GEC 5- PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

MIDTERM REVIEWER

LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS

Communication Derived from the Latin words con with
munus which means “a business,”
communis which means “common,” and
communico which means to “confer” or
“to relate with one another”
Con with munus “a business”
communis “common”
communico “to confer” or “to relate with one another”
Communication; meaning The process of accomplishing a goal,
“with a business to confer or relate with
one another”
A two-way process by which information
is exchanged between or among
individuals through a common system of
symbols, signs and behavior.
According to De Santis, the
communication is made between two
side, the source and the receiver.
Source The creator of the message, performs
four roles:
1. Determining the meaning of what
is to be communicated
2. Encoding the meaning into the
message,
3. Sending the message.
4. Perceiving and reacting to a
listener’s response to the
message.
Receiver Decodes the messages by analyzing
and interpreting them. It also must store
and recall the message and respond to
the source, message, channel,
environment, and noise.
ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is integrated in all parts Communication is valued in the real
of our lives. world. Our lives consist of four domains:
academic, professional, personal, and
civic.
1. Academics- Communication skills
are tied to academic success.
Students that are good at writing
and speaking perform well on
school.

Communication meets needs
Communication is guided by culture
and context
2. Professional- English courses
provide important skills essential
for functioning in entry-level jobs.
Being able to demonstrate that
you have received
communication training makes
you stand out among other
applicants and employees.
3. Personal- It increases our ability
to consciously alter our
communication. This is activated
to achieve our goals, avoid
miscommunication, and analyze
and learn from our inevitable
mistakes.
4. Civic- improves our quality of life,
community members; raising
awareness about social, cultural,
or political issues, or participating
in a wide variety of political and
non-political process.
The content of our communication may
help us achieve certain physical and
instrumental needs, it also feeds into our
identities and relationships in ways that
far exceed to content of what we say.
1. Physical needs- The need to
communicate keep our bodies
and minds functioning.
Communication has many more
connections to and effects on our
physical body and well-being.
2. Instrumental needs-it helps us
gets things done in our day-to-
day lives and achieve short- and
long-term goals.
3. Relational needs- helps us
maintain social bonds and
interpersonal relationships.
Communication meets our
relational needs by giving us a
tool through which develop,
maintain, and end relationships.
4. Identity needs- Allows us to
present ourselves in a distinct
manner.
O’Neil (2006) defines culture as the full
range of learned human behavior
patterns. Includes knowledge art, laws,
morals, custom etc.

Communication is learned
Communication has ethical implications
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION: VERBAL AND NONVERBAL
Verbal Communication
(Further divided into oral and written message is transmitted verbally,
communication)
*Oral Communication
*Written Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Context is the circumstances that form
the setting for an event, statement, or
idea, and in terms of which it can be full
understood.
Culture and context also influence how
we perceive and define communication.
Our manner of communication varies
from one person to another based on
culture and context. Communication is
learned rather innate. It is learned
through human contact.
In communication ethics, we are more
concerned with the decisions people
make about what is right and wrong.
Communication ethics- deals with the
process of negotiating and reflecting on
our actions and communication
regarding what we believe to be right or
wrong.
A form of communication in which
communication is done word by word of
mouth and a piece of writing.
In verbal communication, remember the
acronym KISS which means “keep it
short and simple”
-Spoken words are used.
-It includes face-to-face conversations,
speech, telephonic conversation, etc.
*In oral communication, communication
is influenced by pitch, volume, speed,
and clarity of speaking.
Written signs or symbols are used to
communicate.
A written message may be printed or
handwritten.
*Message, in written communication, is
influenced by the vocabulary and
grammar used, writing style precis on
and clarity of the language used.
Is the sending or receiving of wordless
messages.
Examples of nonverbal communication
includes gesture, body language
posture, tone of voice or facial
expressions.
Nonverbal communication is all about
 the body language of the speaker.
Five Roles of nonverbal communication 1. Repetition- they can repeat the
message the person is making
verbally.
2. Contradiction- they can contradict
a message the individual is trying
to convey.
3. Substitution- they can substitute
for a verbal message.
4. Complementing- they may add to
or complement a verbal
message.
5. Accenting- they may accent or
underline a verbal message.
Different types of nonverbal Facial expressions
communication Body movements and posture
Gesture
Eye Contact
Touch
Space
TWO TYPES OF SETTINGS WHERE WE COMMUNICATE
Informal Settings Chats and conversations
We certainly engage in chats and
conversations daily in informal settings.
Formal Settings Interviews, debates, public speaking,
group discussions and parliamentary
procedures.
-It is a communication that takes place
along the official lines of communication
within an organization.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Sender/Encoder -It decides on the message to be sent,
the best/most effective way that it can
be sent. All of this done bearing the
receiver in mind.
-It is his/her job to conceptualize.
Medium The immediate form which a message
takes. The context must be considered
in deciding the best way of
communicating the message.
Example: may be in either a form of a
letter, email, speech, etc.
Channel The channel is that which is responsible
for the delivery of the chosen message
form. For example: post office, internet,
and radio.
Receiver/Decoder Is responsible for extracting/decoding
meaning from the message. The
receiver is also responsible for providing
feedback to the sender.
 It is his/her job to interpret and must
possess good listening and
comprehension skills.
Feedback It triggers continuous communication
between the sender and the receiver.
This is important as it determines
whether the decoder grasped the
intended meaning in communication
Noise (Interference) Any factor that inhibits the conveyance
of a message. This is anything that gets
in the wat of the message being
accurately received, interpreted and
responded to.
1. Internal noise- being worried that
you can’t focus on class.
2. External noise-the sound of
heavy rain makes it difficult for
you to focus on class.
Adjustment This is the action which the sender or
the receiver does when the message is
not understood due to a barrier.
Context Context includes setting or environment,
social relationships, scenes which
include place, time occasion and
culture.
FIVE STEPS TO THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS IN THE WORKPLACE
Creation Creating the message is the first step of
the process. It is the forming the
communicative intent where the sender
generates an idea.
Transmission After message is created, it must be
transmitted. The message can be
transmitted orally over a simple phone
call.
Reception After transmission, the communication
duties change hands and fall upon the
receiver of the message. This individual
must obtain the message either from
written or verbal format.
Translation Once receiving the message, the
recipient must translate the messages
into terms that s/he can easily
understand.
Response Message recipients take the lead in
concluding the communication process
by crafting a response to the message.
ISSUES IN COMMUNICATION
Content Refers to the information and
experiences that are provided to the
receiver of the communication process.

Process
Context
COMMUNICATION ETHICS IN THE ACADEMIC CONTEXT
LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
Competence
Communication Competence
*It deals with knowledge
*The ability to use
*The ability to adapt to various contexts
It is what the receiver derives value
form. Even simple words and messages
can be misunderstood.
Refers to the way the message is
presented or delivered.
Refers to the situation or environment in
which your message is delivered.
Important contextual factors that can
subtly influence the effectiveness of a
message include the physical
environment.
Communication ethics deals with the
behavior of an individual or a group
which is governed by their morals and in
turn affects communication.
1. Writing should be done carefully
2. Uphold research ethical standard.
3. Etc.
It is the ability of individuals that relates
effectively to self and others in daily life.
It is an integration of various
components-based n the individual’s
cognitive, affective and behavior’s
abilities.
Cooley and Roach (1984) defined
communication competence as the
knowledge of effective and appropriate
communication patterns and the ability
to use and adapt that knowledge in
various contexts. Their definition can
be unpacked into three packs.
The cognitive elements of competence
include knowing how to do something
and understanding why things are done
the way they are.
Individual factors affect our ability to do
anything. There are factors that help or
hinder you when you try to apply the
knowledge you have learned to action
communication behaviors.
Status and power are social variables
that affect competence. Race and
nationality are cultural variables that
affect competence.
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
Chen (2005) defines communication
competence as an innate individual trait
that is not related to personal intellect or
education. According to him, there are
four dimensions of global
communication competence: global
mindset, unfolding the self, mapping the
culture, and aligning the interaction.
Global Mindset Mindset forms a cycle of global
communication competence in which
individuals learn to unfold the self
through the internal enlightenment of
personal affect.
*People with global mindset are
characterized as culturally sensitive,
open, knowledgeable, critical, and
holistic thinkers and flexible. `
Unfolding the Self It refers to the ability to look for shared
communication symbols and project the
self into another person’s mind by
thinking the same thoughts and feelings
and emotions as the person.
*components of the unfolding the self
*Ceaseless purifying The self must be ceaselessly edified,
constantly liberated and perpetually
purified in order to play the most
important and fundamental roles in
achieving the productive living of
globalizing society.
*Continuous Learning Individuals should strive for continuous
learning and enlightenment.
*Cultivate sensitivity Actions should be in harmony with the
high standard of values that are
universally acceptable in all human
societies.
*Develop Creativity Unable to unfold the sed to face the
challenged of constant changes and
complexities of the globalizing society
often leads to an unsuccessful ride of
the wave of future society.
*Foster empathy Individuals with great empathy are able
to show deep concern for others’
feelings and reactions, to adopt to
different roles as required by different
situations, to demonstrate reciprocity of
affect displays, active listening, and
verbal responses that show
understanding and establish
intercultural rapport.
Mapping the Culture
Aligning the Interaction
DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is associated with
deterritorialization
Globalization is linked to the growth of
social interconnectedness across
existing geographical and political
boundaries
Globalization must also include a
reference to the speed or velocity of
social activity.
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
Virtual Interactions
Cultural awareness in speech
Cultural awareness in body language
Time differences
Respect and integration of cultural
difference becomes possible through
mutual awareness of cultural difference
which becomes possible through mutual
awareness of cultural knowledge.
The behavioral requirement of aligning
global interaction allows individuals to
negotiate the multiple meaning and
manage complexity and conflicts in the
global context.
Global events occur almost
simultaneously anywhere and
everywhere in the world.
To process of change which underpin a
transformation in the organization of
human affairs by linking together and
expanding human activity across
regions and continents.
The linking and expanding of social
activities across borders is predicated
on the possibility of relatively fast flows
and movements of people, information,
capital and goods.
Globalization requires the development
of a person’s language ability. The
ability to use language accurately and
appropriately is a requirement of a
globalizing society. Globalization
impact on communication skills
development includes:
Modern entrepreneurs need to
understand the strengths and limitations
of different communication media, and
how to use each medium to maximum
effect
Needs the ability to catch subtle
nuances of people’s manner of speech
when communication across cultures.
Unprofessional questions should be
avoided.
Students should understand acceptable
speaking distance, conflict eyes, eye
contact, and posture in different cultures
accepting that the physical expressions
of the own culture ae not universally
accepted.
The need to communicate and share
information with people across several
 time zones.

LESSON 3: LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL

SETTINGS
PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATIVE CONVERSATION
The concept of cooperative principle
proposed by philosopher H. Paul Grice
explains that those involved in
communication assume that both
parties normally seek to cooperate with
each other to establish agreed meaning.

*Local and global communications are

kept constant in multicultural setting. It
requires the need to foster cooperative
conversation for a successful
communication
GRICE’S FOUR MAXIMS IN CONVERSATION
Maxim of relation They need to be relevant in
communicating, requiring them to
respond based on cultural and
contextual requirements.
Maxim of quantity Every interlocutor should observe a
“fair-share-talk of time”
*Everyone should be given the
opportunity to talk.
Maxim of quality Everyone should maintain what is true
in a given conversation. Do not add nor
deduce information. Manifest honesty in
words in order to talk with quality.
Maxim of manner Clarity of speech should be observed so
that you will not be misinterpreted.
MODES OF COMMUNICATION
Words are primary in communication,
but gestures would even make a
meaningful communication
Body Language used in Intercultural Body languages expresses a person’s
Communication inner thought and feelings. It is one way
of expressing one’s emotions.
Body Language It is the language spoken by the body in
terms of facial expressions, hand
gestures, postures and other body
movements.

*The following are examples of body

language used in multicultural settings.
Eye Contact Eye contact may have different meaning
to other cultures. Some Muslim

Hand Signal
Nodding the Head
Facial Expressions
THE ABC’S OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
A- Acknowledge
countries have laws about not to have
eye contact between opposite genders
Can be misinterpreted in some parts of
the world.
1. Shaking Hands- The most
common greeting around the
world.
2. A-Ok sign-The Ok sign is not
offensive everywhere, however, it
Is not OK to us it in many parts of
the world like Brazil, Germany
and Russia.
3. Thumbs-Up- The thumbs-up
gesture is commonly used in
many cultures to signify a “job
well done”
4. Peace Sign (V sign)- This
gesture was made popular by
Winston Churchill during the
World War II which means peace
or victory.
5. Pointing with the Index finger-
Simply pointing with the index
finger at something or someone
is offensive in many cultures. It is
very rude to do in China, Japan,
Indonesia, Latin America and
many other countries.
6. Curling the index finger (dog
call)- Curling the index finger with
the palm facing up is a common
gesture that people in the US use
to tell someone to come closer.
This gesture is used only to call
dogs in many Asian countries. In
Singapore, this gesture signifies
death.
Nodding the head generally means
agreement or approval. For Bulgarian,
nodding up and down signifies a
negative
Faial Expressions convey a range of
emotions. It can explain a lot about what
is going on in the mind.
Differences in communication style
should be acknowledged. Every person
in a group as a particular
communication style which gives her/his
own identity in communicating.
 B- Bi-Level
C- Clarify
CULTURAL COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
Language Barrier
Hostile Stereotypes
Behavior Differences
Emotional Display
ENHANCING ORAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTING
DEVELOPING WRITTEN COMMUNICATION TO MULTICULTURAL
AUDIENCES
Consider local styles
Communication does not only uphold
speaking and listening but also require
a holistic process that includes verbal
and non-verbal channels.
When one is doubtful of your
understanding about what is being
communicated, ask for clarification.
Devote a little extra time to verify
understanding so that you can save
time and avoid frustration.
These barriers give difficulty in
understanding people, whose language
is different, and evidently challenge
people who are trying to work
harmoniously with others of a different
background.
The primary barrier of communication in
second and foreign language contexts.
These are generalizations or
assumptions people make about the
characteristics of members of a group,
based on an image about what people
in that group are like.
Differences of behavior between
employees of different cultures can
cause misunderstandings.
What us considered appropriate display
of emotion in one culture may not be
appropriate in another culture.
1. Learn foreign phrases
2. Use simple English
3. Speak slowly and enunciate
clearly
4. Observe eye messages
5. Encourage accurate feedback
6. Check frequently for
comprehension
7. Accept blame
8. Listen without interrupting
9. Smile when appropriate
10. Follow up in writing (letters,
proposals and contracts)
Your writing style and tone should be
appropriate to the culture of the receiver
and the context where it was written.
Documents have their standard formats;

Observe titles and status
Use short sentences and short
paragraphs
Avoid ambiguous expressions
Strive for Clarity
Use correct grammar
Cite numbers carefully
Accommodate the reader in
organization, tone and style
LESSON 4: VARIETIES AND REGSTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN
LANGUAGE
Register
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
hence, writers should know which one is
followed or recommended by the
receiver of the document
Use last names, titles, and other signs
of rank and status.
Use action specific words
1. Idioms and figurative cliches- this
form of language uses words and
expressions with a meaning that
is different from the literal
interpretation.
2. Slang- It is a short or highly
colloquial (informal) word.
3. Acronym
4. Abbreviation- short form of a
lengthy word or expression
5. Jargon- special words or
expressions that are used by a
particular profession or group
and are difficult for others to
understand
To present the message clearly, the
writer must avoid words that have
multiple meanings, clarity words that
may be confusing and replace phrasal
verbs with clear single words.
Numbers should be written following the
metric system.
Organize your message, observing
appropriate tone and style to your
audience.
The word register was introduced in the
field n the 1960’s. It was described by
Halliday et al (1964, 77) as a “variety
according to use in the sense that each
soeaer has a range of varieties and
chooses between them at different
times”
Varieties of English refers to the
different kinds of English used around
the world based geographical locations.
America English (AmE) It is a variant of the English language
which is spoken mainly in the United
States
British English (BrE) It is a variant of the English language
which is spoken in the United Kingdom.
Australian English (AuE) It is another variant of the English
language which is spoken in Australia.
Australian English began to diverge
from the British English shortly after
Australia was settled in the late 18th
century. Its spelling corresponds to
British English spelling.
New Zealand English (NZE) It is similar to Australian English in
pronunciation, with some key
differences.
Black English It is also called as African American
Vernacular English (AAVE). It is also
used to refer black communities in
Caribbean and Africa.
Singapore English SingEng or Singlish. It is a language
variant that is the most popular medium
of communication in the academe.
Philippine English Related to American English in terms of
spelling and grammar. Besides the
Filipino language, the English language
is native to the Philippines and is
considered an official language.
VARIETIES IN LANGUAGE
Geographical Dialects These are speech varieties that pertain
to a particular local region. Every
geographical area has differences in
pronunciation, choices, and forms of
words, and in syntax.
Sociolects These are speech varieties that signal
social status and educational
background. They are formed based on
social levels from which the come form:
high, middle, and lower social classes.
Style This refers to a language variety that is
divided based on speech or speaking
situation into formal and informal styles.
Our choice of the styles is governed by
circumstances.
Speech Levels These are language varieties in which
the differences from one to another are
determined by the differences of
etiquette existing in a speaker and his
listener. It has its own vocabulary,
morpho-syntactic rules and phonology.
Lingua Franca This is a language which is used
 habitually by people whose mother
tongues are different in order to
facilitate communication.
*It is needed in many areas of the world
populated by people speaking divergent
languages.
FORMS OF LANGUAGE REGISTER
Language register is the level and style
of your writing, and it should be
appropriate to the situation you are in.
Formal Register The most appropriate form of language
register in professional and business
writing.
It is impersonal which means it requires
strict implementations of rules in
standard writing and is written without
considering emotions.
Informal Language Register Informal writing is written in the way we
talk to our friends and family. This form
is used when writing to someone you
know very well.
Neutral Register Language is not specifically formal or
informal, positive or negative. It is used
with non-emotional topics.
Static Register This type of communications rarely or
never changes. It is “frozen” in time and
context.
Consultative Register Users engage in a mutually accepted
structure of communication. It is formal,
and societal expectations accompany
the users of this speech.
Casual Register This is informal language used by peers
and friends. Slang vulgarities and
colloquialism are normal.
Intimate Register This communication is private. It is
reserved for close family members or
intimate people.