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SPREADSHEET MODELS
Introduction 2
Models
Building a Mathematical Model
u Consider the cost of manufacturing the required units of
the Viper
u As the influence diagram shows, this cost is a function of
the fixed cost, the variable cost per unit, and the
quantity required
u Define notation for every node in the influence diagram:
u q = quantity (number of units) required
u FC = the fixed cost of manufacturing
u VC = the per-unit variable cost of manufacturing
u TMC(q) = total cost to manufacture q units
Building Good Spreadsheet 10
Models
u The cost-volume model for producing q units is
TMC(q) = FC + (VC × q)
u For the Viper, FC = $234,000 and VC = $2, so
TMC(q) = $234,000 + $2q
u Mathematical model for purchasing q units is
TPC(q) = Pq
P = the per unit purchase cost
TPC(q) = the total cost to outsource or purchase q units
u For the Viper, since P = $3.50, TPC(q) = 3.5q
Building Good Spreadsheet 11
Models
u Mathematical model for the savings associated
with outsourcing
S(q) = TMC(q) – TPC(q)
S(q) = the savings due to outsourcing
Data Tables
u Data Table: Excel tool which quantifies the
impact of changing the value of a specific
input on an output of interest
u One-way data table: summarizes a single
input’s impact on the output
u Two-way data table: summarizes two inputs’
impact on the output
Figure 8.4: The Input for Constructing
18 a
One-Way Data Table for Nowlin Plastics
Goal Seek
u Goal Seek: Excel tool that allows the user to
determine the value of an input cell that will
cause the value of a related output cell to
equal some specified value (the goal)
u In the case of Nowlin Plastics, suppose we
want to know the value of the quantity of
Vipers where it becomes more cost effective
to manufacture rather than outsource
Figure 8.8: Goal Seek Dialog Box
23
for Nowlin Plastics
24
Figure 8.9: Results from Goal Seek for
Nowlin Plastics
Some Useful Excel
Functions for Modeling
SUM AND SUMPRODUCT
IF AND COUNTIF
VLOOKUP
Some Useful Excel Functions for Modeling26
VLOOKUP
u This function allows the user to pull a subset of data
from a larger table of data based on some criterion
u General form =VLOOKUP(value, table, index, range)
where,
value = the value to search for in the first column
of the table
table = the cell range containing the table
index = the column in the table containing the
value to be returned
range = TRUE if looking for the first approximate
match of value and FALSE if looking for an
exact match of value
Figure 8.12: Granite Insurance Bonus Model
31
Auditing Spreadsheet
Models
TRACE PRECEDENTS AND DEPENDENTS
SHOW FORMULAS
EVALUATE FORMULAS
ERROR CHECKING
WATCH WINDOW
Auditing Spreadsheet Models 33
Show Formulas
u To see the formulas in a worksheet, simply click on any cell
in the worksheet and then click on Show Formulas—you will
see the formulas residing in that worksheet
u To revert to hiding the formulas, click again on the Show
Formulas button
Auditing Spreadsheet Models 39
Evaluate Formulas
u The Evaluate Formulas button allows you to
investigate the calculations of a cell in great
detail
u Provides an excellent means of identifying the
exact location of an error in a formula
Figure 8.16: The Evaluate Formula Dialog
Box for Gambrell Manufacturing
Figure 8.17: The Evaluate Formula Dialog 41
Box for Gambrell Manufacturing Cell B17
after Four Clicks of the Evaluate Button
Auditing Spreadsheet Models 42
Error Checking
u The Error Checking button provides an automatic
means of checking for mathematical errors within
formulas of a worksheet
u Clicking on the Error Checking button causes
Excel to check every formula in the sheet for
calculation errors
u If an error is found, the Error Checking dialog box
appears
Figure 8.18: The Error Checking Dialog 43
Box for a Division by Zero Error
Auditing Spreadsheet Models 44
Watch Window
u The Watch Window, located in the Formula
Auditing group, allows the user to observe the
values of cells included in the Watch Window box
list
u Useful for large models when not all of the model
is observable on the screen or when multiple
worksheets are used
Figure 8.19: The Watch Window for Cell
45
B17 of the Gambrell Manufacturing
Model