PPS Unit 1 - R18

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
1B.TECH (ALL BRANCHES) - R18

(As Per Revised Syllabus-JNTUH)
UNIT 1
Name of the Student:
Roll No: Branch: Section:
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCEENGINEERING
SREYAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

PPS(R18) UNI T 1 Page| 1
PPS& DATA STRUCTURES UNIT 1

Introduction to Computers
“A Computer is an electronic device which takes input, process it and gives the
output”.
 The information given to a computer is called “Input”.
 The information or result given by the computer is called “Output”.
Different basic parts of a Computer:

All parts of a computer are divided into the following categories.
1. Input Device
2. Output Device
3. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
4. Primary Storages
5. Auxiliary Storages
1. Input Devices:
These are the devices through which input is given to the computer.
Ex: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick, Light Pen, Touch Screen, etc.
2. Output Device:
These are the devices through which the output is given by the computer.
Ex: Monitor, Printer, Speakers etc.
3. Central Processing Unit(CPU):

CPU is the main part of a computer system which is responsible for all arithmetic
calculations, movement of data, and comparison among the data. It can be called as
the Heart of a computer system.
The CPU consists of CU (Control Unit) and ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit).
CU stores the instruction set, which specifies the operations to be performed by the
computer. CU transfers the data and instructions to ALU for Arithmetic operations.
4. Primary storage:
The primary storage, also known as main memory, is a place where the programs
and data are stored temporarily during processing. The data in primary storage will
be erased when we turn off a personal computer(In case of RAM).
RAM(Random Access Memory):
It is also called the main memory. It is a place where the programs and data are
stored temporarily during processing. The data in this memory will be removed, when
we switch off the computer.
ROM (Read Only Memory):
ROM stores the data even the computer turned off. It is a permanent memory cannot
be modified, used to store BIOS (Basic Input Output System).
5. Auxiliary Storage:
Auxiliary storage, also known as secondary storage, is used for both input and
output. It is the place where the programs and data are stored permanently. When we
turn off the computer, our programs and data remain in the secondary storage, ready
for the next time we need them. It is the place where the programs and data stored
permanently.
All above are collective called as Hardware.
A Computer system consists of two major

components.
1. Hardware
2. Software
1. Hardware:
All physical equipment of a computer system is called Hardware.
2. Software:
Software is a set of programs that allows Hardware to do specific job.
Software is divided into two categories.
1. System software 2. Application Software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
System software manages the computer resources. It provides the interface between the
hardware and the users but does nothing to directly serve the users‟ needs. System
software consists of programs that manage the hardware resources of a computer and
perform required information processing tasks.
This can be divided into 3 parts.
i. Operating system:
The operating system provides services such as a user interface, file and database
access, and interfaces to communication systems such as internet protocols. The
primary purpose of this software is to keep the system operating in an efficient
manner while allowing the users access to the system. It is a software which interacts
with the hardware directly.
ii. System support:

This provides system utilities such as disc format, sort programs etc and operating
services such as performance statistics of a computer and security monitors which
monitors which protect the system and data.
iii. System development software:

It consists of translators which convert high level languages into machine level
languages and debuggers, and computer assisted software engineering (CASE)
systems, which makes programs error free.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
It is the software which is used to solve different problems. It can be divided into two
categories.
i. General purpose ii. Application specific
i. General purpose:
The General purpose software is purchased from a software developer and can be
used for more than one application.
Examples are word processors, database management systems, and computer aided
design systems. They labeled General Purpose because they can solve a variety of
users computing problems.
ii. Application specific:

Application- specific software can be used only for its intended purpose.
A general ledger system used by accountants and a material requirements planning
system used by manufacturing organization are examples of application- specific
software.
They can be used only for the task for which they were designed; they cannot be
used for other generalized tasks.
Application software can‟t be used for solving for general problems.
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
 To write a program for a computer, we must use a computer language. Over the
years computer languages have evolved from machine languages to natural
languages. The computer languages are broadly divided into 3 types.
MACHINE LANGUAGES
 In this language, instructions are written in 1's and 0's as the computers are made of
two state electronic devices that they could understand only pulsethat can be in any
one of the states: off or on. The off state is represented by 0; the on state is
represented by 1.
 They are called binary code also called as machine code.
 Computers are identical in design,therefore each computer has its own machine
language.
 Machine languages are usually referred to as "first generation languages/low level
languages".
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
 In this language the set of instructions are written in special words like
ADD,SUB,INC,HLT so on. These words are called "MNEMONICS" also called
"OPCODE" OR"PERATION CODE"
 To convert assembly language to machine code, a tool called “Assembler”is used.
 This is also called “symbolic language”, also referred to second generation
programming language, and is also “Low-level language”
{ Even today, we prefer to use assembly language for

 Initialize and test the system hardware prior to booting the Operating System.
 This assembly language code will be stored in ROM
 Direct interaction with hardware.
 In extremely high security situations where complete control over the environment.
 Maximize the use of limited resources.
}
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
Although symbolic languages greatly improved programming efficiency, they still
require programmers to concentrate on the hardware that they were using. And also it was
tedious because machine instruction had to be individually coded. The desire to improve
programmer efficiency and to change the focus from the computer to the problem being
solved led to the development of high- level language.
 In this language instructions are written in normal English.
 High- level languages are portable to many different computers, allowing the
programmer to concentrate on the application problem rather than the intricacies of
the computer.
 High- level languages are designed to relieve the programmer from the details of the
assembly language.
 High- level languages are too to be converted into machine language. The process of
converting them is known as Compilation.
 Some high- level languages are FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++ etc.
 To convert high level language into machine level language we use a tool called
“compiler”.
High-level languages can be classified into 3 categories
 procedure oriented languages (3rdGeneration Languages)
 problem oriented language (4thGeneration Languages)
Ex: To create various items like Text Boxes, Text labels, Radio buttons, etc.
 Natural language(5th Generation Languages)
Ex: LIP, PROLOG used to develop artificial intelligence and expert systems.
CREATING AND RUNNING PROGRAMS

It is the job of a programmer to write and run the program. This process involves four
steps.
1. Writing and editing programs
2. Compiling the program
3. Linking the program with required library modules
4. Executing the program
1. WRITING & EDITING PROGRAMS:

 The software used to write program known as a "Text Editor".A text editor helps us to
write, modify and store character data.
 Depending on the editor on our system, we could use it to write letters, create
reports, or write programs.
 After we complete the program, we save the file to disk. This file is called "Source
File"(xxx.c) which is an input to the compiler.
 Our text editor could be a generalized word processor, but it is more often a special
editor included with the compiler.
 Some of the features are search commands to locate and replace statements, copy
and paste commands to copy or move statements from one part of a program to
another etc.
{ The main difference between text processing and program writing is that the programs
are written in lines of code, while most text processing is done with, characters and lines.
Our text editor could be a generalized word processor, but it is more often a special editor
with the compiler.
}
2. COMPILING PROGRAM:
The source code file must be translated into machine language, which is the job of a
compiler.
The c compiler has actually two separate programs.
1. Preprocessor
2. Translator
 The preprocessor reads the source code and prepares it for the translator. While
preparing the code, it scans for special instructions known as preprocessor
commands.
 These commands tell the preprocessor to look for special code libraries, make
substitutions in the code, and in other ways prepare the code for translation into
machine language. The result of the preprocessing is called the Translation Unit.
 After the preprocessor has prepared the code for compilation, the translator does the
actual work of converting the program into machine language. The translator reads
the translation unit and writes the resulting object module to a file that can then be
combined with other precompiled units to form the final program.
 An object module is the code in machine language called “Object File”(xxx.obj file)
 Even though the output of the compiler is machine language code, it is not yet ready
to run; that is, it is not yet executable because it does not have the required C and
other functions included.
3. LINKING THE PROGRM:

The object file will be linked to the necessary library filessuch as input/output processes
and mathematical library functions exist elsewhere and must be attached to our program
using a tool called as linker. After linking,the file is called "Executable File". (xxx.exe file)
4. EXECUTING PROGRAMS:
 The executable file, which is in the hard disk, will be loaded in memory for execution
by a tool is called “loader”.It locates the executable program and reads it into
memory. When everything is loaded, the program takes control and it begins
execution.
 In a typical program execution, the program reads data for processing, either from
the user or from a file. After the program processes the data, it prepares the output.
 Data output can be to the user‟s monitor or to a file. When the program has finished
its job, it tells the operating system, which then removes the program from memory.
PPS(R18) UNI T 1 Page|8
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT:
When we are given the assignment to develop a program, we will be given a program
requirements statement and the design of any program interfaces. Also we should receive
an overview of the complete project. Our job is to determine how to take the inputs we are
given and convert them into the outputs that have been specified. This is known as program
design.
Program development is a multistep process which consists o the following steps

1. Understand the problem
2. Develop a solution
3. Write a program
4. Test the program
1. Understand the problem:

The first step in developing a program is to be carefully understand the given
problem. This can be done by asking the questing about the problem to the user.
2. Develop a solution:
Once we finally understand the problem, we use three tools in developing a solution.
i. Structured Chart
ii. Algorithm/Pseudo Code
iii. Flow Chart
i. A Structured Chart also known as a “Hierarchy Chart”, is used to design the
whole program, which shows the relationship of various units. (the functional flow
the program).
ii. Algorithm: Step by step procedure to solve a problem is called as Algorithm.

Pseudo code: English- like statements that follow a loosely defined syntax and are
used to convey the design of an algorithm. Pseudo code is part English, part
program logic. Its purpose is to describe, in precise algorithmic detail, what the
program being designed is to do. This requires defining the steps to accomplish
the task in sufficient detail so that they can be converted into a computer program.
Most of the statements in the pseudo code are easy to understand.
iii. Flowchart: Graphical representation of an algorithm is called as flowchart. A

flowchart is a program design tool in which standard graphical symbols are used
to represent the logical flow of data through function.
3. Writing a Program:
After developing a solution the program has to be written in any language.
4. Test the Program:

After writing the program, it has to be tested to check if there are any errors or not.
There are basically two kinds of testing techniques.
i. Black Box Testing
ii. White Box Testing.
 Black Box Testing is done by the testing Engineer and the user.
 These people don‟t know what is there inside the program.
 They will test the program using the given requirements set.
 White Box Testing done by the programmer who knows what is there inside
the program and he can test each line of instruction in a program.
ALGORITHM: (Pseudo Code)
An algorithm is a finite set of instructions that if followed accomplishes a particular task.

In addition, algorithms must fallow the below criteria:
1. Input: Zero or more quantities are externally supplied.
2. Output: At least one quantity is produced
3. Definiteness: Each instruction must be clear and unambiguous.
4. Finiteness: For all cases of algorithm is should terminate after a finite
no of steps.
5. Effectiveness: Every instruction must be very basic and easy to fallow
 Algorithms are developed during the design phaseof software engineering.

 In the design phase, we first look at the problem, try to write the “pseudocode”
and move towards the programming (implementation) phase.
 The logic of a problem can be represented using an algorithm.
 Algorithm uses English like language.
 Pseudo code is a high level description of the algorithm
 It is less detailed than the program
 It will not reveal the design issues of the program
Algorithms are divided into two categories

i. Sequence
ii. Selection
iii. Iteration
i. Sequence:
In this category all the instructions are performed one after the other.
Ex: Write an algorithm for telephone about the conversation between two people.
Step 1: Dial the Number.
Step 2: Phone rings at the called party
Step 3: Caller waits for the response.
Step 4: Phone lifted by the called party. (Connection Activated).
Step 5: Conversation begins.
Step 6: Release the connection. ( Connection Terminated)
ii. Selection:
In the selection, instructions will be executed based on the condition.
 The selection form can be written as
if (condition) then
statement;
if (condition) then
statement1;
else
statement2;
Ex: Take the previous example.

Step 1: Dial the Number
if (busy tone) then
goto step1;
Step 2: Phone rings at the called party
Step 3: Caller waits for the response.
Step 4: Phone lifted by the called party. (Connection Activated).
Step 5: Conversation begins.
Step 6: Release the connection. ( Connection Terminated)
iii.Iteration:
In this category some of the instructions will be performed repeatedly for some number of
times.Iteration statements are written using the following format.
Repeat
Statements;
Until
Condition
 The sys will be executed continuously if the condition is false
 If the condition becomes true the next step will be executed
Ex:Write an algorithm for going to a movie with a friend condition is that , friend waits for
every two minutes
step 1:
Repeat
wait for 2 minutes
until
friend comes
step 2:
Goto movie .
{
do while
wait 2 min (friend don‟t come)
while wait for 2 min
Friend don‟t come
}
PPS(R18) UNI T 1 P a g e | 12
Algorithm1:
Write a program for adding 2 numbers
sol:
Algorithm Pseudo code:
step 1:start step 1: start
2:read 2 numbers 2: read 2 numbers a,b
3:add the 2 numbers 3: sum<-a+b (or) sum=a+b;
4:print sum 4: Display sum
5:stop 5: stop
Algorithm 2:
Write an algorithm for finding the average of 3 numbers
sol:
step 1:start
2:read 3 numbers a,b,c
3:average<-(a+b+c)/3.
0 4:print average
5:stop
Algorithm 3:
Write an algorithm to find the area of triangle
Sol:
Step 1: start
2:Read 2 numbers b,h
3:Area<-(b*h)/2.0
4: print area
5:stop
Algorithm 4:
Write an algorithm to find the area of circle
Sol:
Step 1: start
2: read radius "r";
3: Area <-(22/7.0)*r*r (or) 3.14 (r*r*)
4: print area;
5: stop
Algorithm 5:
Write an algorithm to find the given number is even or odd
Sol:
STEP1: start
2: Readnumber 'n'
3: if (n==0)then print "Number is neither even nor odd;
4: if (n%2==0) then print "Number is even ";
If (n%2==0) then print "Number is odd ";
5: stop;
STEP1: start
2: Readnumber 'n'
3: if (n==0)then
print "Number is neither even nor odd;
4: else
if (n%2==0) then
print "Number is even ";
else
print "Number is odd ";
5: stop;
Algorithm 6:
Write an algorithm to find whether a number is +ve or not
Sol:
STEP 1: Start
2: Read a number N
3: if (n=0) print “N is neither even nor odd”
else
if (n>0) then
Print “No. is Positive”
. else
Print “Number is
Negative” 5:
Stop
Algorithm 7:
Write a number to find the biggest of the two numbers
Sol:
STEP 1: start
2: read two numbers ;
3: if (a=b) then Print “both are
same” else
if (a>b) then
Print “a is bigger than
b”
else
Print “b is bigger than a”

4:stop.
Algorithm 8:
Write an algorithm to swap given two numbers 10,20.
Sol:
STEP 1: start
2: read a <-10;
b<-20;
3: c<-a;
a<-b;
b<-c;
4: print a,b;
5: stop.
Algorithm 9:
Write an algorithm to swap two numbers without using third name(variable).
Sol:
STEP 1: start
2: read a<-10;
b<-20
3: a<-a+b;
b<-a-b;
a<-a-b;
4: print a,b;
5: stop;
FLOW CHART:
A Flow chart is a diagrammatic representation of the given problem.
The different symbols used for a flow chart given below.
SYMBOL OPERATION DESCRIPTION
Start/Stop Terminator: Shows the starting and ending points of

the program. A terminator has flowlines in only one
direction, either in (a stop node) or out (a start node).
Data Input/ output This represents the Input / Output of a given

Statements problem
Process Processing: Indicates an operation performed by the

computer, such as a variable assignment or
mathematical operation.
Decision Decision:The diamond indicates a decision structure.

A diamond always has twoflowlines out. One
flowlineout is labeled the “yes” branch and the other is
labeled the“no” branch.
Predefined process Predefined Process: One statement denotes a group of

previously defined statements.For instance, “Calculate m!” indicates that the program executes the
necessary commandsto compute m factorial.
Document This represents the situation to produce a document

as a result or for comment a particular situation
Connector This symbol used to continue the flow chart
Summing junction This is used for connecting multiple flow lines
Flow lines These symbols represent the flow of

the execution of a given problem
The conditional symbol can be used in different forms.
1) Single alternative Decision
 If the condition is true the statements will be executed

and goes to the next instructions.
 If the condition is false the control goes directly to the
next step.
2)Two alternative Decisions
If the condition is true

then stts-1 will be executed and control
goes to the next instruction,else,i.e, the
condition is false then the stts-2 will be
executed and control goes to the next
instruction.
3) Multi alternative decisions
If the condition -1 is true,stts-1 will be

executed and control goes to the next
instruction, if condition-1, is false then
condition-2 will be checked
If the condition-2 is true,stts-2 will be

executed and goes to the next
instruction else, the condition-3 will be
checked and this will goes on..
(1) Draw flow charts for the following:-
1. Addition of two numbers 2. Average of three numbers
3. Area of a circle 4. Area of a
triangle Left for the
Reader
The iteration can be specified in three different forms:-
i). Repeat-Until
Repeat
Statements – 1
Until
Condition;
Statements – 2
ii). While form
while (condition)
statement-1
end while
statement-2
In this stt-1 will be repeated if the condition is

true.
if it is false ,the control go to next statement,
statements-2.
iii). do-while Statement

do
Statements – 1;
while (condition)
Statements – 2;
In this statements-1 will be repeated if the condition is

true.
If it is false the flow (control)goes to the next
statements-2.
***
The difference between while and do while is do while statements will be executed at least
once without checking the condition.
iv). for loop:
In for loop, a particular variable will be initialized with a value, and then the condition will
be checked, if it is true, the body of the
statements will be executed.
After that, the initialized value will be updated,
and again control checks the condition, if it is
true, the process continues, else the control
comes out of the loop.
PRACTICE:
1) Draw a flowchart for finding the sum of „n‟ numbers starting from 1?
2) Write an algorithm to read five integers and find out if the values are in ascending order.
3) Draw a flow chart for displaying the grade of the marks of average of 4 subjects of a
student. Average Grade
>=75 A
>=60 &&<75 B
>=50 &&<60 C
<50 D
** Ensure that the user entered all of his marks in between 0 & 100 only.
4) Draw a flow chart to read ten integer values and print the sum of squares of the values.
5) Calculate the Expenditure per month of a sales person. Your algorithm should print either „dues‟
or „no dues. If the expenditure is below 5000/- then the balance(5000-exp) is his due. If the
expenditure is above Rs. 5000/- then no Due.
Hint: subtract exp from 5000 if bal is <5000 the print the due else print no dues
EX2.Find the result of the following program
Ans:
Factorial of a Number N
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING
History of C Language
1958 ALGOL Too Abstract
ALGOL60 Too General
ALGOLW Also Too Abstract, & General
COBOL Commercial Purpose
PASCAL
FORTRAN Engineering & scientific Applications
1963 CPL Hard to learn& Difficult to implement.
1967 BCPL Martin Richards
Too specific Deals with specific Applications
1970 B AT & T Bell Labs
Also Too specific, only for specific requirements.
1972 C Dennis Ritchie
AT &T Bell
BCPL Basic combined programming language.

ANSI American National Standard Institute.
ISO International Organization for standardization.
ALGOL Algorithmic language
 In the strictest sense, C99 is the current standard.

 C should refer as "c99 standard".
 C99 has not caught as quickly as one might have hoped. So c89/c99 is still
widely supported, than c99.
 ANSI C Originally referred to c89 standard.
 ISO adopted c89 (with cosmetic changes) as c90 and accepted by ANSI.
 C89 Older ANSI C
 C90 Older ISO (very small difference between two)
 C94 With some technical clarifications.
 C99 Current ISOC, Current ANSI C {ANSI/ISO C}.
History of Programming Languages

Practical Applications
 Right from UNIX, Windows and many Ant viruses etc developed using C.
 Embedded devices, chip designing Industrial Automations products, signal
transmission.
Major Advantages
 A combination of high-level Machine level program capabilities.
Introduction to C
 C is a program language developed by "Dennis Ritchie" in 1972 at
AT&T Bell laboratories.
 C is a high-level language.
 It is also called Middle level language because it supports both
features of low-level andhigh-level languages.
 C is a structured program language in which a program is written as
a set modules (or) blocks (or) functions.
STUCTURE OF A C PROGRAMME
 Preprocessor directives are the command

which tells the compiler about the
predefined used in a program.
 “include” is one of the preprocessor
command which includes the header files (or)
library files into a program.
 In Global declaration section all the
variables which are to be used in the entire
program are declared.
 The main contains two sections

1. Local Declaration
2. Body of the Statement
In the local declaration section the variables that are to be used only in the main, will
be declared.
The program instructions should be written only after the local declaration
Program instructions will be called as statements which will be terminated with
“;” . Any other user defined functions can be written after main.
printf():
“printf()” is a predefined output function which is used to print the given text or the values on
the console(screen).
Syntax: printf (“Message to Print”);
printf (“Message or Format specifiers”, variable names);
scanf():
scanf() is a predefined input function which is used to take input from the keyboard.
C CHARACTER SET
The characters that can be used to form words numbers and expressions depend upon the
computer on which the program runs.
A set of characters is available that can be used for c.
The characters in c are grouped into following categories.
Alphabets A, B, C, D, E, F,...Y,Z
a, b, c, d, e, f,.....y, z
Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,....9
special characters ~ ! @ # % ^ & * ( ) _ - + = $ 1 \ { } [ ] : ; '' <> , . ? /
White spaces Blanks space
Horizontal tab, carriage return, New line, form feed (\ f), Page Break
C tokens:
In a c program, the smallest individual units are called c tokens. C has six types of
tokens. Every c program must be written using these tokens and some syntax of c.
key
words
identifiers
constants
strings
special symbols
operators
(every c words must be either a keywords or an identifier)
Keywords:
key words are pre defined names which have fixed meaning in c language. Key words must
be written only in lower case letters. There are 32 key words available in c language.c99
adds some more key words.
ANSI C key words:

auto double int struct
break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto size of volatile
do if static while
Identifiers:
Identifiers are the names given to the variable, functions,arrays. These are user defined
names and consist of sequence of letters and digits with a letter as a first character.
Both upper case and Lower case letters permitted.
The underscore character is also permitted.
Rules for identifiers:

 First character must be an alphabet or an underscore.
 Must contain letters,digits and ''_''only.
 Only first 31 characters are significant.
 A max 31 characters should be used.
 Some compilers allow 63 characters also key words should not be used as identifiers.
White space is not allowed.
Ex: sum sum-1, int, x, a ->valid
int, 1var, sum.123,sum123 -> invalid
Constants:
Constants in C are fixed values that do not change during the execution of a c program.
INTEGER CONSTANTS
An integer constant refers to a sequence of digits. There are three types of integer
constants.
 Decimal integers
 Octal integers
 Hexadecimal integers
Decimal integers:
It consists of digits 0 to 9 preceded by an optional –ve or +ve sign.
Ex: 123, -423, 789, +65433.
Embedded spaces, commas, non-digit characters are permitted between
digits. Ex: 15, 750, 20,000/-, $ 1000 are not valid.
Octal integers:
It consists of any combination of digits from 0 through with a leading 0
(zero) Ex: octal integers are 037, 0, 0435
Hexadecimal integers:
It consists of digits from 0 to 9 and alphabet from A to Z, where, A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13,
E=14, F=15. They are preceded by OX or 0X
Ex: 0X2, 0X9D, 0XBC, 0X.
The largest integer values that can be stored is machine dependent.

For 16 bit machines, it is 32767. For 32 bit machines, it is 2,147,483,647.
Qualifiers can be used to store larger integers.
REAL CONSTANTS
 Real numbers consists of digits from 0 to 9 with a decimal
point. Ex: 1.24, +.24, 7.0 valid.
 A real number may also be expressed in scientific (or) exponential
notation. This is of the form “mantissa e exponent“
 Mantissa can be integer (or) a real number.
 Exponent should be an integer with an optional sign + ve or – ve.
 Ex: 0.65e4, 12e-2, 1.5e+5, 3.76 E3, -1.2E-1
 Space is not allowed in the syntax.
SINGLE CHAR CONSTANTS

A single char constant is a single char enclosed with in a pair of single quotes.
Ex: „A‟ , „ X ‟ , „ 5 ‟, „ % ‟ , „ ; ‟ , „ „.
„5‟ is not as same as 5, but „5‟ is a char constants have integer valuesknown as ASCll
values.
ASCll: American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
Ex: print f ( “ %d ”, „a‟ ) ;
o/p: 97
print f ( “ %d ” , „5‟ )
; o/p: 53
print f ( “ %c ” , „97‟ ) ;
o/p: a
STRING CONSTANTS
A string is a sequence of chars placed inside the double quotes.
Ex: “ program “ , “ a ” , “ 123 ”, “ 877 ”, “ Hello! “.
„X‟ != “X
a char constant ( „X‟ ) is not equivalent to the single cha string constant ( “X” ).
A single char string constant doesnot have an equivalent integer value, while a char
constant has an integer value.
/*PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE ABOUT ASCII CODES*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("\n\nASCII VALUS ");
printf("\n\nA->%d\tB->%d...Y->%d\tZ->%d",'A','B','Y','Z');
printf("\n\na->%d\tb->%d...y->%d\tz->%d",'a','b','y','z');
printf("\n\n0->%d\t1->%d...8->%d\t9->%d",'0','1','8','9');
printf("\n\n!->%d\t@->%d...*->%d\t#->%d",'!','@','*','#');
printf("\n\n\n");
printf("\n\n65->%c\t66->%c...89->%c\t90->%c",65,66,89,90);
}
ASCII VALUS
A->65 B->66...Y->89 Z->90 a-
>97 b->98...y->121 z->122 0-
>48 1->49...8->56 9->57
!->33 @->64...*->42 #->35
65->A 66->B...89->Y 90->Z
=================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE THE DECIMAL OCTAL HEXA DECIMAL INTS*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i,n,r;
printf("\nEnter Decimal int: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nfor Decimal %d\n\nOCTAL NO.=%o \nHEXA DECIMAL=%X ",n,n,n);
}
Enter Decimal int: 99
for Decimal 99
OCTAL NO.=143
HEXA DECIMAL=63
=================================================================
Check %d %d %d “,99,099,x99
BACKSLASH CONSTANTS
The backslash constants are predefined which are to be used in o/p functions.
\n new line
\t horizontal line
\v vertical line
\a audible alert ( bell )
\r carriage return
\b back space
\f form feed
\‟ single quote
\” double quote
\? Question mark
\\ back slash
\O null
VARIABLE
A variable is a data name which is used to store a value.
SYNTAX:
datatype variable1, variable2…;
ANS1 standard recognizes a length of 31 characters. However, length should not be

normally 8 characters, since only first eight characters are treated as significant by many
compilers.
Ex: Average, value, T-value, int-type, IN
DATA TYPES
C language is rich in data types. Storage representations and machine instructions to
handle constants differ from machine to machine.
Data types represent the type of data stored in the variables.
ANSIC supports three classes of data types.
1. Primary (fundamental) data types.
2. Derived data type.
3. User-defined data type.
PRIMARY DATA TYPES
int
signed unsigned
int unsigned int
short int unsigned short int
long int unsigned long int
Character Data Type:

character
signed character
unsigned character
Floating Point Type

float
double
long Double
void
void is a key word in C used to not to return any thing by a function.
INTEGER TYPES
These are the numbers without a decimal point.
Data types Size Range

int(or signed int) 2 bytes -32768 to 32767
unsigned int(or unsigned) 2 bytes 0 to 65535
short int
1 bytes -128 to 127
(signed short int or short)
unsigned short int 1 byte 0 to 255
-2,147,483,648 to
long int 4 bytes
2,147,483,647
unsigned long int 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295
Floating Point Data Types

Floating point (Real) numbers are stored in 32 bits (on all 16 bit & 32 bit machines) with 6
digits of precision by default.
When accuracy of the float number is not sufficient, then the type double can be used.
Type Storage size Value range Precision

float 4 byte 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38 6 decimal places
double 8 byte 2.3E-308 to 1.7E+308 15 decimal places
long double 10 byte 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932 19 decimal places
 Float data type stores 6 digits precision.

 Double data type stores 14 digits precision.
 The number of digits stored after the decimal point is called „Precision‟
Character Data Types:

A single character can be defined as a character data type. Characters usually stored in one
byte. The qualifier signed or unsigned may be explicitly applied to character.
Data type Size Range

char 1 byte -128 to 127
unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255
Assigning values to the variables:

Syn: datatype identifier=value;
Example:
int a=10;
The process of giving initial values to the variable is called "INITIALIZATION".
USER DEFINED DATA TYPES

We can write our own data typesin using the following key words.
typedefenum
typedef:(typedefinition)
This keyword is used to give another narrate to the existing data type.
SYN: typedef datatype identifier;
 Datatype represents the existing datatype.
 Identifier refers to the 'NEW' name given to the existing
datatype. Example1:
typedef int marks;
here marks symbolizes int. This can later used to declare variable as.
marks m1,m2,m3;
Example2
typedef float units;
units u1,u2,u3;
enum:
This keyword is used to create our own datatypes.
Syntax to define a datatype.
enum identifier {value1,value2,value3,---------------};
Syntax to declare variables of enum datatype

enum identifier variable1,variable2,------------------;
 The values given in curl bracets are called as enumeration constants.
 The variables should be assigned only one of the values given in curly
braces.
Example
enum mar_stat {single,married,divorced,widowed};
enum mar_stat person1,person2;
The 1st part declares the datatype and specifies its possible values.
These values are also called "Enumerators".
The second part declares variables of this.
Now we can give values to these variables.
person1= married;
person2= divorced;
Note :- we can't use the values that aren't in the original
declaration. EXAMPLE:-
person1= Bachelor;--> error.
 Internally the compiler treats the enumerators as integers from by zero by default.
We can assign our own no‟s to enumerators.

We can also use those no‟s in the program.
Example:
enum week{sun=2,mon,tue};
In the example Mon will be 3, tue will be 4.
Example:
enum mar_stat
{single=100,married=200,divorced=300,widowed=400};
enum mar_stat person1,person2;
We can define and declare the enumerated datatype in a single lineusing the following
Syntax
enum identifier
{value1,value2,---------}variable1,variable2,---------;
enum week
{sun,mon,tue}day1,day2;
=================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE ABOUT THE TYPEDEF */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
typedef int Marks;
Marks m1,m2,m3,total;
float percent;
printf("\n\n\tEnter the Marks for the following subjects:");
printf("\n\tCPDS:");
scanf("%d",&m1);
printf("\n\tM1:");
scanf("%d",&m2);
printf("\n\tMM:");
scanf("%d",&m3);
total=m1+m2+m3;
percent= (total/300.0)*100;
printf("\n\nThe Total Marks are: %d/300\n",total);

printf("\n\nThe Percentage is: %6.2f %",percent);
return 0;
return 0;
}
Enter the Marks for the following subjects:
CPDS:99
M1:100
MM:100
The Total Marks are: 299/300
The Percentage is: 99.67 %
=================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE THE USERE DEFINED DATATYPE ENUM*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
enum mar_st { married,single, divorced=77,widowed};
enum mar_st kalam,sonia;
kalam=single;
sonia=widowed;
printf("\n\nI am kalam,I am %d \n\nI am sonia,I am %d", kalam,sonia);
return 0;
}
O/P:
I am kalam,I am 1
I am sonia,I am 78
=================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE ABOUT ENUM*/
main()
{
enum week{sun,tue=5,wed,thu=99,sat}r,a=wed,v,i=sat;
r=9;
v=sun;
printf("\n\n\t i am r=%d\ta=%d\tv=%d\ti=%d",r,a,v,i);
}
i am r=9 a=6 v=0 i=100
=================================================================
OPERATORS
An operator is a symbol that performs operations on operands(data variables).
In the expession c=a+b,
+ is called the "operator"
and a,b are called "operands". C is the result.
The different types of operators are:

1. arithmetic operators
2. relations operators
3. logical operators
4. conditional operators
5. assignment operators
6. increment & decrement operators
7. bitwise operators
8. special operators
1. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS:
These operators are used to perform arithmetic calculations.
+ --> addition
- --> subtraction
* --> multiplication
/ --> division
% -->modulus (modular division)
The unary minus operator, in effect multiplies its single operand by -1, so that a no.
preceded by minus sign changes its sign.
The division operator gives quotient as the result.
The modulus operator gives reminder as the result.
Ex1: int a =14, b =4;
a-b=10 a+b= 18 a*b=56 a/b=3 (decimal part truncated)
a%b=2 (remind or)
Ex2: 6/7=0 , -6/-7=0

-6/7 or 6/-7 =0 or -1(machine dependent)
During modular division, the sign of the result is always the sign of the first operand (the
dividend)
-14/3= -2 -14/-3= -2 14/-3=2
Real Arithmetic & Mixed Arithmetic

Ex:x =6.0/7.0= 0.857143
y= 1.0/3.0= 0.333333
Ex:15/10.0= 1.5 15/10=1.5
2. RELATIONAL OPERATORS:
These operators are used to compare two operands they are
< Less than
> Greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to
== Equal to
!= not equal to
Eg: a<b, a>b, a<=b, a>=b, a==b, a!=b
 These expressions are also called "relational expressions".
 The value of a relational expressions is either one or zero
 If the specified relation is true, then it is, if it is false, the value is 0.
3. LOGICAL OPERATORS:
These operators are used to combinetwo or more relational expressions or conditions
together.
They are
&& logical AND
|| logical OR
! logical NOT
Ex:
1. (a>b)&& (a>c) ! (a>b)
2. if (age >55 && sal < 1000)
3. if (number <0 11 number >1000)
RELATIVE PRECEDENCE:
highest ! > >= < <= == != && lowest
4. CONDITIONAL OPERATORS:
A ternary operator pair ?: is used to check the condition.
SYNTAX:
condition? statement 1 : statement 2;
The condition will be evaluated first if it is true (non zero), then stt-1 is evaluated and
becomes the value of stt-1 if condition is false, stt-2 is evaluated and its value becomes the
value of stt-2.
Only one of the statements (1 or 2) will be evaluated
Ex: Big= (a>b) ? a:b ;
a>b ? print f ("a is Big"): print f ("b is Big")
Ex: y=1.5x+3 if x<=2
2x+5 if x>2
y= (x>2)? (2x+5):(1.5x+3);
The operators may also be nested for evaluating more complex assignments.
=================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONDITIONAL OPERATORS

A mathematical function is defined as follows
Let the salary of an sales executive be the no. of products sold per day
and is constrained as
salary = 4*N+100 if x < 40
= 300 if x = 40
= 4*N+200 if x > 40
then the day sal of the employee can be calculated as follows
*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
float sal,n;
printf("\nEnter the no. of products sold per day: ");
scanf("%f",&n); sal=(n==40)?300:(n<40)?(4*n+100):
(4*n+200);
printf("\n\nSalary = %6.2f",sal);
return 0;
}
Enter the no. of products sold per day: 41
Salary = 364.00
=================================================================
5.ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
This operator is used to assign a value to a variable.
This assignment operator is '='
Ex: a=10;
There are short hand operators inc. They are:
+= /=
-= %=
*=
Ex: a+=2 ---> a= a+2
a-=2 ---> a= a-2
a*=2 ---> a= a*2
a/=b ---> a= a/b a
%=b ---> a= a%b
6.INCREMENT OR DECREMENT OPERATORS

The increment operator is ++, which increases the value by 1.
The decrement operator is --, which decreases the value by
1. Ex: int a=5;
a++ ; print f ("the value of a is %d", a)
++a ; print f ("the value of a is %d", a)
++ or -- can be placed before or after the variable.
a++ Here ++ is called as "post fix increment operator"
++a Here ++ is called as "prefix increment operator"
a-- Here -- is called as “Postfix decrement operator”

--a Here -- is called as “Prefix decrement
operator” a++ is same as a+1.
'a++' or '++a' mean the same when they form statements independently.
They behave differently when they are assigned to another variable.
(when they are used in expressions on RHS of an assignment statements)
Ex: int a=5, b;
b=a++;
In the above, first a will be assigned to b, and the value of a will be increased so, value
of a=6, b=5.
int a=5, b;
b=++a;
In the above, first value of a is increased, and then will assigned to b, so the value of
a=6, b=6.
=================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE THE INCREMENT & DECREMENT OPERATORS */
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=5,j=6,a,b;
printf("\n\n===========INCREMENT OPERATOR==========");
printf("\n\nInitial values: i=%d\tj=%d",i,j);
i++; j++;
printf("\n\nAfter i++ & j++");
printf("\n\ni= %d\tj= %d",i,j);
++i; ++j;
printf("\n\nAfter ++i & ++j");
a=++i; b=++j;
printf("\n\nAfter a=++i & b=++j");
printf("\n\na= %d\tb= %d",a,b);
a=i++; b=j++;
printf("\n\nAfter a= i++ & b= j++"); printf("\n\
na= %d\ti= %d\tb= %d\tj=%d",a,i,b,j); printf("\
n\n\nThe value of i+++j is: %d",i+++j); printf("\n\
nFinal Values i= %d\tj= %d",i,j);
printf("\n\n===========DECREMENT OPERATOR==========");
printf("\n\nInitial values: i=%d\tj=%d",i,j);
i--; j--;
printf("\n\nAfter i-- & j--");
--i; --j;
printf("\n\nAfter --i & --j");
a=--i; b=--j;
printf("\n\nAfter a=--i & b=--j");

printf("\n\na= %d\tb= %d",a,b);
a=i--; b=j--;
printf("\n\nAfter a= i--& b= j--");
printf("\n\na= %d\ti= %d\tb= %d\tj=%d",a,i,b,j);
printf("\n\n\nThe value of i---j is: %d",i---j);
printf("\n\nFinal Valuesi= %d\tj= %d",i,j);
return 0;
}
===========INCREMENT OPERATOR==========
Initial values: i=5 j=6
After i++ & j++
i= 6 j= 7
After ++i & ++j
i= 7 j= 8
After a=++i & b=++j
a= 8 b= 9
After a= i++ & b= j++
a= 8 i= 9 b= 9 j=10
The value of i+++j is: 19
Final Values i= 10 j= 10
===========DECREMENT OPERATOR==========
Initial values: i=10 j=10
After i-- & j--
i= 9 j= 9
After --i & --j
i= 8 j= 8
After a=--i & b=--j
a= 7 b= 7
After a= i--& b= j--
a= 7 i= 6 b= 7 j=6
The value of i---j is: 0
Final Values i= 5 j= 6
=================================================================
7.BITWISE OPERATORS
These operators are for manipulation of data at bit level.
The operators are
OPERATOR PURPOSE
& Bitwise AND
l Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
(both are same ---> 0 Both are different ---> 1)
~ complement
<< left shift
>> right shift
=================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO CHECK THE BITWISE OPERATORS*/
main()
{
int x,y;
printf("\n\n\t\tPROGRAM TO CHECK THE OPERATIONS ON BITWISE
OPERATORS");
printf("\n\n\tENTER TWO NUMBERS X & Y: "); scanf("%d
%d",&x,&y);
printf("\n\n\t X<<1= %d & Y>>1= %d",x<<1,y>>1);

printf("\n\n\t SO NOW X = %d AND Y = %d ",x,y);
printf("\n\n\t OBSERVE '<<' DOUBLES THE NO. AND '>>' MAKES THE NO.
HALF\n\n");
printf("\n\n\t X & Y = %d \n\n\t X | Y = %d \n\n\t X ^ Y= %d ", x&y, x|y, x^y);
printf("\n\n\t ~X = %d", ~x);
return 0;
return 0;
}
O/P:
PROGRAM TO CHECK THE OPERATIONS ON BITWISE OPERATORS
ENTER TWO NUMBERS X & Y: 6 9
X<<1= 12 & Y>>1= 4
SO NOW X = 6 AND Y = 9
OBSERVE '<<' DOUBLES THE NO. AND '>>' MAKES THE NO. HALF
X & Y = 0
X | Y = 15
X ^ Y= 15
~X = -7
=================================================================
8.SPECIAL OPERATORS
C supports some special operators as sizeof (), comma, pointer operators (& and *) and
member selection operators (. and -->).
Comma operator can be used to link the related expressions together into a single line
Ex1: int a , b=10 , c ;
Ex2: t=a , a=b , b=t ;
Ex3: (c=ca=10 , b=is , a+b) ;
sizeof operator is used to display the size of datatype
syntax: sizeof (datatype);
Ex: sizeof(float)
print f ("%d",sizeof (float) ) ;
=================================================================
/*PROGAM TO ILLUSTRATE ABOUT THE SIZE OF DATA TYPES */
int main()
{
int i;
float j;
char ch;
printf("\n\nSize of i= %dBytes\tSize of int= %dBytes",sizeof(i),sizeof(int));
printf("\n\nSize of j= %dBytes\t Size of float= %dBytes",sizeof(j),sizeof(float));
printf("\n\nSize of ch= %dBytes\t Size of char= %dBytes",sizeof(ch),sizeof(char));
printf("\n\nSize of float=%dBytes",sizeof(float));
printf("\n\nSize of double=%dBytes",sizeof(double));
printf("\n\nSize of long double=%dBytes",sizeof(long double));
return 0;
}
O/P:
Size of i= 2Bytes Size of int= 2Bytes
Size of j= 4Bytes Size of float= 4Bytes
Size of ch= 1Bytes Size of char=
1Bytes Size of float=4Bytes
Size of double=8Bytes
Size of long double=10Bytes
=================================================================
FORMAT SPECIFIERS:
int %d octal %o (o is alphabet not zero)
float %f . hexadecimal %ox
char %c
string %s
short int %d or % hd
long int % ld
double %f long double % ld
OPERATOR PRECEDENCE & ASSOCIATIVITY:

Precedence is used to determine the order in which the operators are to be evaluated.
Every C operator has a rank or priority or precedence. Depending on the rank, the operators
are evaluated.
Associativity is used to determine the order in which the operators are to be evaluated if the
given expression contains the operators of the same rank.
Associativity is of two types
1.left to right (L -> R )
2.right to left ( R ->L )
SUMMARY OF C OPERATORS:
=================================================================
OPERATOR DESCRIPTION ASSOCIATIVITY RANK
=================================================================
( ) functional call L -> R 1
[] array element reference
=================================================================
+ unary plus R -> L 2
- unary minus
++ increment
-- decrement
! logical NOT
~ 1‟s compliment
* pointer reference
& address of
size of size of an object
(type) typecast(conversation)
=================================================================
* multiplication L -> R 3
/ division
% modular division
=================================================================
+ addition L -> R 4
- subtraction
=================================================================
<< left shift L -> R 5
>> right shift
=================================================================
< Lessthan L -> R 6
<= Lessthan or equal to
> Greater that
>= Greater than or equal to
=================================================================
=================================================================
== equality L -> R 7
!= inequality
=================================================================
& bitwise AND L -> R 8
=================================================================
^ bit wise XOR L -> R 9
=================================================================
! bitwise OR L -> R 10
=================================================================
&& Logical AND L -> R 11
=================================================================
!! logical OR L -> R 12
=================================================================
? : conditional expression R -> L 13
=================================================================
=
*= /= %=
+= -= &= assignment operators R -> L 14
^=
=================================================================
, comma L -> R 15
=================================================================
Note: Follow the Class notes for more problems in the Precedence and Associativity.
=================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE ABOUT THE OPERATOR'S PRECEDENCE &
ASSOCIATIVITY */
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i,j,a,b,c;
i=(2*3/4+4/4+8-2+5/8);
printf("\n\ni=%d",i);
a=3; b=5; c=8;
a+=b*=c-5; printf("\n\
na=%d",a); a=3; b=4;
c=5;
j=--a*(3+b)/2-c++*b;
printf("\n\nj=%d",j);
}
i=8
a=18
j=-13
=====================================================================
ILLUSTRATION ABOUT
OPERATORS PRECEDENCE& ASSOCIATIVITY (Frequently Used)

=================================================================
OPERATOR DESCRIPTION ASSOCIATIVITY RANK
=================================================================
( ) functional call L -> R 1
[] array element reference
=================================================================
++ increment
-- decrement
! logical NOT
* pointer reference R -> L 2
& address of
size of size of an object
(type) typecast(conversation)
=================================================================
* multiplication L -> R 3
/ division
% modular division
=================================================================
+ addition L -> R 4
- subtraction
=================================================================
<< left shift L -> R 5
>> right shift
=================================================================
< Lessthan
<= Lessthan or equal to L -> R 6
> Greater that
>= Greater than or equal to
=================================================================
== equality L -> R 7
!= inequality
=================================================================
! bitwise OR L -> R 10
=================================================================
&& Logical AND L -> R 11
=================================================================
? : conditional expression R -> L 13
=================================================================
=
*= /= %=
+= -= &= assignment operators R -> L 14
^=
=================================================================
/*Program to Illustrate about Operators Precedence
int a=5,b=6,c=7,d;
{ & Associativity*/ d=--a*(3+b)/2-c++*b;
#include<stdio.h> printf("\nd=%d",d);
int main() /*Ans: d=-24*/
{ }
{ {
int i; int i=5,j=6,k;
i=(2*3)/4+4/4+8-2+5/8; k=i+++j;
printf("i=%d",i); printf("\ni=%d j=%d k=%d",i,j,k);
/*Ans: i=8*/ /*Ans: i=6 j=6 k=11*/
} }
{
int k; {
k=3/2*4+3/8+3; int i=5,j=6,k;
printf("\nk=%d",k); k=i+++j++;
/*Ans: k=7*/ printf("\ni=%d j=%d k=%d",i,j,k);
} /*Ans: i=6 j=7 k=11*/
{ }
int a=3,b=4,c=5,d; {
d=a+=b*=c-=5; int i=5,j=6,k;
printf("\nd=%d",d); /*k=++i+++j++;*/
/*Ans: d=3*/ printf("\ni=%d j=%d k=%d",i,j,k);
}
{ /*Remove comments to get error as
int a=9,b=12,c=3,d; answer*/
d=a-b/3+c*2-1; /*Ans: error..Lvalue required*/
printf("\nd=%d",d); }
/*Ans: d=10*/ return 0;
} }
{
int a=9,b=12,c=3,d;
d=a-b/(3+c)*(2-1);
printf("\nd=%d",d);
}
/*Ans: d=7*/
{
int a=9,b=12,c=3,d;
d=a-(b/(3+c)*2)-1;
printf("\nd=%d",d);
/*Ans: d=4*/
}
Type Conversion (or) Type Casting:

 C permits mixing of constants and variables of different types in an expression.
 The process of converting one type value to another type is called “ Type conversion”.
 There are two types of
conversions Implicit
Conversion
Explicit Conversion
1. Implicit Conversion:
 C automatically converts one type of value into another. This is called “Implicit
Conversion”.
 Every Datatype in C has a conversion Rank.
 Depending on the Conversion Rank either promotion or Demotion occurs.
 Promotion occurs when a lower Rank value is converted into higher Rank.
 Demotion occurs when a higher Rank value is converted into lower Rank.
Ex: //Promotion //Demotion
int a=5; int a;
float b; float b=7.1657;
b=a; a=b;
The Value of b=5.000000 The value of a=7 only.
2. Explicit Conversion
The process of converting one type to another type of value by ourself is called “Explicit
conversion”.
Syntax: (datatype) variable;
Ex: int a=5,b=2;
float c;
c=(float)a/b;
The Value of
c=2.500000 Ex: int a=22,
b=7;
float c=a/b;
The value of c is 3.000000 only
Statements
A statement is an action performed by a program.
There are 11 types of stdatements in C
1. null statement
2. expression statement
3. compound statement
4. return statement
5. labeled statement
6. switch statement
7. break statement
8. continue statement
9. goto statement
10. conditional statement
1. Null Statement:
An empty statement ending with a semicolon “;” is called a Null
statement. Ex: ;
This statement is used when we require a statement but no action is performed.
2. Expression statement:
An expression ending with ; is called “Expression
statement”. Ex: c=a+b;
area=(1.0/2)*b*h; a=99;
3. Compound statement:
It is a unit/block of code that combines a group of
statements. Ex: {
---
--- // body statements;
---
}
4. Return Statement:
A return statement terminates a
function; Syntax: return value;
 main() function also returns a value

 main returns zero to the operating system which means that the program is
successfully executed.
5. Selection Statements:
It contains a decision making to see whether a condition is satisfied or not and to execute the
respective statements.
The different selection statements are
i. if statement
ii. switch statement
iii. conditional statement
iv. goto statement
The above are all called the “Decision making statements” or “Control Statements”.
i. if statement:
The different forms of if statements are
1. simple if
2. if …else
3. nested if
4. else if
a). simple if:

Syntax:
if(condition)
{
Statements block-1;
}
 If the condition is true, the statements block-1 will be executed and the control goes
to next statements.
 If the condition is false, then the control directly goes to next to the if block with
out executing the inside block of statements-.
Ex: Write a program to find the biggest of the two numbers using the simple if.
=====================================================================
/* Program to find the biggest of two numbers using simple if*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b;
printf(“\nEnter two Integers:”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
if(a>b)
printf(“\n%d is bigger than %d”,a,b);
if(a<b)
printf(“\n%d is bigger than %d”,b,a);
if(a==b)
printf(“\n%d is equal to %d”,a,b);
}
Enter two Integers: 5 6

6 is bigger than 5
b). if … else statement:
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
True Statements Block;
}
else
{
False Statements Block
}
Statements Block – 3;
 If the condition is true, then true stt block will be executed and the control goes to
the stat-3 block;
 If the condition is false, then false statements block will be executed and then
the control goes to the Stat-3 block.
 In either case only one of the true/false block statements will be executed.
 if only one statement is there in true/false block then { } are optional for blocks.
Ex:
/*PROGRAM TO FIND THE BIGGEST OF TWO NO.S USING IF…ELSE*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b;
printf(“\nEnter two Integers:”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
if(a>=b)
printf(“\n%d is bigger than %d”,a,b);
else
printf(“\n%d is bigger than %d”,b,a);
}
Enter two Integers: 5 6
6 is bigger than 5
=========================================================================
c). nested if :
Syntax:
if(condition-1)
{
if(condition-2)
{
if(condition-3)
{
Statement-1;
}
}
}
 In the nested if block first the condition-1 will be checked, if it
is true, the control again checks the condition-2, if it is true,
the control again checks the condition-3,if it is also true, then
stt-1 will be executed. if either of the conditions is false then
stt-1 will not be executed.
 after that control comes out of the block and then executes any other statements
=========================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO CHECK WHETHER THE FIRST NUMBER IS BIGGER THEN THE

REMAINING OR NOT USING NESTED IF*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b,c,d;
printf("\nEnter a, b, c, d:");
scanf("%d%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c,&d);
if(a>b)
if(a>c)
if(a>d)
printf("\n%d is bigger than the other three no.s",a);
printf("\nDone\n");
return 0;
}
O/P:
Enter a, b, c, d:8 7 2 1
8 is bigger than the other three no.s
Done
d). else..if ladder

In C if-else-if ladder helps user decide from among multiple options. The C if statements are
executed from the top down. As soon as one of the conditions controlling the if is true, the
statement associated with that if is executed, and the rest of the C else-if ladder is bypassed. If
none of the conditions is true, then the final else statement will be executed.
Syntax:
if (condition)
statement 1;
else if (condition)
statement 2;
.
.
else
statement;
Flowchart if-else-if ladder:
/* PROGRAM TO PRINT THE GRADE OF A STUDENT */
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int marks;
printf("\n\n GRADE OF A STUDENT"); printf("\
n\n Enter your marks: ( 0 to 100 only)");
scanf("%d",&marks);
if(marks>=75 && marks <=100) printf("\
n\n You got GRADE A");
else
if(marks>=60)
printf("\n\n You got GRADE B");
else
if(marks>=50)
printf("\n\n Your got GRADE C");
else
if(marks>=40)
printf("\n\n You got GRADE D");
else
printf("\n\n You are failed");
}
GRADE OF A STUDENT
Enter your marks: ( 0 to 100 only)99
You got GRADE A
The switch Statement:

When one of the many alternatives is to be selected, we can use if statement to control
the (situation) selection. However, the complexity of such programs increases dramatically,
when the number of alternatives increases, then the programs becomes difficult to read and
fallow. C has a built in multi-way decision statement known as "switch"
 The switch statement tests the values of a variable (expression) against a list of case
values and when a match is found, a block of statements associated with that case will be
executed.
 The expression is an integer or character.Value-1, value-2 are constants or constant
expressions and they are known as case labels. Each of these values should be unique.
 No need of the braces around these blocks.
 The switch tests the values of given variable against a list of case values, when a match is
found a block of statements associated with it will be executed.
Syn:
switch(variable) //value
{
case value-1:
stt-1;
case value-2:
stt-2;
:
:
default:
Default stt;
}
Ex:/* PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE ABOUT SWITCH WITH SIMPLE PROGRAM*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
printf(“\nEnter an integer (1 or 2 or 3): ”);
scanf(“%d”,&i);
switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf(“\n I am in Case-1”);
case 2:
printf(“\n I am in Case-2”);
case 3:
printf(“\n I am in case-3);
default:
printf(“\n I am in Default”);
}
}
o/p:
Enter an integer (1 or 2 or 3): 3

I am in Default
=====================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO PERFORM THE ARITHMATIC OPERATIONS BASED ON THE USER'S
CHOICE */
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
float a,b;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter any no.s a & b: ");

scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
printf("\n\n 1. ADDITION\n\n 2. SUBTRACTION\n\n 3. MULTIPLICATION\n\n
4. DIVISION ");
printf("\n\n Enter your option: ");
scanf("%d",&i);
switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("\n\n%f + %f = %f",a,b,a+b);
break;
case 2:
printf("\n\n%f - %f = %f",a,b,a-b);
break;
case 3:
printf("\n\n%f * %f = %f",a,b,a*b);
break;
case 4:
if(b!=0)
printf("\n\n%f / %f = %f",a,b,a/b);
else
printf("\nDivision is not possible with zero");
break;
default :
printf("\n Enter correct option");
scanf("%d",&i);
}
return 0;
}
Enter any no.s a & b: 45 15
1. ADDITION
2. SUBTRACTION
3. MULTIPLICATION
4. DIVISION
Enter your option: 4
45.000000 / 15.000000 = 3.000000
goto statement
 C supports go to statement branch unconditionally from one point to another point in the
program. Although it may not be essential to use the go to statement in a highly
structured language like C, there may be occasions to use goto.
 goto breaks the normal sequential execution of the program
. syntax:
goto label;
…….
…….
label:
{
stts;
}
label:
{
stts;
}
…….
…….
goto label;
/*PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE ABOUT GOTO STATEMENT*/
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
printf("\ti=%d",i);
if(i==5)
goto VITS;
}
printf("\nThis stt won't be executed");
VITS:
printf("\n This is a labeled Stt for goto");
printf("\n Completed");
}
O/P:
i=1 i=2 i=3 i=4 i=5
This is a labeled Stt for goto

Completed
=================================================================
break statement:
C break(key word) statement is used to terminate any type of loop such as while loop,
do while loop and for loop. C break statement terminates the loop body immediately and
passes control to the next statement after the loop.
Terminates the current loop(inner most loop)
=================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE ABOUT THE BREAK STATEMENT*/
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
printf("\ti=%d",i);
if(i==3)
break;
}
}
i=1 i=2 i=3
Completed
=====================================================================
continue statement:
C continue statement is used to skip over the rest of the current iteration in program. After
continue statement, the control returns to the top of the loop.
=====================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE ABOUT THE CONTINUE STATEMENT IN C*/
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
if(i<=3)
continue;
printf("\ni=%d",i);
}
}
o/p: i=4 i=5
Completed
exit():
exit function is used to come out from the execution of the program where ever it
is. Note: As “for loop” already been explained in the algorithms &simple
programs, I have taken for loop for goto, break and continue programs.
Decision making and looping:

In looping the sequence of the loop are executed until some conditions for termination of
the loop are satisfied. A program loop consists of two parts body and the Head. The head of
the statement decides the no. of times for which the instructions present in the body of the
statements are to be executed
 Based on the positions of the condition in the loop, a control structure can be
classified into two types
1. Entry control loop
2. Exit control loop
 In the entry control loop, the conditions are tested before start of the loop execution.
 In the exit control loop, the conditions are tested at the end of the body of the loop
A looping consists of 4 steps.

1. Setting & Initialization of a counter
2. Execution of statement in the loop
3. Test a specified condition for the execution of the loop
4. Increasing /decreasing the counter
The test may be either to determine whether the loop has been repeated the satisfied
no. of times or to determine whether a particular condition has been met
C provides 3 different statements for looping
1. While statement
2. do statement
3. for statement
1. While statement
The test condition is evaluated and if condition is
true ,then the body of the loop is executed .After the
execution of the body ,the test-condition are again
evaluated ,and if it true ,the body is executed once again.
This process continues till the test condition becomes
false and the control is transformed out of the loop.
The body of the loop may have one or more
statements .the braces are needed only if the body
contains two more statements
=====================================================================
/*program to find the average of n numbers using while*/
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i=1,n;
float x,sum=0; printf("\
n\n\tEnter n: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i<=n)
{
printf("\n\n\t Enter x%d: ",i);
scanf("%f",&x);
sum+=x;
i++;
}
printf("\n\n\tThe sum is: %2.3f",sum);
printf("\n\tThe Avg is: %2.4f ",sum/n);
}
O/P: Enter n: 4
Enter x1: 1.2 Enter x2: 3.4 Enter x3: 5.6 Enter x4: 7.8
The sum is: 18.000
The Avg is: 4.5000
=====================================================================
The do-while statement:
 The do stt is an exit control loop.
 The do stt first executes the body of the loop, then it
will check the condition given in while stt.
 If the condition in while stt is true, then once again the body of
the loop will be executed.
 This process will continue till the condition becomes false,
then the loop will be terminated and control goes to the
stt that appears immediately after the while stt.
====================================================================
Ex: Program to calculate the average of n numbers.
/*program to find the average of n numbers using do-while*/
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i=1,n;
float x,sum=0; printf("\
n\n\tEnter n: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
do
{
printf("\n\n\t Enter x%d: ",i);
scanf("%f",&x);
sum+=x;
i++;
}while(i<=n);
printf("\n\n\tThe sum is: %2.3f",sum);
printf("\n\tThe Average is: %2.4f ",sum/n);
}
o/p: Enter n: 5
Enter x1: 1.2 Enter x2: 2.3 Enter x3: 3.4 Enter x4: 4.5
Enter x5: 5.6
The sum is: 17.000
The Average is: 3.4000
=====================================================================
for statement:
The for loop is another entry control loop
format:
The for loop follows three things
1. Initialization
2. Condition checking
3. Increasing/Decrementing
1. Initialization
Sets the loop counter to an initial value.
2. Condition checking:
The value of the control variable is tested using the test condition. If the condition is
true the body of the loop will be executed, else the loop will be terminated and execution
continues with the stt that immediately follows the loop.
3. Increment/Decrement:
After the body of the loop executed, the value of the control variable either
incremented or decremented and again the condition will be tested.
=====================================================================
/*PROGRAM TO PRINT THE FACTORIAL OF A NO.*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ int i,n,fact=1;
printf("\nEnter No: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
fact*=i; printf("\n
%d! = %d",n,fact);
}
Enter No: 10
10! = 24320
=================================================================
PERFECT NUMBER:
a perfect number is a positive integer that is the sum of its proper positive divisors, that is,
the sum of the positive divisors excluding the number itself. Equivalently, a perfect number is a
number that is half the sum of all of its positive divisors (including itself), or s(n) = 2n.
The first perfect number is 6, because 1, 2, and 3 are its proper positive divisors, and
1 + 2 + 3 = 6. Equivalently, the number 6 is equal to half the sum of all its positive divisors:
(1 + 2 + 3 + 6 ) / 2 = 6.
The next perfect number is 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14. This is followed by the perfect numbers
496 and 8128 (sequence A000396 in OEIS).
These first four perfect numbers were the only ones known to early Greek mathematics.
Here are the first few perfect numbers:
6,
28,
496,
8128,
33550336,
8589869056,
====================================================================================
PALINDROMIC NUMBER:
A palindrome number or numeral palindrome is a 'symmetrical' number like 16461 that remains
the same when its digits are reversed. The term palindromic is derived from palindrome, which
refers to a word like rotor that remains unchanged under reversal of its letters. The first
palindrome numbers (in decimal) are:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171,
181, 191, … (sequence A002113 in OEIS).
Palindromic numbers receive most attention in the realm of recreational mathematics. A typical
problem asks for numbers that possess a certain property and are palindromic. For instance,
The palindromic primes are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, (A002385) etc.
The palindromic square numbers are 0, 1, 4, 9, 121, 484, 676, 10201, 12321,(A002779) etc.
====================================================================================
ARMSTRONG NUMBER:
An Armstrong number is a number that is equal to the sum of each of the individual digits that
make up the number raised to the power of the number of digits the number has.
Armstrong numberAlso known as narcissistic numbers, Armstrong numbers are the sum of their
own digits to the power of the number of digits. As that is a slightly brief wording,
Let me give an example:
153 is an Armstrong number because 153 = 1^3 + 5^3 + 3^3.
370 is an Armstrong number because 370 = 3^3 + 7^3 + 0^3.
1634 is an Armstrong number because 1634 = 1^4 + 6^4 + 3^4 + 4^4.
ASSIGNMENT / UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

June-2012, JUN2011 and MAY,DEC 2010 (4 sets from each year)
SECTION-1
MAY 2012
1) a) Explain and specify the interactions between various components that support the basic
functionality of a computer.
b) Draw the flow chart to check whether a given number is perfect or not.
c) Describe various categories of computing environments.
JUN 2011& MAY&DEC 2010

2) Define Algorithm? What are the characteristics that any algorithm should satisfy?
3) What is an algorithm? Write an algorithm to find out if a given number is a prime.
4) Explain and specify the interactions between various components that support the basic
functionality of a computer?
5) Differentiate between compiler and interpreter?
6) Draw a flow chart to read ten positive integers and print how many are multiples of 7.
7) Write an algorithm to find out all the factors of a given positive integer.
8) What is a flow chart? Draw a flow chart to read ten integers and print the sum of squares of
all ten values.
9) Explain the functions of the following:
i. Preprocessor ii. Compiler iii. Linker.
10) Draw a flowchart for finding maximum of given three integers?
11) Draw a flowchart to find maximum and minimum of the given three input numbers.
12) List the activities involved in each phase of waterfall system development lifecycle model?
13) Given the 3 sides of triangle a, b and c as input, Draw a flowchart to test whether it is
isosceles, equilateral or not. It should also validate whether the input forms a triangle or not.
(Ex. 10, 3, 3 is not a triangle)
14) A utility company charges its customers based on their monthly utilization in terms of units
as follows:
Description charge
First 100 units Rs.10 per unit
Next 200 units Rs. 9 per unit
Next 200 units Rs.8 per unit
Next units Rs.7 per unit
Write flowchart that reads monthly units of a customer and output the charge amount
15) List and explain the functions of various parts of computer hardware.
16) JNTU university gives grades based on the percentage of marks obtained in the examinations
as follows:
Percentage of marks Grade
75 and above Distinction
60 and above but below 75 First
50 and above but below 60 Second
40 and above but below 50 Third
below 40 Fail
Write a flowchart that inputs the percentage marks and output the division
SECTION-2
PART A
Write minimal C expressions for the following:
4 3 2
A1) 2x + 3x - 4x + 7x -10
3 2
A2) x - 4x + 7x -12
4 3 2
A3) 5a +3a -4a +6a+12
A4) i). abcbccaab−− ii). 1235abbc+ iii). 2234abccab--
A5) Digit at the 10's place of the given positive integer x
(for example, digit at the 10's place in 3458 is 5)
A6) Maximum of the values of three variables a, b and c
A7) Minimum of the values of three variables a, b and c.
A8) If a > b then the value of expression is a-b, otherwise b-a
A9) Add x to y, and then decrement x
A10) Increment x, and then add to z
A11) True if the given positive integer x is odd, false otherwise
A12) True if the given positive integer x is even and is also a multiple of 7, false
Otherwise.
A13) True if the given character variable c represents a numeral (that is '0'...'9'),
false otherwise.
A14) True if the given positive integer x is a multiple of both 17 and 11, false
otherwise.
A15) True if 25 > a ≥ 10, false otherwise
A16) True if 5 <x < 10, otherwise false
A17) True if x is exactly divisible by 5 but not divisible by 3, otherwise
false. A18) True if 5 <= a <= 10, false otherwise
A19) True if the value of character variable c is in uppercase, otherwise false
A20) Absolute value of (a-b)
A21) Absolute value of variable x.
A22) True if x/y >3 without zero divide, false otherwise
A23) If x<y then -1 else if x = = y then 0 else 1(use ternary operator)
A24) Subtract x from y and then increment x.
A25) Remainder when unsigned integer variable x is divided by 8, using bitwise
operators.
A26) Divide the integer variable x by 16 using bit-wise operators
NOTE:
 FOR THE ABOVE QUESTIONS IN SECTION A, NO NEED TO WRITE THE
ENTIRE PROGRAM EVEN IN THE EXAM JUST WRITE THE LOGIC WITH C
SYNTAX.
PART B
B1) What is the difference between the following c-words?
i) amount and “amount” ii) 200 and 200.0
B2) What is the difference between the following C-words?
i) 253 and 0253 ii) „r‟ and „\r‟
i) count and int ii) 526 and “526”
i) 5 and „5‟ ii) if and ++
PART C
C1) An integer is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digit is also divisible by 9. Write
a C program that prompts the user to input an integer. The program should
then output the number and a message stating whether the number is divisible
by 9.
(June2012)
C2) What is type conversion? Explain briefly about implicit and explicit type of
conversions. (June2012)
C3) Write C- language program that reads a number from input and determine
whether it is a prime or not.
C4) Write a complete C Program to print all the prime numbers between 1 and n.
Where „n‟ is the value supplied by the user.
C5) Write C-program for determining whether the given integer at input is perfect
number or not.
C6) Write a C-program that reads the given n observations at input and computes
average of n observations and find the number of observations above average
value
C7) Write a complete C program that reads a value in the range 1 to 12 and print
the name of that month and the next month: Print error for any other input
value. (For example, print “May followed by June” if the input is 5. Note that
December is followed by January).
C8) Write C-program that reverses the decimal digits of integer value at input.
For example, for input 5379, the program need to output 9735
C9) Write a complete C Program to read ten integers and find:
(i) The number of even integers and their sum, and
(ii) The number of odd integers and their sum.
C10) Explain the structure of a C program?
C11) List the basic data types, their sizes and range of values supported by „C‟
language?
C12) Describe the purpose of commonly used conversion characters in scanf()

function?
C13) Explain the only ternary operator available in „C‟ with illustrative
example? C14) Differentiate between if-else-if ladder and switch statement?
C15) What is the implicit type conversion hierarchy that is applied while evaluating
expressions?
C16) What do you mean by operator precedence and Associativity? How one can
override the precedence defined by C language? Give illustrative examples?
C17) What is an identifier? What are the naming rules for identifiers in C?
C18) What are the bitwise operators in C? Explain the same with examples.
C19) List different categories of C operators based on their functionality? Give
examples?
Wait and See:

Questions Specified Below are mandatory for the Assignment. Remaining left for your
interest. But you should be able to answer them.
 The Questions 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 13, 16 (In Italics) from Section 1
 Any 15 Questions from Part-A in Section 2
 All 4 Question from Part-B in Section 2
 Any 10 Questions from Part-C in Section 2
Note: The students have to submit the above assignment within 10 days.
* * *
PROGRAMS FOR RECORD

LAB 1
PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE ABOUT ASCII CODES
PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE THE INCREMENT & DECREMENT OPERATORS
PROGRAM TO CHECK THE BITWISE OPERATORS
LAB2
PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE GROSS SALARY OF AN EMPLOYEE AS
FOLLOWS
BASIC SALARY DA HRA CONVEYENCE
>=5000 110% 20% 500
>=3000 &<5000 100% 15% 400
<3000 85% 10% 300
PROGRAM TO FIND THE NATURE AND ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION
2
ax +bx+c=0.
LAB 3
PROGRAM TO FIND THE SUM OF THE EVEN AND ODD DIGITS OF THE GIVEN
NUMBER
PROGRAM TO PRINT THE FIRST N FIBONACCI NUMBERS
PROGRAM TO FIND THE GCD/HCF and LCM OF TWO NUMBERS
LAB 4
PROGRAM TO CHECK WHETHER THE NO. IS PRIME OR NOT
PROGRAM TO CHECK WHETHER THE NO.IS ARMSTRONG OR NOT
( EXAMPLE ARMSTRONG NO.S
0 1 2 3 ... 9 153 370 371 407 1634 8208 9474 54748 )
PROGRAM TO CHECK WHETHER THE NO.IS PERFECT OR NOT
(EXAMPLE PERFECT NO.S 6 28 496 8128).
LAB 5
PROGRAM TO PRINT NUMBERS IN THE FORMAT
1
2 3
45 6
7 8 9 10
PROGRAM TO FIND THE EXP X
PROGRAM TO FIND THE SUM OF THE SINE SERIES
NOTE:
 Flow chart is mandatory for each and every program in the record; however for
LAB 1 flow charts are not required.
 Write the dates, Roll No and page numbers on each and every record sheet.
 Draw the flow chart and write the output of the program on the left hand side
and write the program on the right hand side of the record sheet.
 Draw the flow charts neatly with pencil only.
 Write index also with the dates in which you have done the programs.(later)
 You can enquire for the old records for the reference only from your lab
programmer, otherwise your faculty.
==================================================================
I BTECH-CPDS-MID1-UNIT1:: 2009-10
1. Which of the following is not an input device [ ]
a) Plotter b) scanner c) keyboard d) mouse
2. How many times the body of the following loop executed?
x=5; y=50; while (y! =0) {y/=x ;} [ ]
a) 4 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2
3. The parallelogram is used to represent type of statements in flow charts [ ]
a) input/output b) Functions c) decision d) processing
4. Which of the following is not a translator program [ ]
a) Linker b) assembler c) interpreter d) compiler
5. Which of following loop executes the body of the loop at least once [ ]
a) while b) for c)do..while d) compiler
6. The hardware along with the read-only software that resides on this hardware
is combinly called as
7. In flowcharts, decisions are represented by using symbol
8. acts as an interface between the computer hardware and user of the computer.
9. In menu driven programs loop statement is used
KEY
1.B 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.ROM 7. ROMBOS 8. Operating System
9. SWITCH
I BTECH-CPDS-MID1-UNIT1::2010-11
1. What will be sum of the binary numbers 1111 and 1101 [ ]
a) 101000 b) 100010 c) 11110 d) 11100
2. Which one of the following is known as the language of the computer [ ]
a) Programming Language b) High Level Language
c) Machine Language d) Assembly Language
3. What type of errors are checked during compilation [ ]
a) Logical errors b) divide by zero errors c) run-time errors d) syntax errors
4. Which one of the following numeric value is used to represent base of the binary number [ ]
a) 8 b) 10 c) 2 d) 16
5. What will be the binary value of B [ ]
a) 1001 b) 1011 c) 1100 d) 1101
6. Which of the following is not a translator program [ ]
a) Linker b) Assembler c) Compiler d) Interpreter
7. The process of repeating a group of statements in an algorithm is known as
8. is very similar to the while loop except that the test occurs at the end of the loop
body.
9. ALU stands for ________________
10. translates the high level language source code into low-level language.
11. The output of the assembler in the form of sequence of 0’s and 1’s is called _______________________
KEY
2.C 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.LOOP 8.DO-WHILE 9.Arithmatic
Logic Unit 10. Translator 11.Binary Code or Machine Code.
1. Which one of the following is not a translator program [ ]
(A)Assembler (B) Interpreter (C) Linker (D) Compiler
(A) 111100 (B) 100010 (C) 11110 (D) 101000
3. Which one of the following is known as the language of the computer [ ]
(A) Programming language (B) Machine language
(C) High level language (D) Assembly level language
4. is used to compile your c program
5. The while loop repeats a statement until the test at the top proves _________________
6. The transfers control to a statement within its body
8. Extend the term CPU
9. Monitor, keyboard, mouse and printers are
KEY
1.C 2.D 3.B 4. Compiler 5. Fails6. Conditional Statement Of A Loop
7. LOOP 8. Central Processing Unit 9. Input and Output Devices
I BTECH-CPDS-MID1-UNIT1 ::2009-10
1. Which of the following is the correct order of operators for the evaluation for the expression
z = x + y * z/4 % 2-1 [ ]
a)* / % + - = b) - % ? * + = c) / * % - + = d) * / % - + =
2. How many times the body of the following loop executed? x=5; y=50; while(y! = 0) {y/=x;}[ ]
a) 4 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2
3. Which of the following statement is syntactically correct [ ]
a) printf(“%d”, &a); b) scanf(“%d”, a); c) scanf(“%d”, #a); d) scanf(“%d”, &a);
4. Which of the following is the correct syntax of for loop [ ]
a) for(i=o, i<10, i++) b) for(i=0; i++; i<=10)
c) for(i=0; i<10; i++) d) for(i=0, i++, i<=10)
5. Which of the following loop executes the body of the loop at least once [ ]
a) while b) for c) do..while d) all of the above
6. Which of the following is used inside a loop to terminate the current iteration and start with the
next generation [ ]
a) break b) continue c) goto d) return
Fill in the Blanks
7. is the largest value that an unsigned short int type varible can store
8. logical operator is true only when both operands are true
9. The order of evaluation can be changed by using in an expression
10. A for loop with no test condition is called as loop
11. Execution of a C program begins at
12. loop in C is both counter controlled and pretest loop
13. In menu driven programs statement is used
KEY
1). A 2). C 3). D 4). C 5). C 6). B
7). 255 8). && 9). ( ) 10). Infinite 11). Main 12). For
13). Switch
=====================================================================
Choose the correct alternative:
a) 101000 b) 100010 c) 11110 d) 11100
2. Consider the following program segment. i=6720; j=4; [ ]
While ((i%j)==0)
{ i=i/j; j=j+1;
} then, On termination j will have the value
a) 4 b) 8 c) 9 d) 6720
3. Which of the following is/are syntactically correct [ ]
a)for( ); b)for(;); c)for(,); d)for(;;);
4. #include<stdio.h> [ ]
main( )
{
int i=1,j=2;
Switch(i)
{
Case 1:
printf(“GOOD”); break;
case j:
printf(“BAD”); break;
}
}
a) GOOD b) BAD c) GOOD BAD d)Compiler Error
5. What type of errors are checked during compilation [ ]
a) Logical errors b) divide by zero errors c) run-time errors d) syntax errors
6. Which one of the following numeric value is used to represent base of the binary number[ ]
a) 8 b) 10 c) 2 d) 16
7. What will be the binary value of B [ ]
a) 1001 b) 1011 c) 1100 d) 1101
8. The program fragment [ ]
int a=5,b=2;
printf(“%d”,a+++++b);
a) prints 7 b) prints 8 c) prints 9 d) none of the above
Fill in the Blanks

9. The # symbol is known as
10. are identifiers reserved by the C language for special use
11. The of an operator gives the order in which operators are applied in expression
12. is very similar to the while loop except that the test occurs at the end of the loop body.
13. The size of long double variable is .
14. The of an operator gives the order in which expressions involving operators of
the same precedence are evaluated.
15. The output of the assembler in the form of sequence of 0‟s and 1‟s is called .
KEY
1)D 2) C 3)D 4) D 5) D 6) C 7) B 8) D
9) preprocessor 10) keywords 11) precedence 12) do-while 13) 10
14) associativity 15) binary code or machine code
====================================================================
I BTECH-CPDS-MID1-UNIT1 ::2011-12
Choose the correct alternative
1. Which of the following is syntactically correct [ ]
(A) for(;); (B)for(); (C) for(,); (D) for(;;);
2. Find out the output for the following [ ]
#include<stdio.h>
main() { int c=--2; printf(“c=%d”,c); }
(A) -2 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) None
3. Identify the result [ ]
vdoid main()
{ int i=5;
Printf(“%d”,i+++++i);}
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 10 (D) Compiler error
4. What will be the ASCll Octal value of A [ ]
(A) 100 (B) 101 (C)110 (D) 111
5. a<<1 is equal to [ ]
(A) multiplying by 2 (B) dividing by 2 (C) added 2 (D) None
6. Consider the following and find the output [ ]
Main()
{ int a=0;int b=30;char x=1;
If (a,b,x)
Printf(“Hello”);
}
(A) Compiler error (B) abxHello (C) Hello (D)None
(A) 111100 (B) 100010 (C) 11110 (D) 101000
8. Find the output [ ]
int main()
{char a[]=”12345\0”;
int i=strlen(a);
printf(“here in 3 %d\n”,++i);}
(A) here in 3 (B) here in 3 6 (C) 6 (D) 3
Fill in the Blanks

9. Short Integer size is bytes
10. The while loop repeats a statement until the test at the top proves
11. The statement transfers control to a statement within its body
12. The is a unconditional branching statement used to transfer control of the

program from one statement to another
KEY
1). D 2). D 3). D4) .B5).A6). C7). D 8).B 9). 1byte 10). fails 11). Loop
12). goto 13). loop
* * * End of Unit1 * * *
All the Best

PPS Unit 1 - R18

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PPS Unit 1 - R18

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

1B.TECH (ALL BRANCHES) - R18

Name of the Student:

Roll No: Branch: Section:

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCEENGINEERING

SREYAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

PPS& DATA STRUCTURES UNIT 1

Different basic parts of a Computer:

3. Central Processing Unit(CPU):

All above are collective called as Hardware.

A Computer system consists of two major

ii. System support:

iii. System development software:

ii. Application specific:

{ Even today, we prefer to use assembly language for

CREATING AND RUNNING PROGRAMS

4. Executing the program

1. WRITING & EDITING PROGRAMS:

3. LINKING THE PROGRM:

Program development is a multistep process which consists o the following steps

1. Understand the problem:

ii. Algorithm: Step by step procedure to solve a problem is called as Algorithm.

iii. Flowchart: Graphical representation of an algorithm is called as flowchart. A

4. Test the Program:

ALGORITHM: (Pseudo Code)

An algorithm is a finite set of instructions that if followed accomplishes a particular task.

 Algorithms are developed during the design phaseof software engineering.

Algorithms are divided into two categories

Ex: Take the previous example.

Print “b is bigger than a”

SYMBOL OPERATION DESCRIPTION

Start/Stop Terminator: Shows the starting and ending points of

Data Input/ output This represents the Input / Output of a given

Process Processing: Indicates an operation performed by the

Decision Decision:The diamond indicates a decision structure.

Predefined process Predefined Process: One statement denotes a group of

Document This represents the situation to produce a document

Connector This symbol used to continue the flow chart

Summing junction This is used for connecting multiple flow lines

Flow lines These symbols represent the flow of

The conditional symbol can be used in different forms.

1) Single alternative Decision

 If the condition is true the statements will be executed

2)Two alternative Decisions

If the condition is true

3) Multi alternative decisions

If the condition -1 is true,stts-1 will be

If the condition-2 is true,stts-2 will be

(1) Draw flow charts for the following:-

1. Addition of two numbers 2. Average of three numbers

3. Area of a circle 4. Area of a

triangle Left for the

The iteration can be specified in three different forms:-

ii). While form

In this stt-1 will be repeated if the condition is

iii). do-while Statement

In this statements-1 will be repeated if the condition is

iv). for loop:

EX2.Find the result of the following program

BCPL Basic combined programming language.

 In the strictest sense, C99 is the current standard.

History of Programming Languages

 Preprocessor directives are the command

/PROGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE ABOUT ASCII CODES/