Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lat Grafik
Lat Grafik
7 RCPA
5 BV
1 CLIA, 3
NYS, 6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
5 BV
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
6 AAB
8 CFX
2 WLSH
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
3 NYS
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
6 AAB
7 RCPA
5 BV
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH
2 WLSH
3 NYS
3 NYS
3 NYS
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
1 CLIA
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
2 WLSH
3 NYS
3 NYS
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
7 RCPA
8 CFX
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
3 NYS
3 NYS
4 CAP
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 3
NYS
5 BV
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
3 NYS
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
5 BV
6 AAB
1 CLIA, 3
NYS
4 CAP
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
3 NYS
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
8 CFX
8 CFX
2 WLSH
4 CAP
6 AAB
3 NYS
1 CLIA, 3
NYS, 6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
1 CLIA, 3
NYS, 6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
1 CLIA
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
3 NYS
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
3 NYS
5 BV
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
3 NYS
5 BV
7 RCPA
3 NYS
5 BV
8 CFX
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
4 CAP
4 CAP
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
4 CAP
7 RCPA
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
5 BV
5 BV
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 3
NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
8 CFX
2 WLSH
4 CAP
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
4 CAP
7 RCPA
5 BV
5 BV
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
6 AAB
3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
6 AAB
5 BV
5 BV
8 CFX
2 WLSH
7 RCPA
8 CFX
6 AAB
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
4 CAP
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
7 RCPA
8 CFX
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
5 BV
5 BV
3 NYS
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
5 BV
6 AAB
2 WLSH
6 AAB
6 AAB
2 WLSH
3 NYS
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
3 NYS
3 NYS
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
8 CFX
2 WLSH
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH
3 NYS
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
5 BV
3 NYS
2 WLSH
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
4 CAP
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
3 NYS
5 BV
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
4 CAP
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
7 RCPA
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
5 BV
4 CAP
5 BV
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
3 NYS
3 NYS
3 NYS
4 CAP
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
5 BV
1 CLIA
3 NYS
3 NYS
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
3 NYS
5 BV
7 RCPA
5 BV
7 RCPA
3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
8 CFX
7 RCPA
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 3
NYS, 6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
1 CLIA
3 NYS
6 AAB
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 3
NYS, 6 AAB
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
7 RCPA
5 BV
5 BV
1 CLIA, 3
NYS, 6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
8 CFX
4 CAP
4 CAP
2 WLSH
3 NYS
5 BV
7 RCPA
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
4 CAP
3 NYS
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
6 AAB
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 3
NYS
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
5 BV
5 BV
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH
4 CAP
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
6 AAB
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
4 CAP
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
2 WLSH
5 BV
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
2 WLSH
4 CAP
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
8 CFX
2 WLSH
4 CAP
6 AAB
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
1 CLIA
5 BV
5 BV
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
5 BV
6 AAB
8 CFX
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
7 RCPA
5 BV
4 CAP
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
2 WLSH
4 CAP
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
3 NYS
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
4 CAP
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
3 NYS
4 CAP
4 CAP
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
7 RCPA
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
4 CAP
6 AAB
6 AAB
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
5 BV
6 AAB
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
3 NYS
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
6 AAB
6 AAB
8 CFX
8 CFX
5 BV
5 BV
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
2 WLSH
3 NYS
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
3 NYS
3 NYS
3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
5 BV
6 AAB
6 AAB
6 AAB
4 CAP
7 RCPA
5 BV
5 BV
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
4 CAP
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
5 BV
1 CLIA
3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
1 CLIA
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
5 BV
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
3 NYS
6 AAB
6 AAB
6 AAB
6 AAB
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
4 CAP
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
4 CAP
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
2 WLSH
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
2 WLSH
4 CAP
6 AAB
6 AAB
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
4 CAP
5 BV
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
3 NYS
6 AAB
8 CFX
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
1 CLIA
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
5 BV
5 BV
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 3 NYS,
6 AAB
2 WLSH
4 CAP
4 CAP
6 AAB
6 AAB
8 CFX
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH, 6 AAB
3 NYS
4 CAP
4 CAP
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
6 AAB
7 RCPA
8 CFX
5 BV
7 RCPA
2 WLSH
3 NYS
4 CAP
6 AAB
7 RCPA
5 BV
7 RCPA
7 RCPA
5 BV
1 CLIA
5 BV
6 AAB
1 CLIA, 2
WLSH
5 BV
5 BV
3 NYS
DATA BAHYAN KONTROOL
PEMERIIKSAAN :
BULAN JANUARI
=((D24-$D$34)/$D$35) 1
1
=AVERAGE(D10:D33)
=STDEV(D10:D33)
=(D37/D36)*100
=((D36-D34)/D34)*100
=D39+(3*D38)
4
6
9 20 21 22 23 24
MEMBUAT GRAFIK
2 3
1 2 3
5
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Level I
0.0 Level II
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
Level I
Level II
22 23 24
DATA BAHYAN KONTROOL
PEMERIIKSAAN :
BULAN JANUARI
=((D24-$D$34)/$D$35) 1
1
=AVERAGE(D10:D33)
=STDEV(D10:D33)
=(D37/D36)*100
=((D36-D34)/D34)*100
=D39+(2*D38)
4
6
MEMBUAT GRAFIK
2 3
1 2 3
5
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Level I
0.0 Level II
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
Level I
Level II
22 23 24
Data Kontrol
3.0
2.0
1.0
-2.0
-3.0
Data Kontrol
21 23
DATA BAHYAN KONTROOL
PEMERIIKSAAN :
BULAN JANUARI
1. Klik Insert
=((D24-$D$34)/$D$35) 1
=AVERAGE(D10:D33)
=STDEV(D10:D33)
=(D37/D36)*100
3. Pilih Type grafik
=((D36-D34)/D34)*100
=D39+(2*D38)
6
Data Kontrol
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
Edit Grafik
2.5
2.0
1.5
D
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
MEMBUAT GRAFIK
2.2Klik Line 3
4
4
Klik Kanan
6. Klik Add
10. Klik OK
afik
Data Kontrol
Data Kontrol
Data Kontrol
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ntrol
9. Klik OK
Data Kontrol
Data Kontrol
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
13. Rubah Axis Options
Data Kontrol
3.0
2.0
Data Kontrol
3.0
2.0
ai Axis
1.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
Standar Deviasi
7 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0
8 0.0 0.0 0.0
3.0
9 0.0 0.0 0.0
10 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0
11 0.0 0.0 0.0
12 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
13 0.0 0.0 0.0
14 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
15 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
16 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.0
17 0.0 0.0 0.0
-2.0
18 0.0 0.0 0.0
19 0.0 0.0 0.0 -3.0
20 0.0 0.0 0.0
21 0.0 0.0 0.0 -4.0
22 0.0 0.0 0.0
23 0.0 0.0 0.0
24 0.0 0.0 0.0
25 0.0 0.0 0.0
26 0.0 0.0 0.0
27 0.0 0.0 0.0
28 0.0 0.0 0.0
29 0.0 0.0 0.0
30 0.0 0.0 0.0
TV
SD
Rerata #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
CV % #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
d% #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
TE % #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
TEa%
Data di entry
Data Kontrol __________
Bulan _____________ 2015
Level 1
Level 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Level 3
Tanggal
DATA BAHAN KONTROL
PEMERIIKSAAN :
BULAN JANUARI
STANDAR DEVIASI
Data QC Posisi (SD) Data QC Posisi (SD) Data QC Posisi (SD)
1 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
2 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
3 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
4 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 4.0
5 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 3.0
6 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
2.0
7 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
1.0
8 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
9 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.0
10 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! -1.0 1 2 3 4
11 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! -2.0
12 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! -3.0
13 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
-4.0
14 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
15 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
16 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
17 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
18 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
19 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
20 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
21 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
22 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
23 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
24 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
25 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
26 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
27 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
28 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
29 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
30 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
TV
SD
Rerata #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
CV % #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
d% #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
TE % #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
TEa%
Data di entry
STANDAR DEVIASI
8.0 5 Sigma
6.0 4 Sigma
4.0 3 Sigma
2.0 2 Sigma