BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES Whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating sha, it exerts some centrifugal force, whose effect is 10 bend the shafl and to produce vibrations in it. In order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force, another mass is attached to the opposite side of the shaft, at such a position so as to balance the effect ofthe centrifugal force of the first mass. ‘This is done in such a way that the centrifugal force of both the masses are made to be equal and opposite. ‘The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifigal force of the first mass, is called balancing of rotating masses. The following cases are important from the subject point of view: i. Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane. ii, Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating indifferent planes. iii, Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane. iv, Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes. Balancing of a Single Rotating Mass by a Single Mass Rotating in the Same Plane Consider a disturbing mass m, attached to a shaft rotating at ¢» rad/s as shown in Fig. 1. Let ry be the radius of rotation of the mass my (i.e., distance between the axis of rotation of the shaft and the centre of gravity of the mass my). ‘The centrifugal force exerted by the mass my on the shaft, Fy=m-o-n oO This centrifugal force acts radially outwards and thus produces bending moment on the shaft. In order to counteract the effect of this force, a balancing mass (m;) may be attached in the same plane of rotation as that of disturbing mass (am) such that the centrifugal forces due to the two ‘masses are equal and opposite. oa Fig. 1: Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane. Let r:= Radius of rotation of the balancing mass mt; (Le. distance between the axis of rotation of the shaft and the centre of gravity of mass m,). +. Centrifugal force due to mass ma, Scanned with CamScannerBALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES Foem-@-n 2 Equating equations () and (i), maken emery of msn mf Note: i. The product mr; may be split up in any convenient way. But the radius of rotation of the balancing mass (mz) is generally made large in order to reduce the balancing mass mx ii. The centrifugal forces are proportional to the product of the mass and radius of rotation of respective masses, because «3 is same for each mass. Balancing of a Single Rotating Mass by Two Masses Rotating in Different Planes Previously, we introduced a single balancing mass in the same plane of rotation as that of the disturbing mass, making the centrifugal forces to balance. In other words, the two forces are ‘equal in magnitude and opposite in direction which gives rise to a couple as it tends to rock the shaft in its bearings. ‘Therefore, in order to put the system in complete balance, two balancing masses are placed in ‘hwo different planes, parallel to the plane of rotation of the disturbing mass, in such a way that they satisfy the following two conditions of equilibrium. i. The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of action of three centrifugal forces must be the same. In other words, the centre of the masses of the system must lie on the axis of rotation. This is the condition for static balancing. ii. The net couple due to the dynamic forces acting on the shaft is equal to zero. In other words, the algebraic sum of the moments about any point in the plane must be zero. ‘The conditions (i) and (i) together give dynamic balancing. “The following two possibilities may arise while attaching the two balancing masses: a. The plane of the disturbing mass may be in between the planes of the two balancing masses, and b. The plane of the disturbing mass may lie on the left or ri balancing masses. tof the two planes containing the i. When the plane of the disturbing mass lies in between the planes of the two balancing masses Consider a disturbing mass me lying in a plane A to be balanced by two rotating masses my and ‘my lying in two different planes Z and M as shown in Fig, 2. Let r, r1 and rz be the radii of rotation of the masses in planes A, Land M respectively. Let 4, = Distance between the planes A and L, 4;= Distance between the planes A and M, and T= Distance between the planes Z and Mf 2 Scanned with CamScannerBALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES Fig. 2: Balancing of a single rotating mass by two rotating masses in different planes when the ‘plane of single rotating mass lies in between the planes of two balancing masses. Let the centrifugal force exerted by the mass min the plane A be, Fomor Similarly, the centrifugal force exerted by the mass my in the plane L, Form. oF ‘and, the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m: in the plane M, For my ot Since the net force acting on the shaft must be equal to zero, therefore the centrifugal force on the disturbing mass must be equal to the sum of the centrifugal forces on the balancing masses, therefore Fo=FotFo or mG er=m.oF-n +m “On . mor = my-h +My “Py <<@) ‘Now in order to find the magnitude of balancing force in the plane L (or the dynamic force at the bearing Q ofa shaft), take moments about P which isthe point of intersection of the plane Mf and ‘the axis of rotation. Therefore: FoyxlaFexXh ot mya xl ama? rxh m-n-lemrh of m-nzmrett -@ Similarly, in order to find the balancing force in plane AY (or the dynamic force at the bearing P ofa shaft), take moments about Q which is the point of intersection of the plane L and the axis of rotation. Therefore, FegXl=Fexh of mya? onXl=m-a?rxh A myerylemerh of Ma TSM si) Scanned with CamScannerBALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES. Itmay be noted that equation () represents the condition for static balance, but in order to achieve dynamic balance, equations (ii) or (if) must also be satisfied. ii, When the plane of the disturbing mass lies on one end of the planes of the balancing masses Fig. 3: Balancing ofa single rotating mass by two rotating masses in different planes, when the plane of single rotating mass lies at one end of the planes of balancing masses. In this case, the mass m lies in the plane A and the balancing masses lie in the planes L and M, as shown in Fig, 3. As discussed above, the following conditions must be satisfied in order to balance the system, ie. Fete Fqy of motertimy GP on =my ary, e mrtm-ny =my -@) Now, to find the balancing force in the plane Z (or the dynamic force at the bearing Q of a shaft), take moments about P which is the point of intersection of the plane M and the axis of rotation. Therefore Foy Xl=Fexh of mu -nxl=m-w rx m-n-lemrh ot mon emrete oe ) «+ [Same as equation (i) Similarly, to find the balancing force in the plane M (or the dynamic force at the bearing P of a shaft), take moments about Q wi is the point of intersection of the plane L and the axis of rotation. Therefore, FaxlaFeXh of my-h-nxlem-cb-rxh 4 my-ry le merch of My m= MrK, ee) «+, {Same as equation (i) Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in the Same Plane Scanned with CamScannerBALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES Consider any number of masses (say four) of magnitude my m3, my and ma at distances Of r1y Fay ry and ry from the axis of the rotating shaft. Let 0), 03, 05 and Oy be the angles of these masses with the horizontal line OX, as shown in Fig. 4 (a). Let these masses rotate about an axis through, O and perpendicular to the plane of paper, with a constant angular velocity of ¢o rad/s. ‘The magnitude and position of the balancing mass may be found out analytically or graphically as found below: (0 Spece ding (@) Vector dng. Fig. 4: Balancing of several masses rotating in the same plane. a. Analytical method ‘The magnitude and direction of the balancing mass may be obtained, analytically, as below: i, First ofall, find out the centrifugal force (or the product of the mass and its radius of rotation) exerted by each mass on the rotating shaft. ii. Resolve the centrifugal forces horizontally and vertically and find their sums, .e., EH and EV. But, Sum of horizontal components of the centrifugal forces, EH = m-7,cos®) +1373 0080) +... and sum of vertical components of the centrifugal forces, EV =m -7sin®, +m -rysin0)+...... iii, Magnitude of the resultant centrifugal force, Re=(eHy +ery iv. If 0 is the angle, which the resultant force makes with the horizontal, then tan =Dy/LH v. The bale force is then equal to the resultant force, but in opposite direction. ‘vi. Now find out the magnitude of the balancing mass, such that Fo=mr where m= Balancing mass, and r= the radius of rotation b. Graphical method Scanned with CamScannerBALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES “The magnitude and position of the balancing mass may also be obtained graphically as follows: i, First, draw the space diagram with the positions of the several masses, as shown in Fig. 4 (a). ji, Find out the centrifugal force (or product of the mass and radius of rotation) exerted by each mass on the rotating shaft. iii, Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces (or the product of the masses and their radii of rotation), such that ab represents the centrifugal force exerted by the ‘mass mm (oF my.) in magnitude and direction to some suitable scale. Similarly, draw be, ed and de to represent centrifugal forces of other masses my, my and my (Or ma.Fay mys and maa). iv, Now, as per polygon law of forces, the closing side ae represents the resultant force in magnitude and direction, as shown in Fig. 4 (b). v. The balancing force is, then, equal tothe resultant force, but in apposite direction. vi. Now find out the magnitude ofthe balancing mass (mt at a given radius of rotation (r), such that: m-@?-r = Resultant centrifugal force or r= Resultant of mF, MyFy MyTs and M4 SOLVE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS WE I: Four masses A, B, C and D are attached to a shaft and revolve in the same plane. The masses are 12 kg, 10 kg, 18 kg and 15 kg respectively and their radii of rotations are 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm and 30 mm. The angular position of the masses B, C and D are 60°, 135° and 270° from the mass A. Find the magnitude and position of the balancing mass at a radius of 100 mm. [Ans. 7.56 kg; 87° clockwise from 4] WE 2: A shaft carries four masses A, B, C and D of magnitude 200 kg, 300 kg, 400 kg and 200 kg respectively and revolving at radii 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm in planes measured from A at 300 mm, 400 mm and 700 mm. The angles between the cranks measured anticlockwise are A to B 45°, B to C 70° and C to D 120°. The balancing masses are to be placed in planes X and Y. The distance between the planes A and X is 100 mm, between X and Y is 400 mm and between Y and D is 200 mm. If the balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100 mm, find their magnitudes and angular positions. WE 3: Four masses my, m, my and mg are 200 kg, 300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg respectively. The corresponding radii of rotation are 0.2 m, 0.15 m, 0.25 m and 0.3 m respectively and the angles between successive masses are 45°, 75° and 135°, Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass required, if its radius of rotation is 0.2 m. Scanned with CamScannerBALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in Different Planes When several masses revolve in different planes, they may be transferred to a reference plane (briefly written as R.P.), which may be defined as the plane passing through a. ‘point on the axis of rotation and perpendicular to it, The effect of transferring a revolving mass (in one plane) t0 a reference plane is to cause a force of magnitude equal to the centrifugal force of the revolving ‘mass to actin the reference plane, together with a couple of magnitude equal to the product of the force and the distance between the plane of rotation and the reference plane. In order to have a complete balance of the several revolving masses in different planes, the following ‘wo conditions must be satisfied: i. The forces in the reference plane must balance, Ze, the resultant force must be Zero, ii. The couples about the reference plane must balance, i. the resultant couple must be 2er0- Let us now consider four masses msm, ms and m, revolving in planes J, 2, 3 and 4 respectively as shown in Fig. 5 (a) The relative angular positions of these masses are shown in the end view [Fig. 5 (6) ‘The magnitude of the balancing masses sm, and my, in planes L and M may be obtained as discussed below: a Take one of the planes, say L as the reference plane (R-P.. The distances of all the other planes to the left of the reference plane may be regarded as megative, and those (0 the right as positive. ‘. Tabulate the data as shown in Table I. The planes are tabulated in the same order in which they occur, reading from left to right. ‘Table 1: Plane Mass (m) Radius(e) | Cenforce +0] Distance from | Conple+ or na) Plane L ()) (mel) o @ 8 o o 6 1 ™ n mh, 4 —mrh URP) m, % meh, ° ° 2 m, % Myr, 4 mz Fyly 3 my 4 Myr 4 myryly aM Ms he Mises he mseTrels 4 my % mr 4 mrgle Scanned with CamScannerBALANCING OF ROTATING MAS: -Vves—APR +1 ve “Bll ‘Ge ¢ oy coupe vet (9 Coplevector tamed (9 Coe page, Force polygon. counterclockwise trough aight angle Fig. 5. Balancing of several masses rotating in diferent ‘planes. icular to the plane of the couple. rawn perpendi proportional to ¢. A-couple may be represented by a vector dr ‘The couple Cy introduced by transferring ms to the reference plane through O is smarty and aets in a plane through Om and perpendicular to the paper. “The vector representing rape is drawn in the plane ofthe paper and perpendicular to Om as shown by OG in Fig. 5). Similarly, the vectors OC, OCs respectively and in the plane of the paper. 4. The couple vectors as discussed above, are turned counter-clockwise through a right angle for cavenionee of drawing as shown in Fig. 5 (d). We see that their relative positions remains smnafected, Now the vectors OC:, OCs and OC are parallel and in the same direction as Om: ‘Ons and Oma, while the vector OCy is parallel to Om, but in opposite direction. Hence the ‘couple vectors are drawn radially outwards for the masses on one side of the reference plane and radially inward for the masses on the other side of the reference plane. Now draw the couple polygon as shown in Fig. 5 (e). The vector do” represents the balanced 1 balanced couple Cx is proportional to mst. ra fay therefore: ular to Om, Oms and Omy and OC; are drawn perpen couple. Since th Scanned with CamScannerBALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES . do Emygngchy = vector d’o! or Met et whe be obtained, and From this expressi expression, the value of the balancing mass my in the plane M may eagle or i ie ma of inelit nation @ of this mass may be measured from Fig. 7 (b). , Now draw the force polygon as shown in Fig 7 (0. The vector eo (inthe direction from 10 0) represents the balanced force. Since the balanced force is proportional 10 MmiFt therefore, eaters mpm =vectoreo or ML ay be obtained and the From this expression, the value of the balancing mass my, in the plane £m angle of inclination tof this mass with the horizontal may be measured fom re dt) SOLVE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS! Scanned with CamScanner