restored state conditions are required.
First, the solvents involved in core cleaning have an adverse effect on rubber boot
material. The figures below show the amount of swelling and shrinkage of the rubber
boot material when contacted by solvents. The material extracted from the boot
when dried on a glass slide will render it hydrofobic. For this reason it is necessary
to wrap the core material in Teflon™ tape followed by shrinking Teflon™ shrink
tubing around the core before inserting them in a booted cleaning cell. This will keep
the solvents from contacting the boot and improve the wettability results.
The solvents should be cleaned by passing them through an activated alumina-silica

column to remove contaminants especially in THF which degrades rapidly in the
presence of oxygen and heat. The recommended sequence is:
• Flush with a low salinity brine (3% KCl is adequate) to remove drilling mud contaminants,
excess salt, and rehydrate samples where brine evaporation may have occurred.
• Flush toluene or chloroform at a temperature above the wax point of the oil (usually
120°F will suffice) to remove the bulk of the crude oil. This is followed by THF
(tetrahydrofuran) to remove the remaining oil and most of the water.
• Flush chloroform-methanol or toluene-methanol to remove the THF.
5-4
• Finally flush methanol to remove the other solvents and the remainder of the brine.
Optical UV-visable spectrophotometry can be used to determine when the effluent

solvents are ‘clean’. Cycles of flowing solvent and then shutting the system in for a
period of time will allow time for diffusion from micro-structures and dead ended pore
systems. Surprisingly high permeability samples show the greatest effect of this
cycling possibly because the main pore systems bypass the micro systems.
Cleaning is the first consideration in producing proper wettability in the samples. The
other major factors are:
• Salinity - the ionic strength of the brine is an important factor in wettability. While the brine
chemistry may have to be altered to prevent scaling, the ionic strength should be matched
to provide proper wettability.
• Crude oil acid-base ratio and concentration are critical factors in wettability. When possible
stock tank oil should be used to run the experiments. If dilution is necessary for mobility
matching it should be minimized to prevent wetability alterations.
• The pH of the sample is important in maintaining proper wettability. Proper pH can usually
be achieved by aging the sample in de-gassed brine.
Temperature is important in crude oils with waxes or asphaltenes. Reservoir

temperatures are not necessary as long as the temperature is above the wax point of
the crude. Wax or asphaltene layers deposited in the core will provide drainage
paths and allow de-saturation of oil that would normally be trapped.
Restored state tests are performed on samples that have been thoroughly cleaned of
petroleum products and leached of salt content prior to testing. If clays are
suspected special cleaning and drying techniques must be incorporated. For more
information concerning different cleaning and drying methods contact your Coretest
Systems, Inc. representative. After the sample has been cleaned, leached, and
dried the following parameters should be measured: dry weight, length, diameter,
grain volume, bulk volume, pore volume @ reservoir stress, porosity @ reservoir
stress, and Klinkenburg or air permeability @ reservoir stress.
For a gas/brine relative permeability or capillary displacement test the core sample
should be 100 percent saturated with the required brine outside of the test system.
Liquid permeability at 100 percent brine saturation should be measured in another
system as desired. Verify that the sample is 100 percent saturated to within +/- 2
percent.
Store the sample under brine until it is ready to be loaded into the sleeve assembly
for the URC-628.
Fresh or Native state samples are preserved at the well site and brought directly into
the laboratory for testing without being cleaned. In theory these coring methods
reduce the chance that core wettability characteristics will be altered by using
surfactant free bland muds or uncontaminated, unoxidized lease crude in the coring
process.
5-5
Fresh state samples are usually cored with a bland water-based mud and therefore
oftentimes possess a high water saturation at an immobile oil condition. This type of
core saturation state is normally considered to be at first cycle imbibition. Capillary
pressure measurements can be performed on a core sample preserved in this
fashion; however, the initial saturation condition would better model the condition
after a waterflood procedure rather than initial reservoir conditions before oil
migration. For fresh state samples, before beginning the capillary pressure
test, be sure to flush the sample with filtered brine to remove any mud filtrate
and mobile oil that may be left in the core sample. Since pore volume and fluid
saturations are not quantitatively known on a fresh state core, 100 percent brine
saturation cannot be assumed initially. An assumed Formation Factor will also have
to be utilized if electrical properties are to be measured. If assumed Formation
Factors are not acceptable, Formation Factor data can be measured on the actual
sample subsequent to the capillary pressure test and after cleaning and resaturating
the sample with brine. The measured Formation Factor data can then be utilized to
"refine" the Resistivity Index calculations. If possible, measure the porosity of an
adjacent plug or trim an end to use for pore volume estimation of the capillary
pressure sample during the test procedure.
Native state samples are usually cored with non-oxidized, uncontaminated, lease
crude oil and therefore usually possess high oil content at immobile water saturation
when brought to the laboratory for testing. This oil flushed condition is considered to
be the first cycle drainage state. This is normally the end condition of a standard
capillary pressure test on a restored state sample. To perform capillary pressure
tests without cleaning the sample first requires that the sample is first flushed with
filtered oil to remove any mud filtrate followed by flushing the sample with filtered
brine to an immobile oil condition. The core sample is now considered to be at the
first cycle imbibtion state, similar to the initial fresh state sample condition described
in the previous paragraph. Again, this saturation condition best models the condition
found in the core after a waterflood process. Cores in this state cannot be assumed
to possess 100 percent brine saturation initially, therefore, an assumed Formation
Factor will have to be utilized if electrical properties are to be measured. If assumed
Formation Factors are not acceptable, Formation Factor data can be measured on
the sample subsequent to the capillary pressure test and after cleaning and
resaturating the sample with brine. The measured Formation Factor data can then
be utilized to "refine" the Resistivity Index calculations. If possible, measure the
porosity of an adjacent plug or trim an end to use for pore volume estimation of the
capillary pressure sample during the test procedure.
If cleaning is not permitted due to wettability alteration concerns, the sample can still
be tested; however, the beginning saturation will be considered to be first cycle
imbibition rather than the initial depositional water environment. In other words the
core will start with some oil saturation in place (similar to the condition after a
waterflood process) instead of starting at 100 percent brine as the formation
originally began. This oil saturation will cause a shift in the saturation data. This
shift in saturation causes a condition that is termed "hysteresis". Professional theory
concerning selection of restored, fresh, or native state testing differs in the petroleum
industry. One theory suggests that starting on the correct imbibition or drainage
cycle is more important than possible wettability alterations caused by cleaning the
5-6
core samples. Other theories suggest just the opposite. Therefore, Coretest
Systems, Inc. prefers to leave this decision to the enduser.
If a reservoir process or procedure is to be investigated that does not follow the

standard procedure for capillary pressure sample preparation, the user should select
a method of preparation that best recreates the situation being modeled. If standard
capillary pressure measurements are required the sample should always start at 100
percent brine saturation.
Always measure and document the length, diameter, and weight of the core sample
prior to testing and just after testing.
When the current mobile phase in the core is brine and any other phase is immobile,
always store the prepared sample under brine until it is ready to be loaded into the
cup assembly.
5.1.3 Sample Selection
The petrophysicist or reservoir engineer who has requested the experiments will
usually have specific zones or samples for which measurements are required.
However, it is almost always an advantage to be able to select a subset of plugs for
the centrifuge measurements. The measurements are conducted on a small number
of very small core plugs (0.75 to 1.5 inch diameter, 1 to 2 inches long, typically 3 to 9
samples). The results from this limited sampling will be used in simulations of often
very large reservoirs. Because of this, it is important to avoid certain sample
characteristics which may give atypical results.
Plugs chosen for centrifuge experiments should have permeability and porosity
representative of the field and should be as homogeneous as possible. Fractured
plugs should be avoided, unless fractures are so widespread that this is not possible.
Any fractures or bedding planes should run parallel to the axis of the core. Unusual
mineral compositions (such as iron bearing nodules) may influence wettability, and
should be avoided. Large surface vugs may cause problems with porosity
determinations and jacketing the sample, and will possibly lead to saturation errors at
later stages of the experiment.
Whenever possible, plugs should be either scanned using X-ray linear scan or CT
scan technology before jacketing. Since many of the problem conditions mentioned
above result in density variations, an internal scan will often show them up. If
scanning is not possible, a careful visual inspection is advisable. Sometimes an
evaluation of rock type versus measured grain density can indirectly discover
unknown internal inclusions.
The centrifuge rotor enables multiple sample testing in one run. The rotor assembly
with all core samples must be balanced. The user can load 3 (1.5 inch diameter)
and 2,3,4, or 6 (1 inch diameter) samples to be run at one time.
5-7
NOTE: These core samples must be well matched with similar weights and
sizes. For best experimental design the core samples should not vary
by more than a factor of about three in absolute permeability. This will
usually permit good definition of the capillary pressure or relative
permeability curves for all of the samples in a given run.
5.2 Other Considerations

5.2.1 Fluids
Fluid property measurements are as critical to obtaining good results as are core
property measurements. We recommend against using any tabulated values of fluid
properties because trace amounts of impurities can alter these properties. All
necessary densities, viscosities and interfacial tensions should be measured before
the experiments are started. All of these properties should be measured as closely
as possible to the temperature and pressure expected in the centrifuge experiments.
5.2.2 Degassing
Degassing is very important in maintaining a liquid saturation in oil/brine experiments
and in keeping oxidation from causing wettability and permeability problems in iron
rich samples. Degassing of brine is a simple matter of pulling a vacuum on the brine
for a short period of time (usually about 10 minutes) and then sealing the brine in a
gas tight container. Nitrogen may be introduced if the brine is to be exposed to air
during the centrifuge cell filling process.
Degassing of crude oil is necessary if the oil appears extremely gassy at ambient
temperatures. This is due to the saturation checks done by mass balance. A 1%
gas saturation in the core can result in a 5% or greater error in saturation
determination due to the small density delta used to calculate the saturations. Crude
oil degassing is accomplished by applying vacuum to the oil for short periods of time
and then observing the oil’s behavior between vacuum applications watching for gas
bubble evolution. Once gas generation ceases, the oil is ready for use.
5.2.3 Brine electrolytes and pH

The pH and the electrolyte content of a brine can influence wetting to a very
significant extent. In principle, the composition of the brine should be matched as
closely as possible to available water analyses for the field under consideration.
Modifications to this rule are:
1) If iron is present in the core then calcium in the brine should be replaced
with magnesium. This is because sodium sulfite is used as an oxygen
scavenger in the centrifuge experiment, and calcium sulfite has very low
solubility. Thus, the scavenger is incompatible with calcium-containing
brines. Magnesium sulfite is a factor of 15,000 times more soluble than
calcium sulfite.
5-8
2) Water analyses will usually show some amount of carbonate and/or
bicarbonate. These should be replaced with an equivalent ionic strength
of chloride. In equilibrium with atmospheric levels of CO2 (characteristic of
the centrifuge experiments), carbonate and bicarbonate to raise the pH
well above what would apply in the reservoir at a much higher CO2 partial
pressure. Replacing them with chloride helps minimize this problem,
although one should recognize that the pH of the experiment is still likely
to be higher than the pH of the reservoir.
5.2.4 Refined oil purification

All refined oils should be purified by passing through a silica gel/alumina column.
The criteria of acceptable purity we use is based on interfacial tension as a function
of time. In principle, it should be possible to achieve a constant (i.e. time invariant)
interfacial tension for a refined (surfactant free) crude oil. In actual practice, a clean
sample slowly re-contaminates during the measurement, so judgment is needed to
decide what constitutes a good enough improvement over the uncleaned material.
The interfacial tension input to the centrifuge experiment should be the value at
infinite time, obtained as described below in the section on interfacial tension.
Putting highly clean oil into a core sample will certainly introduce some
contamination. There is therefore no justification for using the very high interfacial
tensions recorded for fresh interfaces. When using the infinite time extrapolated
tensions, very good agreement is seen between repeat capillary pressure runs on
the same core sample using different oils.
Dewaxing crude oil
High viscosity crudes (viscosity greater than 100 cP) take a great deal of time to
reach equilibrium, and waxy crude oils tend to plug cores. We recommend against
using either one unless absolutely necessary. These problem crudes are best
replaced by low viscosity wax-free crudes. If the crude is merely waxy but of low
viscosity, then the wax can be removed. This is done by centrifuging the crude at
10°F below the test temperature at the highest speed possible. The wax then
precipitates on the walls of the centrifuged vessel. Wax-free oil is obtained from the
supernatant liquid. We recommend the following procedure for replacing the crude
in the core with the modified (low viscosity, wax-free) crude:
1. Place core in a Hassler cell and pump in the modified oil while heating the
Hassler cell (keep temperature below the boiling point of water). Flow
approximately twenty pore volumes. This miscibly displaces the waxy or high
viscosity crude.
2. Reduce temperature and follow the cleaning procedure for preserved cores (as
above).
5-9
5.2.5 Density, viscosity, interfacial tension IMPORTANT*
Density
Fluid densities affect the measurement of pore volume, saturation, and permeability
as mentioned above. In addition, density also affects the calculation of capillary
pressure, Bond number, and relative permeability. Because of its importance, we
recommend the following precautions.
1. Measure density at ambient and test temperatures.
2. Before measuring crude oil density, centrifuge the crude to the highest speed
possible. This helps to degas the crude as well as remove brine and suspended
particles. For this procedure, it is best to use the largest vessels possible to treat
as much oil as possible - use the largest collection tubes available.
Note: Since crude is used for end point permeability measurements as well as
centrifuge experiments, it is best to have on hand several hundred milliliters of
crude per core.
3. For centrifuge experiments involving pressurized air, be sure to correct the air
density for pressure.
As mentioned above, errors in density measurement are magnified when used to

determine saturations, because it is a density difference which is required.
Therefore, density measurements have an important effect on the overall
accuracy of results.
Viscosity
Viscosity is crucial in measuring relative permeability. Nonetheless, it can affect

capillary pressure measurements insofar as higher viscosities imply longer waiting
times to achieve equilibrium. The viscosity of the displaced phase should always be
measured. On the other hand, the viscosity of the invading phase need not always
be measured. The invading phase becomes more important as its contrast to the
displaced phase viscosity diminishes. Therefore, we recommend measuring the
viscosity of the invading phase when it is a liquid; otherwise a tabulated value will do
for air.
There are several methods for measuring viscosity. However, we recommend using
a Cannon-Fenske type capillary tube kinematic viscometer. These tubes are
specially designed to handle petroleum products and have a range of 0.5 to 20,000
centistokes.
Interfacial Tension
5-10
Although it is not necessary to calculate the relative permeability or capillary
pressure, we recommend measuring interfacial tension.
NOTE: A VALUE OF INTERFACIAL TENSION MUST BE ENTERED IN THE .DAQ

FILE BEFORE OPENING IN THE DATA CONVERSION AND ANALYSIS
SOFTWARE OR THE FINAL CALCULATION OF CAPILLARY PRESSURE WILL
NOT BE PERFORMED. IF THE MEASURED INTERFACIAL TENSION IS NOT
KNOWN IT IS RECOMMENDED TO INPUT 25 IN THE DATA ACQUISITION
PROGRAM TO ENABLE FINAL CAPILLARY PRESSURE CALCULATIONS WHEN
THE DATA ANALYSIS PROGRAM IS BEING USED.
1. Because the interfacial tension is very sensitive to contamination, it is a good

indicator for liquid quality.
For example, in a recent experiment, the interfacial tension between crude oil
and brine measured 1 dyne/cm, therefore suggesting contamination of the crude
by wellhead additives (such as rust inhibitors) containing surfactants. This led to
more careful re-sampling of the crude at the wellhead, thus yielding interfacial
tensions near 25 dyne/cm, which is more reasonable for a surfactant-free
system. 3. The interfacial tension is needed to calculate the Leverett 'J'
function.
The 'J' function is a dimensionless capillary pressure defined as follows:
Ρc k
J= .
σ ∅ (1)
where Pc denotes capillary pressure; σ , interfacial tension; k, absolute permeability;

and Ø, porosity. This function is essential in several types of comparisons: of
wettability, of mercury-air and oil-water capillary pressure curves, and of different
permeability rocks of the same lithology.
The interfacial tension should be measured at the temperature and pressure at

which the centrifuge is run. It is a good practice to equilibrate the oil and brine before
measuring the interfacial tension. There are several ways to conduct the
measurement; we recommend the following:
1. A ring-pull tensiometer (Du Novy) should be used for screening contaminants. In

this case, qualitative results are sufficient. For example, with oil-water systems,
interfacial tensions of 20 dyne/cm and above should be the norm; systems below
this suggest contamination.
2. The pendant drop method, is the easiest system to equilibrate. Theses

equilibrated values should be used for quantitative measurements, for example,
if the Leverett 'J' function is desired.
5.2.6 Saturating Core and Initial Swir Procedure

5-11
When a dry core is initially saturated with degassed brine, it should first be
evacuated to remove all air. After the evacuated core is brine saturated it should be
pressurized to 1,000 (or 2,000) psi for 8-16 hours to insure there is no remaining gas
saturation.
֠ NOTE: When initially oil saturating the core sample from 100% brine saturation
to Swir, the core should first be spun down to Swir using the rotor that places the
core on the inside of the radius of rotation. After desaturating the core to Swir,
the core sample should be removed from the cup assembly and inverted then
returned to the centrifuge for displacement from the opposite end (or an oil flow
can be introduced into the previously spun outflow end of the core) to oil saturate
the previously spun downstream end that otherwise will be at 100% brine
saturation (due to “end effects”).
5.2.7 Pore Volume and Saturation
Pore Volume and Porosity
The pore volume can be measured by a mass balance method or by helium

porosimetry. Normally, helium porosimetry is used to determine the porosity of
consolidated samples. For unconsolidated samples and other samples that are
jacketed, the dead volume contributed by the end pieces can produce uncertainty in
the pore volume determination. For these samples, the mass balance technique is
the preferred method. In brief, the method consists of weighting the dry core,
saturating it with a single liquid, and weighting it again. Note, when the pore volume
measurement is completed, the core is fully saturated with the chosen liquid. So, it is
possible to avoid an additional cleanup if this state is the desired initial condition of
the following experiment. Pore volume forms the basis for accurate saturation
measurements; therefore, we outline the procedure for measuring it quite explicitly.
The procedure for measuring the pore volume is as follows:
1. Dry the core in a vacuum oven at 210° F overnight, and weigh it in a

dehumidified balance. To dehumidify, place a beaker of silica gel into the
balance at least an hour before weighing.
2. Be sure you know the density of the liquid used to saturate the core to within
0.001 g/cm3. Measure it if there is any doubt about it.
3. Place the dry core in a vacuum/pressure vessel designed for operation to

2000 psig.
4. Pull a vacuum to below 100 µm inside the pressure/vacuum vessel. Normally

the vacuum should last from 8 to 16 hours.
5. While it is under vacuum, connect a completely liquid filled high pressure

pump to the pressure vessel. Be sure the liquid is degassed and purged all
the way through the pump to the outlet of the connecting tubing.
5-12
6. Pressurize to 2,000 psig overnight. On pressurizing, the liquid will be forced

into the evacuated pores of the core, thus insuring that the core is fully liquid-
saturated.
7. After 8 to 16 hours, slowly remove pressure from the vessel. Remove the
core samples and carefully wipe the liquid from the outer surface of the core
before weighing. Be sure to remove all visible liquid from the core surfaces
(using you hands). Better to have the core faces a little too dry rather than too
wet, insofar as the latter will more adversely affect your mass balance. Be
sure all surface vuggs are empty of excess fluid. A light drying by inserting
the tip of a dry paper towel into the vuggs should work. In the case of stress
jacketed samples thoroughly dry the exterior sleeve and both ends of the
holder. Dry the end ports by inserting the tip of a dry paper towel into the
ports.
8. Weigh the saturated core samples and calculate the pore volume using the
following equation.
Note: If the saturating liquid is easy to evaporate (has a high vapor pressure,
such as water), then before the final weighting, saturate the air in the
balance with the vapor of this liquid. This is done by saturating paper
towels with the liquid and laying them in the balance prior to reading.
This procedure reduces evaporative loss during weighing.
The pore volume is calculated as the weight difference divided by the density of the
saturating liquid. If we led Md denote the mass of the dry core; Ms, the mass of the
saturated core; and ρ , the saturating liquid, then the pore volume, PV, is calculated
as follows:
MS − Md
ΡV = (2)
ρ
As noted above, we calculate the porosity by simply dividing the pore volume by the
bulk volume. The bulk volume is calculated by assuming the core is a right cylinder
whose volume is given by:
πd 2 L
BV = (3)
4
where
BV denotes bulk volume
d, core diameter
L, core length
Although there are more accurate methods for measuring porosity, this one does not
take much additional time; nonetheless, it should be considered only a rough
estimate.
5-13
5-14
Example Calculation
Consider the following example:
Dry weight of core, Md = 47.5000 grams

Saturated weight, Ms = 49.7500 grams
Liquid density, ρ = 1.030 g/cm3
Core length, L = 2.0 inch = 5.08 cm
Core diameter, d = 1.0 inch = 2.54 cm
In this case, the pore volume and bulk volume are calculated from the above
equations as
Pore Volume, PV = 2.185 cm3

Bulk Volume, BV = 25.74 cm3
Dividing the pore volume by the bulk volume yields the porosity:
Porosity, Ø = 0.0849
Saturations
We consider only experiments in which the core is saturated with, at most, two
phases. This obviates the need for more sophisticated techniques which would be
needed for multiple-phase saturation determinations. The mass balance technique
described herein provides accurate measurement of saturations to within 0.5
percent, if all of our precautions are met.
If the experiment is to begin with a 100 percent saturated core, then, of course, there
is no need to measure saturations; the pore volume measurement is all that is
necessary. Therefore, we begin by assuming there are two phases whose densities
are denoted by ρ 1 and ρ 2 and whose saturations are denoted by S1 and S2,
respectively. Let Md denote the mass of the dry core; Ms, the mass of the saturated
core; and PV, the pore volume (as measured above). A straightforward mass
balance, equating the mass change between the saturated and dry core to the mass
of fluids in the core, leads to the following:
Ms − Md = PV • ( ρ1 • S1 + ρ 2 • S2 ) (4)
Since there are only two fluids in the core, the saturations must sum to unity:
S1 + S2 = 1 (5)
Using the second equation to substitute for S2 in the first equation leads to the
following expression for the saturation of fluid 1:
5-15
M − Md − PV • ρ 2
S = s (6)
PV • (ρ1 − ρ 2 )
Unlike in the pore volume determination, saturation measurement entails a density

difference, which opens a new set of cautions.
1. Be sure that the saturating liquids have been fully degassed (for example, by
pulling a vacuum the liquids). Suppose that instead of only water and oil in the
core (as the above calculations assume), there is some air. Then, in a saturation
determination with an oil/water density difference of 0.25 g/cm3, a 1 percent,
unaccounted for, gas saturation (therefore a 1 percent error in Ms) leads to a 4
percent error in the calculated saturations.
2. Remove excess liquids from the outside end faces of the core in the same way
as done in the pore volume procedure except, in this case, use a damp rather
than dry towel. Lightly dampen a towel with the invading phase and blot the end
faces. This has the effect of removing surface liquids without drawing the
residual phase out of the surface pores.
3. Because the density difference has an important effect on the results, we

recommend measuring densities to within 0.001 g/cm3 (in contradistinction to
merely looking up densities in a table).
As mentioned above, if these cautions are observed, one can obtain saturation
errors of less than 0.5 percent. When dealing with stress jacketed cores it is safe to
assume that at the end of a centrifuge experiment the dead volumes at the end of
the cores are filled with invading phase fluids. Just as in the pore volume
determination, subtract the weight of the fluid in the dead volumes from Ms before
calculating the saturation.
Example Calculation
Consider the following example which uses the same dry weight and pore volume as
shown above.
Dry weight of core, Md = 47.5000 grams

Saturated weight, Ms = 49.4441 grams
Brine density, ρ1 - 1.030 g/cm3
Oil density, ρ2 = 0.750 g/cm3
Pore Volume, PV = 2.185cm3
In this case, the water saturation, as calculated from the above equation is
Brine saturation, S1 = 0.499
5.2.8 Material Balance by Weighing

5-16
The core samples should be weighed before and between each centrifuge
experiment to estimate the “average” saturation at that point. The liquid should be
wiped from the axial surface and the faces such that only the liquid on the outside of
the core is removed. Do not remove any liquid from the pores of the core. It is
important for this measurement that there is no fluid in void spaces if jacketed.
NOTE: This is mandatory in order to verify the volumetric accuracy of the centrifuge
data conversions.
5.2.9 Material Balance by Measured Production
The displaced phase production of the samples as measured by the automated

imaging technique should provide a good crosscheck of the calculated material
balance saturation. However, the beginning and final weights are required to verify
the saturations at the beginning and end of each test.
֠ NOTE: For Standard (drainage) rotor experiments this entails running a pre-
volume test to determine exact amount of fluid in the collection vial before the
sample is introduced.
5.2.10 Flowing Measurements*
Absolute or End Point Permeability
The absolute, initial brine saturated specific permeability and the end point permeability
after each centrifuge displacement test is important in both planning an experiment and
interpreting the results. The end point permeability facilitates history matching for
relative permeability experiments.
• We recommend always measuring the absolute (Klinkenburg) permeability (before

saturating), the liquid flowing initial specific brine permeability and liquid flowing end
point permeability by actually flowing the appropriate liquid through the core sample
while measuring differential pressure and flow rate.
• For capillary pressure measurements, a Klinkenberg-corrected air permeability or the

100 percent liquid-saturated permeability will suffice for the absolute permeability. The
liquid saturated permeability is recommended if possible as there could be reactions
between the liquid and the core material that will affect the permeability but not be
evident in a Klinkenberg-corrected air perm. Be sure to use the same liquid for the
permeability test that will be in the core during the centrifuge tests.
• For relative permeability measurements, we recommend the end point permeability of

the displaced phase after each step.
• For relative permeability experiments where the invading phase is liquid (rather than
air), we recommend measuring the end point permeability of the invading phase (at the
5-17
end of the run) as well as the end point permeability of the displaced phase at the
beginning of the run.
Permeabilities should be measured under the following conditions.

(This procedure assumes that the produced fluid is weighed on a balance as the test progresses.)
Jacketed cores if at all friable.
Degassed liquids. Be sure no air is trapped in the upstream coreholder flow plumbing
prior to flowing.
In general, when measuring the permeability before a centrifuge experiment, use the
liquid about to be displaced in the centrifuge to measure “pre-test” permeability. When
measuring the permeability after a centrifuge experiment, use the liquid that has just
invaded the core to measure the “post-test” permeability. You will need to know the
maximum differential pressure that was created in the centrifuge to be sure you do not
flow at a rate that exceeds the centrifuge differential pressure.
Never use a higher pressure differential across the core to measure an end point
permeability than was used to achieve the end point condition in the centrifuge. For
example, if the maximum capillary pressure obtained in the centrifuge is 20 psi, then
this should be the upper limit of the pressure drop in the permeability measurement.
Otherwise, fluids may be mobilized that were trapped at that pressure in the centrifuge
and the data may not match.
By satisfying these conditions, one can usually obtain end point permeabilities without
changing the end point saturations.
5-18
A straightforward application of Darcy’s law leads to the following equation for permeability.
(this equation assumes a constant differential pressure flowing test):
µ ⋅ L⋅ M
k= (7)
d ⋅∆ P ⋅ ρ ⋅ ∆t
2
where all variable are expressed in consistent units. The variables and the usual units of
measurement are as follows:
k= permeability (millidarcy)
µ= viscosity (contipoise)
L= core length (inch)
M= mass accumulated in time interval, ∆t (gram)
d= diameter (inch)
∆P = pressure drop across the core (psi)
3
ρ= density of flowing liquid (g/cm )
∆t = time interval (minute)
For the units shown in parentheses, we obtain the following conversion factor:
µ ⋅ L⋅ M
k = 122.8⋅ (8)
d ⋅ ∆P ⋅ ρ ⋅ ∆t
2
5-19
Let us now consider an example of how to apply this last equation.
Example Calculation
In this example, we use a standard one-inch diameter, two-inch long core. However, recall
from the jacketing section above that the diameter and length should be measured and
3
averaged. The core is saturated with a high salinity brine whose density is 1.15 g/cm and
whose viscosity is 1.5 cp. The brine is pumped into the core for two minutes at a pressure drop
of 7 psi. The total weight of brine pumped into the core in this time is 25 grams. The absolute
permeability is calculated as follows:
µ= 1.5 (centipoise)
L= 2.0 (inch)
M= 25.0 (grams)
d= 1.0 (inch)
∆P = 7.0 (psi)
3
ρ= 1.15 (g/cm )
∆t = 2.0 (minute)
1.5⋅ 2.0 ⋅ 25.0

k = 122.8⋅ = 572millidarcies
1.02 ⋅ 7.0 ⋅1.15 ⋅2.0
5-20
5.2.11 Iron Minerals
Restoration of Iron Oxidation State
CAUTION: SODIUM DITHIONITE IS A HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL. USE GLOVES AND FACE

PROTECTION WHEN WORKING WITH IT. For the case of oxidized iron, we must get the iron into a
reduced state, as it is in the reservoir. This is accomplished by the following:
1. Place core in Hassler cell. Flow with brine containing 500 ppm sodium dithionite. If the rock
contains calcite, then include 0.01 M CaCl2 in this flush. The pH should be adjusted to that of
the formation brine.
2. Monitor the effluent for redox potential and iron content. The latter measurement is optional.
The flushing should continue until the redox potential approaches -600 millivolts (Ag-AgCl). By
the time this redox potential has been reached, the iron concentration should have peaked and
subsequently stabilized to a few parts per million, corresponding to the solubility product of
siderite and pyrite.
The low concentration of dithionite prevents precipitation of ferrous sulfide. The calcium
suppresses the carbonate concentration to prevent precipitation of siderite. We make the
following cautionary notes:
Exposure to oxygen after the above treatment will tend to re-oxidize the iron. Therefore, we
recommend minimizing exposure to air: preferably all further core handling should be done
in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere.
Furthermore, add an oxygen scavenger to the brine used in centrifuging. We recommend

at least 10 ppm sodium sulfide or sodium dithionite.
• This procedure for restoring the iron oxidation state is both difficult and time-consuming but
may be necessary to obtain the correct wetting state. Samples which contain iron
approaching or exceeding 1% are candidates for this procedure.
6-1
6 CENTRIFUGE PREPARATION AND OPERATION
The URC-628 can be operated in a manual strobe mode or computer automated

mode (if the data acquisition system was purchased). A brief description of both
modes is presented in this manual. It is highly recommended that the computer
automated data acquisition system be purchased with the initial URC-628 purchase
as the addition of the automated system requires the centrifuge to be shipped back to
Coretest Systems, Inc..
There are two types of rotor setups and several types of bucket assemblies in the
URC-628, all with different purposes. The following table will help understand the
uses for the two types of rotors.
Type of Rotor/Bucket Type of Displacement Liquid in Receiving Tube

Standard Rotor/Buckets Water displaced by oil Water in 20% of view slot
(core is toward center of rotation) Water displaced by air Water in 20% of view slot
Oil displaced by air Oil in 20% of view slot
Inverted Rotor/Buckets Gas displaced by water 80% Water in view slot
(core is toward outside of rotation) Gas displaced by oil 80% Oil in view slot
Oil displaced by water 80% Water in view slot
Centrifuge operations involve more than just loading core samples followed by
starting and stopping the test. Equally important is:
• Sample preparation that includes knowing several measured sample parameters.

• Preparation and calibration of the strobe sync with buckets in the manual system
OR camera alignment and focusing of the optical system in the automated data
acquisition option.
• A pre-volume setup is always necessary in the Standard (drainage) rotor
assembly for manual or automated systems.
o Standard (drainage) rotors: The standard (Drainage) buckets require the
user to prepare the receiving tubes with a beginning pre-volume to
insure that the first volume exiting the core sample can be seen in the
viewing slots of the buckets at the beginning of a test. In a computer
automated test it also enables adjusting the camera position, focus and
light intensity in preparation for the upcoming test.
o Inverted (imbibition) rotors: The pre-volume test in an inverted
(Imbibition) bucket set is only required in the computer automated test
setup. This setup is used for adjusting the camera position, focus and
light intensity in preparation for the upcoming test.
NOTE: Performing the pre-volume setup before starting the Standard (drainage)
bucket test is most important when the core sample possesses a high
permeability and will begin desaturating at very low rotational speeds, usually
when the core permeability is greater than 100 millidarcies. But the pre-volume
6-2
test is a good practice to insure good focus, delay, etc. prior to starting an
automated test.
• Volumetric calibration of each receiving tube should be verified upon receipt and
prior to any core tests. For the MANUAL strobe system the published volumes
per graduation (later in this manual) may suffice, but should be verified.
o For the AUTOMATED Camera system, each centrifuge could have a slightly
different distance and/or angle from rotor to camera due to spindle and camera
mount placement. This distance affects the geometry of the camera and
therefore the precision of the displayed image on the computer screen. For
this reason every centrifuge camera system must be individually calibrated for
volumetric accuracy at the final installation.
NOTE: The receiving tube volumetric calibration is critical to calculating

volumetric production from the core samples. When a rotor and receiving
tube assembly have been volumetrically calibrated in a centrifuge, that
calibration is only good as long as the camera mount or anything that affects
the geometry of the assembly remains the same.
IMPORTANT NOTE: NEVER RUN THE CENTRIFUGE WITHOUT A ROTOR AND

NEVER RUN A ROTOR WITHOUT ALL THE BUCKET ASSEMBLIES INSTALLED
AND BALANCED.
6-3
6.1 Selecting the Correct Volumetric Tube

If possible, know the pore volume of the core sample to be tested. Select a volumetric tube that will
be able to hold the expected produced volume from the core sample plus another 25% to 35%.
The tube names denote TOTAL tube volumes that the tube can hold, not the measureable volume
when using the automated camera or strobe system. The top and bottom 20% of the tube volume
may not be useable due to the rounded window openings or curvature in the bottom of the tube that
causes image distortions.
NOTE: Since all assemblies must weigh the same, the same receiving tube size must be used on each core
sample in ALL the loaded assemblies. So be sure to calculate the best tube volume to use in the upcoming
test based on the core sample with the largest pore volume.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Never use solvents to clean these plastic tubes as it will damage them. Decane or
dodecane can be used to soften crude oil coatings followed by wiping them with a soft clean rag.
For the PIR-122 3-place Rotors

Based on the expected production volume from the core use:
6 ml tube for measuring up to 5 ml production from the core
12 ml tube for measuring more than 5 ml but less than 10 ml production from the core
23 ml tube for measuring more than 10 ml but less than 21 ml production from the core
Use the the data below to help calibrate/verify your ml/pixel value for the camera.
PIR-120 (Diameter 1.0”, 6 place rotor)
STANDARD TUBES INVERTED TUBES
1 mL = .025 mL per increment 1 mL = .025 mL per increment
PIR-121 (Diameter 30mm, 6 place rotor)


6 mL = .100 mL per increment (average ml/pixel = 0.005) 6 mL = .100 mL per increment (average ml/pixel = 0.005)
PIRO-123 (Diameter 1.0”, 3 place overburden rotor)


23 mL = 1.000 mL pre increment 23 mL = 1.000 mL pre increment
6-4
6.2 Discussion of a “Pre-volume”

The Pre-Volume is actually measured just prior to a core test in the spinning
centrifuge with the bucket assemblies that will be used in the upcoming test, but
without the core samples. The pre-volume consists of a volume of liquid that is
placed in each receiving tube before a core test. It has two purposes: 1) to pre-focus
and fine tune the camera for the upcoming core test and 2) in a Standard (drainage)
test it serves as a volumetric starting point or zero production value. The pre-volume
represents the “zero” point at the beginning of the Standard (drainage) test. Failure
to put this pre-volume in the receiving tube could cause the first part of the liquid
production volume to be lost or inaccurately estimated by the automated analysis
program.
In a STANDARD (drainage) test, the pre-volume fluid will be the one that has the
highest density in the upcoming test. It will be the fluid that will be moving from the
core sample to the outer region of the bucket assembly. A volume of this liquid
should be injected to fill the receiving tube such that when assembled and pushed
down firmly in the bucket the viewing window will be filled to roughly 20% of the
window length (or about 1/16” above the curved portion of the viewing window). The
liquid level must show in the viewing window such that the meniscus bottom is at least
1/16 inch (1 to 2mm) above the bottom curved portion of the viewing window and/or
curved bottom of the receiving tube. If this will be an oil/water displacement where
the oil is clear, an interface enhancement should be utilized on top of the water
phase. If the oil is dark it is recommended to place about ½ inch of the dark oil on top
of the pre-volume water prior to starting the pre-volume test. It is recommended to
run at low and high speeds to insure correct focus, trigger and light intensity for the
upcoming test.
In an INVERTED (imbibition) run, the pre-volume requires the more dense fluid to be
used again, usually water. This “pre-volume” run is to insure camera placement and
focus only. Normally the bucket and receiving tube is filled such that about 80% of
the viewing slot is filled with the more dense fluid. If both fluids are clear use an
interface enhancement floating on top. If an opaque oil will be displaced from the
core it is required that the top portion of the 80% filled window consists of about ¼
inch of this opaque oil on top of the water during the pre-volume run. This pre-
volume is only used to pre-focus the camera for the core sample run which will enable
volumetric measurements in the beginning of the test without having to adjust the
focus on the camera significantly. The pre-volume fluid loaded in the bucket will have
to be removed prior to loading the core sample inside the assembly. The centrifuge
is then run and the camera and software setup are adjusted for maximum image
resolution. It is recommended to run at low and high speeds to insure correct focus,
trigger and light intensity for the upcoming test.
IMPORTANT NOTE: For the Standard (drainage) rotor a pre-volume file should be saved
using the AutoRun procedure. Saving a “Pre-Volume” data file is recommended to enable
verification of the pre-volume at a later date.
This calibration should cover the lowest to highest speeds of the test.
6-5
6.3 Discussion of Temperature

The centrifuge, rotors, and core samples provide quite a thermal mass and thermal
equilibrium can take some time. If a separate oven is not available the current
procedure is to place the prepared rotor and bucket assemblies (out of the rotor with
vent screws loosened) inside the centrifuge then close the centrifuge lid and turn on
the temperature at the desired setting for 1 to 2 hours without vacuum. The chamber
takes over an hour to reach temperatures as high as 90° C.
If a separate oven is available, while the centrifuge is heating as stated above, place
the empty rotor with the sample buckets that have samples in place in an oven at the
required test temperature.
IMPORTANT: In the case of oil/brine drainage experiments do not fill the holders
completely with oil as it will expand at temperature and possibly over pressure the
buckets causing the receiving tubes to crack. Just before placing them in the
centrifuge, remove them from the oven and fill them completely with oil. Quickly
screw them into the rotor and begin the experiment. The thermal lag in the rotor and
core material should insure that the test temperature is close to the set point.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Never try to screw a bucket into a rotor if both are not at the
same temperature. This could damage the threads if attempted.
TO AVOID OVER TEMPERATURE ERRORS AT THE CONTROL PANEL OF THE

CENTRIFUGE USE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION: AT THE MAIN SCREEN
Set Centrifuge
Internal Temp
Here (this is
NOT the
desired
temperature of
the rotor - see
below)
Desired Rotor Temperature URC-628 Temperature Setting

Up to 60 C 25 C
60 C to 75 C 30 C
75 C to 90 C 35 C
If these values are not set in the software error messages will be displayed at the
control panel of the centrifuge.
6-6
6.4 Duration of Experiment

Ideally, it is desirable to run both single speed and multispeed experiments until there is no further
production. In practice one must design the experiment such that production is greater than e.g.,
99% of the equilibrium value. The late time transient production response can be modeled by the
Hagoort theory if the centrifuge speed is large enough. The equation for the late time response is
as follows.
N p = 1 − (1− 1 n)(nt D )
−1 ( n −1 )
where
Np production, fraction of mobile saturation
n Corey exponent
tD dimensionless time
The dimensionless time is defined in SPE 25290. The late time production response is plotted
here. If the displaced phase is the wetting phase having a Corey exponent of 4.0, then a
dimensionless time of 1,000 is required to reach 95% of the equilibrium production and a
5
dimensionless time of 10 is required to reach 99% of the equilibrium production. The
experimental run time to reach a given dimensionless time assuming a mobile saturation of 0.5 is
as follows.
7.7 x108 φL(cm )µ d (cp )

t (min utes) =
k (md )k rd ω (RPM )R(cm )∆ρ g cm
o 2 3
tD
( )
6-7
Examples of some times are listed in the following table.
Run time required to achieve production,

6,000 RPM; R=7.4 cm; L=2.54 cm;
µ=1.0 cp; n=4
rock φ k(md) t(min)@95% t(min)@99%

Berea 0.22 700 2.3 230
Limestone 0.011 1 810 81,000
Multispeed experiments for Pc generally uses the same duration time for all speeds. The relative
permeability for the lower speeds are greater than at higher speeds but the centrifugal driving force
for displacement is less. Since the actual duration time of the centrifuge run may not be sufficient
to reach equilibrium production, the production at each speed should be extrapolated to infinite time
(in the Analysis software).
6-8
6.5 Discussion of Speed and the Interface Enhancement “Floater”
You will notice that the interface location will change slightly for each speed step, but
the delta should be consistent. The following figure shows why this occurs. A ½”
diameter polypropylene disk was floated on water and pre-volume images were taken
from 100 rpm to 10,000 rpm. At low speeds, the enhancement was not completely
vertical so the interface thickness was 140 pixels at 100 rpm. By 720 rpm it had
dropped to 18 pixels and by 1,850 rpm it had dropped to the measured value of 13
pixels where it stayed until 5,900 rpm where it had again increased to 18 pixels due
this time to image blurring at higher speeds. By 10,000 rpm it had blurred to 28 pixel
width. The apparent drop in the water level is due to blurring of the bottom cup/water
interface as well. This points out the importance of calibration correction to the
production data.
See chart below.
300
250
200
Pixels
150
100
50
Low er Interface Upper Interface
0
100 1000 10000
Speed, rpm
6-9
6.6 MAXIMUM Speeds for Rotors –VERY IMPORTANT-

NOTE THAT MAXIMUM ROTOR/BUCKET SPEEDS AT LOW TEMP ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PIR-120, 6-Place Standard 1” Rotors maximum = 20,000 RPM
PIR-120, 6-Place Inverted 1” Rotors maximum = 16,000 RPM
PIR-121, 6-Place Standard 30mm Rotors maximum = 18,000 RPM
PIR-121, 6-Place Inverted 30mm Rotors maximum = 16,000 RPM
PIR-122, 3-Place Standard Rotors 1.5” (not confining model) maximum = 16,500 RPM
PIR-122, 3-Place Inverted 1.5: Rotors (not confining model) maximum = 15,000 RPM
PIRO-123, 3-Place Confining Rotor maximum = 10,000 RPM
PIRO-124, 3-Place Confining Rotor maximum = 10,000 RPM
NEVER EXCEED THESE MAXIMUM SPEEDS FOR THE STATED ROTOR SETUPS. THE
CENTRIFUGE DOES NOT LIMIT THE SPEED BASED ON THE INSTALLED ROTOR SO
THIS IS COMPLETELY UP TO THE USER. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT THE USER IS
AWARE OF THESE LIMITATIONS AND DOES NOT EVER RUN A ROTOR ABOVE THE
MAXIMUM RATED SPEED AS STATED ABOVE
USE OF SPEEDS ABOVE THESE RATED VALUES COULD CAUSE FAILURE AND
DAMAGE TO THE CENTRIFUGE AS WELL AS POSSIBLE INJURY TO THE OPERATOR
IF NEAR THE VIEWING WINDOW AT THE TIME OF FAILURE.
TEMPERATURES ABOVE 50 CENTIGRADE REQUIRE LOWER MAXIMUM ROTOR

SPEEDS, SEE ELEVATED TEMPERATURE RUNS SECTION LATER IN MANUAL.
6.7 Speeds for Capillary Pressure Measurements

The multispeed experiments for capillary pressure should be designed to spin at a rate that
will get adequate definition in both the capillary entry pressure region and up to a much higher
capillary pressure than is needed. Especially in the case of a bimodal pore size distribution,
adequate definition is needed in the transition from one distribution to the other. The
recommended procedure is to choose the lowest Pc to be below the lowest entry Pce of the
core samples (which may not be possible with high permeability samples) and then
logarithmically space the Pc (i.e., the speeds) with 12 to 16 steps (a minimum of 6 is
recommended).
The entry Pce (psi) can be estimated from the entry Leverett J functions, interfacial tension
(dyne/cm), permeability (md), and porosity from the following equation:
4.617σ (dyne cm )
Pce ( psi) = Je
k (md )/ φ
The value of the entry Leverett J function is about 0.015 for sandstones with about a factor of
3 variation with rock type. The unconsolidated sands of the experiments of Leverett had
values of about 0.4.
INTERESTING NOTE: There are certain speeds at which our centrifuge rotor wobbles
significantly, apparently due to electromechanical resonance. These speeds should be
avoided.
6-10
6.8 Using the Low Speed Stabilizer

The low speed stabilizer allows the Ultracentrifuge to be used at speeds between 400
and 1000 RPM for relatively short periods of time. It holds the rotor in the center of its
rotation with minimum wobble so the camera (or person) can image the produced
volumes through the bucket windows at these speeds that are below the rated
speeds for the centrifuge.
First, locate the Low Speed Stabilizer
With the rotor already installed in the centrifuge, place the recessed portion of the
center assembly over the top of the rotor center and then stretch the O-rings out to
the the clips located at the top of the outer can inside the centrifuge.
When done the three rubber o-rings must be firmly attached into the three black clips
at the outer rim of the can inside the centrifuge. See next photo.
6-11
NOTE: Prior to installing the Low Speed Stabilizer always place a small amount of
Dry Graphite lubricant in the recessed area of the center assembly. This will allow
the stabilizer to be used for longer times without damage. If the stabilizer begins
squealing during use it is recommended to stop and put more graphite lubricant in the
center assembly.
NOTE: Do not use the stabilizer over 1000 RPM.

6-12
6.9 Normal Sequence of a Complete Experiment (Restored State)

The recommended sequence when starting from a restored clean core are:
BEFORE THE CENTRIFUGE TESTS

A) Measure Klinkenburg Permeability (or standard Permeability to Air), Pore
Volume and Porosity on the clean dry core samples. (Verify that the sample
dimensions are correct for the desired bucket assembly and are not too long.)
B) Verify grain density with rock type. (requires sample dry weight and grain
volume) Using samples with equivalent grain densities will help insure good
balance characteristics so the rotor will not wobble at low speeds.
C) Vacuum and Pressure Saturate the core samples with brine to 100%, +/- 2%.
(document saturated weights)
D) Using the fluid that was used to saturate the core samples perform a liquid
flowing permeability measurement on each core sample
E) Know the viscosity (centipoise) and density (g/cc) of the liquids (at test
temperature) to be used in the centrifuge test.
F) Perform “Pre-Volume” measurements and know the Pre-Volume in pixels or
pixels converted to volume (milliliters) for the Standard (drainage) Rotor tests. It
is recommended to save a Pre-Volume data file prior to any Standard (drainage)
Rotor test for reference at a later date.
G) Verify that the sample dimensions will fit in the sample cups. Use table below.

Recommended centrifuge test procedures for Restored State core samples are
outlined on the next page.
6-13
CENTRIFUGE TEST SEQUENCE WITH LIQUID FLOW PERM VERIFICATION
RESTORED STATE
(1) Flowing liquid permeability measurement at 100% liquid saturation (normally the
same brine used in saturation) Data gives Kw @ 100% Brine.
(1a) Pre-volume AutoRun test (save the pre-volume test data)
(1b) Multispeed Pc test in the STD (drainage) rotor. (Data represents the Primary
Drainage Pc Curve and the endpoint saturation is the Primary Swir or Scw)
(2) Flowing Ko liquid permeability measurement, using same oil as in step 1b (be
sure to use an upstream pressure less than the maximum Pc from 1b) Data
represents the Ko at Swir or Scw.
(2a) Multispeed Pc test in INV (imbibition) rotor. Data represents the Primary
Imbibition Pc Curve and the endpoint saturation is Sor.
(3) Flowing Kw liquid permeability measurement, using same brine as used in step
2a (be sure to use a differential pressure less than the maximum Pc from 2a).
Data represents Kw @ Sor.
(3a) Pre-Volume AutoRun test (save the pre-volume test data)
(3b) Multispeed Pc test in the STD (drainage) rotor. Data represents Secondary
Drainage Pc Curve and the endpoint saturation is Swir2 or Scw2.
(4) Flowing Ko liquid permeability measurement, using same oil as step 3b (be sure
to use pressure differential less than the maximum Pc from 3b) Data represents
Ko @ Swir2 or Scw2.
(4a) Single speed Imbibition in INV rotor setup. (use a speed no greater than max in
3b) Data represents Relative Permeability to Oil, Kro.
(5) Flowing liquid permeability measurement, using same brine as step 4a (be sure
to use a differential pressure less than the maximum Pc from 4a) Kw @ Sor2
(5a) Pre-Volume AutoRun test
(5b) Single speed secondary Drainage in the STD rotor setup. (use a speed that
creates a differential pressure no greater than max in 4a which will require
calculating the required RPM based on the pressure developed in 4a) Data
represents Relative Permeability to Brine, Krw.
(6) Optional: Imbibition followed by secondary drainage to a low capillary pressure(s)
and flow measurement(s) with a pressure drop less than the capillary pressure.
Steps (3) and (5) may be interchanged. Step (6) may not be possible in non-water-
wet cases when the water saturation changes to a constant water saturation with a
small applied capillary pressure.
Flowing permeability should be measured before the primary drainage, between each step,
and in step (6), measuring the capillary pressure before the relative permeability data. The
negative, imbibition capillary pressure curve should be used in the interpretation of the
imbibition relative permeability curve only if the saturation change is due to compressing the
saturation profile rather than mobilizing a trapped phase (see section on drainage and
imbibition capillary pressure).
The USBM wettability index can be calculated from the secondary drainage and imbibition Pc
curves. The Amott index can also be determined if spontaneous production is allowed and
measured before starting the multispeed experiments. We sometimes measure the
equilibrium production at the lowest speed (200-300 RPM up to 1000 RPM requires stabilizer)
as a measure of spontaneous production.
6-14
6.10 MANUAL STROBE DESCRIPTION (view with strobe lamp only)

NOTE: The trigger for the strobe lamp is located on side at the bottom of
rotor stem. An overspeed disk is located in the bottom of the
stem, so please be careful when placing the rotor down on this
disk and do not damage it.
NOTE: It is also necessary to insure that the fiber optic cable for the manual strobe is
connected to the strobe box at the back of the centrifuge. See the illustration below
for an illustration of the two possible lighting boxes used with the URC-628. The one
marked STROBE is the correct one for the manual operation system.
See the sections “Initial Srobe Test and Alignment” AND “CORE TEST USING THE
MANUAL STROBE SYSTEM” as well as the Troubleshooting section of this manual for more
information.
6-15
6.10.1 Volumetric Tube Calibration for the MANUAL Strobe System
The MANUAL strobe system relies on the receiving tubes having graduation marks
visible during a test. If your receiving tubes do not have graduations they cannot be
used in the Manual system.
6.10.1.1 Calibration Method 1: Dimensional Graduation Line Measurement

The easiest way to calibrate these graduated tubes requires a distance measurement
device (such as digital calipers) capable of at least 0.05mm resolution (0.002 inch). A
good set of digital calipers will suffice. Then,
1) Precisely measure the internal diameter of the tube set in question. Measure
many directions and take an average.
2) Precisely measure the distance between graduations. Measure many and
take an average of several distance measurements.
3) Calculate the volume per graduation by using the following equation:
Graduation Volume = (Tube Internal Diameter2 * 0.7854) * Graduation Mark Distance
Where:
Graduation Volume = cc, cubic centimeters
Tube Internal Diameter = cm, centimeters (internal diameter of tube)
Graduation Mark Distance = cm, centimeters (distance between graduations)
6-16
6.10.1.2 Factory Supplied Approximate Receiving Tube Mark - Volume Calibrations





6-17
6.10.1.3 Calibration Method 2: Gravimetric Graduation Line Measurement
The most precise (but more time consuming) way to calibrate these graduated tubes:
1) Fill the tube with distilled water up to the lowest graduation mark that is above
the curved part of the bucket window when assembled.
2) Place the tube on a precision weighing balance (at least 0.001 resolution) then
tare the weight to zero.
3) Using a syringe to drip distilled water into the tube until it reaches the next
graduation mark and record the weight.
4) Keep filling to the next graduation mark until the tube is filled. Always
document the weight at each graduation mark.
5) Upon filling the tube, calculate an average weight per graduation mark.
6) The volume per graduation will be equal to the average weight change per
graduation mark.
Graduation Volume = Average Weight Change per Graduation Mark

6-18
6.10.2 Initial Srobe Test and Alignment
1) When placing the plastic receiving tubes into the cup assemblies, rotate the plastic
tubes so the volumetric graduation lines can be viewed when looking through the
slots in the #1 bucket.
֠ NOTE: If this is the first time to align the manual strobe system it is
recommended that only the number one tube is rotated to see the volumetric
graduations in the window. This will allow the user to verify the number one
tube is aligned in the viewing window when the number one position is
selected at the control panel.
2) Insure that at least one tube has the graduations aligned with the cup windows,
preferably bucket #1. (For automatic data acquisition runs the plastic tubes will be
rotated so the graduations are not visible when looking down on the rotor
assembly)
3) Upon assembling each bucket/receiving tube, weigh each assembly and document
the heaviest assembly.
0.05 gram.
5) Assemble all buckets into the rotor. Be sure to get the correct bucket in the correct
opening of the rotor.
6) Enter a large time value (100 hrs) on Centrifuge front control panel. This value
must not elapse during a test.
7) If the automated data acquisition system is with the URC-628 but the manual
operation mode is desired it is recommended that you leave the camera stand with
camera setting on the top shelf of the centrifuge for better viewing.
8) Place the rotor/bucket assemblies into the centrifuge.
9) Start the centrifuge vacuum.
10) Set the desired centrifuge rotation speed for the calibration, usually 1000 RPM.
6-19
11) Start the centrifuge rotation at lowest speed.
12) Turn the Strobe ON using the manual control panel to the left of the main console,
see above (switch below the Temperature Controller)
13) Remember that only tube 1 has the volume graduations showing. Verify that
number 1 tube is in the viewing window by viewing the graduations on the tube. If
the graduations are not visible, rotate the view by adjusting the timing of the strobe
with the CCW/CW switch.
14) Use CCW/CW switch to align strobe with cell for optimum view.
15) When view is good, move Setup switch to Control position.
16) Use Position Control switch to toggle from one sample cell to the next.
17) The rotor/bucket assembly is now aligned with the strobe system.
18) Stop the centrifuge, release vacuum.
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS WITH STROBE
SYMPTOM: rapid flashing and not in sync with the rotor.
FIX: To fix this flip the Intensity switch (far right on strobe box control panel) down to
AUTO then flip and hold the switch on the left of the intensity switch down to Decrease
until the strobe resets. You will hear the timing become regular again.
Flip the Intensity switch (far right) back UP to Auto position.
Flip the Control switch (second in from left) to Setup and use the Delay switch (CCW,
CW) to adjust the Delay until bucket 1 is centered in the viewing window.
Then flip the Control switch back Down to Run.

6-20
6.10.3 Pre-Volume Calibration (Standard drainage buckets only)
1) Unload the rotor/bucket assembly from the centrifuge.
2) Remove buckets from the rotor and inject any initial liquid volumes that are
necessary.
֠ NOTE: The liquids used for pre-volumes in a Standard (drainage) Cup
assembly will differ based on the type of displacement to be performed. Oil
displacing water requires an initial pre-volume of water. Gas displacing oil
requires an initial pre-volume of oil. Inverted bucket assemblies do not enable
pre-volumes to be measured, but an initial run with the bucket assembly filled
with a liquid is used to pre-focus and setup the camera prior to starting a core
sample test.

3) Upon assembling each bucket/receiving tube, weigh each assembly and document
the heaviest assembly. Add the pre-volume before documenting the final weight of
the heaviest assembly.
4) Using the pre-volume fluid, match the other bucket assemblies to the same weight
as the heaviest within +/- 0.05 gram (+/- 0.01 g is best).
5) Assemble all buckets into the rotor. Be sure to get the correct bucket in the correct
opening of the rotor.
6) Re-install the rotor/bucket assembly into the centrifuge.
7) Close door.
8) Start centrifuge vacuum.
9) Start centrifuge at 1000 RPM again.
10) When the centrifuge stabilizes at 1000 RPM, turn on the strobe and read the
volumes of liquid in each receiving tube. Document the volumes as “Pre-volume”.
13) The buckets are now ready to load your pre-weighed core samples. See the
section below describing Sample Loading.
6-21
6.11 AUTOMATED CAMERA SYSTEM PREP (CentA data acquisition

software)
6.11.1 Alignment and Focus of Optical System (using tubes with graduations)
1) This procedure will be required upon initial installation of the system and anytime
the system components are physically modified or any time the camera and
camera mount are disassembled and reassembled.
assemblies similar to when a core sample will be tested. No core or liquid is
required for this procedure. To start, when placing the plastic receiving tubes
into the cup assemblies, rotate the plastic tubes so the volumetric graduation
lines can be viewed when looking through the slots in the bucket.
֠ NOTE: If this is the first time to align the camera system it is recommended that
only the number one plastic receiving tube is rotated to see the volumetric
graduations in the window. This will allow the user to verify the number one tube
is indicated in the number one position at the computer screen.
3) Insure that at least one plastic receiving tube has the graduations aligned with
the bucket viewing slots so the major graduations can be seen all the way across
the viewing slots and the minor graduations stop halfway across the viewing
slots.
4) Upon assembling each bucket/receiving tube, weigh each assembly and
document the heaviest assembly.
0.05 gram. (balance to within 0.01 gram for best results)
6) Assemble all buckets into the rotor. Be sure to get the correct bucket in the
correct opening of the rotor. DO NOT INSTALL COLD CUPS IN HOT OR
WARM ROTOR. THIS MAY CAUSE THEM TO LOCK IN PLACE. BOTH MUST
BE THE SAME TEMPERATURE BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO SCREW IN OR
OUT.
6-22
7) Make sure the plate is attached to the rotor under the handle on top of the rotor.
8) Place rotor/bucket assembly into the centrifuge.
9) Close door and place camera assembly on door.
10) Insure that the fiber optic cable is connected to the Constant Light source at the
back of the centrifuge as illustrated below.
11) At the computer, start the Data Acquisition program by clicking on that icon.
12) Start vacuum on centrifuge either from the computer screen or from the
centrifuge front panel
13) Allow vacuum to run about 10 seconds before starting the rotation of the
centrifuge. Vacuum must indicate a flashing 750 on the control panel if starting
RPM is 3000 or above.
6-23
14) Be sure the Setup/Auto switch (bottom of Data Acquisition screen) is set to
Setup.
15) Set speed to 2000 (see illustration below)
16) Start Centrifuge
17) Monitor the images showing on the computer screen. They should begin to take
shape and stabilize as the centrifuge reaches the setpoint RPM.
Tube 1 is selected
Start Button
18) The bucket or buckets that have the graduations in the viewing slots should
indicate multiple peaks along the length of the slot on the computer screen.
19) If necessary, adjust the camera trigger delay and/or the focus ring on the camera
to obtain the best image quality.
6-24
Number of pixels between

the two yellow lines is shown
here.
The illustration above shows the pixel selector lines (yellow with dots) placed at edges with the number of pixels between
the marks showing in the window next to the Pixels text.
20) Upon reaching the best image quality the operator can use this opportunity to
make a preliminary tube calibration. To do this, click on the Pixels button then
use the mouse to place the indicator lines (they slide when clicked and held) to
measure the distance between graduation peaks. The number of pixels between
peaks will be displayed on the screen in the pixels window. Document this
number of pixels between peaks and take the average of several adjacent peak
distance measurements. This average pixel count will be the number of pixels
per graduation mark distance. See the next section of this manual for more tube
calibration information.
6-25
23) To calculate the number of milliters per pixel for the receiving tubes use the
following equation:
ml per Pixel = [((Tube Internal Diameter,cm)2 * 0.7854) * Graduation Mark Distance, cm]
Number of Pixels per Graduation Mark
Where:
Tube Internal Diameter = centimeters
Graduation Mark Distance = centimeters
ml per Pixel = Enter this into computer program.
NOTE: This procedure focuses the camera on the outer edge of the receiving tubes where
the lines are etched on the tube surface. When imaging the liquid volume inside the
tube it will require some small focus adjustments.
6-26
6.11.2 Volumetric Tube Calibration - AUTOMATED CAMERA System
6.11.2.1 Factory Supplied Approximate Receiving Tube Mark - Volume Calibrations





NOTE: Since all assemblies must weigh the same, the same receiving tube
volume must be used on ALL assemblies. So be sure to calculate the tube
volume to be used based on the core with the largest pore volume.
6-27
6.11.2.2 Calibration Method 1: Camera Measures Distance Between Tube Marks
1) First, locate a set of tubes. Precisely measure the inside diameter of the tube
using a device that will give at least 0.05mm resolution (0.002 inch). A good set
of digital calipers will suffice. Higher accuracy measurements will yield higher
accuracy volumetric calculations.
2) Document the internal diameter of the tube set. Take an average of at least
three measurements.
3) Using the same device, measure the distance between each graduation mark as
precisely as possible. Measure between several and average. Document.
4) Now these tubes will be loaded into the centrifuge bucket assemblies and rotor
as if a test were to be performed and while the rotor is spinning the distance
between the graduation marks will be measured by the camera and software
system. This measurement will be in pixels.
5) Upon acquiring the number of pixels between graduation marks the user can
calculate the volume per pixel to enter into the software for conversion of images
to volume.
6) When assembling the buckets, be sure to rotate the plastic receiving tubes in the
cup assemblies such that the graduations can be viewed when looking through
the slots in the bucket.
֠ NOTE: If this is the first time to align the camera system it is recommended that
only the number one tube is rotated to see the volumetric graduations in the
window. This will allow the user to verify the number one tube is indicated in the
number one position at the computer screen.
7) Insure that at least one plastic receiving tube has the graduations aligned with
the bucket viewing slots so the major graduations can be seen all the way across
the viewing slots and the minor graduations stop halfway across the viewing
slots.
0.05 gram. (for best results balance the bucket assemblies to +/- 0.01 gram)
correct opening of the rotor.
13) Run Data Acquisition program as above
14) Start vacuum on centrifuge

6-28
15) If the starting RPM is greater than 3000 allow vacuum to go to about 750 before
starting the centrifuge. If the front panel vacuum is not flashing 750 the
centrifuge will not go above 3000 RPM.
18) Adjust the camera focus ring and software Trigger delay to get the best image
showing the marks on the tube.
19) Measure the pixels between several of the marks showing. Document the
readings. Take an average of pixels per mark and use in the following equation.
20) To calculate the number of milliters per pixel for the receiving tubes use the
following equation:
ml per Pixel = [(Tube Internal Diameter2 * 0.7854) * Graduation Mark Distance]

Number of Pixels per Graduation Mark
Where:
Tube Internal Diameter = centimeters
Graduation Mark Distance = centimeters
ml per Pixel = Enter this into computer program.
6-29
6.11.2.3 Method 2: Known Volumes with Camera Measured Distances
The most accurate (and time consuming) method to obtain the vial calibration is
accomplished using the following procedure:
assemblies similar to when a core sample will be tested. No core is required for
this procedure, however, a pre-volume amount of liquid that will fill the initial 20%
of the viewing slot (or about 1/8 inch above the window curvature) is required.
Be sure to remember an interface enhancement to make the interface easily
determined in the camera image.
2) This time, when placing the plastic receiving tubes into the cup assemblies,
rotate the plastic tubes so the volumetric graduation lines can NOT be viewed
when looking through the slots in the bucket. Only the interface is viewed
through the viewing slots.
0.05 gram. (for best results balance the bucket assemblies to +/- 0.01 gram)
8) At the computer, run the URC Data Acquisition program
9) Setup a test using the same speeds as will be used in the test but use only 5
minutes per speed. Use a filename that is the same as will be used in the
upcoming test, but use TUBE-XX_CALIB1 in the name to identify this set of data.
(If saved data is not necessary you can simply use the pixel marker lines in the
data acquisition program to determine the number of pixels from the window
edge to the interface for each time you add water to the tube.)
NOTE: Any filename convention can be used but it is recommended to use a

naming convention for each test that will make them easy to recognize.
10) Start vacuum on centrifuge
11) If the starting RPM is below 3000 RPM go ahead and start. If above 3000 RPM
allow vacuum to go to until the 750 vacuum indicator on the front of the
centrifuge control panel is flashing before starting. The vacuum must be below
750 before the speed can go above 3000 RPM.
6-30
14) If necessary, adjust the focus ring on the camera and/or the Trigger Delay in the
software to obtain the best image quality.
15) Upon reaching the best image quality allow the test to accumulate a few minutes
of data then allow the test to step through all the speeds (max. 5 minutes per
speed).
18) Remove the bucket assemblies but do not disassemble. Instead, weigh each
assembly to check for leaks. If the assembly weighs less than when originally
put in the centrifuge there may be a leak. Fix any leaks.
19) With the heaviest assembly on the balance, remove the sealed screw (leave on
balance), tare the balance and inject a known volume (weight) of water, usually
try to add enough water to raise the level about ¼” each time. Document the
injected weight. Reassemble and reweigh to verify the volume of water injected
and document that weight.
20) Inject water into each of the other assemblies to match the first bucket assembly
weight. Be sure to document each assembly final weight difference from the first
one. Then reinstall the buckets in the rotor. Document each assembly final
weight difference from the first.
21) Replace the rotor assembly into the centrifuge and perform the test again with a
filename that identifies this as the second or third calibration run.
22) Repeat steps 17 through 21 at least three times to define the entire range of the
viewing window.
23) If you did not manually document the pixel values using the markers in the data
acquisition program you will have to Open the saved files in the Conversion
program. Be sure to set the ml/pixel value at the bottom of the screen to 1.0 so
the value shown on the screen will be in pixels. Use the EM or EME mode to
locate the interface and fine tune each image then view the last portion of the
Cumulative data while at stable speed. The last few data points should create a
flat Cumulative Volume line indicating the water level is not changing.
Determine the stable pixel value for each bucket at each new injected volume.
Subtract or add from the pixel value of the previous injected volume step to
determine the change in pixels from one injection test to the next. Use the
equation below to calculate a new ml/pixel calibration for each tube, they should
be about the same. If the difference from one tube to the other is small use an
average of the three calculated ml/pixel values for the tube calibration.
24) Calculate the milliter per pixel value using the following equation:
ml per Pixel = Incremental volume injected / Pixel value difference
6-31
6.11.3 Pre-Volume Calibration (using Automated Camera system)
6.11.3.1 Standard (drainage) Rotor / Bucket Assemblies

1) Unload the Standard (drainage) rotor/bucket assembly from the centrifuge.
2) Make sure all components are clean and dry.
3) Remove all bucket assemblies from the rotor, locate the heaviest bucket
assembly (when dry) remove the top fill screw (leave the screw on the balance
with all other components) and use a syringe with a long needle that reaches into
the plastic receiving tube and inject the initial liquid volume that is necessary to
bring the heaviest assembly tube volume at least 1/16 inch above the curvature of
the bucket window when the assembly is pressed firmly into the bucket until it
bottoms.
4) Place the above filled bucket assembly on the balance (with all components) and
zero out the balance. This will be the weight that the other two bucket assemblies
will be matched with. To match them, place each bucket assembly on the
balance and remove the top fill screw, but be sure to leave the screw on the
balance. Inject liquid until the total weight is ZERO. (+/- 0.01 gram)
֠ NOTE: The pre-volumes that are necessary will differ based on the type of
displacement to be performed. Inverted buckets cannot be pre-calibrated.

7) Close door.
8) Place camera assembly on door.
9) Run Data Acquisition program

11) At the bottom center of the window be sure the “Setup/Auto” slide switch is set to
Setup.
12) To the left of the “Setup/Auto” slide switch is another one for “Stack/Split”. Set
this one to Stack.
13) At the Setup pull down menu, select “Configuration”
6-32
14) In the “Trigger Delay” tab be sure the “Trigger Delay” appears similar to the
following:
The trigger delay should be a value near 36.

6-33
15) In the “Com Port and Camera Setup” tab, the following window appears:
NOTE: The original system documentation package delivered with the

centrifuge will contain a printed sheet with the correct Com port settings for your
system as configured from the factory. The Com Port Settings can also be found
on the computer at C:\CentA\Samples folder. Use the illustration below as an
16) Press Apply and OK to accept values and return to the Data Acquisition screen.
17) Back at the Data Acquisition screen locate the red Vacuum On/Off button. If the
vacuum is not already ON, click the red On/Off button to start the vacuum in the
centrifuge. Monitor the vacuum until it is showing >1000p.
18) Select the Data pull down menu and select “Set Output Data File”. Enter
filename to save to. Use a file name that will identify that this is a calibration
prevolume test for a specific job that will be run, such as
“JobID_Drng1_PreVolume” for the file name.
19) Setup – Test Profile and enter (or load from previous file) the RPM to use in the
upcoming calibration test. For best results use all upcoming test speeds. At a
minimum use the first and last speed for the upcoming test to insure good
camera settings.
20) Insure that the Setup / Auto switch is set to Auto.
21) Press the green arrow at the bottom right of the screen to start the centrifuge.
6-34
22) If the starting RPM is below 3000 RPM go ahead and Start. If above 3000 RPM
centrifuge control panel is flashing before starting. The 750 vacuum indicator on
the front panel must be flashing before the speed can go above 3000 RPM.
25) If necessary, loosen the mounting arm and slide the camera mount in or out to
center the camera image over the bucket window.
26) Use the focus ring on the camera until the best image is obtained. Also, fine
tune the Light Intensity and the Trigger Delay at the Configuration screen to
obtain the best image quality.
If possible, always adjust the focus and light intensity to result in the peaks for
the floating wafers located at or slightly below the first y-axis grid line (50). Do
not adjust the peaks to be at the very bottom of the y-axis as you will loose the
actual peak and that peak is useful in locating the middle of the interface when
using the Conversion program.
The Prevolume test (both Drainage and Imbibition) is required to adjust the
system parameters such that good images are present from low to high speeds.
You must be present at the centrifuge during the Prevolume test to insure that
the images remain useable through ALL the speeds. During the Prevolume test
you are expected to make small adjustments to the Focus, Light Intensity and
possibly the Trigger Delay to insure that the images are good at all test speeds.
If necessary you can use the "Setup" mode instead of the "Auto" mode for the
Imbibition Prevolume test which will allow you to manually raise and lower the
speeds several times to insure that the images will be good at all speeds
required for the test.
27) Upon reaching the best image quality allow the Imaging program to collect about
one to five minutes of data while stable at each speed. (first and last speed are
a minimum to be collected) Adjust focus, etc. if necessary at higher speeds.
30) Disassemble the Standard Drainage bucket assemblies, but do NOT alter the
pre-volume of liquid that was injected into the receiving tube. Always keep the
assembly in the upright position. (If using the Inverted Imbibition assemblies all
the liquid in the assembly can be emptied out prior to loading the core sample.)
31) The buckets are now ready to load your pre-weighed core samples.
6-35
6.11.3.2 Inverted (imbibition) Rotor / Bucket Assemblies
1) Unload the Inverted (imbibition) rotor/bucket assembly from the centrifuge.
2) Make sure all components are clean and dry.
3) Remove all bucket assemblies from the rotor, locate the heaviest bucket
assembly. Fill the sample cup with water to within 1/4 inch of the top.
a. Water / Clear Oil test: Be sure to have a floating enhancement on the
water before assembling the plastic tube to the sample cup.
b. Water / Opaque Oil test: No floating enhancement is necessary.
4) Assemble the top plastic receiving tube to the sample cup. Dry off any outside
water.
5) Place the complete bucket assembly on the weighing balance.
6) Remove the top fill screw (leave the screw on the balance with all other
components) and use a syringe with a long needle that reaches into the plastic
receiving tube and inject the initial water volume that is necessary to bring the
tube volume up to about ½ the viewing window when assembled.
a. Water / Clear Oil test: Adjust the water level to 80% full with the floating
enhancement on top.
b. Water / Opaque Oil test: With the receiving tube about ½ full of water
inject opaque oil on top of the water to a level about 80% of the bucket
window. NOTE: The top of the liquid volume should be at least 1/16 inch
below the curvature of the bucket window when the assembly is pressed
firmly into the bucket until it bottoms.
7) Place the above filled bucket assembly (heaviest of set) on the balance (with all
components) and zero (Tare) out the balance. This will be the weight that the
other bucket assemblies will be matched with. When filling the other assemblies
be sure to add liquid until the total weight is ZERO. (+/- 0.01 gram) Be sure there
is not liquid on the outside of the assembly.

10) Close door.
11) Place camera assembly on door.
6-36
12) Run Data Acquisition program

14) At the bottom center of the window be sure the “Setup/Auto” slide switch is set to
Setup.
15) To the left of the “Setup/Auto” slide switch is another one for “Stack/Split”. Set
this one to Stack.
16) At the Setup pull down menu, select “Configuration”
17) In the “Trigger Delay” tab be sure the “Trigger Delay” appears similar to the
following:
The trigger delay should be a value near 36.

6-37
18) In the “Com Port and Camera Setup” tab, the following window appears:
NOTE: The original system documentation package delivered with the

centrifuge will contain a printed sheet with the correct Com port settings for your
system as configured from the factory. Use the illustration below as an
19) Press Apply and OK to accept values and return to the Data Acquisition screen.
20) Back at the Data Acquisition screen locate the red Vacuum On/Off button. If the vacuum
is not already ON, click the red On/Off button to start the vacuum in the centrifuge.
Monitor the vacuum until it is showing >1000p.
21) Locate the Speed, RPM setting box (box with white background) at the upper left side of
the window. Set it to 1000 RPM
22) Insure that the Setup / Auto switch is set to Setup.
23) Press the green arrow at the bottom right of the screen to start the centrifuge.
24) It is not necessary to save a file during an Inverted (imbibition) pre-volume test.
This pre-volume run is just to insure the camera is positioned, adjusted and
focused for optimum image quality through the test speeds before running a core
test.
25) If the starting RPM is below 3000 RPM go ahead and Start. If above 3000 RPM
centrifuge control panel is flashing before starting. The vacuum must be below
1000 before the speed can go above 3000 RPM.
6-38
28) If necessary, loosen the mounting arm and slide the camera mount in or out to
center the camera over the bucket window.
29) Use the focus ring on the camera to adjust for best focus. Use the Setup-
Configuration pull down to get to the Trigger Delay screen. Fine tune the Trigger
Delay to obtain the best image quality.
30) Upon reaching the best image quality allow the Imaging program to collect about
one to five minutes of data while stable at the lowest and highest speed in the
upcoming test. Make adjustments if necessary.
33) Disassemble the bucket assemblies. Empty the water and oil then clean and dry
the Inverted assemblies.
The buckets are now ready to load your pre-weighed core samples.
6-39
6.12 LOADING A CORE SAMPLE (MANUAL and AUTOMATED Systems)

IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED TO READ THROUGH THESE SECTIONS AND
THE SECTION TITLED “CORE TESTING PROCEDURES, STEP-BY-STEP” TO
UNDERSTAND HOW TO LOAD CORE SAMPLES FOR DIFFERENT TYPE
DISPLACEMENTS AND HOW TO SETUP THE TEST PARAMETERS TO
COMPLETE A TEST.
The sample collection vials (plastic tubes) come in various sizes and should be
selected to match the size of the expected production. Normally, on a primary
drainage cycle as much as 85% of the pore volume can be expected to be produced.
On subsequent cycles the production will be smaller after subsequent desaturations
to the Swir and Sor values. Select a collection vial with sufficient volume to contain
the run with the largest productions and whatever pre-volume is necessary.
Example: PIR-122, 3-Place Rotors

Based on the expected production volume from the core use:
6ml tube for measuring up to 5 ml production from the core
12ml tube for measuring more than 5 ml but less than 10 ml production from the core
24ml tube for measuring more than 10 ml but less than 21 ml production from the core
NOTE: Since all assemblies must weigh the same, the same receiving tube volume
must be used on ALL assemblies. So be sure to calculate the best tube volume
based on the core with the largest pore volume.
6.12.1 CORE SAMPLE DIMENSIONS FOR THE VARIOUS ROTORS

6-40
6.12.2 LOADING STANDARD (Drainage) Cups (core towards center of rotation)
• (Standard bucket assembly with no overburden) Drainage holders have several ‘o’rings
and areas that retain fluids that must be cleaned before being assembled. Remove all ‘o’rings
and inspect them for damage. Install only undamaged ‘o’rings greased with petroleum jelly or
crude oil. Never use a silicone based vacuum grease on the ‘o’rings. The ‘o’ring on the top
sealing screw should be greased very lightly as excess grease from it will produce onto the top
core face during gas displacement tests. The metal parts of the holder can be cleaned by
soaking in toluene or chloroform. They must then be dried thoroughly before assembly. The
plastic volumetric receiving tubes will be damaged by solvents. They must be wiped clean
and if necessary, decane or dodecane can be introduced to dissolve any crude oil remnants.
Assemble the holder as per the following drawings. The exception is to place a 200 mesh
Stainless Steel screen under the rubber cushion to prevent produced fluid retention.
PIR-120/121 BUCKET ASSEMBLY FOR 1.0”/30mm DIAMETER SAMPLES
PIR-122 BUCKET ASSEMBLY FOR 1.5” CORES

6-41
6.12.2.1 DISPLACE CLEAR LIQUID FROM CORE USING AIR (brief description)
• If air will be displacing a transparent fluid (water or oil) from the core sample then a
Standard (drainage) rotor will be used and a pre-volume (roughly 20% of the receiving tube
volume) of the fluid being displaced from the sample must be introduced into the collection
vial and a interface enhancement placed on top of the pre-volume to improve the interface
identification.
• After introducing the pre-volume and enhancement, place a new o-ring on the top of the
receiving tube. Keep the plastic receiving tube in the upright position at all times.
• Slide the sample cup down over the top of the receiving tube being careful not to cut or
distort the o-ring.
• Place the sample base plate inside the sample cup with the cone shaped end down.
• Place a 200 mesh Stainless Steel screen on the top of the base plate.
• Place the perforated rubber cushion on top of the screen.
• Place the core sample on top of the rubber cushion.
• Put a new lightly lubricated o-ring on the top seal plug and screw it down into the sample
cup until it stops.
• Place this complete assembly down into the aluminum bucket.
• When inserting the tube/cup/sample assembly into the bucket, be sure to align the
receiving tube so there are no graduations showing and there is a clear view through the
receiving tube.
NOTE: Upon loading all core samples into their respective cups/bucket
assemblies, make sure the outside of each is clean and dry then
make sure the weight of each core assembly is the same before
screwing it into the rotor. Each complete assembly must be
balanced to within 0.05 grams (preferably within 0.01 grams) of
each other or the rotor may wobble in the centrifuge and could
damage the interior of the centrifuge. Start by locating the
heaviest assembly, then match the remaining assemblies using
liquid or lead weights.
• If the test will be run at an elevated temperature be sure the liquid level is below the top
screw hole opening and leave the core/cup assemblies out of the rotor. Leave the top
screw off during the heat up period to insure there is no pressure build up inside the
chamber during heat up.
• It may be necessary to install a pressure relief check valve assembly on the top Fill Screw
Ports of the sample chambers during heat up to contain any light oil components.
• Placing the rotor and sample chamber cups in an oven (instead of the centrifuge chamber)
is the fastest way to achieve temperature equillibrium if elevated temperature is required.
• While the rotor and bucket assemblies are heating in an oven be sure to turn ON the
centrifuge heater to the desired temperature and allow it to heat at the same time as the
rotor in the oven. Close the top sliding door of the centrifuge while heating, but do NOT turn
on the vacuum. Heat convects when air is in the chamber and that will help heat everthing
inside the centrifuge tub.
6-42
• Upon reaching temperature (about 4 hours) the top screws can be installed and the bucket
assemblies can be screwed into the appropriate ports of the rotor. Double check the
matching weights before screwing into rotor. The rotor can be placed in the centrifuge, door
closed and ready to start centrifuge test.
6-43
6.12.2.2 DISPLACE OPAQUE FLUID FROM CORE USING AIR (brief description)
• If the test is to be a gas displacing an opaque fluid (Crude oil) from the core sample then
an OIL pre-volume (roughly 20% of the receiving tube volume filled with the fluid being
displaced) must be introduced into the collection vial. An interface enhancement is NOT
required in this situation.
• After performing the pre-volume test and documenting the pre-volumes for each bucket
assembly, verify the o-rings in the assembly and place a new o-ring anywhere
questionable. Keep the plastic receiving tube in the upright position at all times.
• Slide the sample cup down over the top of the receiving tube.
• Put a new o-ring on the top seal plug and insert it down into the sample cup.
• Place this complete assembly down into the aluminum bucket.
receiving tube.
NOTE: Upon loading all core samples into their respective cups/bucket assemblies,
make sure each assembly is clean and dry on the outside and make sure the
weight of each centrifuge bucket assembly is the same before screwing it into
the rotor. Each complete assembly must be balanced to within 0.05 grams
(preferably within 0.01 grams) of each other or the rotor could wobble in the
centrifuge and could damage the interior of the centrifuge. Start by locating
the heaviest assembly, then match the remaining assemblies using lead
weights.
• If the test will be run at an elevated temperature, leave the top screw off during the heat up
period to insure there is no pressure build up inside the chamber during heat up.
• Placing the rotor and sample chamber cups in an oven is the fastest way to achieve
temperature equillibrium if elevated temperature is required.
• While the rotor and bucket assemblies are heating in an oven be sure to turn ON the
centrifuge Heater and set to the desired temperature to allow it to heat at the same time as
the rotor assembly in the oven. Close the top sliding door of the centrifuge, but do NOT
turn on the vacuum. Heat convects when air is in the chamber and that will help heat
everthing inside the centrifuge tub.
• Upon reaching temperature (about 4 hours) the top screws can be installed and the bucket
assemblies can be screwed into the appropriate ports of the rotor. Double check the
matching weights before screwing into rotor. The rotor can be placed in the centrifuge, door
closed and ready to start centrifuge test.
6-44
6.12.2.3 DISPLACE WATER FROM CORE USING A CLEAR OIL (brief description)
• If the test is to displace water from the core sample using a clear oil then the Standard
(drainage) rotor/bucket assemblies are used and a pre-volume of water with an
enhancement is still necessary as described above.
• After performing the pre-volume test and documenting the pre-volumes for each bucket
assembly, remove the buckets assemblies and inspect o-rings. Replace any questionable
o-rings. Keep the plastic receiving tube in the upright position at all times so the pre-
volume does not change.
• Pour enough clear oil into the cup to completely fill the receiving tube and fill the sample
cup to about 1/8 inch above the core support cone. It is recommended that the assembly
is rotated and shaken at angles that might dislodge any air trapped in the bottom section.
• Pour enough clear oil into the sample cup to completely cover the core sample, but leave
enough room to screw on the top seal cap. It may be easier to put the seal cap on the
sample chamber first, then use a syringe and needle to fill the chamber with oil through the
small sealed screw opening in the seal plate.
• Put a new o-ring on the top seal cap if needed and screw it down into the sample cup.
• Be sure the outside of the assembly is clean and dry.
• Place this complete assembly next to the the aluminum bucket on the balance.
receiving tube.
assemblies, make sure each bucket assembly is clean and dry on the
outside and the weight of each centrifuge bucket assembly is the same
before screwing it into the rotor. Each complete assembly must be
balanced to within 0.05 grams (preferably within 0.01 grams) of each
other or the rotor could wobble in the centrifuge and could damage the
interior of the centrifuge. Start by locating the heaviest assembly, then
match the remaining assemblies using lead weights.
period to insure there is no pressure build up inside the chamber during heat up. Double
check the matching weights before screwing into rotor.
6-45
6.12.2.4 DISPLACE WATER FROM CORE WITH OPAQUE FLUID (brief description)
• If the test is to displace water from the core sample using an opaque oil then the Standard
(drainage) rotor/buckets are used and a pre-volume of water is still necessary as described
above, but the interface enhancement is NOT required when using an opaque oil.
• After measuring and documenting the pre-volume in the centrifuge, inspect the o-rings and
replace if questionable. Keep the plastic receiving tube in the upright position at all times
so the pre-volume does not change.
• Pour enough crude oil into the cup to completely fill the receiving tube and fill the sample
cup to about 1/8 inch above the cone shaped core support plate flat surface. Shake the
assembly at angles to dislodge any air that may be trapped in the receiving tube. Do not
loose any of the pre-volume water.
• Pour enough crude oil into the sample cup to completely cover the core sample, but leave
enough room to insert the top seal plate. It may be easier to put the seal plate on the
sample chamber first, then use a syringe and needle to fill the chamber with oil through the
small sealed screw opening in the seal plate.
• Put a new o-ring on the top seal cap and screw it down into the sample cup.
• Be sure this assembly is clean and dry on the outside and place this complete assembly on
the balance next to the aluminum bucket.
receiving tube.
assemblies, make sure each assembly is clean and dry on the outside
and the weight of each centrifuge bucket assembly is the same before
screwing it into the rotor. Each complete assembly must be balanced
to within 0.05 grams (preferably within 0.01 grams) of each other or the
rotor could wobble in the centrifuge and could damage the interior of
the centrifuge. Start by locating the heaviest assembly, then match the
remaining assemblies using lead weights.
period to insure there is no pressure build up inside the chamber during heat up. Double
check the matching weights before screwing into rotor.
6-46
6.12.3 LOADING INVERTED “Imbibition” Cups (core towards outside)
• (Inverted bucket assembly with no overburden) Imbibition holders have one ‘o’ring that must
be cleaned before being assembled. Remove the ‘o’ring and inspect it for damage. Install only
undamaged ‘o’rings greased with petroleum jelly. Never use a silicone based vacuum grease
on the ‘o’rings. The metal parts of the holder can be cleaned by soaking in toluene or
chloroform. They must then be dried thoroughly before assembly. The Lexan collection vials
will be damaged by solvents. They must be wiped clean and if necessary, decane or dodecane
can be introduced to dissolve any crude oil remnants. Assemble the holder as per the following
drawings. The exception is to place a 200 mesh Stainless Steel screen under the rubber
cushion to facilitate fluid circulation.
PIR-120/121 BUCKET ASSEMBLY FOR 1.0”/30mm CORE SAMPLES
PIR-122 BUCKET ASSEMBLY FOR 1.5” CORE SAMPLES

6-47
6.12.3.1 DISPLACE OIL FROM CORE USING WATER (brief description)
• If the test is to be a displacement of a transparent fluid (example: displace clear oil from the
core using water) the Inverted (imbibition) rotor/bucket assemblies will be used and an
interface enhancement should be placed on top of the core before the assembly is
completed.
• Use of the Inverted (imbibition) rotor/bucket assemblies requires a pre-volume run to pre-
focus the camera and adjust it to create the best images possible before placing the core
sample inside the sample chambers. No data has to be saved during the pre-volume test
using the Inverted rotor/buckets.
• After the pre-volume test, empty the assemblies and clean and dry them.
• Place a 200 mesh Stainless Steel screen in the bottom of the sample cup.
• Fill the bottom sample cup with brine (covering the core sample) to near the top.
• Insure that the interface enhancement is floating at the top center of the cup and will enter
the plastic calibrated receiving tube freely.
• Insert the calibrated receiving tube and insure that the interface enhancement floats freely
in it. It may be necessary to inject some water through the top screw hole of the receiving
tube to get the enhancement into the internal bore of the receiving tube.
• Using the top screw hole in the receiving tube fill the receiving tube with brine/water to about
80% full when viewed through the bucket slots. Leave a gas cap at the top of the receiving
tube above the floating enhancement.
NOTE: If an OPAQUE oil will be displaced from the core sample the floating
enhancment is not required and should NOT be used.
• Be sure this assembly is clean and dry on the outside and place this complete assembly on
the balance next to the aluminum bucket.
receiving tube.
assemblies, make sure each assembly is clean and dry on the
outside and the weight of each centrifuge bucket assembly is the
same before screwing it into the rotor. Each complete assembly
must be balanced to within 0.05 grams (preferably within 0.01
grams) of each other or the rotor could wobble in the centrifuge
and could damage the interior of the centrifuge. Start by locating
the heaviest assembly, then match the remaining assemblies
using lead weights.
period to insure there is no pressure build up inside the chamber during heat up.
6-48
• Double check matching weights then screw in the sealing screw put the assembly in the
bucket and screw assembly into the rotor.
6-49
6.13 CORE TEST USING THE MANUAL STROBE SYSTEM
1) Install the rotor/bucket/core assembly into the centrifuge.

2) Close door.
3) Start centrifuge vacuum. If the first speed is less than 3000 RPM the next step
can be started. Wait for vacuum to build until >750 flashes on the centrifuge front
panel if the first speed will be greater than 3000 RPM.
4) Start centrifuge at minimum RPM for the upcoming test.
5) Turn the Strobe ON using the manual control panel to the left of the main
console, see above (switch below the Temperature Controller)
6) Remember that only tube 1 has the volume graduations showing. Verify that
number 1 tube is in the viewing window by viewing the graduations on the tube. If
the graduations are not visible, rotate the view by adjusting the timing of the
strobe with the CCW/CW switch.
7) Use CCW/CW switch to align strobe with cell for optimum view.
8) When view is good, move Setup switch to Control position.
9) Use Position Control switch to toggle from one sample cell to the next.
10) Read the volumes of liquid in each receiving tube. Document the volumes.
11) Upon reaching stable volume in all buckets or when the desired duration of the
run has expired, you should document the RPM, time and volume in each tube
and change the centrifuge speed to the next desired RPM.
12) Upon completing all desired RPM’s, Stop the centrifuge, release vacuum.
13) Unload the rotor/bucket/core assembly from the centrifuge.
6-50
14) Unload the core samples from the buckets.
15) Weigh the core samples.
16) Store the core samples either under the appropriate fluid or wrap the core sample
in plastic wrap and foil.
17) Clean and dry the bucket assembly components.
NOTE: Intensity _ Increase / Decrease switch is non-functional
NOTE: When changing rotor speeds, view will be unstable until rotor reaches speed.

6-51
6.14 ACQUISITION TEST USING THE AUTOMATED CAMERA SYSTEM

NOTE: See the SOFTWARE section for more detail.
1) First, insure that a pre-volume test has been performed and the camera is
adjusted for optimum image quality prior to starting this test.
2) Install the rotor/bucket/core assembly into the centrifuge.
3) Close door.
5) Place the camera on the door and attach with screws.
6) Run URC-628 and click the “Data Acquisition” button
7) Select Mode – Auto
8) From the top pull down menus select File – Set Output Data File. Use the
Browse button to locate a particular directory and enter a filename for the saved
data during this upcoming test. Be sure to select a folder and filename that will
be easy to understand and locate later.
6-52
9) From the top pull down menu select Setup – Test Setup
Then be sure you are on the Test Procedure tab and enter (or load from
previous file) the rotor type and Test Procedure (speeds and times). Click Apply
when done.
Be sure the correct rotor is selected and all required speeds and times are entered
correctly. If the Confining Rotor (PIRO-123 or 124) will be used be sure to put a check
in that box. Finally, click Apply, but not OK yet.
NOTE: If performing a capillary pressure test there will be several Speeds entered. If
performing a relative permeability test there is only ONE speed entered.
SPEEDS MUST ALWAYS BE INCREASING IN RPM WHILE COLLECTING DATA.
IF AN RPM IS ENTERED THAT IS LESS THAN THE PREVIOUS RPM ENTRY THE
CHECKMARK TO THE FAR RIGHT MUST NOT BE CHECKED. FAILURE TO
REMOVE THE DATA ACQUISITION CHECKMARK FROM AN RPM ENTRY THAT
IS LESS THAN THE PREVIOUS ONE WILL CAUSE THE SAVED DATA FILE TO
BE CORRUPTED AND UNUSEABLE. THIS WOULD REQUIRE THAT TEST TO BE
RUN OVER AGAIN.
6-53
10) Next, select the Test Conditions tab and enter the required information. The
most important entries on this tab are the “Vial Type” (receiving tube volume)
and the Pixel Coeff entry. Pull down and select the receiving tube volume that
will be used in the upcoming test. The next value of importance is the “Pixel
Coeff” or ml/pixel number. This value should have been calibrated and must be
accurate to calculate the correct volumes produced from the core based on the
camera image data. Some average ml/pixel values are as follows:
6 ml Receiving tube: 0.0052 ml/pixel
To help identify this test from others in the final saved data file you can put
some text in the “Test Title (Brief Description)”. You may want to enter test
type, fluid types, sample types, etc.
IMPORTANT: ALWAYS DOUBLE CHECK THE FOLLOWING ITEMS BEFORE

LEAVING THIS SCREEN:
1) BE SURE YOU HAVE SELECTED THE CORECT ROTOR TYPE AS THIS
WILL AUTOMATICALLY SET THE CORRECT DISTANCE TO THE CORE
END THAT IS USED TO CALCULATE PRESSURES.
2) REMEMBER TO SET THE CORRECT VIAL TYPE SO YOU CAN VERIFY
THAT THE CORRECT PIXEL COEFICIENT WAS ENTERED LATER.
3) REMEMBER TO ENTER THE CORRECT PIXEL COEFICIENT AS THIS
WILL BE USED TO CALCULATE ALL VOLUMES PRODUCED FROM THE
CORE SAMPLE.
6-54
Click Apply when done.

6-55
11) Next, select the Sample tab and enter (or Load Sample Setup, if pre-saved) the
necessary core information. It is recommended to carefully enter every value
requested. If the core is mounted in the Coretest Systems, Inc. confining cell,
enter the applied confining pressure in the box corresponding to the core that is
confined. If the core has a jacket around it (lead, tin or Teflon for example)
place a checkmark in the appropriate box(es). Click Apply when done.
12) Next, go to the fluids tab and enter (or Load Sample Setup, if pre-saved) all fluid
information. Use the pull down menus to select the correct phases for mobile,
immobile and injected fluids. If a crude oil is used that is a dark color use the
“Oil-Opaque” selection.
Be sure to enter the Densities and Viscosities correctly. Surface tension is only
required for J-Function calculations. Click Apply followed by OK when all done.
6-56
13) At the Data Acquisition main screen make sure all check boxes in the “File
Settings” section at the top right of the screen have Checks in them.
Be sure
there are
checkmarks
in all four
boxes under
File
Settings.
Be sure
this switch
is set to
Auto
14) It is a good practice to double check the entries for Output File, Test Setup
Conditions, Test Setup Procedure, Sample, and Fluids before proceeding.
15) Insure that the Setup/Auto switch is set to Auto.
16) Turn on the vacuum. If the first speed is less than 3000 RPM skip the next
step.
17) If the first speed will be 3000 or greater, allow the vacuum to run to until the 750
indicator on the centrifuge front panel is flashing before starting. Vacuum must
show the flashing 750 if starting RPM is 3000 or above. An icon will be flashing
on the centrifuge front panel that says >750.
18) Insure that the program is in Auto mode at the bottom of the screen.
19) Start the centrifuge by pressing the Start button (green arrow at bottom right) on
the computer screen.
6-57
20) At the beginning of the test it may be necessary to perform a small amount of
fine adjusting to the image being produced by the camera. First, be ready to
adjust the focus ring at the camera. It should only require a small amount of
adjustment, if any, to optimize the image. If small focus adjustments do not
result in the expected image quality go to the top menu pull down, Test –
Configuration, and adjust the Trigger delay and/or Light intensity to create the
optimum image.
Always try to make any image adjustments very early and quickly so the initial
data will be saved. NOTE: This should already be set during the pre-volume
test.
21) Allow the program to complete all test steps and stop the centrifuge
automatically.
22) Release the vacuum.
23) Unload the rotor/bucket assemblies from the centrifuge and place on the
supplied stand.
6-58
24) Remove the bucket assemblies from the rotor and remove the core samples
from the buckets.
25) Weigh the core samples. Record.
26) Store the core samples either under the appropriate fluid or wrapped in plastic
wrap and foil.
27) Clean and dry the bucket assembly components
28) It may be necessary to perform a liquid permeability test at this point using the
injected fluid at a differential pressure less than the differential created by the
centrifuge. If so, try to perform this measurement as soon as possible after the
centrifuge test to preserve saturations.
NOTE: If this is the initial spin from 100% brine to Swir some users recommend to
unload the core and invert it then spin again to help redistribute the fluids in the core
with a minimal build up on the out flow face end.
29) The BINARY image data saved from this Data Acquisition test can now be read
by the Conversion program to convert the binary images to volumetric data and
create files necessary for final data analysis. See a description of this in the
SOFTWARE OPERATION section.
7-1
7 SOFTWARE OPERATION (Data Acquisition)
NEVER RUN ANY OTHER SOFTWARE AT THE SAME TIME THAT THE DATA
ACQUISITION MODULE IS RUNNING. THIS INCLUDES THE CENTA CONVERSION
AND ANALYSIS MODULES. THE DATA ACQUISITION PROGRAM DEMANDS A LARGE
PORTION OF THE COMPUTER PROCESSOR TIME. RUNNING ANY OTHER
SOFTWARE AT THE SAME TIME CAN CAUSE THE DATA ACQUISITION PROGRAM
TO CRASH AND LOOSE A TEST THAT IS IN PROGRESS.
NOTE: ONCE YOU UNDERSTAND THE OPERATION OF THE CAMERA

SYSTEM A BRIEF SUMMARY OF DATA FILES AND HOW TO PERFORM A
TEST IS SHOWN IN SECTIONS 9 AND 10.
NOTE: The Analysis program is briefly discussed in Section 10.

7-2
7.1 Preparation For The Centrifuge Test
The quality of the test results is based on the initial effort in preparing the core
sample, measuring permeability and porosity data on the core samples outside the
centrifuge, the accuracy of the input data, maintaining good quality optics and test
conditions. Several key considerations must be taken in order to ensure quality
imaging.
• Bearing oil coating optical surfaces – The centrifuges use a cooling oil
sprayed on the spindle bearing. This oil is not a vacuum oil and with time vapor
will collect on the coolest surfaces in the centrifuge. The viewing window and
optical lens on the light source becomes coated with the oil and must be
cleaned routinely to keep the light transmission optimized.
• Rotor balance – The centrifuge rotors are highly susceptible to wobble at

speeds below 1200 rpm. Balancing the weight of each bucket and as well as
maintaining equal length cores from the center of the rotor is critical. Weight
should be maintained to within 0.05 grams in each bucket and each bucket
should be screwed into the rotor to the same depth.
• Light intensity – One of the purposes of the pre-volume calibration run is to set
the camera in the proper plane and to adjust the light source to the proper level
so that the interface is properly identified. Too much light will wash out the
interface while too little can produce false interfaces due to interface pinning in
drainage experiments.
• Camera positioning – The image collected by the Dalsa line scan camera can
be adjusted in three planes. The camera can be moved in or out along the
radius of the rotor by loosing the camera position bolt and moving the camera
toward or away from the center of rotation to capture the full length of the
receiving tube window. The imaging can be moved slightly to the left or right by
changing the Trigger Delay in the Data Acquisition software. This changes the
time at which the computer queries the camera for the accumulated image.
Finally, the focal point of the image can be moved up or down using the focus
ring adjustment on the camera lense.
7-3
7.2 CENTA -> DATA ACQUISITION MODULE

The URC-628 Data Acquisition program controls the centrifuge speed and temperature
as well as the imaging of the line scan camera system. The software corrects the
imaging for electronic delay from 300 rpm (with stabilizer up to 1000) to 16,000 rpm
giving a stable image output without mechanical adjustment of the imaging system.
The DATA ACQUISITION output of the program is a binary file containing some sample
and test header information along with the rpm, temperature, and image data for all
sample buckets on the same rotation of the rotor. The images are collected at a user
specified spacing interval that can be set so that more frequent data is available early in
the test and extended time intervals later in the process. The program automatically
changes the speed of the centrifuge based on user entered preprogrammed RPM’s and
time at speed.
NOTE: FOR A BRIEF SUMMARYOF DATA FILES THAT GET CREATED AND
SUMMARY VIEW OF HOW TO RUN A TEST, SEE SECTIONS 9 AND 10 BELOW.
IMPORTANT: FOR MORE DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT USING DATA
ACQUISITION READ THE STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURES LATER IN THIS MANUAL.
Prior to starting a Data Acquisition for core samples the user must perform pre-volume
calibrations, assemble the cups with the core samples and liquids, match each
cup/sample/liquid assembly weight and screw each cup/sample/liquid assembly in the
rotor. Now the user can place the assembled rotor and cups with samples and liquids
in the centrifuge and turn on the vacuum. Although the centrifuge will start rotating at a
rate up to 3000 RPM now, the vacuum must get below 750 microns before it will spin at
high speeds. This is especially important in single speed relative permeability
experiments because the centrifuge will not exceed 3,000 rpm unless the vacuum is
below 750 microns. If a relative permeability test is to be performed, wait until the front
panel of the centrifuge indicates the vacuum is below 750 microns before starting the
centrifuge rotation.
Now locate the URC-628 icon on the screen and double click to start the software
program and then click on Data Acquisition.
The Data Acquisition program is designed to acquire raw centrifuge images and save them in a
file on the computer. It controls the centrifuge speed, temperature and the camera imaging
parameters based on user input.
IMPORTANT VACUUM ERROR NOTE: The Beckman centrifuge expects the vacuum to be
below 20 microns in less than 20 minutes. The modifications that have been performed by
Coretest Systems, Inc. will extend the time required to reach 20 microns and as a result and
ERROR MESSAGE “Vac” will be displayed on the control panel of the centrifuge with a BEEP
sound every 20 minutes until a vacuum of 20 microns is reached. THIS IS NORMAL AND
SHOULD NOT BE A CONCERN. Either leave the error message on the centrifuge control
panel or press 411 followed by CE on the control panel to remove the error being displayed.
This does not affect the URC-628 in any way and the BEEP with “Vac” message at the control
panel should not be cause for concern.
7-4
NOTE: Most of the screens shown in this manual were taken prior to adding a Temperature
Setting for the internal centrifuge alarm. This is the only difference and can be seen below on
the left side of the Main screen as “Temp URC, C”.
7.2.1 Main Screen.
Data Acquisition screen with centrifuge not running
Centrifuge Setup
• Buckets – The number of buckets sensed by the Bucket Laser. This should be the same
as the number the user selected in the Test Profile.
• T Rotor – This displays the rotor temperature. Measured by an Infra-red sensor located in
the bottom of the chamber aimed at the bottom of the rotor surface.
• Speed RPM button – Set button and display for particular speed used when switched to
Setup mode at the bottom of the screen. Not functional when set to Auto mode.
• Temp URC (button) – Sets the Centrifuge Internal Temperature and alarm value. This is
NOT the desired temperature of the rotor. Raising this setpoint based on the table below
will stop the centrifuge from giving a temperature error on the control panel.
Up to 60 C 25 C
60 C to 75 C 30 C
75 C to 90 C 35 C
7-5
Image Processing
• Total Saved – The number of images saved at the specified speed
• Current Speed – The current image index for particular speed.
• Exposure Time – The current exposure time being used by the camera.
• Averaging – The current number of points being averaged.
Time, sec
• Current – The current time of day.
• Elapsed – The time from the beginning of the experiment.
• Remaining – The time remaining on this speed step.
• Delay – The current camera delay in microseconds
File Settings
• These check boxes will indicate when particular information has been entered and Applied
in the Test Setup and Output sections so the necessary test information will be saved. If
ALL these boxes are not checked then the Auto-run will not start.
Profile – requires the Test Setup to be Applied including the test speeds and times
Sample Setup – requires the Sample information to be input and Applied
Fluid Setup – requires the Fluid information to be input and Applied
Data File – requires the Output Data File to be input and Applied
Upper Right Corner of screen
• Status Bar – upper right corner, display current status of the centrifuge rotor (Stopped,
Stopping, Accelerating, At Speed, etc.). A red dot with no text indicates that the centrifuge
is not communicating with the computer.
• Vacuum – Set button and display centrifuge vacuum value. Can be used to turn the
vacuum ON or OFF in the centrifuge chamber. When turned OFF it will vent the vacuum.
7-6
Buttons at Bottom of the Data Acquisition screen
• Pixels – While in SETUP mode the operator can calculate the production in pixels between
two points on the screen by using the left button on the mouse to drag each of the two
brown lines to the points of interest. This delta can be useful when determining the pixel per
cc values
VERY IMPORTANT NOTE: The Pixels button can only be used in the SETUP mode. It does
not function when in the AUTO mode. While in the SETUP mode you can click on the Pixels
button to show two brown lines on the screen. IF YOU CHANGE TO AUTO MODE
WITHOUT CLICKING THE PIXELS BUTTON TO TURN THE LINES OFF, THESE LINES
WILL REMAIN ON THE SCREEN DURING THE AUTO RUN AT THEIR CURRENT
POSITIONS. ALWAYS TURN OFF THE PIXELS MODE BEFORE STARTING AN AUTO
TEST MODE.
• Buckets buttons – Use these buttons to turn ON and OFF the bucket images being
displayed on the screen.
• Stack–Split switch – Specified image display type (all bucket images display on the whole
screen or splitting screen to the sectors for each particular bucket).
split image screen mode stack image mode
• Setup–Auto switch – The normal operation is the Auto Run mode. Setup is only used to
run diagnostics on the camera and imaging system.
Centrifuge Controls at Bottom right of screen
– Start centrifuge rotation. Be sure to note if the “Setup / Auto” button is in the correct
position before starting the centrifuge.
– “Pause centrifuge imaging ” button pauses image acquisition until restarted
– “Stop centrifuge rotation and acquisiton” button

7-7
7.2.2 Pull Down Menu: Setup -> Test Setup.
7.2.2.1 Test procedure

On this tab you can specify the rotor type and number of buckets (standard or
inverted) and create a test procedure. A maximum of 16 speed steps and times
can be set for each experiment. It is recommended to use at least 6 speeds to
define a Pc curve.
֠ NOTE: A time of –1 will hold the centrifuge at the entered speed until terminated by
the operator. On the screen the value -1 will be converted to the string “continuous”.
To take effect the entered test settings should be saved by clicking Apply. You
can also save the current “Test Setup” settings in the file with a “.prf” file extension
by clicking the “Save Test Setup” button. To restore and use previously saved
settings just press “Load Test Setup” button.
SPEEDS MUST ALWAYS BE INCREASING IN RPM WHILE COLLECTING DATA. IF AN

RPM IS ENTERED THAT IS LESS THAN THE PREVIOUS RPM ENTRY THE CHECKMARK
TO THE FAR RIGHT MUST NOT BE CHECKED. FAILURE TO REMOVE THE DATA
ACQUISITION CHECKMARK FROM AN RPM ENTRY THAT IS LESS THAN THE PREVIOUS
ONE WILL CAUSE THE SAVED DATA FILE TO BE CORRUPTED AND UNUSEABLE. THIS
WOULD REQUIRE THAT TEST TO BE RUN OVER AGAIN.
FOR MORE DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT THIS SCREEN AND THE FOLLOWING
ONES READ THE STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURES LATER IN THIS MANUAL.
7-8
7.2.2.2 Test Conditions

This screen allows the user to put a brief description of the test to be saved in the
Test Title (Brief description) box and that information will be saved in the header
of the output file. This window also contains information about the Rotor, Vial
Types (receiving tubes), Distance to the Core end (radius of rotation), vial
parameters and the Pixel Coefficient information. IT IS IMPORTANT TO ENTER
THE CORRECT PIXEL COEFF FOR THE TUBES THAT ARE SELECTED.
Test Title (Brief Description): This box allows the operator to insert a brief
description of the test that will be saved in the Header of the output file. It is
recommended to describe the Job ID, Sample ID, Date, test type (Drainage,
Imbibition), special remarks about the test.
Rotor Type: This entry is automatically set if the correct rotor icon is selected in
the previous “Test Procedure” tab screen. Always verify that this is the correct
rotor that will be used. This also automatically sets the “Distance to the Core end”
value on this screen. If the correct rotor is selected the Distance to Core end will
automatically be set to the value that matches the Coretest Systems, Inc. rotors.
Vial Type: Select the correct volumetric size that will be used in the upcoming
test. The correct Pixel Coefficient will have to be entered on this screen for the
selected tube volume.
7-9
Distance to the Core end, cm: This value is automatically entered when the
correct rotor is selected in the “Test Procedure” screen tab.
Vial Length, cm: Leave the default value. 3.6
Vial Diameter, cm: Leave the default value 3.3.
Pixel Coeff., ml/pixel: Always enter the correct coefficient value based on the
receiving tube (vial) size that will be used.
This value is used to convert the camera pixel data measured by the camera to
volumetric production in milliters. The default value is 0.024 and MUST be
changed to match the tube being used in the test. The user should enter the
cc/pixel value derived from the calibration runs for the receiving tube vial(s) that
will be used in this test.

NOTE: These are approximate values, it is imperative that the volume per
pixel is calibrated and the actual determined value is used in this entry.
7-10
7.2.2.3 Sample
This screen contains comprehensive information about the sample like Sample ID,
dimensions, physical properties and test conditions (core jacket). The Sample
Setup information can be saved for future use. When saved it will have the
extension “.smp”. Be sure you remember where the file is saved on the computer.
This saved file can be called up later so the information does not have to be re-
entered by hand.
If the selected rotor has 3 buckets then columns Bucket 4, Bucket 5 and Bucket 6
will be unavailable for editing, as illustrated above.
7-11
7.2.2.4 Fluids
This fluid property screen allows the user to set fluid parameters such as fluid type
for Mobile, Immobile and Injected phases as well as Density and Viscosity of
Mobile and Injected phases. These parameters can be saved in and restored
from the files with extension “.fld”. Be sure you remember where the file is saved
on the computer. This saved file can be called up later so the information does
not have to be re-entered by hand.
The Mobile phase is the fluid that is in the core when loaded and will be produced
out of the core during the test. The Immobile phase is used when the core sample
initially has a small volume of liquid that will not be produced, such as the Scw,
Connate Water saturation. The Injected phase is the fluid that is outside the core
sample and will be forced into the core when it spins.
7-12
7.2.3 Pull Down Menu: Setup -> Configuration..
7.2.3.1 Trigger Delay
On this screen you can set the electronic Trigger Delay compensation to ensure
that the image is collected at the same location on the vial no matter the speed.
To make this it is only needed to specify the angle between the center of the
Bucket slot and the center of the Trigger Reflector tape mounted on the top rotor
disk. This parameter can be adjusted by moving the needle on the screen control
or typing angle value directly in the edit box. Clicking the “Tuning” button toggles
between fine adjustment and coarse adjustment.
The Trigger Delay value will normally be close to 36 degrees.
• “Radial Coordinate of the Trigger Marker” and “Distance between Trigger

Marker and the Bucket Slot” are normally entered at the factory and
do not need to be changed.
• Density Constant - used to set the time spacing for the images saved to file. It
is recommended to leave this set to 10.
7-13
7.2.3.2 Centrifuge and Camera Setup
• Centrifuge Com Port Setup – used to set parameters of serial port (com port
index, baud rate, data bits, parity, stop bits, flow control.
THE SCREEN ABOVE IS AN EXAMPLE ONLY. THE COM PORT SETTINGS FOR
YOUR SYSTEM MAY BE DIFFERENT. THE CORRECT SETTINGS ARE SAVED IN
A FOLDER THAT CAN BE OPENED ON THE URC-628 DATA ACQUISITION
COMPUTER FROM THE DESKTOP. UPON POWERING ON THE COMPUTER, BUT
BEFORE STARTING THE DATA ACQUISITION PROGRAM, LOCATE THE
“FACTORY INFO” FOLDER ON THE DESKTOP. THERE WILL BE TWO SCREEN
CAPTURE IMAGES (SIMILAR TO THE ONE ABOVE AND ON NEXT PAGE) IN THAT
FOLDER WITH YOUR SYSTEM COM PORT SETTINGS AS IT WAS TESTED AT
CORETEST SYSTEMS, INC. AFTER STARTING THE DATA ACQUISITION
PROGRAM BE SURE THE SCREENS ARE SET WITH THE VALUES THAT ARE IN
THE IMAGE FILES THAT ARE SAVED ON THE COMPUTER DESKTOP FOLDER.
ENTER THE EXACT SETTINGS FROM THE IMAGE FILES OR THE CENTRIFUGE
MAY NOT COMMUNICATE WITH THE COMPUTER. IF YOUR COMPUTER
SOFTWARE PROGRAM DOES NOT COMMUNICATE WITH THE CENTRIFUGE AND
THE SETTINGS ARE CORRECT (OR YOU HAVE LOST THE CONFIGURATION
SCREEN CAPTURE THAT CAME WITH THE SYSTEM) PLEASE CONTACT
CORETEST SYSTEMS, INC. SALES FOR HELP VIA EMAIL. BE SURE TO SUPPLY
THE CORETEST SYSTEMS, INC. SERIAL NUMBER FROM THE SILVER LABEL ON
THE BACK OF THE CENTRIFUGE. sales@coretest.com
7-14
• Camera Setup – used to set camera operation parameters (gain, delays, etc.)
The settings are entered at the factory as shown below.
Exposure time: sets the amount of time the camera is open to collect
images (110usec is the default)
Delay Shift: Default value is 27
Gain: sets the camera sensitivity. Slide all the way to the right for the
default, most sensitive setting.
• Temperature Server Confuguration

This box sets up communication with the Infrared Temperature measuring
device in the centrifuge.
Com Port: Default setting is equal to the Com port of the Camera plus two
(example: Camera=Com1, Temp=Com3.. OR.. Camera=Com2, Temp=Com4).
(must be set to a free com port with a number just after the centrifuge and Light
source.) The cable from the temperature controller must be connected to the
correct USB port or the software program will not work.
Bits per Sec: 9600 is default
Light Source Setup
This screen allows the user to adjust the communications port between the
computer and light source. It also lets the user turn the light ON and OFF as
well as adjust the actual light intensity.
NOTE: SEE THE NOTE ON THE PAGE ABOVE. Use the illustration on this page as
an EXAMPLE ONLY. The Com Port settings in the operators manual screen may not
match the settings for your centrifuge.
7-15
Light Source Com Port Setup
• Com Port: Default setting is equal to the Com port of the Camera plus
one (example: Camera=Com1, Light=Com2.. OR.. Camera=Com2,
Light=Com3). Be sure cable is connected to the correctly labeled USB
port. Cables should be labeled with a number that matches the port
number label at the computer or USB switch.
• Bits per Second: Default setting is 9600
ON/OFF and Light Intensity

• ON/OFF switch to turn the lamp on or off.
• Lamp Intensity allows the operator to make the light brighter or dimmer.
Normal setting is approximately 220.
7-16
7.3 CENTAA DATA (Image) CONVERSION
NOTE: The Data Analysis button may not be in your version. Data Analysis must
be purchased separately.
Exit the CentA Data Acquisition program and start the Data Conversion program
by double clicking on the CentAA icon. The Data Conversion program takes the
binary image output files from the Data Acquisition program (Images) and
converts them into ASCII text files containing core and centrifuge parameters plus
production speed and time for each collected volume determined from an image.
The CentAA program should never run in parallel with the CentA data acquisition
program on the same computer.
7.3.1 Starting “Data Conversion”

From the CentAA main screen above select “Data Conversion” icon.
7-17
7.3.2 Description of the Conversion Screen Top Information Section
Edges (x,y), upper left

In this section the boxes adjacent to the numbers 1, 2, 3 are the y-axis value for the Edge
Selection Lines that are put on the screen when you click on a Edge Select Mode (EME
for example) and then click on the icon to put the Edge Selection Lines up on the screen
1 displays the y-axis pixel location for the line at the farthest left. (red)
2 displays the y-axis pixel location for the middle line. (yellow)
3 displays the y-axis pixel location for the line at the farthest right. (blue)
These can be useful when adjusting the edge selection for the window endpoints that you
want to remain constant throughout the test.
General Info
The first box shows the Date and Time.
Buckets: refers to the number of buckets in the rotor during the test.
Speeds: refers to the total number of speeds in the test.
Images: refers to the total number of images in the test.

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Image Info
Buckets: refers to the items that are Bucket related in the columns to the right.
Temp: The temperature of the rotor at that point.
Total: Refers to the total number of buckets in the rotor for this test.
Index: Refers to current bucket location. Starts at zero. 0=bucket 1, 1=bucket 2,
2=bucket 3
Speed: refers to the items that are Speed related in the columns to the right.
Rate: The RPM setpoint at this part of the test.
RPM: The actual RPM at this point in the test.
Index: Zero based. Displays the current speed step in the test.
Time: refers to the items that are Time related in the columns to the right.
Elapsed: The current elapsed time for the test, seconds.
Delta:
Step:
Image: refers to the items that are Image related in the columns to the right.
Rate: The current rate at which it is collecting images. Gets larger (fewer
images over time) as the speed progresses and restarts at the beginning
of the next speed.
Total: The image count/position for the entire test.
Speed: The image count/position for the current speed. Restarts at zero for each speed.
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7.3.3 Description of the Conversion Screen Controls
Conversion Main screen in Image Mode
Description of Main Controls
– Show image curve points. Normally not needed.
– Enable Interface Select markers/lines (2 or 3 depends on Edge Selection

method selected). These interfaces are initially selected automatically
based on the “Edge” method that is currently selected just above the
graph, but you can adjust the edge selections manually by dragging
cursors (vertical lines).
– Fix interfaces for current image. This is optional. You might want to fix the
edges for some particular images to keep them unchanged while auto
tracking procedure. It can also be used to unfix by pushing twice.
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- This icon will delete the current image. Can also be used to delete a range
of measurements when selected from the cumulative volume display(see
below).
– Switch Graph Display to show individual images or cumulative volume:

Cumulative Volume (ml) vs. Elapsed Time (sec). If you have this button
pressed and push Start Image Conversion, this procedure will be
performed in fully automated mode. It is recommended to inspect each
image and be sure the edges are correctly selected prior to finalizing.
– Start Image Conversion. If Switch graph display released interfaces will be

selected and tracked from current image back to the first image. If Switch
Graph Display button is pressed image conversion will be produced
automatically for all of the test data.
– Stop Image Conversion. This button enable for released Switch graph
display button only
st
– Image Navigation: Go to the 1 image of the file.
– Image Navigation: Go to the 1st image of current speed.
– Image Navigation: Go to the previous image.
– Image Navigation: Go to the next image.
– Image Navigation: Go to the 1st image of the next speed
– Image Navigation: Go to the last image of the file. Use this first when
manually processing image conversion
• Delay – Set the amount of time between the display of imagesupon starting the
Automatic view mode with the green arrow. This parameter can be
changed interactively while running the Image Conversion module.
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• ml / Pixel – This value is used to convert the camera pixel data measured by
the camera to volumetric production in milliters. The default value is 0.024
and MUST be changed to match the tube being used in the test. The
user should enter the cc/pixel value derived from the calibration runs for
the collection vial(s) that were used in this test into this field.
6ml Receiving tube: 0.0052 ml/pixel

NOTE: These are approximate values, it is imperative that the volume per
pixel is calibrated and the actual determined value is used in this entry.
• Edges The bullets in this section set how the images will be processed to
determine the location of the interface of interest as the test progresses. There
are four image processing options: The default is 3 edges.
• 3 edges – this option is normally for:

Opaque oil is used for either Brine-Oil imbibition or gas-oil drainage
experiments.
The program attempts to pick points in the image for each of two or three
locations that correspond to the ends of the viewing window, the oil-brine
interface, gas-brine interface, or the gas-oil interface.
• 2 edges – this option is normally for:

Opaque oil drainage or imbibition experiments where the dark oil blocks
light and there is no need for a floater at the interface.
The program attempts to pick points in the image for each of two locations,
normally the bottom of the viewing window and the interface between the
two fluids.
• EME – this option is normally used for:

Transparent oil OR brine production where an interface enhancement
floater is used.
The program attempts to pick three points in the images. Normally it will be
set to select the bottom of the viewing window and the top of viewing
window (or gas oil interface at the top of the window) along with the actual
oil/water interface in the middle. The program will attempt to determine the
middle of the interface (at the peak) for each image.
• EM – this option is normally for:

Drainage gas-brine production experiments or transparent gas-oil
drainage experiments.
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The program attempts to pick points in the image for the bottom of the vial
window and select the peak on the gas liquid interface. It will then attempt
to determine the middle of the interface.
NOTE: Although the automatic image processing routine will attempt to

locate the correct image points it will be necessary for the operator to
examine each image for proper location and may require changing the
computer selected points. It will also require the deletion of several images
that are not complete, especially in the beginning of the test.
IMAGE PROCESSING
Upper right corner of Conversion Screen
These items can make processing the images easier by adjusting the image to
obtain the most consistent and easily recognized interface possible throughout
the entire test.
• Data Filtering – Turn on data filtering (smoothing) procedure. This is

recommended for all data processing.
• Show Raw Data – Display raw data on the screen along with the filtered data.
This is not normally required.
• Normalization – Normalize image data. Placing a check in this box removes

the ability to adjust the Brightness Level shown below.
• Background – Select and remove background values.
– Adjust Iterative Filtering (Smoothing) Level. This is a

very important tool that will smooth the image lines and remove jagged shapes.
This can be used to smooth the lines formed by image data and cause the Auto
Edge Selection routine to pick smoother data. This can save a lot of time editing
images.
– Adjust Brightness Level. This control can be used to

enhance an over or under exposed image set for better edge selection. For
example: Find the speed that has a “floater” peak at the lowest position for all
speeds, slide this bar to bring the peak down as low as possible without causing
the peak to hit the bottom. This will bring all other image peaks down to a lower
value that will be selected by the Auto Edge Selection routine easier. This can
save a lot of time when evaluating images.
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7.3.4 Opening a “.daq” File

Upon starting the “Data Conversion” program be sure you are in the “Image mode”
instead of the “Cumulative mode”. To do this click on the icon until the
arrows at the bottom right of the screen show blue color.
If they are gray you are in the Cumulative mode. For this initial part of the
conversion we need to be in Image mode with the blue arrows showing.
Start the image Conversion procedure by opening a Data Acquisition file (.daq
extension). Pull down the File menu and click on Open. Select from the list of
*.daq” files. It may be necessary to navigate to the desired subdirectory.
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The Operator MUST enter the correct ml/pixel value in the cell located at the
center bottom of the window if it is not correct upon opening the .daq file. Some
average values are as follows:
o 6ml Receiving tube: 0.0052 ml/pixel

o 12 ml Receiving tube: 0.0087 ml/pixel
o 23 ml Receiving tube: 0.0120 ml/pixel
It is recommended to perform the calibration described earlier in this manual to obtain

the correct ml/pixel value for your specific tubes.
Upon opening a .daq file and deleting the first few bad images (as will be discussed
later) you will see one of two characteristic shapes. 1) a Peak when using a floater
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between two clear fluids, as shown below. Or no peak if an opaque oil is used, shown
later below. The green line is a measure of the light that is passing through the bucket
window as it is rotating in the centrifuge. The far left is the end of the window farthest
away from the center of the rotor. The far right is the end of the viewing window that is
closest to the center of the rotor. In between the window endpoints where the green
line drops off the bottom of the graph is where the interface will be located. The
illustration below shows a typical Drainage test interface with an interface enhancement
“floater” between the clear oil and brine with an illustration of what you are viewing and
how it can be compared to the view through the centrifuge bucket viewing window.
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Interface “floater”.
Bottom of Top of
viewing window. viewing
window.
CENTER
OF
ROTOR
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Clear Water Black Oil Region
Oil-Water
Interface
Bottom of
Viewing
Window
CENTER
OF
ROTOR
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7.3.5 Initial Image and Header Information Evaluation

The examples below are oil displacing water drainage tests using clear oil and an
interface enhancement “floater” inside the receiving tube that will float on the
water and stay at the interface of the oil and water throughout the test.
Upon opening a .daq file the graph will be displaying the first image of the
collection. Do not be surprised if nothing is displayed on the graph (as below).
Usually the first few images are not useful and will need to be deleted. This can
be done now or later. To delete an image click on the RED X icon at the bottom
of the screen and then click on OK.
NOTE: Place the cursor over the Red X at the bottom of the screen and then
simply start hitting the Enter button on the keyboard for rapid deletion of bad
images in the beginning.
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It is recommended that you view several images throughout the entire test to see
how the interface shaped as the test progressed. This will help determine how
many images to delete in the beginning and help determine the correct locations
on the image to mark for volumetric calculations. Later in this description you will
be told how to place the markers on the image.
After initial evaluation of the images to verify there are enough good images to
proceed with the analysis, Go to the upper left pull down menu and select File ->
Legacy Analysis Header.
Examine the information on the Legacy Analysis Header screen. IF ANY DATA
NEEDS TO BE CHANGED IT MUST BE DONE HERE IN THE CONVERSION
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PROGRAM. ONCE CONVERTED THE ONLY WAY TO CHANGE DATA IS TO
MANUALLY EDIT THE .smo FILES THAT ARE CREATED BY THE
CONVERSION PROGRAM. THESE .smo FILES DO NOT HAVE THE TITLES
NEXT TO THE DATA AND ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO EDIT. IT IS BEST TO
MAKE THE EDITS NOW IN THE CONVERSION PROGRAM.
Immediately upon making the necessary edits to a sample click the “Apply” button
to save the edits. IF you do not click on Apply the edits you just made may be
lost. Edit ALL core samples and be sure to click on Apply after each sample is
edited. Be sure to read the “Legacy Analysis Header” section later for more
detail about what data should be here.
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7.3.6 Selecting the Interface Mode and Processing Images
Delete all the bad images in the beginning until the first image has the
characteristic shape throughout the test. Usually between 20 and 30 images.
To see what is normally the best formed interface click on the Last Image button
at the bottom right of the screen. This will display the last image of the file
that was taken at the highest speed. This image will normally be one of the best
image qualities of all the images collected and can be used to help determine
where the selection markers should be set.
Use the “Image Processing” slider bars in the upper right corner of this screen to
reshape the images and create the smoothest lines that exhibit similar shapes
from speed to speed. This will help the AutoSelection routine select the correct
position at each image and calculate the smoothest cumulative production volume
data. Compare the image above to the next page, notice how the jagged edge on
the right of the interface peak is smoothed out. To smooth this jagged line the
upper Image Processing slider was moved to the right. This will help insure the
Auto Edge Selection routine will select the correct peak and not the jagged edge
peak.
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It is also helpful to step backward in the test image sequence one speed at a time
by pressing the button at the bottom right of the screen. This will enable you
to evaluate the best image shapes (common to all speeds). Then you can
determine where to place the markers for image interface location and volume
calculations.
NOTE: When the Cumulative volumes are calculated the edge selection
procedure always progresses from the LAST image to the FIRST image. This is
because the last image is normally better formed and the interface edges can be
selected with better accuracy. When adjusting the edge selection markers/lines
always be moving from the end of the test sequence toward the beginning if the
test sequence to insure you are seeing the selections as it will progress in the
automated edge selection mode.
To see the markers on the images that determine the points that are used for
volumetric calculations, click on the button at the bottom of the screen. Be

sure to select the correct Edge Selection method just above the image graph (3-
edges, 2-edges, EME, EM) for the type of test that was run. These different Edge
Selection mode methods are discussed in the “INTERFACE “Edge” SELECTION
MODES WITH EXAMPLES AND CRITERIA” section later.
The markers and vertical lines will appear on the image at locations selected by
the computer that is based on the edge selection method selected above the
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graph. The actual pixel values and locations are displayed in the ”Edges (x,y)”
box just above and left of the image screen. Refer to the actual pixel values
shown in the “Edges (x,y)” section for the window endpoints (1 and 3) so you can
verify that they stay fixed throughout a test.
In the example images that follow we ran a Drainage test using a floating
enhancement between water and clear oil. For this type test we should use the
EME method (Endpoint-Middle-Endpoint) for edge selection so a mark is placed in
the EME bullet by clicking the mouse on the round bullet.
Go to the last image using the button. Click on the button to display
the markers on the image. It may be necessary to move the markers/lines to the
correct locations if the computer selection is not correct.
Based on this last image along with several other images in the set we can decide
that the edge of the bucket window farthest right is around the 1800 pixel location.
So we will move the blue line farthest right to the 1800 position as shown in the
next image below.
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NOTE: Be sure to keep the color orientation as shown above (red->yellow->blue)
The edge of the bucket window on the left is determined to be at 600. So we

move the left line (red in this example) to the 600 position.
Since the ends of the bucket windows do not change during the test we assume
that these two endpoints should remain virtually the same through the entire test
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and will adjust any images to those positions if the red and blue lines do not fall on
those points.
Now adjust the middle (yellow) line to the apex of the peak formed by the floater at
the oil/water interface portion of the image.
As discussed above, it is recommended to view several images from last to the

beginning before making any edge selections. When viewing these images using
the EME method you should try to determine the best locations for the End points
that will be selected. These End points should correspond to the bottom and top
of the bucket windows and should remain virtually fixed throughout the test. We
have selected about 1800 for the right end and 600 for the left endpoint in this
example but the locations will change if the camera position is moved.
NOTE: There will be images that do not show the end of the image line falling at
these specified points, but since the bucket windows cannot physically change
positions during a test it can be correctly assumed that they will always fall at
virtually the same points during the entire test and any failure to show the window
endpoints at those points can be attributed to the image being corrupted by a
refraction or other attribute that caused the window endpoint to be lost in that
image. In that case it may require the endpoint positions to be adjusted manually
on several images.
While viewing the images and adjusting them to their correct positions it is
recommended to “Fix” the markers in the best positions. Initially, by doing this to
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the last good image (highest speed) it will help the computer select the correct
interface locations throughout the test. To “Fix” a set of edge marker lines on the
image press the icon and you will notice the word “Fixed” displayed in a
green box just to the right of the Edge Selection bullets. Each time you click on
the mark you will see the “Fixed” turn off or on. Be sure that “Fixed” is
displayed when you have the correct location for the edge markers adjusted.
With the last image displayed and with the markers/lines Fixed on the correct
edge locations for that last image you can change to the Cumulative graph by
clicking on the icon until the blue arrows at the bottom right become gray in
color.
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Next, press the Start button and the program will begin automatically
selecting edges starting from the last image and tracking them in reverse order to
the first one while displaying the cumulative volumes during the test on the graph.
As you can see in the illustration above, when viewing from left to right the data
shows erratic behavior in the first two speeds. This means that several images in
the first two speeds will require individual attention and adjustments.
It will be necessary to switch back to Image mode and then navigate to the last
image of the second speed. Then “Fix” the interface markers at the correct
positions through those two speeds. Remember that the endpoints for this test
have been determined to be 600 and 1800. At each image be sure the endpoints
are correct then adjust the interface position if necessary.
You can optionally watch the program selecting each image point that are used to
select edges by changing to Image mode with the icon, then clicking on the
icon at the bottom center of the screen to show the markers/lines on the
image followed by clicking on the Start button. If desired, these interface

location lines can be changed by dragging them along the lines in each image and
“Fix” them to a new position if the computer selected position is in error.
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NOTE: It is recommended to view each image from last to first with the edge
markers displayed and adjust the marker/line locations for the best cumulative
volume data results.
It is possible to switch from the Image to the Cumulative graph mode from any
image, periodically stop it, correct automatically selected edges if its needed and
continue conversion.
When all images have been correctly adjusted the final Cumulative graph should
be relatively smooth as shown below. The smoothed screen shown below may
take several image edits.
Notice in the first speed that there are still a few points that are not falling in line.
When there is a small grouping of this type it is sometimes easier to delete that
small group using the marker/line method. To do this click on the icon and
move the red lines to either side of the points to delete. See below.
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The small group of outlying points will be deleted and since these points are not
included they will not affect the modeled data later in this analysis.
The graph above is an example of the final converted data that is expected in this
test type.
IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO PERFORM THIS CONVERSION PROCEDURE

ON ALL BUCKETS / CORES THAT ARE INCLUDED IN THIS TEST. IN THIS
CASE THERE WERE 3 CORE SAMPLES SO THE IMAGE ADJUST AND
CONVERSION PROCEDURE WILL BE PERFORMED FOR EACH OF THE 3
CORE SAMPLE DATA SETS THAT WERE COLLECTED.
AT THE BOTTOM LEFT OF THE SCREEN THERE ARE BUTTONS FOR EACH
BUCKET / SAMPLE IN THE TEST. SIMPLY SELECT EACH CORE TO BE
CONVERTED AND FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN ABOVE.
ALL OF THE CORE SAMPLES MUST BE PROCESSED BEFORE

PROGRESSING TO DATA ANALYSIS. IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PROCESS
PART OF THE SAMPLES/DATA AND RESTART LATER. THEY MUST ALL BE
PROCESSED AND SAVED.
IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED TO “SAVE RESULTS” UPON COMPLETING

EACH CORE SAMPLE. AN OUTPUT FILE WILL ONLY BE CREATED FOR
THE CORES THAT HAVE BEEN OPENED AND EDITED. FAILURE TO SAVE
AN OUTPUT FILE COULD RESULT IN HAVING TO PERFORM THE
CONVERSION AGAIN STARTING FROM THE BEGINNING.
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Before the converted files can be saved you must select the File -> Configuration
pull down menu at the top of the page to display the “Output Files” Selection
window. The user must put checkmarks in the correct boxes with the mouse.
A check must be placed in the first box located in the “Output Files for Analysis”
section if the Converted data will be analyzed with the Coretest Systems, Inc.
Analysis program.
st nd
The boxes for “Produced Fluid. 1 (heavy) Phase”, “Produced Fluid, 2 (light)
Phase” and “Produced Fluid, Total” are only used with old software versions and
are NOT NEEDED in newer versions (from version 2 and up) of the program. Do
not put a check in these boxes.
In the upper portion of the “Output Files Selection” window the “Production vs.
Time”, “Production vs. Speed” and “All Phases Production vs. Speed and Time”
boxes create data text files that are optional. They are only needed if you are
NOT going to use the CentAA Analysis program to calculate your final Pc and Krel
data but rather plan to calculate them yourself.
If the final Capillary Pressure or Relative Permeability data will be calculated
manually or with a user supplied program (not the Coretest Systems, Inc. Cent AA
Data Analysis program), it is recommended that the check box for “All Phases
Production vs. Speed and Time” is checked at the very least. This will create a
Microsoft Excel compatible file that can be used in other software that is not
supplied by Coretest Systems, Inc.
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NOTE: If no boxes are checked the Conversion program will not be able to create
an output data file and will alert the user that an Output File must be selected.
Upon placing a check in the correct boxes Click OK.
Back at the Main screen it will now be necessary to to to the File -> Save Results
option to save the converted files. The following will be displayed.
BEFORE EXITING THIS SET OF DATA BE SURE ALL IMAGE DATA AND “Legacy
Analysis Header” INFORMATION IS CORRECT. IT IS MUCH EASIER TO FIX DATA
ENTRIES IN THE CONVERSION PROGRAM WHERE THE DATA IS LABELED.
AFTER THE CONVERSION PROGRAM THE RAW DATA IN THE .smo FILES WILL
HAVE TO BE EDITED IF SOMETHING IS WRONG.
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7.3.7 INTERFACE “Edge” SELECTION MODES WITH EXAMPLES AND CRITERIA
During image conversion it is important to be consistent in selecting the top

and bottom of the viewing window as well as the interface location in order to
get a smooth production in the final converted production data. This can be
accomplished by using the Data Conversion program to view ALL the
acquired images at first, then determine the quality of the data and the shape
of most interfaces. Also note the position of the viewing window endpoints
where they exit the bottom of the graph x-axis. Note the viewing window
endpoint that is farthest out and fix the endpoint at the last image to that
value. Following are examples of the major types of production data and the
proper interface selection technique.
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7.3.7.1 Air-Brine or Air-Transparent Oil Production
When there is a “floater” at the liquid interface it can be focused to create two
basic types of image files; a saturated interface that blocks light all the way
across the y-axis or an under-saturated possibly out of focus image that
creates a Peak at the interface enhancement floater.
In the case of an image that creates a Peak (under saturated) at the interface
enhancement “floater” or one that is slightly out of focus you must use the
edge-middle or EM or EME selection criterion. Place the YELLOW interface
line at the PEAK. If your interface touches the 0 light intensity line then the
program will grab the first 0 value from the left as the minimum value. That is
why it is important to make sure all images for all speeds either create a Peak
or come all the way down below zero on the x-axis. It is important to identify a
portion of the interface and window ends that will not fluctuate shape
significantly from image to image as the analysis proceeds. It is usually best
to view all speeds to select the window end where the line goes off the bottom
of the y-axis at its farthest extreme.
NOTE: It is recommended to adjust the image shape of ALL images so the

drop in light due to the interface floating disk are similar throughout the test.
The “floater” should either create Peaks at every speed or all should go
completely off the bottom of the screen for consistency.
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The saturated interface (no peak is formed at the interface) is one in which the
light is totally blocked at the air-brine or air-oil interface by a floating
enhancement. It is recommended to use the EME mode of selection in this
situation. The production during a Drainage test will move from left (bottom of
the viewing window) to right (top of the viewing window) as the experiment
progresses. It will move the opposite direction during an Imbibition test. It is
important to identify a portion of the interface and window ends that will not
fluctuate shape significantly from image to image as the analysis proceeds. It
is usually best to view all speeds to select the window end where the line goes
off the bottom of the y-axis at its farthest extreme. When there is no Peak
formed by the floater use the 2-edge selection technique. The program will
proceed to try and automatically select from the first selected interface to
another interface on the bottom of the air-liquid interface.
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7.3.7.2 Oil Displacing Brine Drainage Production
This can be performed using transparent or opaque oil. Both of these use a
three-interface selection criterion, however, these are of two different types.
When using transparent oil and an interface enhancement floater the edge-
middle-edge or EME selection criterion is suggested. It is virtually impossible
to float 2 enhancements on the collection vial as they have a tendency to stick
together at low productions. Therefore, we float one enhancement on the
brine-oil interface and fix the other lines as the top and bottom of the viewing
window. Then as the water is produced from the sample and moves away
from the center of the rotor we get a measure of production in the viewing
window. It is important to identify a portion of the interface and window ends
that will not fluctuate shape significantly from image to image as the analysis
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proceeds. It is usually best to view all speeds to select the window end where
the line goes off the bottom of the y-axis at its farthest extreme.
Drainage images using Opaque oil are analyzed using the 2-edge selection criterion.
Select the botom edge of the viewing window and the oil-water interface at the point
where the lines exit the bottom of the screen. It is important to identify a portion of
the interface and window that will not fluctuate shape significantly from image to
image as the analysis proceeds. It is usually best to view all speeds to select the
window end where the line goes off the bottom of the y-axis at its farthest extreme.
The water production will move the oil-brine interface from left to right as production
occurs.
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7.3.7.3 Brine Displacing Oil Imbibition Production:

There are two types of imbibition oil production; transparent and opaque.
Both of these use a three-interface selection criterion, however, these are of
two different types.
Transparent oil production requires the edge-middle-edge or EME selection

criterion. It is virtually impossible to float 2 enhancements on the collection
vial as they have a tendency to stick together at low productions. Therefore,
we float one enhancement on the brine-oil interface and fix the other interface
as the top of the viewing window. Then as the oil is produced from the
sample and moves toward the center of the rotor we get a measure of
production in the viewing window. It is important to identify a portion of the
interface and window ends that will not fluctuate shape significantly from
image to image as the analysis proceeds. It is usually best to view all speeds
to select the window end where the line goes off the bottom of the y-axis at its
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farthest extreme. As in the other selection techniques try to select vertical
portions of the interfaces and the program will select the middle interface as
the first 0 light value to the left.
Opaque oil production images are analyzed using the 3-edge selection
criterion. As in the other techniques use a low value on the bottom of the
viewing window (left side). In this case it is much more important to use a
very low value, as the produced oil moving from the core to the interface will
distort the image until production slows. It is important to identify a portion of
the interface and window ends that will not fluctuate shape significantly from
image to image as the analysis proceeds. It is usually best to view all speeds
to select the window end where the line goes off the bottom of the y-axis at its
farthest extreme. As you can see above we follow the same guidelines as in
the air-oil 3-edge position selection. The oil production will move the oil-brine
interface from right to left as production occurs.
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7.3.7.4 Air-Opaque Oil Production:

The air-opaque oil production involves putting a pre-volume of water in the
bottom of the collection vial and then monitoring the oil production to the right.
The image selection criterion used is the 3-edge mode. As before select the
the point where the window edge lines exit the bottom of the screen. Then
select a vertical portion on the brine-oil interface where it exits the bottom.
This will force the program to search around the image until it nears the 0
value as seen above. Select a value on the air-oil interface slightly higher
than the oil-brine interface as this will force the program to move to the upper
portion of the oil production. Be careful to use a value low enough to avoid
the distortion in the interface caused by the oil production moving down the
collection vial wall.
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7.3.8 Save output data
To configure output files use File->Configuration from the Main Dialog Menu.
Output File Selection dialog allows to specify output file names.
SEE SECTION 9 OF THIS MANUAL FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT FILES.
Be sure to check the top box of the “Output Files for Analysis” and set the filename if
the Coretest Systems, Inc. analysis program will be used.
If the data will be manipulated manually or with third party software select one of the
top options which will create an Excel compatible file.
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7.3.9 Legacy Analysis Header – VERY IMPORTANT
7.3.9.1 For MultiSpeed Capillary Pressure Tests

The “Legacy Header Analysis” screen MUST be filled out compltely with the correct
data before “Saving Results” and exiting the Conversion part of the CentAA program.
Failure to enter all the necessary informaiton in the correct boxes and in the correct
format will result in bad data or -100 to be saved in the skipped cells when the “.smo”
data file is Saved. These errors (especially -100 values) will cause the Analysis
program to crash and calculate bad data. Be sure to have good data in all the cells.
IMPORTANT: The “Initial Saturation, fraction” refers to the initial saturation of the
PRODUCED fluid for the test. So for a Drainage test (oil displacing water or gas
displacing liquid) the “Initial Saturation, fraction” should be the Water or Liquid
saturation just prior to loading the cores into the bucket assemblies. For an
Imbibition test (water displacing oil or liquid displacing gas) the “Initial Saturuation,
fraction” should be the Oil or Gas saturation just prior to loading the cores into the
bucket assemblies. Remember to enter the saturtion in FRACTIONAL format (less
than or equal to 1.000), not percent.
IMPORTANT: Notice the “Buckets” section at the lower right of the screen (numbered
squares). Be sure to select the bucket that you want to edit/verify and upon editing
everything for the sample in that bucket be sure to click on “Apply” before going to
another bucket. Failure to click on Apply may result in loss of the new data input. It
may revert back to the same data as the file was opened with. After editing all
buckets be sure to go back through each bucket screen and verify that the correct
data has been entered and Applied.
7-54
White Box at Top of Screen: This box should contain any information that will help
identifiy the test when viewing the data file in the
CentAA program or using a text viewer. It is
recommended to put the type of test (Drainage or
Imbibition), MultiSpeed or SingleSpeed, Sample ID’s,
Receiving tube size, and any other remarks about the
test that you want to save with the data. The same
information will be saved for ALL samples loaded into
this rotor for this run. It cannot be different for different
samples.
Sample ID: Enter any text used to identify the core sample in THIS BUCKET.
Remember to enter the correct Sample ID for the core
that is in each specific Bucket.
Sample Type: Enter SS for sandstone, LS for limestone.
Number of Buckets: This will be automatically filled in by the CentA Data Acquisition
program. Verify it is correct.
Number of Speeds: This will be automatically filled in by the CentA Data Acquisition
program. It is recommended that you verify this number
with the actual number of speeds that you ran. If this
value is incorrect it may mean the data has been
corrupted.
Distance to Bottom, cm: This is the Radius Of Rotation for the rotor that was used for
the test based on what the user selected during the
data acquisition part of the test. Always verify it is
correct. If the wrong rotor was selected at data
acquisition it can be corrected here in the Conversion
module.
Sample Length, cm: Be sure the correct sample length dimension is entered here in
centimeters.
Cross Section, sq.cm: Be sure the correct cross sectional area of the core sample is
entered here in square centimeters.
Intial Saturation, fraction: The “Initial Saturation, fraction” refers to the initial
saturation of the PRODUCED fluid for the upcoming
test. So for a Drainage test (oil displacing water or gas
displacing liquid) the “Initial Saturation, fraction” should
be the Water or Liquid saturation just prior to loading
the cores into the bucket assemblies. For an Imbibition
test (water displacing oil or liquid displacing gas) the
“Initial Saturuation, fraction” should be the Oil or Gas
saturation just prior to loading the cores into the bucket
assemblies. Remember to enter the saturtion in
FRACTIONAL format (less than or equal to 1.000), not
percent.
Sample Porosity, fraction: Be sure the correct sample porosity is entered here in
FRACTIONAL format (less than 1).
Permeability, mD: This value is not used in any of the capillary pressure calculations,
however, it is recommended to put a value in this box
7-55
for future reference. Usually a permeability to air or
Klinkenberg permeability is suitable.
Invading Fluid: This is the injected fluid description that was selected in the pull down
menu of the CentA Data Acquisition program. It should
be one of the following: Gas, Water, Oil-Clear, Oil-
Opaque. If it was entered incorrectly in the Data
Acquisition program it can be corrected to one of the
descriptions listed above.
IF Viscosity, cP: This should be the viscosity of the INJECTED fluid at test
temperature entered in centipoise units.
IF Density, g/cc: This should be the density of the INJECTED fluid at test temperature
entered in grams per cubic centimeter, g/cc.
Tension, Dynes/cm: This should be the Interfacial Tension between the two fluids in
the test reported in Dynes/cm. Even if this value has
not been measured it is REQUIRED TO PUT A VALUE
IN THIS BOX. Accepted values for laboratory oils, air
and brines are as follows: Gas/Water=72,
Oil/Water=20.
Produced Fluid: This is the name of the fluid that is being displaced from the core
sample. It should be one of the following: Gas, Water,
Oil-Clear, Oil-Opaque. If it was entered incorrectly in
the Data Acquisition program it can be corrected to one
of the descriptions listed above.
PF Viscosity, cP: This should be the viscosity of the PRODUCED fluid at test
temperature entered in centipoise units.
PF Density, g/cc: This should be the density of the PRODUCED fluid at test
temperature entered in grams per cubic centimeter,
g/cc.
Produced Fluid, 0=water, 1=oil: This entry should have been entered correctly from
the Data Acquisition program. If it is a Drainage test it
should equal 0 for water being Produced Fluid. If it is
an Imbibition test it should be equal to 1 for oil being the
Produced Fluid. If the Produced fluid is Gas, set the
value to 1.
Produced Phase Permeability at the initial saturation, mD: If the permeability to the
fluid in the core that will be Produced in the upcoming
test was measured just prior to this test, enter the
permeability here. For example: If it is a Drainage test
with oil/water, enter a liquid permeability to Water just
before the test in this box. If no liquid permeability was
measured just enter the same value as was entered for
the Permeability, mD above. This value is not used for
any calculations during the Capillary Pressure test.
Vial Length, cm: Leave it set to the defaut value of 3.600. This value is not used.
Vial Area, sq. cm: Leave it set to the default value of 8.553. This value is not used.
7.3.9.2 For Single Speed Relative Permeability Tests

7-56
The “Legacy Analysis Header” information for Single Speed tests intended to be used
for Relative Permeability calculations require a little more attention to detail and the
Saturation and Permeability entries must be entered specific to the type of test being
performed.
Use the description above for the MultiSpeed tests for basic understanding of the
entries. The entries specific to Relative Permeability single speed tests are as
follows:
Initial Saturation, fraction: Must be the PRODUCED fluid saturation at the

beginning of the test.
Imbibition, oil/water: initial oil saturation in fraction format (usually
0.7 to 0.9)
Drainage, oil/water: initial water saturation in fraction format
(usually 1.00 or 0.1 to 0.35 depending on
cycle and initial saturation)
Permeability, mD: The correct value to put in this box depends on the upcoming
centrifuge single speed test. If the upcoming single speed test is
oil/water Drainage or Imbibition the correct value for this box
should be the Ko @ Swir after the first cycle drainage multi-speed
Pc test. (base or reference permeability) This permeability must
be measured outside the centrifuge in a coreholder and flow
system (not included with URC-628) being careful to remain at a
differential pressure less than the maximum Pc pressure
developed in the centrifuge.
Produced Phase Permeability at the initial saturation, mD: The permeability to the
fluid in the core that will be Produced in the upcoming test must
be measured outside the centrifuge in a coreholder and flow
system (not included with URC-628). If the upcoming single
speed test is oil/water Drainage (to define Krw curve) the correct
value for this box should be the Kw @ Sor after the second cycle
Imbibition MultiSpeed Pc test. If the upcoming single speed test
is oil/water Imbibition (to define Kro curve) the correct value for
this box should be the Ko @ Swir after the first cycle drainage
multi-speed Pc test.
IMPORTANT: The flowing permeability measurements MUST BE MADE AT

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURES LESS THAN THE MAXIMUM
DISPLACEMENT PRESSURE THAT WAS USED IN THE
CENTRIFUGE TO GET THE SAMPLE TO THE CURRENT
SATURATION VALUES. FOR EXAMPLE: IF THE MULTISPEED
DRAINAGE Pc TEST PUT 6 PSI ACROSS THE CORE SAMPLE AT
THE MAXIMUM RPM THE CORE MUST BE UNLOADED FROM THE
CENTRIFUGE, WEIGHED AND LOADED INTO A COREHOLDER.
SINCE OIL IS THE MOBILE PHASE AFTER A DRAINAGE TEST,
THE SAME OIL MUST BE FLOWED THROUGH THE CORE SAMPLE
AT A RATE THAT CREATES LESS THAN 6 PSI (max dP from
previous centrifuge test) ACROSS THE CORE SAMPLE. WHILE
7-57
FLOWING MEASURE ALL NECESSARY PARAMETERS TO
CALCULATE PERMEABILITY TO THAT OIL AT THAT
TEMPERATURE WHILE AT THAT SATURATION.
IMPORTANT: CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO KEEP THE SATURATION OF THE

CORE THE SAME AS IT WAS AT THE END OF THE CENTRIFUGE
TEST SO BE SURE TO WEIGH IT BEFORE AND AFTER THE
FLOWING PERMEABILITY TESTS.
7-58
Screen below is for single speed DRAINAGE tests.
Screen below is for single speed IMBIBITION tests.

7-59
7.3.10 Conversion Quick Checklist

1) Start CentAA then Data Conversion.
2) Open .daq file.
3) Verify “Legacy Header Analysis” screen for accuracy. Fix if necessary. Click on Apply when
done with each bucket/sample to be tested.
4) Verify the “Legacy Header Analysis” for each sample for accuracy.
5) Verify the ml/pixel value. Edit if necessary.
6) Delete the bad images in the beginning of the first speed.
7) View image shapes for all speeds in test to determine if the Image Processing slider bars
need to be used to smooth the image data so the Auto selection routine will work better.
8) Upon determining the speed with the worst image shapes, use the Image Processing slider
bars to make the images as smooth as possible with peaks that are formed good and reach
down close to the bottom of the y-axis for the speed that has the longest peaks normally.
Do not cause the peaks to flatten out at the bottom.
9) It may be necessary to go through the beginning of each speed and delete some bad
images that will usually show up each time the speed changes.
10) Determine the best image selection Edge Mode to use. Usually EME for oil/water clear
fluids.
11) Go to the LAST IMAGE of the set with the double arrow pointing to the right.
12) Determine the widest window values for all speeds and set the outer red and blue Edge
selection lines on those window endpoint values.
13) Insure the center yellow Edge selector line is at the center of the peak.
14) Fix that last image.
15) Change to Cumulative Mode by clicking on the multiple line icon. Then click Start (green
arrow icon) to start the Auto Edge Selection process.
16) Process all the images to create a smooth cumulative curve at each speed. This may take
some time depending on the image quality during the test.
17) Select File then Set Output File and select “Output Files for Analysis” if the data will be
analyzed by the Coretest Systems, Inc. Analysis program. If you are using your own
analysis program select one or more of the ASCII spreadsheet files above the “Output Files
for Analysis” section.
18) Use the Browse button to set the folder to save data into.
19) Go to the File pull down menu and select Save Results. It is recommended to do this after
each core/bucket image set is processed to create the smooth cumulative production
curve. The program will only save the data for the core/bucket that has been analyzed. If
you fail to save the data and for any reason the program crashes or the computer power is
shut down by accident you will have to start over again from the beginning. That is why it
is recommended to save when you finish each core/bucket instead of waiting until they
are all done to Save Rusults.
20) Save Results for all core/buckets that were tested.
8-1
8 CORE TESTING PROCEDURES, STEP-BY-STEP
8.1 MULTI-SPEED DRAINAGE TEST USING A STANDARD ROTOR

8.1.1 STARTING THE URC-628 SYSTEM
1. Turn ON the URC-628 by flipping the power switch on the right side UP.
2. Turn ON the power strip located on the shelf behind the centrifuge. Insure both light
sources power switches are in the ON position.
8-2
3. From the front of the centrifuge, just to the left of the main control panel there is a small
control panel for the heater controller, rotor temperature sensor display and manual
strobe. At the small panel be sure the Main power switch is ON, in the up position and
the large digital display is ON reading the infrared temperature sensor.
4. If not using heat, leave the temperature controller power switch OFF.
5. Be sure the power strip for the computer and monitor is ON.
6. Turn ON the computer monitor.
7. Turn ON the computer.
8. Start the CentA program.
9. When the CentA program starts, after about 10 seconds, be sure the Rotor
Temperature on the computer display matches the temperature at the digital display of
the small control panel on the centrifuge. If not, Exit the CentA program, check all cable
connections and restart the CentA program. The CentA program must read and display
the rotor temperature that is displayed at the large digital meter located in the small
control panel on the centrifuge before proceeding. If the temperature on the main
screen does not update exit out of CentA completely, even the start screen and restart
the program.
10. If you get the Centrifuge Not Responding error message exit out of CentA completely,
even the start screen and restart the program.
11. Allow the centrifuge to warm up for at least 30 minutes before use.
8-3
8.1.2 PREPARING FOR MULTI-SPEED OIL DISPLACING WATER “DRAINAGE”

OVERVIEW: Use a Standard, “Drainage”, rotor to run a multispeed test on core samples using
the CentA Data Acquisition program.
The CentA program collects speed and receiving tube line camera image data for all test cores
and saves the centrifuge speeds and images of the volumetric receiving tubes into a “xxx.daq”
binary file that will need to be Converted to volumetric information after the physical test in the
centrifuge. CentAA is a program used to convert and optionally analyze the data files saved by
CentA. The CentAA Conversion module will be used to convert the binary images from the
CentA program to text files and create “xxx_bk1.smo” “xxx_bk2.smo”, etc. files for each core
sample. The .smo files will contain speed, pressure and volumetric (fractional displaced phase)
data from the test that will need to be Analyzed. The optional CentAA Analysis module is used
to calculate the final Capillary Pressure data from multi-speed tests and Relative Permeability
from Single Speed tests. Final report quality Graphs and Tabular Data reports are not directly
created by the CentAA program. Final reports can be created by the user from the text files
created by the optional CentAA Analysis module. Microsoft Excel or virtually any spreadsheet
program capable of reading text files can be used to create tabular and graphical reports.
Actual report quality data and graphs are not included with the CentAA program.
8-4
8.1.3 COLLECTING THE SAMPLE AND FLUID DATA NECESSARY FOR A TEST
1. For each core to be tested the following must be known prior to starting the test:
a. Length, cm (for each core to be loaded)
b. Diameter, cm (calculate Area, cm2) (for each core to be loaded)
c. Dry Weight, g (for each core to be loaded)
d. Permeability to Air or Klinkenburg Permeability (for each core to be loaded)
e. Pore Volume / Porosity (for each core to be loaded)
f. Beginning saturated weight, g (for each core to be loaded)
g. Beginning saturation(s). Normally start at 100% brine for restored state
samples. (for each core to be loaded)
h. Density of fluid that will be produced from the core at test temperature
i. Density of fluid that will be injected into the core at test temperature
j. Viscosity of the injected and produced fluids are also required, but not used in a
multi-speed capillary pressure test.
NOTE: Microsoft Excel spreadsheet files are supplied with the CentA program (“URC Prelim
Data Input Sheet.xls” and “URC Prelim CENTRIFUGE_SIMULATOR with Initial Pce and Time
at RPM-4.xls”) as an example of what data and calculations are necessary throughout the test
sequences. This spreadsheet is meant as an example so caution must be exercised when
using these spreadsheets as Coretest Systems, Inc. cannot be held liable for any errors or
problems that may result from the use of these “example” spreadsheets.
2. Enter the required core and fluid data into a Excel data sheet for reference during and
after the tests. It is important to keep track of sample weights before and after
each spin test so the core average saturation can be verified using material balance
calculations. These average saturations can be used to verify the saturations calculated
by the CentAA Analysis program.
8-5
8-6
3. Go to the CentA data acquisition program and pull down the “Setup” menu item at the
top of the screen.
4. Then select Test Setup. The “Test Procedure” tab will be displayed first, see below.
8-7
Then select the “Test Conditions” tab (shown below).
IMPORTANT: When you view this screen be sure to notice if the “Distance to the Core end
cm” is correct for the rotor being used. If not, return to the “Test Procedure” screen and select
the correct rotor for the upcoming test (or use the “Rotor Type” pull down if you know the
correct description of the rotor to be used). Standard rotor “Distance to the Core end cm” are
shown below.
STANDARD Radius of
"Drainage" Rotation
Rotors cm
PIR-120 8.664 1.00" Core Samples
PIR-121 9.629 30mm Core Samples
PIR-123 8.019 1.00" Overburden Core Samples
INVERTED Radius of
"Imbibition" Rotation
Rotors cm
IMPORTANT: Be sure to enter the correct “Pixel Coeff., ml/pixel” value for the receiving tube
being used in this test. The Analysis program uses this entry to calculate the produced volume
from the core sample. This value must be correct for correct volumes.
The Vial length and diameters can be left at their default values.
8-8
Then select the “Sample” tab (shown below).
Enter the necessary Core Sample information for all samples to be tested. Use the data
entered in the Excel Sample Data Sheet prior to starting the CentA data acquisition program.
NOTE: The Permeability entered here is usually the permeability to the mobile fluid that is in
the pores at the beginning or the test (or a Klinkenburg permeability to gas). The entry can be
edited in the Conversion program if necessary.
NOTE: DRAINAGE tests (run in the STANDARD rotor assembly) will result in data for the
PRODUCED FLUID which in this case will be brine. During a water/oil drainage test the water
saturation will begin high and will become less as the oil saturation in the core increases.
Note the “Initial Saturation, fraction” is the beginning PRODUCED FLUID saturation in the core.
In this case it was the 100% brine saturation entered in fractional format, 1.0. This entry is
important as it will be used by the Analysis program to calculate saturations. Also note that
saturations MUST BE INPUT IN FRACTIONAL FORMAT (less than or equal to 1), NOT
PERCENT.
8-9
5. Click on the “Fluids” tab and enter all the necessary fluid information in that window.
Use the data entered in the Excel Sample Data Sheet prior to starting the CentA data
acquisition program.
Notice the Density and Viscosity entries when the Standard rotor is used. The Injected phase is
less dense than the Mobile phase.
Entering a “Surface Tension, Dynes/cm” IS REQUIRED. If there is no entry here the Analysis
program will not calculate. Recommended average values are shown below.
Average Surface Tension for Oil/Brine = 20 to 25

Average Surface Tension for Air/Brine = 72
8-10
8.1.4 SELECTING THE CORRECT VOLUMETRIC RECEIVING TUBES TO USE

NOTE: After completing the core and fluid data in your spreadsheet and entering this
information into the CentA data acquisition program you can determine the correct receiving
tube volume to use for the test based on the core sample with the largest pore volume.
1. Determine the core with the largest pore volume.

2. For the largest pore volume core sample determine the “displaced fluid” internal pore
volume. Multiply the maximum displaced fluid volume by 0.8 (80%) and use that volume
to select the correct volumetric receiving tubes to use from the “Camera Useable
Volume” column below for all core samples in the upcoming test.
Strobe Useable Camera Useable Volume
Volume (select one that is greater than 80% of PRODUCED fluid pore
(common name of volume)
tubes)
1 ml 0.8 ml
2 ml 1.6 ml
3 ml 2.4 ml
4 ml 3.2 ml
6 ml 5 ml
12 ml 10 ml
23 ml 18.5 ml
In the CentA data acquisition program go to the “Setup -> Test Setup -> Test Conditions” tab.
Use the pull down menu next to “Vial Type” to select the correct tube volume based on the
Strobe Volume terminology. Example: If the largest pore volume core has 8cc displaced phase
pore volume, use 12ml(strobe) = 10 ml(camera) receiving tubes for all three samples.
While on this screen be sure to enter the correct “Pixel Coeff., ml/pixel) for each Bucket at the
bottom of the screen.
Vial Length and Diameter can be left at the default values.
8-11
8.1.5 DETERMINING TEST PROCEDURE PARAMETERS (speeds, run time)

Use the supplied Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (current filename: “URC Prelim
CENTRIFUGE_SIMULATOR with Initial Pce and Time at RPM-4.xls” referred to as
SIMULATOR spreadsheet in the following text:
1. First, estimate the Entry Pressure (Pce) for the highest permeability core in the
upcoming test. This will require knowing the selected rotor Radius of Rotation, fluid
density, core permeability, core porosity and core dimensions. Then use the Pce to
determine the starting RPM to run the test.
A. Select the highest permeability core to be tested in this run and enter its data
into the SIMULATOR spreadsheet.
B. Go to the “Test Setup-Speed and Pce” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet
(shown above). Correct values must be entered into ALL YELLOW CELLS for
the spreadsheet to be used correctly. The “Speed” value in cell C19 will be the
last entry made after determining the Estimated Entry Pressure for the highest
permeability core in the upcoming test.
C. Enter the correct Rotor # in yellow cell C13. Use the green section of the
spreadsheet to select the “Rotor #” (1, 2, 3, 4). This will define the correct
“Rotation radius” for the calculations.
D. Enter the correct core and fluid information in ALL THE YELLOW CELLS. IFT
(interfacial tension) suggestions: Air/Water=72, Mineral-Oil/Water=20.
8-12
E. Place an asterisk (*) in only one of the yellow cells near the bottom of the
worksheet that defines the type of rock you are testing. This will define the
Leverett -J Factor (Je) value that will be used in the Pce calculations.
F. Upon entering correct data into all the yellow cells (except ‘Speed’ in C19) read
the “Estimated Entry Pressure, Pce, psi” and the “RPM for Estimated Entry
Pressure” in cells D28 and D29. These will define the lowest speed to run to
create the pressure across the core that corresponds to the calculated Estimated
Entry Pressure for this core sample. This is not an exact number, only an
estimate.
G. Go to cell C19 and enter an RPM that is slightly less than the value in cell D29
(round the value to nearest 10 RPM) for “RPM for Estimated Entry Pressure”.
This RPM value must be greater than the lowest starting speed for your
centrifuge, usually greater than 500 RPM. Remember that any speeds less than
1000 RPM require use of the “Low Speed Stabilizer” for all speeds up to 1000
RPM. If the RPM is less than 500 the core should be tested in a Low Speed
centrifuge instead of this Ultra-High speed centrifuge.
2. Estimate run time at lowest speed for 95 to 99 percent displaced phase production
A. Be sure you have the correct RPM for the first speed to use entered in cell C19 of the
“Test Setup-Speed and Pce” tab.
B. Go to the “Run Time” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet.
C. Verify the values at the top of the sheet under DATA FROM “Test Setup Speed and
Pce”. If anything is wrong it must be corrected on the “Test Setup Speed and Pce”
tab, not the “Run Time” tab.
D. When the core and fluid data is verified you must make a judgment about the
wettability characteristics of the core to be tested unless you have actual data to
8-13
verify the wettability of the cores. Most sandstone reservoirs will be “Intermediate to
Water Wet”, so if your core is sandstone you can be reasonably confident that the
(hr:min:sec) times in cells D13 and D18 are the correct values to use. To insure
most accurate results the Run Times for 99% Production should be utilized,
however, the 95% Production times will result in adequate results for most tests. It
is recommended to use a Run Time that is at least equal to the 95% Production time
for the correct core wettability and less than the 99% Production time.
E. Decide on a Run Time value to use (hr:min) and this time will be used for EACH
speed in the upcoming test.
3. Determine the speeds (RPM) to run for good capillary pressure curve definition.
Minimum 6 speeds, 10 or more is recommended.
A. Go to the “Speeds to Select From” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet. This tab
relies on the data entered in the first tab (Test Setup-Speed and Pce) so be sure all
the core and fluid data is on that tab is correct before proceeding.
B. The “Speeds to Select From” tab has exponentially spaced speeds to select from
that will result in better definition of the Capillary Pressure curve than using linear
speed steps.
C. Since this is a Drainage test you will use the columns E & F under DRAINAGE
ROTOR. Notice that column D has some red arrows () showing next to some of
the possible speeds in column E. These red arrows correspond to the speeds that
are above the lowest speed you selected in the first tab but stop below the maximum
speed that can be run in the selected rotor. It is recommended to select the lowest
speed with an arrow then select every other speed moving down the chart to the
maximum speed that you wish to run for these core samples.
8-14
NOTE: The maximum speed to run is not completely based on getting to a maximum pressure
that is possible. You will find that based on the degree of consolidation or presence of weak
structures such as fractures or stylolite’s, some cores will not survive above certain speeds
without breaking inside the bucket and becoming unusable. The ability to determine the
maximum speed to run is a factor of experience and luck. There are no definite rules that will
define the maximum speed to run. You will simply have to use your best judgment and begin a
trial and error procedure. With time you will be able to better determine a maximum speed for
certain rock types or formations.
8-15
D. Go to the CentA program and pull down the top “Setup” pull down menu item.
Select “Test Setup”.
The Test Setup window will appear. Select the “Test Procedure” tab as shown below.
E. Click on the correct rotor that was selected in the SIMULATOR spreadsheet, “Test
Setup-Speed and Pce” tab. If using a confining rotor be sure to put a X in the box
next to the “Confining Rotor” text.
F. If you have not previously saved a Test Setup that can be Loaded, Select the first
“Speed,RPM” cell and enter the lowest speed for the test as determined in the first
tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet, “Test Setup-Speed and Pce”, cell C19.
G. Select the next cell down and start entering the Speeds that were selected on the
“Speeds to Select From” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet. Enter all test speeds
for the upcoming test.
H. In the Time, “hh:mm” column of the Test Setup window enter the Run Time
determined from the “Run Time” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet.
8-16
I. Highlight the Run Time you just entered and press the Ctrl-C keys together to copy
that into memory.
J. Select the next cell in the Run Time column and press Ctrl-V to paste the previously
copied time into the cell. Select each Run Tim cell that has a speed next to it and
paste the same Run Time into each cell.
K. Click on the Save Test Setup button and save the test setup information into a file
name that corresponds to the same name that will be used for the upcoming core
test.
L. Now go to the first Run Time cell and change it to read 00:03 (3 minutes). Copy that
cell into all the other Run Time cells so all read 3 minutes. Click on the Save Test
Setup button again and this time save the setup using the same name as before
only add “–prevol” to the end of the filename to designate a pre-volume test.
M. Select the “Test Conditions” tab.
The Rotor Type should already be correct if you clicked on the correct Rotor Icon on
the Test Procedure tab. Verify that the “Distance to the Core end, cm” is correct
before proceeding. Compare to the values in the SIMULATOR spreadsheet to verify
you have the correct rotor selected.
Use the “Vial Type” pull down to select the correct receiving tube volume that
corresponds to the tube labels shown in the “Strobe Volume” column of the table
below. Remember to use the receiving tube volume label that corresponds to the
actual Camera Useable Volume that was determined above in the section titled
“SELECTING THE CORRECT VOLUMETRIC RECEIVING TUBES TO USE”.
N. The “Vial Length” and “Vial Diameter” values do not need to be edited. Leave them
at their default values of 3.600 and 3.300 respectively.
O. Enter the correct “Pixel Coeff., ml/pixel” for the selected receiving tube in all Buckets
that are available to enter data.
8-17
8.1.6 RUN A “PRE-VOLUME” TEST BEFORE EVERY CORE SAMPLE TEST

1. Always run a “pre-volume” test without core samples loaded in the rotor to verify that the
camera is set up correctly and will not require additional adjustments while running the
core tests. If the STANDARD/DRAINAGE rotor is used this “pre-volume” is also
necessary to aid in determining the starting volume in the volumetric receiving tube
before starting the core test. Always use the AutoRun option during a Drainage
Prevolume with the run times at each predetermined speed set to 3 to 5 minutes. Save
data during a STANDARD/DRAINAGE “pre-volume” test so it can be recalled in the
Conversion program and used to verify pre-volume information after the core is run.
2. It is not necessary to save any pre-volume data prior to Imbibition (inverted) tests, only
for Drainage (Standard rotor) tests.
3. If two clear fluids will be used (clear oil, air, water), be sure to place a floater in the
plastic volumetric receiving tube then assemble the body and lower receiving tubes that
will be used in the upcoming test but do not put any internal components into the core
sample area of the bucket.
4. Filling the receiving tubes with the brine for the prevolume:
When using clear fluids and a floater: Select one tube/body assembly and place it into
the bucket (part that screws into the rotor). Be sure the body assembly is pushed down
completely (until the o-ring seal pops down inside the bucket). Hold the
body/tube/bucket assembly up so you can see through the window of the bucket and
use a syringe and long needle to inject brine (same brine that will be used in upcoming
core test) until the bottom of the floater is a minimum of 1 millimeter above the curvature
in the bottom of the receiving tube. The bottom of the floater must be above any
irregularity in the plastic receiving tube that would refract light.
When using water and opaque oil: Select one tube/body assembly and place it into the
bucket (cup part that screws into the rotor). Be sure the body assembly is pushed down
completely (until the o-ring seal pops down inside the bucket). Hold the
body/tube/bucket assembly up so you can see through the window of the bucket and
use a syringe and long needle to inject brine (same brine that will be used in upcoming
core test) until the lowest part of the brine interface is a minimum of 1 millimeter above
the curvature in the bottom of the receiving tube. The lowest tails of the interface must
be above any irregularity in the plastic receiving tube that would refract light.
5. Place that filled assembly on the balance with all bucket components that will be used in
the pre-volume test (tube/body/cap/seal screw) and tare out the weight to equal ZERO.
Remove the filled assembly and place in the storage tray/rack.
6. Repeat step 4 above for the remaining core/bucket assemblies to match the weight of
the first one within +/- 0.05 grams.
7. After entering all the information about speeds, cores and fluids for the upcoming test
into the CentA program the assembled buckets/rotor can be placed into the centrifuge
and the AutoRun mode can be used to run each speed for 3 to 5 minutes to insure good
camera position and focus while obtaining the starting volume of brine in each receiving
tube.
8. After the Prevolume test the Drainage buckets can be removed from the rotor but
should not be taken apart. Only remove the top seal cap and screw leaving the
prevolume water undisturbed in the bottom transparent plastic receiving tube.
9. After running the Prevolume test for a drainage experiment it is imperative that the “pre-
volume” water in each bucket does not get changed prior to running the core samples in
the buckets. So, if performing an oil/water test, before loading the core sample the
8-18
bottom receiving tube and area above the receiving tube must be filled with oil using a
syringe needle through the center hole of the upper core sample cavity to get as much
air out of the bottom receiving tube area of the assembly as possible.
10. The next step will be to load the core samples for the actual test into the bucket
assemblies and match weights.
8-19
8.1.7 RUN THE CORE SAMPLE TEST

1. Return to the CentA main screen and again use the top pull down menu to select
“Setup->Test Setup->
And be sure you are on the “Test Procedure” tab as shown below.
2. Click on “Load Test Setup” and select the one that was saved before the –prevolume
was added to the end of the file name. This will be the setup that has the desired long
run times at each speed step.
3. Return to the “Test Conditions” tab and insure all the entered information is still correct
for the upcoming core test.
4. Return to the “Sample” tab and insure all the entered information is still correct for the
upcoming core test.
5. Return to the “Fluids” tab and insure all the entered information is still correct for the
upcoming core test.
6. Each pre-volume tested bucket assembly must now be prepared and core samples
loaded. Leave the water in the bottom receiving tube area and fill a syringe with the
SAME oil that will be used to displace the water from the core sample. Put a needle at
least 6 inches long on the syringe. Needle must be small enough to be inserted through
8-20
the hole in the bottom of the upper sample chamber that connects to the volumetric
receiving tube area.
7. DETERMINE THE BUCKET THAT WILL CONTAIN THE HEAVIEST CORE SAMPLE.
START WITH THAT BUCKET AND SAMPLE. ALL SUBSEQUENT BUCKET AND
CORE ASSEMBLIES WILL BE BROUGHT UP TO MATCH THE WEIGHT OF THIS
HEAVIEST ASSEMBLY/CORE.
8. Insert the needle into the center hole of the upper core area of the drainage bucket and
fill the lower area with the oil. Try to get as much gas out as possible. Usually a small
gas bubble will remain at top of bottom section. Insert oil until a small puddle remains in
the upper core section.
9. Place the core Cone Platform into the upper core section with the grooves up.
10. Use the syringe/needle to fill the cone platform area with oil so there are no bubbles. Fill
until about 1 millimeter of oil above the grooves of the platform.
11. Insert the screen.
12. Insert the rubber perforated pad.
13. Carefully insert the core sample.
14. Fill the area around the core sample with oil until just below the o-ring seal area.
15. Screw the top cap on without the center seal screw installed.
16. Fill the top of the bucket assembly with oil using the syringe/needle. Leave an air cap
about 2 to 3 millimeters down from the top.
17. Make sure the oring on the center seal screw is in good condition and install the center
seal screw. Tighten until the oring squeezes to about the diameter of the groove. Not
too tight.
18. Wipe off any excess fluids on the outside of the bucket assembly.
19. Place this bucket assembly and its rotor bucket holder on the weighing balance.
20. Zero the balance so this will be the weight that the next assemblies will be matched to.
21. Repeat steps 8 through 19 above to match all core and bucket assemblies to the
heaviest one within +/- 0.05 grams.
22. Screw the buckets into the rotor and place the rotor into the centrifuge, press the
Vacuum button at the centrifuge control panel to start the vacuum.
23. Be sure the software is in “AutoRun” mode and all parameters for the test are entered
and verified.
24. Click on the green arrow to start the test. The centrifuge will start rotating at the first
programmed speed.
25. Allow the test to complete.
26. Remove vacuum and the rotor from the centrifuge.
27. Unload the core samples and carefully WEIGH each core sample using a proper wipe
off technique.
28. Document the WEIGHT on the Test Data Sheet spreadsheet to calculate the final
average saturation that will be used for quality control of the Analyzed data set.
8-21
8.2 MULTI-SPEED IMBIBITION TEST USING AN INVERTED ROTOR

2. Turn ON the power strip located on the shelf behind the centrifuge. Insure both light sources
power switches are in the ON position.
8-22
control panel for the heater controller, rotor temperature sensor display and manual strobe. At
the small panel be sure the Main power switch is ON, in the up position and the large digital
display is ON reading the infrared temperature sensor.
9. When the CentA program starts, after about 10 seconds, be sure the Rotor Temperature on the
computer display matches the temperature at the digital display of the small control panel on
the centrifuge. If not, Exit the CentA program, check all cable connections and restart the CentA
program. The CentA program must read and display the rotor temperature that is displayed at
the large digital meter located in the small control panel on the centrifuge before proceeding. If
the temperature on the main screen does not update exit out of CentA completely, even the
start screen and restart the program.
10. If you get the Centrifuge Not Responding error message exit out of CentA completely, even the
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8.2.2 PREPARING FOR MULTI-SPEED WATER DISPLACING OIL “IMBIBITION”

OVERVIEW: Use a Inverted, “Imbibition”, rotor to run a multispeed test on core samples using
PHOTO OF 1” AND 1.5” INVERTED ROTORS
g. Beginning saturation(s). Normally start at 100% brine for restored state samples. (for
each core to be loaded)
j. Viscosity of the injected and produced fluids are also required, but not used in a multi-
speed capillary pressure test.
NOTE: Microsoft Excel spreadsheet files are supplied with the CentA program
(“URC Prelim Data Input Sheet.xls” and “URC CENTRIFUGE_SIMULATOR with
Initial Pce and Time at RPM-5.xls”) as an example of what data and calculations
are necessary throughout the test sequences. This spreadsheet is meant as an
example so caution must be exercised when using these spreadsheets as
8-24
Coretest Systems, Inc. cannot be held liable for any errors or problems that may
result from the use of these “example” spreadsheets.
7. Enter the required core and fluid data into a Excel data sheet for reference during and after the
tests. It is important to keep track of sample weights before and after each spin test so the
core average saturation can be verified using material balance calculations. These average
saturations can be used to verify the saturations calculated by the CentAA Analysis program.
8-25
8. Go to the CentA data acquisition program and pull down the “Setup” menu item at the top of
the screen.
For Inverted
“Imbibition” tests select
one of the INVERTED
rotor assemblies.
8-26
IMPORTANT: When you view this screen be sure to notice if the “Distance to the Core end cm”
is correct for the rotor being used. If not, return to the “Test Procedure” screen and select the
correct rotor for the upcoming test (or use the “Rotor Type” pull down if you know the correct
description of the rotor to be used). Standard rotor “Distance to the Core end cm” are shown
below.
STANDARD Radius of
"Drainage" Rotation
Rotors cm
INVERTED Radius of
Rotors cm
8-27
8-28
Enter the necessary Core Sample information for all samples to be tested. Use the data entered
in the Excel Sample Data Sheet prior to starting the CentA data acquisition program.
the pores at the beginning of the test (or a Klinkenburg permeability to gas). The entry can be
NOTE: IMBIBITION tests (run in the INVERTED rotor assembly) will result in data for the
PRODUCED FLUID which in this case will be oil. During a water/oil imbibition test the oil
saturation will begin high and will become less as the water saturation in the core increases.
Note the “Initial Saturation, fraction” is the beginning PRODUCED FLUID saturation in the core.
In this case it was the 1-Swir from the previous spin in the Standard “Drainage” buckets. This
entry is important as it will be used by the Analysis program to calculate saturations. Also note
that saturations MUST BE INPUT IN FRACTIONAL FORMAT (less than 1), NOT PERCENT.
8-29
10. Click on the “Fluids” tab and enter all the necessary fluid information in that window. Use the
data entered in the Excel Sample Data Sheet prior to starting the CentA data acquisition
program.
For a water/oil imbibition test the Produced (“Mobile”) phase is OIL. The Injected Phase will be
WATER. The Immobile Phase at the end of the test will be OIL.
Enter the correct fluid Densities and Viscosities at the test temperature.

8-30

information into the CentA data acquisition program you can determine the correct
receiving tube volume to use for the test based on the core sample with the largest pore
volume.

2. For the largest pore volume core sample determine the “displaced fluid” internal pore volume.
Multiply the maximum displaced fluid volume by 0.8 (80%) and use that volume to select the
correct volumetric receiving tubes to use from the “Camera Useable Volume” column below for
all core samples in the upcoming test.

Volume (select one that is greater than 80% of PRODUCED fluid pore
tubes)
1 ml 0.8 ml
2 ml 1.6 ml
3 ml 2.4 ml
4 ml 3.2 ml
6 ml 5 ml
12 ml 10 ml
23 ml 18.5 ml
In the CentA data acquisition program go to the “Setup -> Test Setup -> Test
Conditions” tab.
Use the pull down menu next to “Vial Type” to select the correct tube volume based on
the Strobe Volume terminology. Example: If the largest pore volume core has 8cc
displaced phase pore volume, use 12ml(strobe) = 10 ml(camera) receiving tubes for all
three samples.
While on this screen be sure to enter the correct “Pixel Coeff., ml/pixel) for each Bucket
at the bottom of the screen.
8-31
NOTE: It is important to start the Imbibition test at the same desaturation pressure as was used
in the drainage test to get to Swir. Since the geometry of the core sample in relation to the
center of the rotor is different for the INVERTED rotor it will require a different RPM to obtain
the same starting desaturation pressure as was used in the beginning of the STANDARD
drainage test. In the above spreadsheet, two cells down from the Estimated Entry Pressure the
starting RPM to use is calculated for you.
4. Use the same entries that were entered into this spreadsheet for the first Drainage test. The
estimated Entry Pressure (Pce) for the highest permeability core in the upcoming test should
still be calculated.
A. Select the highest permeability core to be tested in this run and enter its data into the
SIMULATOR spreadsheet.
B. Go to the “Test Setup-Speed and Pce” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet (shown above).
Correct values must be entered into ALL YELLOW CELLS for the spreadsheet to be used
correctly. The “Speed” value in cell C19 will be the last entry made after determining the
Estimated Entry Pressure for the highest permeability core in the upcoming test.
8-32
C. Leave the correct DRAINAGE Rotor # in yellow cell C13. Use the green section of the
spreadsheet to select the “Rotor #” (1, 2, 3, 4). This will define the correct “Rotation
radius” for the Pce calculations during the previous drainage test that started at 100% brine
saturation. The Imbibition RPMs to use will also be shown on the “Speeds to Select From”
tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet, discussed later. This step and the following steps
should already be entered during the first Drainage test that started at 100% brine
saturation. It is only repeated here to verify the correct entries have been input.
D. Enter the correct core and fluid information in ALL THE YELLOW CELLS. IFT (interfacial
tension) suggestions: Air/Water=72, Mineral-Oil/Water=20.
E. Place an asterisk (*) in only one of the yellow cells near the bottom of the worksheet that
defines the type of rock you are testing. This will define the Leverett -J Factor (Je) value
that will be used in the Pce calculations.
F. Upon entering correct data into all the yellow cells (except ‘Speed’ in C19) read the “RPM
for Estimated Entry Pressure” in cells D28 and D29. These will define the lowest speed to
run to create the pressure across the core that corresponds to the calculated Estimated
Entry Pressure for this core sample. This is not an exact number, only an estimate.
G. Go to cell C19 and enter an RPM that is slightly less than the value in cell D29 (round the
value to nearest 10 RPM) for “RPM for Estimated Entry Pressure”. This RPM value must be
greater than the lowest starting speed for your centrifuge, usually greater than 500 RPM.
Remember that any speeds less than 1000 RPM require use of the “Low Speed Stabilizer”
for all speeds up to 1000 RPM. If the RPM is less than 500 the core should be tested in a
Low Speed centrifuge instead of this Ultra-High speed centrifuge.
8-33
A. Use the same run times that were calculated for the initial Drainage test in the “Run Time”
tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet.
B. Verify the values at the top of the sheet under DATA FROM “Test Setup Speed and Pce”. If
anything is wrong it must be corrected on the “Test Setup Speed and Pce” tab, not the “Run
Time” tab.
C. When the core and fluid data is verified you must make a judgment about the wettability
characteristics of the core to be tested unless you have actual data to verify the wettability
of the cores. Most sandstone reservoirs will be “Intermediate to Water Wet”, so if your
core is sandstone you can be reasonably confident that the (hr:min:sec) times in cells D13
and D18 are the correct values to use. To insure most accurate results the Run Times for
99% Production should be utilized, however, the 95% Production times will result in
adequate results for most tests. It is recommended to use a Run Time that is at least equal
to the 95% Production time for the correct core wettability and less than the 99%
Production time.
D. Decide on a Run Time value to use (hr:min) and this time will be used for EACH speed in the
upcoming test.
8-34
6. Determine the speeds (RPM) to run for good capillary pressure curve definition. Minimum 6
speeds, 10 or more is recommended.
A. Go to the “Speeds to Select From” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet. This tab relies on
the data entered in the first tab (Test Setup-Speed and Pce) so be sure all the core and fluid
data is on that tab is correct before proceeding.
B. The “Speeds to Select From” tab has exponentially spaced speeds to select from that will
result in better definition of the Capillary Pressure curve than using linear speed steps.
C. Since this is a Imbibition test you will use the columns K & L under IMBIBITION ROTOR.
Notice that column J has some red arrows () showing next to some of the possible speeds
in column K. These red arrows correspond to the speeds that create pressures that are
above the Pce speed you selected for the Drainage test in the “Test Setup-Speed and Pce”
tab but stop below the maximum speed that can be run in the selected IMBIBITION rotor. It
is recommended to select the lowest speed with an arrow then select every other speed
moving down the chart to the maximum speed that you wish to run for these core samples.
NOTE: The maximum speed to run is not completely based on getting to a maximum
pressure that is possible. You will find that based on the degree of consolidation or
presence of weak structures such as fractures or stylolite’s, some cores will not survive
above certain speeds without breaking inside the bucket and becoming unusable. The
ability to determine the maximum speed to run is a factor of experience and luck. There
are no definite rules that will define the maximum speed to run. You will simply have to use
your best judgment and begin a trial and error procedure. With time you will be able to
8-35
better determine a maximum speed for certain rock types or formations.
8-36
D. Go to the CentA program and pull down the top “Setup” pull down menu item. Select “Test
Setup”.
This time select

one of the
INVERTED
rotors.
E. Click on the correct IMBIBITION (INVERTED) rotor that was selected in the SIMULATOR
spreadsheet, “Speeds to Select From” tab. If using a confining rotor be sure to put a X in
the box next to the “Confining Rotor” text.
“Speed,RPM” cell and enter the lowest speed for the test as determined in the first tab of
the SIMULATOR spreadsheet, “Test Setup-Speed and Pce”, cell C19.
8-37
G. Select the next cell down and start entering the Speeds that were selected on the “Speeds
to Select From” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet. Enter all test speeds for the upcoming
test.
H. In the Time, “hh:mm” column of the Test Setup window enter the Run Time determined
from the “Run Time” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet. Always use the same run time
that was used in the drainage test prior to this imbibition test.
I. Highlight the Run Time you just entered and press the Ctrl-C keys together to copy that into
memory.
J. Select the next cell in the Run Time column and press Ctrl-V to paste the previously copied
time into the cell. Select each Run Tim cell that has a speed next to it and paste the same
Run Time into each cell.
K. Click on the Save Test Setup button and save the test setup information into a file name
that corresponds to the same name that will be used for the upcoming core test.
L. Now go to the first Run Time cell and change it to read 00:03 (3 minutes). Copy that cell
into all the other Run Time cells so all read 3 minutes. Click on the Save Test Setup button
again and this time save the setup using the same name as before only add “–prevol” to the
end of the filename to designate a pre-volume test.
The Rotor Type should already be correct if you clicked on the correct Rotor Icon on the
Test Procedure tab. Verify that the “Distance to the Core end, cm” is correct before
proceeding. Compare to the values in the SIMULATOR spreadsheet to verify you have the
correct rotor selected.
Use the “Vial Type” pull down to select the correct receiving tube volume that corresponds
to the tube labels shown in the “Strobe Volume” column of the table below. Remember to
use the receiving tube volume label that corresponds to the actual Camera Useable Volume
that was determined above in the section titled “SELECTING THE CORRECT VOLUMETRIC
RECEIVING TUBES TO USE”.
8-38
N. The “Vial Length” and “Vial Diameter” values do not need to be edited. Leave them at their
default values of 3.600 and 3.300 respectively.
O. Enter the correct “Pixel Coeff., ml/pixel” for the selected receiving tube in all Buckets that
are available to enter data.

camera is set up correctly and will not require additional adjustments while running the core
tests.
12. It is not necessary to save any pre-volume data prior to Imbibition (inverted) tests, only for
Drainage (Standard rotor) tests.
13. If two clear fluids will be used (clear oil, air, water), be sure to place a floater in the plastic
volumetric receiving tube then assemble the body and lower receiving tubes that will be used in
the upcoming test but do not put any internal components into the core sample area of the
bucket.
14. Always start with what will be the heaviest bucket/core assembly.
When using clear fluids and a floater: Select one tube/body assembly and place it into the
bucket (part that screws into the rotor). Be sure the body assembly is pushed down completely
(until the o-ring seal pops down inside the bucket). Hold the body/tube/bucket assembly up so
you can see through the window of the bucket and use a syringe and long needle to inject tap
water (the imbibition test pre-volume can use simple tap water here, it does not require the use
of a brine since the water will be dumped out after the pre-volume) until the TOP of the floater
is a minimum of 1 millimeter BELOW the curvature of the top of the window in the black
bucket. The TOP of the floater must be BELOW any curvature of the machined window hole
that would refract light during the test. Usually about ¼ inch below the top of the window
opening.
When using water and opaque oil: Select one tube/body assembly and place it into the bucket
(cup part that screws into the rotor). Be sure the body assembly is pushed down completely
opening.
16. Place that filled assembly on the balance with all bucket components that will be used in the
pre-volume test (tube/body/cap/seal screw) and tare out the weight to equal ZERO. Remove
the filled assembly and place in the storage tray/rack.
8-39
17. Repeat step 4 above for the remaining core/bucket assemblies to match the weight of the first
one within +/- 0.05 grams.
18. After entering all the information about speeds, cores and fluids for the upcoming test into the
CentA program the assembled buckets/rotor can be placed into the centrifuge and the AutoRun
mode can be used to run each speed for 3 to 5 minutes to insure good camera position and
focus while obtaining the starting volume of brine in each receiving tube.
19. After the Prevolume test the Imbibition buckets can be removed from the rotor AND CAN BE
EMPTIED OUT COMPLETLY. The test will use brine instead of the tap water.
20. The next step will be to load the core samples for the actual test.
8-40

1. Return to the CentA main screen and again use the top pull down menu to select “Setup->Test
Setup->
2. Click on “Load Test Setup” and select the one that was saved before the –prevolume was added
to the end of the file name. This will be the setup that has the desired long run times at each
speed step. Be sure the correct INVERTED rotor is selected.
3. Return to the “Test Conditions” tab and insure all the entered information is still correct for the
upcoming core test.
upcoming core test.
5. Return to the “Fluids” tab and insure all the entered information is still correct for the upcoming
core test.
8-41
6. DETERMINE THE BUCKET THAT WILL CONTAIN THE HEAVIEST CORE SAMPLE. START WITH THAT
BUCKET AND SAMPLE. ALL SUBSEQUENT BUCKET AND CORE ASSEMBLIES WILL BE BROUGHT
UP TO MATCH THE WEIGHT OF THIS HEAVIEST ASSEMBLY/CORE.
10. Place the correct floater on top of the core if using clear fluids. Leave the floater out if using an
opaque oil.
11. Fill the area around the core sample with BRINE until just below the o-ring seal area at the top
of the cup.
12. Carefully pop the top plastic receiving tube into the cup without the center seal screw installed.
Be careful not to cut the o-ring. Always inspect as you push down.
13. Fill the top of the bucket assembly and receiving tube with BRINE using the syringe/needle.
Leave an air cap about 2 to 3 millimeters down from the top. Hold the body/tube/bucket
assembly up so you can see through the window of the bucket and use a syringe and long
needle to BRINE (be sure to use the correct brine with known density at test temperature) until
the TOP of the floater is a minimum of 1 millimeter BELOW the curvature of the top of the
window in the black bucket. The TOP of the floater must be BELOW any curvature of the
machined window hole that would refract light during the test. Usually about ¼ inch below the
top of the window opening.
14. Make sure the oring on the center seal screw is in good condition and install the center seal
screw. Tighten until the oring squeezes to about the diameter of the groove. Not too tight.
18. Repeat steps 8 through 16 above to match all core and bucket assemblies to the heaviest one
within +/- 0.05 grams.
19. Screw the buckets into the rotor and place the rotor into the centrifuge, press the Vacuum
button at the centrifuge control panel to start the vacuum.
20. Be sure the software is in “AutoRun” mode and all parameters for the test are entered and
verified.
programmed speed.
24. Unload the core samples and carefully WEIGH each core sample using a proper wipe off
technique.
Document the WEIGHT on the Test Data Sheet spreadsheet to calculate the final average
saturation that will be used for quality control of the Analyzed data set.
8-42
8.3 SINGLE-SPEED DRAINAGE TEST USING A STANDARD ROTOR

8-43
8-44
8.3.2 PREPARING FOR SINGLE-SPEED OIL DISPLACING WATER “DRAINAGE”

OVERVIEW: Use a Standard, “Drainage”, rotor to run a multispeed test on core samples using
8-45
j. Viscosity of the injected and produced fluids are also required for single speed tests that
might be used for relative permeability tests.
(“URC Prelim Data Input Sheet.xls” and “URC Prelim
CENTRIFUGE_SIMULATOR with Initial Pce and Time at RPM-4.xls”) as an
example of what data and calculations are necessary throughout the test
sequences. This spreadsheet is meant as an example so caution must be
exercised when using these spreadsheets as Coretest Systems, Inc. cannot be
held liable for any errors or problems that may result from the use of these
“example” spreadsheets.
8-46
8-47
the screen.
8-48
below.
STANDARD Radius of
"Drainage" Rotation
Rotors cm
INVERTED Radius of
Rotors cm
8-49
the pores at the beginning or the test (or a Klinkenburg permeability to gas). The entry can be
NOTE: DRAINAGE tests (run in the STANDARD rotor assembly) will result in data for the
PRODUCED FLUID which in this case will be brine. During a water/oil drainage test the water
saturation will begin high and will become less as the oil saturation in the core increases.
Note the “Initial Saturation, fraction” is usually the beginning PRODUCED FLUID saturation in
the core. In the case of a drainage test it may be the beginning brine saturation determined by
gravimetric weights just before this test entered in fractional format, less than 1.0. If this single
speed test will be used to define a Krw relative permeability curve the initial saturation should
be entered is the Swir that was obtained in the initial spin down from 100% brine saturation.
This entry is important as it may be used by the Analysis program to calculate saturations for
the relative permeability curves. Also note that saturations MUST BE INPUT IN FRACTIONAL
FORMAT (less than or equal to 1), NOT PERCENT.
If the values are entered incorrectly in the CentA Data Acquisition program it can be corrected
in the Conversion program. But it must be correct before starting to use the Analysis program.
8-50
program.
Notice the Density and Viscosity entries when the Standard rotor is used. The Injected phase is
less dense than the Mobile phase. Be sure to have the correct viscosity and density for the
correct fluids. The example above is for an oil/water test.

8-51

volume.


Volume (select one that is greater than 80% of displaced fluid pore
tubes)
1 ml 0.8 ml
2 ml 1.6 ml
3 ml 2.4 ml
4 ml 3.2 ml
6 ml 5 ml
12 ml 10 ml
23 ml 18.5 ml
Conditions” tab.
three samples.
8-52
1. Use the same entries that were input in the initial 100% brine saturated DRAINAGE test that
spun the core down to Swir.
8-53
A. Be sure you have the correct RPM for the first speed to use entered in cell C19 of the “Test
Setup-Speed and Pce” tab.
B. Go to the “Run Time” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet.
C. Verify the values at the top of the sheet under DATA FROM “Test Setup Speed and Pce”. If
Time” tab.
D. When the core and fluid data is verified you must make a judgment about the wettability
Production time.
E. Decide on a Run Time value to use (hr:min) and this time will be used for the SINGLE speed
in the upcoming test. If possible run this test longer than the single speed tests.
8-54
3. Determine the speed (RPM) to run for representative relative permeability data. This will
require using a different tab on the SIMULATOR spreadsheet. The correct speed for a relative
permeability single speed test is determined by the BOND number for the core and fluids in the
test.
A. Go to the “Krel Speed-Bond Number” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet. This tab relies on the
data entered in the first tab (Test Setup-Speed and Pce) so be sure all the core and fluid data is
on that tab is correct before proceeding. When sure the first tab data is correct go to the “Krel
Speed-Bond Number” tab.
B. In cell F3 (“Enter the Desired Bond Number to Calculate Krel RPM:”) the desired Bond
Number should be entered. In most cases 1x10-5 is a good number to use. If you have a
specific Bond Number that you have determined for your core and fluids it can be entered
in cell F3 (“RPM to use:”).
C. Cell F5 then calculates the RPM to use for that Bond Number. You can use the number
exactly or round down to the next whole 100 RPM number. For example, 3069 RPM might
round DOWN to 3000 RPM if desired. It is not recommened to run the test above the RPM
calculated for the Bond Number.
NOTE: The maximum speed to run is not completely based on getting to a maximum
pressure that is possible. You will find that based on the degree of consolidation or
8-55
presence of weak structures such as fractures or stylolite’s, some cores will not survive
above certain speeds without breaking inside the bucket and becoming unusable. The
ability to determine the maximum speed to run is a factor of experience and luck. There
are no definite rules that will define the maximum speed to run. You will simply have to use
your best judgment and begin a trial and error procedure. With time you will be able to
better determine a maximum speed for certain rock types or formations.
Setup”.
8-56
E. Click on the correct rotor that was selected in the SIMULATOR spreadsheet, “Test Setup-
Speed and Pce” tab. If using a confining rotor be sure to put a X in the box next to the
“Confining Rotor” text.
F. If you have not previously saved a Test Setup that can be Loaded, Select the speed
calculated in the “Krel Speed-Bond Number” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet.
G. Enter the RPM and Run Time desired. Run time is usually longer that the time used for the
multi-speed Pc tests to insure maximum production.
H. Click on the Save Test Setup button and save the test setup information into a file name
I. Now go to the first Run Time cell and change it to read 00:03 (3 minutes). Click on the Save
Test Setup button again and this time save the setup using the same name as before only
add “–prevol” to the end of the filename to designate a pre-volume test.
J. Select the “Test Conditions” tab.
K. The “Vial Length” and “Vial Diameter” values do not need to be edited. Leave them at their
L. Enter the correct “Pixel Coeff., ml/pixel” for the selected receiving tube in all Buckets that
8-57

tests. If the STANDARD/DRAINAGE rotor is used this “pre-volume” is also necessary to aid in
determining the starting volume in the volumetric receiving tube before starting the core test.
Always use the AutoRun option during a Drainage Prevolume with the run times at each
predetermined speed set to 3 to 5 minutes. Save data during a STANDARD/DRAINAGE “pre-
volume” test so it can be recalled in the Conversion program and used to verify pre-volume
information after the core is run.
bucket.
you can see through the window of the bucket and use a syringe and long needle to inject brine
(same brine that will be used in upcoming core test) until the bottom of the floater is a
minimum of 1 millimeter above the curvature in the bottom of the receiving tube. The bottom
of the floater must be above any irregularity in the plastic receiving tube that would refract
light.
you can see through the window of the bucket and use a syringe and long needle to inject brine
(same brine that will be used in upcoming core test) until the lowest part of the brine interface
is a minimum of 1 millimeter above the curvature in the bottom of the receiving tube. The
lowest tails of the interface must be above any irregularity in the plastic receiving tube that
would refract light.
8-58
8. After the Prevolume test the Drainage buckets can be removed from the rotor but should not
be taken apart. Only remove the top seal cap and screw leaving the prevolume water
undisturbed in the bottom transparent plastic receiving tube.
9. After running the Prevolume test for a drainage experiment it is imperative that the “pre-
volume” water in each bucket does not get changed prior to running the core samples in the
buckets. So, before loading the core sample the bottom receiving tube and area above the
receiving tube must be filled with oil using a syringe needle through the center hole of the
upper core sample cavity to get as much air out of the bottom receiving tube area of the
assembly as possible.
8-59

Setup->
speed step.
upcoming core test.
upcoming core test.
core test.
8-60
6. Each pre-volume tested bucket assembly must now be prepared and core samples loaded.
Leave the water in the bottom receiving tube area and fill a syringe with the SAME oil that will
be used to displace the water from the core sample. Put a needle at least 6 inches long on the
syringe. Needle must be small enough to be inserted through the hole in the bottom of the
upper sample chamber that connects to the volumetric receiving tube area.
8. Insert the needle into the center hole of the upper core area of the drainage bucket and fill the
lower area with the oil. Try to get as much gas out as possible. Usually a small gas bubble will
remain at top of bottom section. Insert oil until a small puddle remains in the upper core
section.
9. Place the core Cone Platform into the upper core section with the grooves up.
10. Use the syringe/needle to fill the cone platform area with oil so there are no bubbles. Fill until
about 1 millimeter of oil above the grooves of the platform.
14. Fill the area around the core sample with oil until just below the o-ring seal area.
15. Screw the top cap on without the center seal screw installed.
16. Fill the top of the bucket assembly with oil using the syringe/needle. Leave an air cap about 2
to 3 millimeters down from the top.
verified.
programmed speed.
technique.
28. Document the WEIGHT on the Test Data Sheet spreadsheet to calculate the final average
8-61
8.4 SINGLE-SPEED IMBIBITION TEST USING AN INVERTED ROTOR

8-62
8-63
8.4.2 PREPARING FOR SINGLE-SPEED WATER DISPLACING OIL “IMBIBITION”

OVERVIEW: Use a Inverted, “Imbibition”, rotor to run a multispeed test on core samples using
PHOTO OF 1” AND 1.5” INVERTED ROTORS
j. Viscosity of the injected and produced fluids are also required for single speed tests that
might be used for relative permeability tests.
(“URC Prelim Data Input Sheet.xls” and “URC CENTRIFUGE_SIMULATOR with
Initial Pce and Time at RPM-5.xls”) as an example of what data and calculations
are necessary throughout the test sequences. This spreadsheet is meant as an
example so caution must be exercised when using these spreadsheets as
8-64
Coretest Systems, Inc. cannot be held liable for any errors or problems that may
result from the use of these “example” spreadsheets.
8-65
the screen.
For Inverted
“Imbibition” tests select
one of the INVERTED
rotor assemblies.
8-66
below.
STANDARD Radius of
"Drainage" Rotation
Rotors cm
INVERTED Radius of
Rotors cm
8-67
8-68
the pores at the beginning of the test. The entry can be edited later in the Conversion program
if necessary.
NOTE: IMBIBITION tests (run in the INVERTED rotor assembly) will result in data for the
PRODUCED FLUID which in this case will be oil. During a water/oil imbibition test the oil
saturation will begin high and will become less as the water saturation in the core increases.
Note the “Initial Saturation, fraction” is usually the beginning PRODUCED FLUID saturation in
the core. In the case of an imbibition test it may be the beginning oil saturation determined by
gravimetric weights just before this test entered in fractional format, less than 1.0. If this single
speed test will be used to define a Kro relative permeability curve the initial saturation should
be entered is the Sor that was obtained in the initial inverted spin down from Swir brine
saturation. This entry is important as it may be used by the Analysis program to calculate
saturations for the relative permeability curves. Also note that saturations MUST BE INPUT IN
FRACTIONAL FORMAT (less than or equal to 1), NOT PERCENT.
8-69
If the values are entered incorrectly in the CentA Data Acquisition program it can be corrected
in the Conversion program. But it must be correct before starting to use the Analysis program.
program.
For a water/oil imbibition test the Produced (“Mobile”) phase is OIL. The Injected Phase will be
WATER. The Immobile Phase at the end of the test will be OIL.
Enter the correct fluid Densities and Viscosities at the test temperature.

8-70

volume.

Volume (select one that is greater than 80% of displaced fluid pore
tubes)
1 ml 0.8 ml
2 ml 1.6 ml
3 ml 2.4 ml
4 ml 3.2 ml
6 ml 5 ml
12 ml 10 ml
23 ml 18.5 ml
Conditions” tab.
three samples.
8-71
NOTE: It is important to start the Imbibition test at the same desaturation pressure as was used
in the drainage test to get to Swir. Since the geometry of the core sample in relation to the
center of the rotor is different for the INVERTED rotor it will require a different RPM to obtain
the same starting desaturation pressure as was used in the beginning of the STANDARD
drainage test. In the above spreadsheet, two cells down from the Estimated Entry Pressure the
starting RPM to use is calculated for you.
1. Use the same entries that were entered into this spreadsheet for the first Drainage test. The
estimated Entry Pressure (Pce) for the highest permeability core in the upcoming test should
still be calculated.
A. Select the highest permeability core to be tested in this run and enter its data into the
SIMULATOR spreadsheet.
B. Go to the “Test Setup-Speed and Pce” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet (shown above).
Correct values must be entered into ALL YELLOW CELLS for the spreadsheet to be used
correctly. The “Speed” value in cell C19 will be the last entry made after determining the
Estimated Entry Pressure for the highest permeability core in the upcoming test.
C. Leave the correct DRAINAGE Rotor # in yellow cell C13. Use the green section of the
spreadsheet to select the “Rotor #” (1, 2, 3, 4). This will define the correct “Rotation
8-72
radius” for the Pce calculations during the previous drainage test that started at 100% brine
saturation. The Imbibition RPMs to use will also be shown on the “Speeds to Select From”
tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet, discussed later. This step and the following steps
should already be entered during the first Drainage test that started at 100% brine
saturation. It is only repeated here to verify the correct entries have been input.
D. Enter the correct core and fluid information in ALL THE YELLOW CELLS. IFT (interfacial
tension) suggestions: Air/Water=72, Mineral-Oil/Water=20.
E. Place an asterisk (*) in only one of the yellow cells near the bottom of the worksheet that
defines the type of rock you are testing. This will define the Leverett -J Factor (Je) value
that will be used in the Pce calculations.
F. Upon entering correct data into all the yellow cells (except ‘Speed’ in C19) read the “RPM
for Estimated Entry Pressure” in cells D28 and D29. These will define the lowest speed to
run to create the pressure across the core that corresponds to the calculated Estimated
Entry Pressure for this core sample. This is not an exact number, only an estimate.
G. Go to cell C19 and enter an RPM that is slightly less than the value in cell D29 (round the
value to nearest 10 RPM) for “RPM for Estimated Entry Pressure”. This RPM value must be
greater than the lowest starting speed for your centrifuge, usually greater than 500 RPM.
Remember that any speeds less than 1000 RPM require use of the “Low Speed Stabilizer”
for all speeds up to 1000 RPM. If the RPM is less than 500 the core should be tested in a
Low Speed centrifuge instead of this Ultra-High speed centrifuge.
8-73
A. Use the same run times that were calculated for the initial Drainage test in the “Run Time”
tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet.
B. Verify the values at the top of the sheet under DATA FROM “Test Setup Speed and Pce”. If
Time” tab.
C. When the core and fluid data is verified you must make a judgment about the wettability
Production time.
D. Decide on a Run Time value to use (hr:min) and this time will be used for EACH speed in the
upcoming test.
8-74
3. Determine the speeds (RPM) to run for representative relative permeability data. This will require
using a different tab on the SIMULATOR spreadsheet. The correct speed for a relative permeability
single speed test is determined by the BOND number for the core and fluids in the test.
A. Go to the “Krel Speed-Bond Number” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet. This tab relies on the
data entered in the first tab (Test Setup-Speed and Pce) so be sure all the core and fluid data is
on that tab is correct before proceeding. When sure the first tab data is correct go to the “Krel
Speed-Bond Number” tab.
B. In cell F3 (“Enter the Desired Bond Number to Calculate Krel RPM:”) the desired Bond
Number should be entered. In most cases 1x10-5 is a good number to use. If you have a
specific Bond Number that you have determined for your core and fluids it can be entered
in cell F3 (“RPM to use:”).
C. Cell H5 then calculates the RPM to use for that Bond Number with the IMBIBITION rotor.
You can use the number exactly or round down to the next whole 100 RPM number. For
example, 2167 RPM might round DOWN to 2100 RPM if desired. It is not recommened to
run the test above the RPM calculated for the Bond Number.
NOTE: The maximum speed to run is not completely based on getting to a maximum pressure
that is possible. You will find that based on the degree of consolidation or presence of weak
structures such as fractures or stylolite’s, some cores will not survive above certain speeds
without breaking inside the bucket and becoming unusable. The ability to determine the
maximum speed to run is a factor of experience and luck. There are no definite rules that will
define the maximum speed to run. You will simply have to use your best judgment and begin a
trial and error procedure. With time you will be able to better determine a maximum speed for
certain rock types or formations.
8-75
Setup”.
This time select

one of the
INVERTED
rotors.
E. Click on the correct IMBIBITION (INVERTED) rotor that was selected in the SIMULATOR
spreadsheet, “Speeds to Select From” tab. If using a confining rotor be sure to put a X in
the box next to the “Confining Rotor” text.
“Speed,RPM” cell and enter the lowest speed for the test as determined in the first tab of
the SIMULATOR spreadsheet, “Test Setup-Speed and Pce”, cell C19.
G. Select the next cell down and start entering the Speeds that were selected on the “Speeds
to Select From” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet. Enter all test speeds for the upcoming
test.
8-76
H. In the Time, “hh:mm” column of the Test Setup window enter the Run Time determined
from the “Run Time” tab of the SIMULATOR spreadsheet. Always use the same run time
that was used in the drainage test prior to this imbibition test.
I. Highlight the Run Time you just entered and press the Ctrl-C keys together to copy that into
memory.
J. Select the next cell in the Run Time column and press Ctrl-V to paste the previously copied
time into the cell. Select each Run Tim cell that has a speed next to it and paste the same
Run Time into each cell.
K. Click on the Save Test Setup button and save the test setup information into a file name
L. Now go to the first Run Time cell and change it to read 00:03 (3 minutes). Copy that cell
into all the other Run Time cells so all read 3 minutes. Click on the Save Test Setup button
again and this time save the setup using the same name as before only add “–prevol” to the
end of the filename to designate a pre-volume test.
N. The “Vial Length” and “Vial Diameter” values do not need to be edited. Leave them at their
8-77
O. Enter the correct “Pixel Coeff., ml/pixel” for the selected receiving tube in all Buckets that

tests.
bucket.
4. Always start with what will be the heaviest bucket/core assembly.
opening.
opening.
8-78
9. After the Prevolume test the Imbibition buckets can be removed from the rotor AND CAN BE
EMPTIED OUT COMPLETLY. The test will use brine instead of the tap water.

Setup->
8-79
speed step. Be sure the correct INVERTED rotor is selected.
upcoming core test.
upcoming core test.
core test.
10. Place the correct floater on top of the core if using clear fluids. Leave the floater out if using an
opaque oil.
11. Fill the area around the core sample with BRINE until just below the o-ring seal area at the top
of the cup.
12. Carefully pop the top plastic receiving tube into the cup without the center seal screw installed.
Be careful not to cut the o-ring. Always inspect as you push down.
13. Fill the top of the bucket assembly and receiving tube with BRINE using the syringe/needle.
Leave an air cap about 2 to 3 millimeters down from the top. Hold the body/tube/bucket
assembly up so you can see through the window of the bucket and use a syringe and long
needle to BRINE (be sure to use the correct brine with known density at test temperature) until
the TOP of the floater is a minimum of 1 millimeter BELOW the curvature of the top of the
window in the black bucket. The TOP of the floater must be BELOW any curvature of the
machined window hole that would refract light during the test. Usually about ¼ inch below the
top of the window opening.
verified.
8-80
programmed speed.
technique.
Document the WEIGHT on the Test Data Sheet spreadsheet to calculate the final average
9-1
9 DATA ACQUISITION, CONVERSION AND ANALYSIS

OVERVIEW
9.1 DATA ACQUISITION SUMMARY

1. Start the URC-628 program.
2. Select Data Acquisition and enter all necessary information for the upcoming test.
3. In the Data Acquisition screen use the Setup > Test Setup pull down menu to get to
the multi-tabbed screen for setting up the test. There are four tabs and each must
be completed prior to starting a test.
4. At the Test Procedure tab, select the Rotor/Bucket icon that matches the upcoming
test. (Note: The blue sections of the rotor icons are the volume receiving tubes.)
Select the correct Rotor Type (6-place or 3-place Drainage or Imbibition) from the
available icons. If you select a 6-place rotor the 30 mm sample check box will be
visible. If you are testing core samples with a 30mm diameter be sure to place an X
in the 30 mm sample box. The correct Radius of Rotation is automatically entered
in the program by selecting the correct rotor (including sample orientation in the
rotor) on this window. Failure to select the correct rotor here could result in the
wrong radius of rotation being entered.
9-2
Select the icon that

represents the Rotor
and Bucket orientation
that will be used in the
upcoming test. THIS IS
IMPORTANT! The
correct radius of
rotation will be
determined by this
selection.
BE SURE TO PRESS “Apply” AT THE BOTTOM RIGHT OF THE SCREEN UPON ENTERING
ALL THE REQUIRED INFORMATION.
After selecting the Rotor/Buckets be sure to fill in the speeds required for the
upcoming test. Next to the speed column is the column for the Time to run at that
speed. The Time must be entered in a 00:00 (hours:minutes) format. To run a
speed for 2 and ½ hours enter 02:30. ALWAYS BE SURE TO PLACE A CHECK IN THE
DATA ACQUISITION BOX NEXT TO EACH SPEED THAT YOU WISH TO COLLECT DATA.
USUALLY EVERY SPEED.
5. In the Test Conditions tab it is recommended that you put some brief description of
the test in the Test Title section. Maybe a job and sample ID with any remarks that
would help identify this test when looking at the data later.
Next, Select the correct receiving tube volume that will be used.
Do NOT ALTER THE “Distance to the Core end cm” value as this is automatically
entered when you select the Rotor/Bucket Icon in the previously described “Test
Procedure” tab.
There is no need to alter the Vial Length, Vial Diameter.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO ENTER THE “Pixil Coeff., ml/pixel” value to match the receiving
tube that is being used. See the operators manual for average values. It is
9-3
recommended to measure the ml/pixel value and the procedure is described in the
manual.
9-4
6. In the Sample Information tab fill in all blank boxes with the possible exception of
the bottom two that pertain to core confining and jacketing. Example data below.
9-5
7. In the Fluids Information tab use the pull down boxes and enter all the fluid data.
Examples shown below.
9-6
9-7
8. When all data is entered AND APPLIED to all four tabs in this Test Setup section,
click on the OK button to return to the main screen of the Data Acquisition program.
Notice that there are checks in the top right of the Main screen for Profile, Sample
Setup, Fluid Setup. If any are not checked you must return to that tab, reenter the
required information and click on APPLY.
9. Back at the Main Data Acquisition screen use the File > Set Output Data File pull
down menu to select a file name and subdirectory that are easy to remember and
will keep all the data files organized. It is not recommended to put every set of test
data for all tests in the same subdirectory as it will become confusing over time.
9-8
Note that the only option is a file extension of .daq. Forcing any other file extension will
render the file useless to the Data Conversion program which requires the .daq file
created here. Be sure to remember where you saved this data.
10. Load the core samples into the centrifuge, close the centrifuge door, install the
“pre-focused” camera on the door, and start the vacuum.
9-9
11. Put the Data Acquisition program into Auto mode (bottom of screen) and start the
programmed test by clicking on the green arrow at the bottom right of the screen.
(Insure camera focus and delay are correct and giving good images.)
12. Allow test to progress to the end.

13. The Data Acquisition program will create a “filename.daq” file.
WHEN SETTING THE TEMPERATURE AT THE CENTRIFUGE HIGHER THAN

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION SHOULD BE
OBSERVED.
9-10
TO AVOID OVER TEMPERATURE ERRORS AT THE CONTROL PANEL OF
THE CENTRIFUGE USE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION: AT THE MAIN
SCREEN
Set Temp Here.

See Chart below
for correct value
to enter.

Up to 60 C 25 C
60 C to 75 C 30 C
75 C to 90 C 35 C
IMPORTANT NOTE: This temperature setting is NOT the desired temperature of the
rotor. The desired rotor temperature is set manually at the temperature controller
located just left of the control panel of the centrifuge.
9-11
9.2 DATA CONVERSION SUMMARY
1. Exit the Data Acquisition program and start the Data Conversion program.
2. Use File > Open to locate the “filename.daq” file to be converted.
9-12
3. Analyze the images and remove any bad data images. Edit image data to create a
cumulative volume graph that is as smooth as possible for each speed.
9-13
4. Under the File >Configuration pull down menu the Output File(s) must be set.
Always check the ml/pixel value to

be sure it is correct for the
receiving tube that was used in
the test. In this case the value
should have been changed to
0.009 for the 12 ml tube.
9-14
If the Data Analysis program was purchased the only file that will be required is
shown checked in the image below. The other files are not actually needed.
Your screen may differ slightly.
5. If you simply place a check mark in the box as shown above, the subdirectory and file name
created will match those used from the files that were opened in the Data Acquisition
program. However, only 107 characters from the Data Acquisition filename (including the
subdirectory names) will be used so you may want to edit the filename to be as long as
desired so you can easily locate the file later.
9-15
End of original filename is cut off due

to long subdirectory names. Be sure
to complete the file name if this
happens.
6. Now select File > Save Results to create the final files to be used in the Data Analysis
program.
9-16
9.2.1 CAPILLARY PRESSURE DATA ANALYSIS SUMMARY
1. End the Data Conversion program and start the Data Analysis program.
2. From the top pull down menu select File > Open SMO file. Select the file that corresponds
to the core sample you want to analyze. There is a separate .smo file for each sample
tested.
9-17
9-18
Back at the Main Data Analysis screen use the top pull down menu select File > Specify Output
TAB file and enter the subdirectory and name desired for the final calculated data set.
NOTE: The .TAB file that is created does NOT contain the final calculated capillary pressure
data for graphing and report generation. It actually contains support information such as
9-19
core and fluid data and statistical support information about the calculated data. Two .XLT
files are also created. These files contain the actual data that can be used to create
Capillary Pressure reports using spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel. The
Capillary Pressure and Relative Permeability data are located in the “filename_Pc_Krel.xlt”
file and the Cumulative Produced volume versus time is located in the
“filename_Cum_Prod.xlt” file.
3. If the data starts at zero production and is adequately smoothed in the Data Conversion
program it will only be necessary to click on the “Calculate” button at the bottom right of
the screen. This will result in the best fit for Capillary Pressure and Relative Permeability.
Usually a pre-volume must be entered by using the Fitting button in order to cause the
produced volume to start near zero.
4. Upon pressing the “Calculate” button the final calculated data will be saved (in the specified
Output filename) and the Capillary Pressure graph will be displayed. While in the Analysis
program viewing the graph, the displayed Y and X axis can be changed by selecting from the
pull down menus for each axis.
5. The final sample weight after unloading the core sample can be used to calculate the final
average saturation after the Pc test. This average saturation by material balance
gravimetric methods should match the final Pc curve AVERAGE saturation value to within
+/- 3 saturation percent. Zoom in on the Pc versus Saturation graph and determine if the
saturation at which the Pc curve ends is similar to the saturation calculated after running
the test by gravimetric (weight difference) material balance methods. If not, load the .smo
file again and before clicking on the “Calculate” button use the “Fitting” button at the upper
right to adjust the “Prevolume” so the final saturation is correct. Keep adjusting the
Prevolume (within reasonable amounts) until the final Pc saturation is correct.
6. Use a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel to create final graphs and reports from
the .xlt files that are created.
NOTE: The individual speed and cumulative volume data are in the “filename_Cum_Prod.xlt”
file. The Capillary Pressure and Relative Permeability data to be graphed are in the
“filename_Pc_Krel.xlt” file along with the measured average saturation and pressure data for
each speed that was run.
A better description of the Analysis procedure is supplied in a separate manual when the Data
Analysis program is purchased.
9-20
Top of the final “filename_Pc_Krel.xlt” file with header and speed/production data.
9-21
Top of “filename_Cum_Prod.xlt” file showing start of Capillary Pressure and Relative

Permeability data.
9-22
The illustration below is the .tab file that is also created by the Analysis program. This file contains quality
control data about the sample, fluids, test setup, and statistical curve fit analysis data. This file also contains
the capillary pressure and average saturation for each Pc speed. This file is primarily for information only.
10-1
10 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CAMERA SYSTEM FILES

URC-628 DATA FILE DESCRIPTIONS
1 – DATA ACQUISITION
The Data Acquisition program will create files with a .daq
extension.
File.daq This binary file contains the raw measured image data
for use in the Data Conversion program
2 – DATA CONVERSION
The Data Conversion program is used to convert the binary
camera image data collected by the Data Acquisition program into
volumetric information with centrifuige speed and time in a text
format.
Opening Files
When attempting to open a file the Data Conversion program will
look for files with the default .daq extension unless set to look for
All Files. It is possible to open older .dat files that were saved by
earlier CentA program versions using the All Files option.
Saving Conversion Files

When the Data Conversion program saves output files they will be
text files that have the original opened filename with additional
text to identify each bucket in the test.
Each file created for future use in the CentAA Analysis program
(under the “Output Files for Analysis” section) will have
“_bk1.smo, _bk2.smo, _bk3.smo, etc added to the original
filename.
If a file type box above the section titled “Output Files for Analysis”
is checked the files that are created will have a .xlb extension and
can easily be opened by a spreadsheet type program like
Microsoft Excel.
(SEE ILLUSTRATION ON NEXT PAGES)

10-2
Production vs. Time

This will be an Excel compatible file containing the production
volume and time.
Production vs. Speed

This will be an Excel compatible file containing the production
volume and speed. This will be an Excel compatible file
containing the production volume and speed.
All Phases Production vs. Speed and Time

This is the recommended file to save if the CentA Data Analysis
will NOT be used. This will be an Excel compatible file containing
the production volume, speed and time information that is
necessary to calculate capillary pressure and/or relative
permeability depending on the type of test that was run.
Output Files for Analysis (.smo)

This box must be checked if the CentA Data Analysis program will
be used to calculate final data. The CentA Analysis output file
names will be - File_bk1.smo, File_bk2.smo, File_bk3.smo, f
These text files are intended to be used in the CentA Data
Analysis program (if purchased). There is a file for each sample
that was run in the rotor. The bucket number is added to the end
10-3
of each filename _bk1, _bk2,f. These text files contain all the
entered sample, fluid, and test setup information along with a
matrix of numbers that correspond to the speed, time and
saturation. Since they are text files they can also be used by any
program that can read text files, such as Microsoft Excel.
If the Data Analysis program is not purchased, these .smo files

and .xlt files will be the only data available to the user for
performing any final calculations for Capillary Pressure, Relative
Permeability, etc.
Other Output File (.dat) (not shown in dialogue box above)

File.dat This file is an old legacy format and will only be needed
if the UFIT portion of the Analysis program will be
used. It will contain all samples that were in the test
and will have the same initial file name as the .smo
files that it is associated with, but without the _bk1
added to the initial filename. This file will not be
necessary in most applications. The “.smo” files are
the files that will be opened in the Data Analysis
program.
3 – DATA ANALYSIS
filename_Pc_Krel.xlt This file contains the calculated capillary
pressure and relative permeability data that can be
graphed. The capillary pressure and relative permeability
data for each model that was calculated will be saved in
this file for comparison.
Filename_Cum_Prod.xlt This file contains the test speeds with
cumulative produced volume and time data measured by
the camera during the multispeed test.
AND
File.tab This is a SUMMARY of the final calculated data including
sample and test parameters and statistical analysis of the
calculations. This would be considered a quality control
file to verify all the data used in the calculations. It can be
opened by any text file program including Excel.
SUPPORT FILES:
File.fld – “Fluid Input data file” This file can be saved when inputting the
“Fluid data” in the Data Acquisition program from the Setup > Test Setup
pull down menu in the Fluid tab. It can also be used to Load saved fluid
data from previous tests for easy recall / Load. Be careful when saving
this file so it will be located in a subdirectory with the test results that
were being analyzed.
File.smp – “Sample Input data file” This file can be saved when inputting
“Sample data” in the Data Acquisition program from the Setup > Test
Setup > Sample pull down menu and tab. It can also be used to Load
saved Sample data from previous tests for easy recall / Load. Be careful
10-4
when saving this file so it will be located in a subdirectory with the test
results that were being analyzed.
File.prf – “Test Procedure data file” This file can be saved when
inputting “Test Procedure” data in the Data Acquisition program from the
Setup > Test Setup pull down menu in the Test Procedure tab. It can
also be used to Load saved Test Procedure data from previous tests for
easy recall / Load. Be careful when saving this file so it will be located in
a subdirectory with the test results that were being analyzed.
10-5
10.1 Example .smo File For Single Speed Relative Perm Test
Go to end of this illustration to see line by line descriptions:
File:SINGLE SPEED INITIAL DRAINAGE TO Scw FOR URCA, URCC, URCD

URCA//pf:Water//if:Oil-Clear//SS
0 0.8500 1.000
1.070 1.0100 1.000 25.000
0.1800 145.000 67.000 5.060 11.341
8.5530 3.6000 1 9.1260
7489 141 0.8059
0.1500 0.3869 0.1667 0.3938 0.2000 0.3982 0.2333 0.3982
0.2667 0.3982 0.3000 0.3982 0.3333 0.3982 0.3667 0.3982
0.5333 0.3982 0.6000 0.4261 0.7000 0.5097 0.7500 0.5446
0.8000 0.5751 0.8500 0.5907 0.9000 0.6143 0.9500 0.6238
1.0167 0.6334 1.0833 0.6395 1.1500 0.6448 1.2167 0.6474
1.2833 0.6509 1.3500 0.6526 1.4167 0.6526 1.5000 0.6561
1.5833 0.6587 1.6833 0.6604 1.7667 0.6639 1.8500 0.6639
1.9500 0.6657 2.0500 0.6683 2.1500 0.6700 2.2500 0.6718
2.3500 0.6744 2.4667 0.6770 2.5833 0.6787 2.7000 0.6805
2.8167 0.6822 2.9667 0.6848 3.1000 0.6866 3.2333 0.6883
3.3667 0.6909 3.5167 0.6935 3.6667 0.6962 3.8167 0.6979
3.9833 0.6996 4.1667 0.7014 4.3333 0.7040 4.5167 0.7057
4.7000 0.7075 4.8833 0.7110 5.0833 0.7118 5.2833 0.7136
5.5000 0.7153 5.7167 0.7171 5.9333 0.7188 6.1667 0.7206
6.4000 0.7214 6.6667 0.7240 6.9167 0.7249 7.1667 0.7258
7.4333 0.7275 7.7000 0.7293 8.0000 0.7310 8.2833 0.7328
8.5833 0.7345 8.8833 0.7362 9.2167 0.7380 9.5500 0.7389
9.8833 0.7397 10.233 0.7389 10.600 0.7397 10.967 0.7406
11.350 0.7415 11.750 0.7423 12.150 0.7441 12.567 0.7450
13.000 0.7458 13.433 0.7467 13.883 0.7476 14.367 0.7484
14.833 0.7502 15.317 0.7511 15.833 0.7519 16.350 0.7528
16.900 0.7537 17.450 0.7554 18.033 0.7572 18.600 0.7580
19.183 0.7589 19.800 0.7589 20.417 0.7598 21.067 0.7606
21.717 0.7615 22.400 0.7615 23.083 0.7633 23.817 0.7641
24.567 0.7650 25.317 0.7667 26.100 0.7676 26.883 0.7685
27.717 0.7711 28.567 0.7720 29.417 0.7728 30.300 0.7728
31.217 0.7728 32.150 0.7737 33.100 0.7781 34.083 0.7781
35.100 0.7781 36.133 0.7789 37.183 0.7789 38.267 0.7789
39.383 0.7824 40.533 0.7824 41.700 0.7833 42.900 0.7833
44.133 0.7859 45.400 0.7859 46.683 0.7859 48.000 0.7868
49.350 0.7903 50.733 0.7911 52.150 0.7920 53.600 0.7929
55.083 0.7937 56.633 0.7937 58.200 0.7946 59.800 0.7929
61.433 0.7929 63.133 0.7946 64.850 0.7955 66.617 0.7955
68.433 0.7972 70.283 0.7972 72.183 0.7990 74.117 0.7998
76.117 0.7998 78.133 0.8007 80.217 0.8007 82.333 0.8059
84.517 0.8059
141
0.1500 1204.0 0.1667 1310.0 0.2000 1519.0 0.2333 1733.0
0.2667 1954.0 0.3000 2176.0 0.3333 2399.0 0.3667 2628.0
10-6
0.5333 3825.0 0.6000 4199.0 0.7000 4966.0 0.7500 5348.0
0.8000 5741.0 0.8500 6126.0 0.9000 6530.0 0.9500 6945.0
1.0167 7384.0 1.0833 7426.0 1.1500 7433.0 1.2167 7444.0
1.2833 7454.0 1.3500 7455.0 1.4167 7455.0 1.5000 7467.0
1.5833 7466.0 1.6833 7478.0 1.7667 7481.0 1.8500 7485.0
1.9500 7485.0 2.0500 7487.0 2.1500 7488.0 2.2500 7488.0
2.3500 7492.0 2.4667 7493.0 2.5833 7496.0 2.7000 7497.0
2.8167 7496.0 2.9667 7496.0 3.1000 7496.0 3.2333 7496.0
3.3667 7500.0 3.5167 7497.0 3.6667 7503.0 3.8167 7500.0
3.9833 7500.0 4.1667 7500.0 4.3333 7500.0 4.5167 7499.0
4.7000 7498.0 4.8833 7492.0 5.0833 7497.0 5.2833 7498.0
5.5000 7495.0 5.7167 7500.0 5.9333 7496.0 6.1667 7496.0
6.4000 7499.0 6.6667 7501.0 6.9167 7500.0 7.1667 7500.0
7.4333 7499.0 7.7000 7500.0 8.0000 7497.0 8.2833 7500.0
8.5833 7502.0 8.8833 7500.0 9.2167 7495.0 9.5500 7499.0
9.8833 7500.0 10.233 7495.0 10.600 7500.0 10.967 7499.0
11.350 7500.0 11.750 7499.0 12.150 7499.0 12.567 7500.0
13.000 7500.0 13.433 7500.0 13.883 7500.0 14.367 7500.0
14.833 7500.0 15.317 7500.0 15.833 7499.0 16.350 7500.0
16.900 7500.0 17.450 7500.0 18.033 7499.0 18.600 7496.0
19.183 7500.0 19.800 7497.0 20.417 7500.0 21.067 7497.0
21.717 7500.0 22.400 7500.0 23.083 7499.0 23.817 7504.0
24.567 7499.0 25.317 7498.0 26.100 7500.0 26.883 7504.0
27.717 7504.0 28.567 7500.0 29.417 7500.0 30.300 7504.0
31.217 7500.0 32.150 7499.0 33.100 7505.0 34.083 7500.0
35.100 7500.0 36.133 7500.0 37.183 7500.0 38.267 7500.0
39.383 7500.0 40.533 7500.0 41.700 7500.0 42.900 7500.0
44.133 7501.0 45.400 7496.0 46.683 7500.0 48.000 7500.0
49.350 7500.0 50.733 7503.0 52.150 7501.0 53.600 7495.0
55.083 7496.0 56.633 7501.0 58.200 7503.0 59.800 7499.0
61.433 7500.0 63.133 7504.0 64.850 7500.0 66.617 7500.0
68.433 7500.0 70.283 7495.0 72.183 7499.0 74.117 7499.0
76.117 7497.0 78.133 7495.0 80.217 7499.0 82.333 7500.0
84.517 7496.0
DESCRIPTION OF CentA CONVERTED .smo TEXT FILE FOR

SINGLE SPEED RELATIVE PERMEABILITY TEST
Line1: File:INITIAL DRAINAGE TO Scw FOR URCA, URCC, URCD

Line1: The text here is from the Data Acquisition-> Test Setup-> Test Conditions screen.
The text entered in the "Test Title (Brief Description)" box.
Line2: URCA//pf:Water//if:Oil-Clear//SS
Line2: This text is automatically generated from the Data Acq. Test Setup>Sample>Fluids inputs:
Sample ID//produced phase (pf):Water//injected phase (if):Oil-Clear//SS (for sandstone)
10-7
Line3: 0 0.85 1
0=Produced Fluid (0=water, 1=oil) From Data Conversion->Legacy Analysis Header screen
0.85=Injected Phase Density
1=Injected Phase Viscosity
Line4: 1.07 1.01 1 25

1.07=Produced Phase Viscosity
1.01=Produced Phase Density
1= Produced Phase Initial Saturation,
fractional
25=Surface Tension
Line5: 0.18 145 67 5.06 11.341

0.18=Sample Porosity
145=Sample Permeability (Absolute)
67=Produced Phase Permeability at Initial Saturation
5.06=Sample Length
11.341=Sample Cross Sectional Area
Line6: 8.553 3.6 1 9.126

8.553=Vial Area
3.6=Vial Length
1=Number of speeds
9.126=Distance to the core end (from Data Acq.->Test Conditions
Line7: 7489 141 0.8059

7489=Final measured speed, RPM
141=Test duration, minutes
0.8059=Final measured core saturation, injected phase, fraction
Line8: 0.15 0.3869 0.1667 0.3938 0.2 0.3982 0.2333 0.398

This is the start of the converted image data. The format will be different for multi-speed capillary
pressure tests and single speed relative permeability tests. The following lines of data
will contain Speed, Time and Produced volume or saturation numbers in a sequential order
from left to right.
10-8
10.2 Example .smo File For Multi-Speed Capillary Pressure Test

File: Imbibition Pc, Berea Sample 1004
1004//pf:Water//if:Oil-Opaque//ss
0 0.8500 9.500
1.010 1.0000 1.000 30.000
0.1900 18.900 18.900 4.150 11.401
8.5530 3.6000 5 9.1260
996 144 1.0321
0.0000 -0.1112 0.0000 0.8121 0.0167 -0.1112 0.0333 -0.1112
0.0500 -0.1112 0.0667 -0.1112 0.0833 -0.1112 0.1000 -0.1112
0.1167 -0.1112 0.1500 0.8564 0.1667 -0.1112 0.1833 -0.1112
0.2000 0.9097 0.2333 -0.1112 0.2667 -0.1112 0.3000 0.9019
0.3333 0.8655 0.3667 0.8772 0.4000 0.8759 0.4333 0.9058
0.4667 0.8902 0.5000 0.8902 0.5333 0.8785 0.5667 0.8824
0.6167 0.8460 0.6667 0.8121 0.7167 0.8707 0.7667 0.8876
0.8167 0.8993 0.8667 0.9397 0.9167 0.9293 0.9667 0.9293
1.0333 0.9397 1.1000 0.9488 1.1667 0.9358 1.2500 0.9462
1.3167 0.9410 1.3833 0.9631 1.4500 0.9683 1.5333 0.9579
1.6167 0.9800 1.7000 0.9722 1.7833 0.9683 1.8667 0.9657
1.9667 0.9735 2.0667 0.9735 2.1667 0.9735 2.2667 0.9787
2.3833 0.9605 2.5000 0.9670 2.6167 0.9670 2.7333 0.9670
2.8500 0.9670 2.9833 0.9787 3.1167 0.9644 3.2500 0.9631
3.3833 0.9839 3.5333 1.0217 3.7000 1.0152 3.8500 1.0295
4.0167 1.0217 4.1833 0.9956 4.3500 1.0217 4.5333 1.0126
4.7167 0.9917 4.9167 0.9996 5.1167 0.9983 5.3167 0.9983
5.5167 1.0009 5.7333 1.0035 5.9500 0.9891 6.2000 0.9670
6.4333 0.9631 6.6833 0.9891 6.9333 1.0087 7.1833 1.0074
7.4667 1.0074 7.7333 1.0035 8.0167 0.9956 8.3000 1.0100
8.6000 1.0022 8.9167 0.9969 9.2333 1.0074 9.5667 1.0113
9.9167 1.0087 10.267 1.0152 10.617 1.0100 10.983 1.0295
11.383 1.0139 11.767 1.0048 12.167 1.0061 12.600 1.0152
13.017 1.0243 13.450 1.0165 13.917 1.0360 14.383 1.0191
14.850 1.0165 15.350 1.0204 15.850 1.0178 16.383 1.0178
16.917 1.0061 17.467 1.0139 18.050 1.0087 18.617 1.0087
19.217 1.0204 19.817 1.0360 20.450 1.0477 21.083 1.0269
21.750 1.0308 22.417 1.0230 23.117 0.9956 23.850 1.0191
24.583 1.0308 25.350 1.0308 26.117 1.0490 26.917 1.0490
27.750 1.0347 28.583 1.0217 29.450 1.0425 30.317 1.0152
31.233 1.0178 32.167 1.0178 33.133 1.0126 34.100 1.0425
35.117 1.0425 36.150 1.0347 37.217 1.0347 38.300 1.0360
39.417 1.0347 40.550 1.0464 41.717 1.0269 42.917 1.0347
44.150 1.0438 45.417 1.0568 46.700 1.0334 48.017 1.0334
49.367 1.0321 50.750 1.0334 52.183 1.0334 53.633 1.0334
55.117 1.0334 56.650 1.0230 58.217 1.0230 59.817 1.0321
144
0.0000 152.00 0.0000 223.00 0.0167 323.00 0.0333 430.00
0.0500 527.00 0.0667 631.00 0.0833 727.00 0.1000 836.00
0.1167 903.00 0.1500 931.00 0.1667 948.00 0.1833 960.00
10-9
0.2000 968.00 0.2333 976.00 0.2667 983.00 0.3000 989.00
0.3333 989.00 0.3667 993.00 0.4000 994.00 0.4333 994.00
0.4667 996.00 0.5000 996.00 0.5333 997.00 0.5667 998.00
0.6167 999.00 0.6667 1000.0 0.7167 999.00 0.7667 1001.0
0.8167 1001.0 0.8667 1002.0 0.9167 1002.0 0.9667 1003.0
1.0333 1003.0 1.1000 1003.0 1.1667 1003.0 1.2500 1003.0
1.3167 1003.0 1.3833 1003.0 1.4500 1002.0 1.5333 1002.0
1.6167 1002.0 1.7000 1002.0 1.7833 1002.0 1.8667 1001.0
1.9667 1002.0 2.0667 1001.0 2.1667 1001.0 2.2667 1000.0
2.3833 1000.0 2.5000 1001.0 2.6167 1000.0 2.7333 1000.0
2.8500 1000.0 2.9833 1000.0 3.1167 1000.0 3.2500 999.00
3.3833 998.00 3.5333 998.00 3.7000 997.00 3.8500 996.00
4.0167 996.00 4.1833 997.00 4.3500 997.00 4.5333 998.00
4.7167 998.00 4.9167 998.00 5.1167 998.00 5.3167 998.00
5.5167 999.00 5.7333 999.00 5.9500 999.00 6.2000 999.00
6.4333 999.00 6.6833 999.00 6.9333 998.00 7.1833 998.00
7.4667 997.00 7.7333 997.00 8.0167 997.00 8.3000 998.00
8.6000 998.00 8.9167 1000.0 9.2333 999.00 9.5667 1000.0
9.9167 999.00 10.267 999.00 10.617 1000.0 10.983 1000.0
11.383 999.00 11.767 999.00 12.167 1000.0 12.600 1000.0
13.017 999.00 13.450 999.00 13.917 999.00 14.383 999.00
14.850 999.00 15.350 1000.0 15.850 1000.0 16.383 1000.0
16.917 999.00 17.467 1000.0 18.050 1000.0 18.617 999.00
19.217 999.00 19.817 999.00 20.450 999.00 21.083 999.00
21.750 999.00 22.417 998.00 23.117 998.00 23.850 999.00
24.583 999.00 25.350 1000.0 26.117 1000.0 26.917 999.00
27.750 999.00 28.583 999.00 29.450 998.00 30.317 999.00
31.233 999.00 32.167 1000.0 33.133 1000.0 34.100 1000.0
35.117 1000.0 36.150 999.00 37.217 1001.0 38.300 1002.0
39.417 1001.0 40.550 999.00 41.717 1000.0 42.917 1000.0
44.150 999.00 45.417 1000.0 46.700 1000.0 48.017 999.00
49.367 999.00 50.750 1000.0 52.183 1000.0 53.633 999.00
55.117 1000.0 56.650 1001.0 58.217 999.00 59.817 1000.0
1993 151 1.0920

0.0000 1.0321 0.0167 1.0477 0.0333 1.1141 0.0500 -0.1112
0.0667 1.0646 0.0833 -0.1112 0.1000 1.0594 0.1167 1.1401
fmore not shown
10-10
DESCRIPTION OF CentA CONVERTED .smo TEXT FILE FOR MULTI-

SPEED CAPILLARY PRESSURE TEST
Line1: File: Imbibition Pc, Berea Sample 1004

Line1: The text here is from the Data Acquisition-> Test Setup-> Test Conditions screen.
The text entered in the "Test Title (Brief Description)" box.
Line2: 1004//pf:Water//if:Oil-Opaque//ss
Line2: This text is automatically generated from the Data Acq. Test Setup>Sample>Fluids inputs:
Sample ID//produced phase (pf):Water//injected phase (if):Oil-Clear//SS (for sandstone)
Line3: 0 0.8500 9.500

0 = Produced Fluid (0=water, 1=oil) From Data Conversion->Legacy Analysis Header screen
0.8500 = Injected Phase Density
9.500 = Injected Phase Viscosity
Line4: 1.010 1.000 1.000 30.000

1.010 = Produced Phase Viscosity
1.000 = Produced Phase Density
1.000 = Initial Saturation
(Brine Saturation)
30.000 = Surface Tension
Line5: 0.1900 56.900 18.900 4.150 11.401

0.1900 = Sample Porosity
56.900 = Sample Permeability (Absolute)
18.900 = Produced Phase Permeability at Initial Saturation
4.150 = Sample Length
11.401 = Sample Cross Sectional Area
Line6: 8.5530 3.6000 5 9.1260

8.553 = Vial Area
3.6 = Vial Length
5 = Number of speeds
9.126=Distance to the core end (from Data Acq.->Test Conditions
Line7: 996 144 1.0321

996 = Final measured speed, RPM
144 = Test duration, minutes
1.0321 = Final calculated core saturation, injected phase, fraction
(note that the number above is not possible, should be less than 1.000)
10-11
Line8: 0.0000 -0.1112 0.0000 0.8121 0.0167 -0.1112 0.0333 -0.1112

This is the start of the converted image data. The format will be different for multi-speed capillary
pressure tests and single speed relative permeability tests. The following lines of data
will contain Speed, Time and Produced volume or saturation numbers in a sequential order
from left to right.
11-1
11 DEFINITIONS AND EQUATIONS
11.1 Definitions
DRAINAGE: refers to flow resulting in a decrease in the wetting phase saturation
(usually when the water saturation is decreasing for a water wet core)
IMBIBITION: refers to flow resulting in an increase in the wetting phase saturation

(usually when the water saturation is increasing for a water wet core)
HYSTERESIS: the difference in multiphase rock properties that depends upon

the direction of saturation change. (referred to as saturation history)
THRESHOLD PRESSURE: the minimum differential pressure across a core

sample that is required for the non-wetting phase to initially enter a saturated zone
of the wetting phase. (also referred to as the displacement pressure)
CORE LENGTH: (L) the length of the core sample in centimeters.
CAPILLARY PRESSURE: (Pc) the difference in pressure across the interface of

two immiscible fluids which exist in a capillary. (The differential pressure across
the core sample.)
h
Pc = (0.1578 x10− 6 )(∆ρ )( R − )hn 2
2
Pc = Capillary Pressure, psi
∆ρ = Density difference between fluid phases, g/cc
h = Length of core plug, cm
R = Centrifuge radius of rotation, cm
(Center of rotation to the bottom of the sample)
h
r = Mean radius of rotation, ( R − ) , cm (also know as “rh” factor)
2
n = Rotational speed, rpm
_
AVERAGE SATURATION: ( s ), the saturation of fluid throughout the entire
sample not taking into account any saturation gradients and endface effects that
may exist in the core sample. This saturation is calculated by subtracting the
corrected volume of effluent read directly in the centrifuge from the initial 100%
saturated pore volume of the sample, then dividing the resultant volume by the
pore volume, and multiplying by 100 (results in saturation as a percent of the pore
space). DO NOT USE THIS SATURATION VALUE TO CREATE YOUR
CAPILLARY PRESSURE CURVE! The saturation value to use in the plot of
capillary pressure versus saturation is calculated by plotting the average
saturation multiplied by the capillary pressure against the capillary pressure
followed by drawing the best fit line through the points and measuring the tangent
11-2
at each desired capillary pressure. The tangent value will be the saturation to use
in the capillary pressure curve. (see Pc Saturation below)
_
 ( IncrementalEffluentT ubeVolume) − ( InitialInjectedLiquidVolume) 
s =  PoreVolume  * 100

ACTUAL (endface) SATURATION: (S) This is the saturation to use in the plot of
capillary pressure versus saturation. This value is derived from the Average
Saturation and the differential pressure across the core sample.
To manually calculate Actual (endface) Saturation:

1. Calculate the differential pressure (Pc) at each centrifuge rotational
speed.
_
2. Calculate the Average Saturation ( s ) at each centrifuge rotational
speed.
_
3. For each centrifuge speed, multiply the Average Saturation ( s )
by the calculated differential pressure (Pc) to yield the
_
s ( Pc ) values.
_
4. Using linear graph paper, plot the s ( Pc ) values on the Y-axis and
Pc on the x-axis. (This may require using more than one scale on
the Y-axis to create a plot of all the points.)
5. Draw a best fit line through the data points.
6. Select at least 6 Pc pressures that will yield an approximately even
distribution along the best fit line.
7. At each of the selected Pc pressures draw a line that is tangent to
the best fit line previously drawn. Measure the angle between the
tangent lines and a line drawn straight down to the x-axis.
8. The tangent of the angle measured in the previous step, expressed
as a fraction, is the endface saturation to use at the selected
capillary pressure when creating the standard capillary pressure
versus Saturation curve.
9. Remember to divide the tangent value by the scale gradient
(difference in scale factors between x and y axes) if different scales
are used for the y and the x axes.
RPM: revolutions per minute

11-3
11.2 EQUATIONS
Average Saturation =
_
 ( IncrementalEffluentT ubeVolume) − ( InitialInjectedLiquidVolume) 
s =  PoreVolume  * 100

h
Capillary Pressure = Pc = (0.1578 x10− 6 )(∆ρ )( R − )hn 2
2
Pc = Capillary Pressure, psi
∆ρ = Density difference between fluid phases, g/cc
h = Length of core plug, cm
R = Centrifuge radius of rotation, cm
(Center of rotation to the bottom of the sample)
h
r = Mean radius of rotation, ( R − ) , cm (also know as “rh” factor)
2
n = Rotational speed, rpm
12-1
12 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE RUNS
The Table below lists the reductions of speed required when using the PIR-20
rotor in elevated-temperature runs. In addition to reducing the maximum
permitted speed, you must use the polyethersulfone tubes.
Maximum PIR-120 6 Place 1.0” Sample Rotor Speeds at Indicated Temperatures

Selected Maximum Speed (rpm)
Run
Temperature*
Using Using
Standard Displacement-by-Water
Buckets Buckets
24°C(75°F) 20 000 16 000
38°C(100°F) 20 000 16 000
52°C(125°F) 19 000 16 000
66°C(150°F) 19 000 16 000
79°C(175°F) 18 000 16 000
93°C(200°F) 17 000 16 000
*1. If rotor is run at 93°C (200°F) or below, no deration is required if the rotor is rerun at lower
temperatures.
2. Running the rotor above 93°C (200°F) can over-age the material and cause structural damage.
Permanent deration to the speed listed for the maximum temperature used (e.g., 15 000 rpm for a run
at 121°C when using standard buckets) is necessary, even if the rotor is rerun at lower temperatures.
3. If your procedure requires operating the instrument above 93°C (200°F), and you wish
then to rerun the rotor at higher speeds while at lower temperatures, it is
recommended that you have separate rotors for high- and normal-temperature runs.
Never fill the cups completely for high-temperature runs since the liquid will
expand and generate tremendous pressure, causing the O-rings to leak.
Depending on the run temperature selected, leave space in the caps as follows:
up to 66°C: 1-mL space
66–100°C: 1.5-mL space
For fastest heating it is recommended to place the rotor and bucket assemblies
with core samples in an oven for at least 2 hours.
If no oven is available in the laboratory, preheat the assembled rotor in the
centrifuge before beginning the run: Enter the required temperature, shut the
chamber door, but do not activate the vacuum system. For high temperatures of
93°C (200°F), preheating may take 2 to 6 hours without vacuum. (This procedure
permits normal thermal expansion of the polyethersulfone tubes and helps
extend tube life.)
At the end of an elevated-temperature run, remove the rotor from the
ultracentrifuge immediately to prevent the rotor from sticking to the drive spindle.
12-2
12.1 Important Settings When Using Elevated Temperatures

WHEN SETTING THE TEMPERATURE AT THE CENTRIFUGE HIGHER THAN
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION SHOULD BE
OBSERVED.
TO AVOID OVER TEMPERATURE ERRORS AT THE CONTROL PANEL OF

THE CENTRIFUGE USE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION: AT THE MAIN
SCREEN
Set Temp Here.

See Chart below
for correct value
to enter.

Up to 60 C 25 C
60 C to 75 C 30 C
75 C to 90 C 35 C
12-3
IMPORTANT NOTE: This temperature setting is NOT the desired

temperature of the rotor. The desired rotor temperature is set
manually at the temperature controller located just left of the
WARNING: Handle the rotor carefully as it will be very hot. If necessary, place a
warning sign reading “HOT” on the rotor until it cools down.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Never attempt to screw a bucket into a rotor if they are not at
the same temperature. Doing so could damage threads and void any
warranty.
BE VERY CARFUL WHEN REACHING INTO THE CENTRIFUGE BUCKET AS THERE IS AN

OPEN HEATER COIL IN THE BOTTOM OF THE BUCKET THAT CAN CAUSE SERIOUS
BURNS.
13-1
13 TROUBLESHOOTING
13.1 Diagnostic Messages at the Centrifuge Control Panel

Diagnostic messages appear as red LEDs at the left side of the upper display (see Figure
below) to alert you to conditions that may need your attention. A tone will sound and the
appropriate message will blink until you press the [CE] key. The diagnostic messages will
reappear if you attempt to restart the instrument and the problem has not been corrected.
Some of the messages provide cautionary information that will not shut down a run in
progress. Others indicate a user error. For example, if you left the chamber door open
when you pressed [START], the DOORmessage would appear to let you know it must
be closed.
If the associated display is flashing when a diagnostic message appears, a shut-down

malfunction has occurred. The run will come to a stop.
See the Table on the next page to determine the nature of the error or problem,
possible causes, and recommended corrective actions. If no user action is indicated, or
the error persists, call Coretest Systems,Inc. for assistance.
13-2
Diagnostic
Message Possible Cause User Action
SPEED Wrong, damaged, or missing Check set speed; check the rotor for
overspeed disk on the installed clean, undamaged, and correct
rotor overspeed disk.
TEMP Temperature control or Check the air inlet (at bottom of the front
vacuum system malfunctioning panel) for obstructions. Call Coretest
Systems, Inc. if problem persists.
DRIVE Abnormal change in drive Be sure a rotor is properly installed on
speed or overheated drive the spindle; if power has failed, wait for 5
minutes for drive to cool; check for air
inlet obstruction.
VAC Vacuum not being drawn o If the vacuum level is showing at least
properly. This message is a flashing “200” on the front panel this
primarily important when the VAC error can be disregarded and
centrifuge is spinning at 20000 removed by pressing the CE button.
RPM and above, which will o If the vacuum level never reaches the
never happen when using the point where it flashes “200” do the
URC-628 rotors. It will flash if following:
the vacuum has not pulled o Check door O-ring for damage and
down completely within 20 dirt.
minutes. o Check rotor lid O-rings for possible
leakage.
This VAC error can also be o Check the vacuum oil. If milky in color,
due to excess moisture in the run the vacuum system for several
system which will require hours or overnight until the oil is clear.
running the vacuum system for
several hours or overnight.
IMBAL Rotor imbalance (at low Check for proper rotor loading.
speeds)
DOOR Door is open when the Be sure door is closed.
[START] key is pressed
PWR Loss of power during run Check TIMEdisplay; run may need to be
restarted or aborted.
CPU Microprocessor malfunction or Press CE to clear the error. If it persists
loss of program memory, or power the control computer off and back
lost communication with on then restart CentA progrm.
control computer
WHEN AN ERROR CONDITION EXISTS THAT CANNOT BE CLEARED OUT BY

PRESSING THE <CE> BUTTON ON THE FRONT PANEL IT MAY BECOME
NECESSARY TO QUERY THE CENTRIFUGE ABOUT THE SPECIFIC ERROR THAT
HAS OCCURRED SO IT CAN BE RECTIFIED.
TO QUERY THE SYSTEM, PRESS 4-1-1 AND AN ERROR CODE WILL APPEAR IN
THE TEMPERATURE SECTION OF THE DISPLAY. SEE TH E NEXT SECTION FOR
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THESE SPECIFIC ERROR CODES.
13-3
13.2 Diagnostic Indicators at the Centrifuge Control Panel

The following DIAGNOSTIC INDICATORS may appear as red LEDs on the front control
panel of the URC-628.
• SPEED (speed related diagnostic indicator)

• TEMP (temperature rerated diagnostic indicator)
• DRIVE (drive related diagnostic indicator)
• VAC (vacuum related diagnostic indicator)
• IMBAL (imbarance rerated diagnostic indicator)
• DOOR (door related diagnostic indicator)
• PWR (power related diagnostic indicator)
• CPU (CPU related diagnostic indicator)
DIAGNOSTIC INDICATORS are used to designate that an abnormal condition has occurred at
the centrifuge hardware. An error tone will sound, and the appropriate LED(s) will blink on the
front control panel to indicate that a problem has occurred. The LEDs will continue blinking until
the user clears them. If the problem still exists after the user clears the LED(s), an error tone
will sound and the LED(s) will again begin blinking, indicating that an abnormal condition still
exists.
The user may attempt to clear the LED(s) by using the <CE> or <STOP> keys/buttons.
There are two basic types of diagnostics, cautionary and shut-down. Cautionary diagnostics
are less serious diagnostics and do not shut down the centrifuge. Shut-down diagnostics are
more serious, and will cause centrifugation to end.
If the display is flashing when a diagnostic occurs, this indicates a shut-down diagnostic has
occurred. Centrifugation will end and the machine will be shut down.
If the display does not flash when a diagnostic LED occurs, this indicates that only a cautionary
diagnostic exists. Centrifugation will continue and the machine will not be shut down.
If the user desires more information on the diagnostic(s) which exists, he may request
information
by pressing the 4-1-1 key sequence while the diagnostic LED(s) are still blinking.
Information obtained by pressing the 4-1-1 key sequence will appear in the temperature section
of the display. A lower case "d" followed by two digits will often appear. The two digits may
then be decoded to inform the user of the nature of the abnormal condition.
Some common two digit diagnostic numbers and their associated diagnostic class are
summarized
below. If you encounter a different Diagnostic Code message than shown below please contact
Coretest Systems, Inc. with the Diagnostic Code for further instruction.
13-4
Diagnostic Specification / Condition Suggested Action

Code
d14 Communications time-out. The connected • Check the USB cable between the
computer controller has lost control computer and USB hub
communication. (box on back of centrifuge).
• Check the cable from the USB hub
This error may result in stopping a test to the back of the centrifuge.
procedure if it occurs during an AutoRun. • Press CE to see if communication
with the control computer can be
restablished.
• If all cables are connected with
good connections and the CE did
not reestablish communicaiton,
Shut down the control computer
and reboot. Then Restart the
CentA program.
d20 Power failed, Continue run "Loss of Power Occurred During
Cent.
The Run in Progress Was
Continued."
Instrument spins up to set speeds
May require cancelling the current

test and starting over.
d21 Power failed, Restart run “Loss of Power Occured During Cent.
The Run in Progress was restarted."
Instrument spins up to set speed and

time is reset

d30 Overpeed condition exists (software) "Speed Malfunction"
Circuit breaker trips
Disk Frequency=15.5KHz +5%

d31 Mssing or invalid disk on bottom of rotor Shutdown with brake
stem
d34 Overpeed limit exceeded “The Speed Setting Exceeds the
Over-
speed Disk Rating"
Shutdown with brake

13-5
If happens frequently the speed disk

sensor under the rotor stem may
require adjustment. Contact Coretest
Systems.

d41 Vacuum prrmp down took too long "Vacuum Malfunction."
May indicate gas or moisture in the

vacuum pump oil. Follow OUTGAS
procedure.
This error occurs if the chamber

vacuum does not reach 20 microns in
20 minutes.
As long as the vacuum indicator

LEDs indicate 200 or a flashing <20
just press 411 followed by CE to clear
the error. If 750 is showing there is a
serious vacuum leak that should be
found and fixed.
d70 Rotor imbalance Decelerates to zero with brake
Check buckets for leaks, fix if found

and rebalance.
Verify all bucket assemblies are

balanced to within +/- 0.05 grams.
d80 Door open “Door is Open"

d81 Door latch malfunction “Door Malfunction"

13-6
13.3 Strobe Not Syncing with Rotor


14-1
14 CARE AND MAINTENANCE

IMPORTANT NOTE: After every 1000 runs or 2500 hours of centrifugation, permanently de-rate
the maximum speed of any rotor by 10%. ALWAYS keep an accurate log of the time and speed for
each run on each rotor for this purpose. Maintain a master logbook for each rotor. For the 20,000
RPM 6-place rotors the overspeed disk should be replaced with the device corresponding to 90% of
the rotor’s maximum speed. Three place rotors require the operator to be vigilant about logging
and maintaining records for each rotor as the overspeed disk does not apply to speeds below
18,000 RPM and it is up to the operator to limit the RPM used with the 3-place rotors.
• Examine the rotor and buckets regularly for scratches, rough spots, pitting, white powder
deposits (frequently aluminum oxide), heavy discoloration, or drive hole wear. If any of these
signs are evident do not run the rotor. Instead, contact your Coretest Systems, Inc.
representative who can provide contact with the Field Rotor Inspection Program and the rotor
repair center.
• DO NOT TOUCH THE REFLECTIVE TIMING MARK on the rotor bottom—the presence of
oil or grease can trigger false flashes. If necessary, use flat-black urethane paint or dull black
lacquer to give a dull, nnonreflective finish to all other surfaces of the rotor bottom.
• Periodically inspect the receiving tubes for cracks or crazing—the appearance of fine
striations in the tube. Crazing is the result of normal stress and will not affect tube
performance. However, if a small hairline crack develops, discard the tube.
• If an O-ring gets worn or damaged, replace it as shown in Figure 5. To get a better grasp on
the O-ring, wipe off the lubricant with a cloth beforehand.
Figure 5.Removing O-rings. Push the O-ring with your thumb and first finger until
it protrudes from the tube. Take the protruded part in your other hand and slip it
off.
14.1.1 CLEANING
Wash rotor components immediately if salts or other corrosive materials are
used or if spillage has occurred. Do not allow corrosive materials to dry on the
rotor.
14-2
14.1.1.1 Rotor
Under normal use, wash the rotor frequently to prevent buildup of residues.
NOTE: Do not wash the rotor components in a dishwasher. Do not soak the
rotor in detergent solution for long periods, such as overnight.
1. Wash the rotor yoke, buckets, and O-rings in a mild detergent, such as Beckman Solution
555™ (339555), that won’t damage the rotor. The Rotor Cleaning Kit (339558) contains two
plastic-coated brushes and two quarts of Solution 555 for use with rotors and accessories.
Dilute the detergent 10 to 1 with water.
2. Thoroughly rinse the cleaned rotor components with distilled water.
3. Air-dry the rotor components upside down. Do not use acetone to dry the rotor.
IMPORTANT NOTE: After every 1000 runs or 2500 hours of centrifugation, permanently de-
rate the maximum speed of any rotor by 10%. ALWAYS keep an accurate log of the time
and speed for each run on each rotor for this purpose. Maintain a master logbook for each
rotor. For the 20,000 RPM 6-place rotors the overspeed disk should be replaced with the
device corresponding to 90% of the rotor’s maximum speed. Three place rotors require the
operator to be vigilant about logging and maintaining records for each rotor as the overspeed
disk does not apply to speeds below 18,000 RPM and it is up to the operator to limit the
RPM used with the 3-place rotors.
14.1.1.2 Tubes
1. Decane or dodecane can be used to remove crude oil from receiving tubes. Submerge the
tubes in the decane for a few minutes to soften the crude oil coating.
2. Lift the tubes out, pouring off any oil/tar.
3. Clean the inside of tube cavities with a soft cloth or a cotton swab; then dry the tubes
immediately. Be careful not to rub off the calibration lines on the sides of the tubes.
IMPORTANT NOTE: NEVER USE SOLVENTS TO CLEAN THESE PLASTIC TUBES AS
THEY WILL BE DAMAGED AND BECOME CRACKED MAKING THEM UNUSEABLE.
14.1.2 LUBRICATION
Keep sand and dust out of rotor and bucket threads, using a nonabrasive brush
or a stream of air. Keep rotor threads and interior bucket threads well lubricated
with dry lubricant (927798), as galling of the threads can result in stuck
components. Lubricate external bucket threads with Spinkote (306812). Lightly
coat all O-rings with Vasoline Petroleum Jelly.
IMPORTANT NOTE WHEN USING LOW SPEED STABILIZER: ALWAYS

lubricate the bearing in the center of the stabilizer with dry lubricant (graphite
based) before each run. This will keep the bearing from over heating and
wearing out prematurely.
14-3
14.1.3 REPLACING THE OVERSPEED DISK

Routinely inspect the overspeed disk. If it is damaged or missing, replace it.
1. Start with a dry, room-temperature rotor, as the disk will not adhere to a damp surface.
2. Pry up the edges of the old disk with a razor blade, taking special care not to scratch the
rotor. Peel the disk off.
3. Clean the area around the rotor drive hole with acetone to remove any of the old adhesive.
4. Insert the centering tool into the hole (see Figure 6).
5. Peel the paper backing off the new disk, but do not touch the adhesive.
6. Fit the disk, sticky side down, around the centering tool and press the disk firmly to the rotor
bottom. Remove the tool.
7. Allow the disk to set for a minimum of 2 hours before using the rotor.
Figure 6.Replacing the Overspeed Disk
14.1.4 STORAGE
When it is not in use, store the rotor in a dry environment (not in the centrifuge).
Store the rotor on its stand; store buckets disassembled.
14-4
14.1.5 Programming the Temperature Controller
Chromalox Temperature Controller Model 1603

Configuration Parameters for URC-628
After setting the internal switch V2 to the open position (see p. 4 of instructions) the following
configuration parameters can be set by using the FUNC and ↑↓ buttons.
Parameter Code Parameter Value
P1 (TC or RTD type) 4 (RTD -19.9 – +99.9 Deg C)

P2 0
P3 120
P4 (Output type) r Reverse action (heating)
P5 (Output 2 function) 1 (Process Alarm)
P6 (Out 2 Ops Mode) H.A.
P7 (Alarm action) r Reverse (alarm deactive on alarm)
P8 (Alarm standby) Off (disabled)
P9 (Offset) 0 Set to Zero RTD
P10 (Soft start threshold 50
P11 (Safety Lock) 1 (CSI Code)
P12 1
When configuration is completed, the instrument shows -.-.-. on both displays.

Push the ↑ or ↓ buttons to set the 219 code on the upper display. You are now in the advanced
configuration mode and can set the following parameters.
P14 display On
P15 SMART 0
P16 SMART 30
P17 SMART 1
P18 SMART N/A
P19 SMART N/A
P20 SMART .3
P21 10
When all parameters have been set, reset the internal switch V2 back to the closed position.
Operating Parameters (URC-628)

SP = 20 (required for testing)
Al = 110
rl = 0
rh=120
14-1
14.2 RETURNING A ROTOR

Before returning a rotor or accessory for any reason, prior permission (a
Returned Goods Authorization form) must be obtained from Coretest Systems,
Inc. This RGA form should contain the following information:
• serial number,
• history of use (approximate frequency of use),
• reason for the return,
• original purchase order number, billing number, and shipping number, if possible,
• name and phone number of the person to be notified upon receipt of the rotor or accessory
at the factory, and
• name and phone number of the person to be notified about repair costs, etc.
To protect our personnel, it is the customer's responsibility to ensure that the

parts are free from pathogens and/or radioactivity. Sterilization and
decontamination must be done before returning the parts. Smaller items (such
as tubes, bottles, etc.) should be enclosed in a sealed plastic bag.
All parts must be accompanied by a note, plainly visible on the outside of the box
or bag, stating that they are safe to handle and that they are not contaminated
with pathogens or radioactivity. Failure to attach this notification will result in
return or disposal of the items without review of the reported problem.
Use the return address shown on www.coretest.com in the Contact section. Be

sure to include the following on the package.
Attention: Returned Goods
Customers located outside the United States should contact their local Coretest
Systems, Inc. agent.
URC-628 ULTRA ROCK CENTRIFUGE USERS MANUAL 15-1
15 MISCELLANEOUS DRAWINGS AND PHOTOS
New SMALLER shutter plate shown above. This plate can withstand high RPMs.
OLD UNSAFE shutter plate shown above. IF YOU HAVE THIS IT SHOULD BE
REPLACED BY THE NEWER VERSION AT TOP OF PAGE AS SOON AS
POSSIBLE!! CONTACT CORETEST SYSTEMS, INC.
Cup Rack for all standard and inverted cups when not in use.

URC - 628 - Ver 4

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CORETEST SYSTEMS, INC.

NOTE: Only one computer monitor comes with the system.

SOFTWARE AND COMPUTER DISCLAIMER

The information in this manual is confidential. No portion of the information presented

BE VERY CARFUL WHEN REACHING INTO THE CENTRIFUGE BUCKET AS THERE IS AN

1 Warranty, Disclaimers, Limitations .......................................................................... 1-1

2 PREFACE - Discussion of the URC-628 and Capillary Pressure ........................... 2-1

3 SAFETY ....................................................................................................................... 3-1

4 INSTALLATION ........................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Where to Locate the Equipment............................................................................. 4-1

4.2 Uncrating and Inspection........................................................................................ 4-1

4.3 Installing the System .............................................................................................. 4-2

4.4 Connecting Power and Turning the System On ..................................................... 4-2

4.5 Required Utilities and Installation Dimensions ....................................................... 4-2

4.6 Centrifuge Front Control Panel Description ............................................................ 4-3

4.7 Diagnostic Messages at the Centrifuge Control Panel ........................................... 4-4

4.8 Diagnostic Indicators at the Centrifuge Control Panel ............................................ 4-6

4.9 Outgas the System Before Use .............................................................................. 4-9

4.10 Setting Up the Camera and Software................................................................ 4-10

5 PREPARATION FOR A TEST ..................................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Preparing the Core Sample .................................................................................... 5-1

5.1.1 Core Cleaning ............................................................................................................. 5-1

5.1.2 Wettability Restoration* .............................................................................................. 5-2

5.1.3 Sample Selection ........................................................................................................ 5-6

5.2 Other Considerations ............................................................................................. 5-7

5.2.1 Fluids .......................................................................................................................... 5-7

5.2.2 Degassing .................................................................................................................. 5-7

5.2.3 Brine electrolytes and pH ............................................................................................ 5-7

5.2.5 Density, viscosity, interfacial tension IMPORTANT* ................................................... 5-9

5.2.6 Saturating Core and Initial Swir Procedure ............................................................... 5-10

5.2.7 Pore Volume and Saturation ..................................................................................... 5-11

5.2.8 Material Balance by Weighing .................................................................................. 5-15

5.2.9 Material Balance by Measured Production ................................................................ 5-16

5.2.10 Flowing Measurements* ........................................................................................ 5-16

5.2.11 Iron Minerals .......................................................................................................... 5-20

6 CENTRIFUGE PREPARATION AND OPERATION .................................................... 6-1

6.1 Selecting the Correct Volumetric Tube ................................................................... 6-3

6.2 Discussion of a “Pre-volume” ................................................................................. 6-4

6.3 Discussion of Temperature .................................................................................... 6-5

6.4 Duration of Experiment........................................................................................... 6-6

6.6 MAXIMUM Speeds for Rotors –VERY IMPORTANT- ............................................ 6-9

6.7 Speeds for Capillary Pressure Measurements ....................................................... 6-9

6.8 Using the Low Speed Stabilizer ........................................................................... 6-10

6.9 Normal Sequence of a Complete Experiment (Restored State) ........................... 6-12

6.10.3 Pre-Volume Calibration (Standard drainage buckets only) ................................... 6-20

6.11.2 Volumetric Tube Calibration - AUTOMATED CAMERA System ............................ 6-26

7 SOFTWARE OPERATION (Data Acquisition) ........................................................... 7-1

7.1 Preparation For The Centrifuge Test...................................................................... 7-2

7.2 CENTA DATA ACQUISITION MODULE ................................................................ 7-3

7.2.1 Main Screen. .............................................................................................................. 7-4

7.3.1 Starting “Data Conversion” ....................................................................................... 7-16

7.3.3 Description of the Conversion Screen Controls ........................................................ 7-19

7.3.4 Opening a “.daq” File ................................................................................................ 7-23

7.3.5 Initial Image and Header Information Evaluation ...................................................... 7-28

7.3.9 Legacy Analysis Header – VERY IMPORTANT ........................................................ 7-53

8 CORE TESTING PROCEDURES, STEP-BY-STEP .................................................... 8-1

8.1 MULTI-SPEED DRAINAGE TEST USING A STANDARD ROTOR ....................... 8-1

8.1.1 STARTING THE URC-628 SYSTEM .......................................................................... 8-1

8.1.7 RUN THE CORE SAMPLE TEST ............................................................................. 8-19

8.2 MULTI-SPEED IMBIBITION TEST USING AN INVERTED ROTOR ................... 8-21

8.2.7 RUN THE CORE SAMPLE TEST ............................................................................. 8-40

8.3 SINGLE-SPEED DRAINAGE TEST USING A STANDARD ROTOR................... 8-42

8.3.1 STARTING THE URC-628 SYSTEM ........................................................................ 8-42