DESIGN OF SLAB BRIDGE
Project: Semera-Didigsala project
Consultant: Unicon consulting engineers
Designed by : Asnake Beshah
Checked by : Hailu
Case: Statical calculation
Date of design :- 25/1/2007
General Notes
REFERENCE:- AASHTO STANDARED SPECIFICATIONNS FOR HIGH WAY BRIDGES (1992 EDITION)
DESIGN METHOD:- WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD
DESIGN DATA AND SPECIFICATION
BRIDGE TYPE: SLAB BRIDGE -TOTAL SPAN LENGTH 6m 1 lb = 0.454 Kg =4.54 N
- C/C DISTANCE 5.5 m
-CLEAR SPAN 5m 1 PSI = 6.897 KPA = 6897 X 10-3 MPA
ROAD WAY: CLEAR ROAD WAY WIDTH ( X ) 14.5 m 1ft = 0.3048m
CURBS FOR WALK ( 2*W ) 2*2.5= 5m
TOTAL WIDTH ( TW ) 19.5 m 1 in = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m = 0.0833 ft
LIVE LOAD: AASHTO HS-20-44 TRUCK 1lbft = 1.385 N-m
REAR AXLE LOAD , P= 145 KN
LANE LOAD IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION = 9.3 KN/m ON 3M WIDTH OR 3.1KN/m2
DESIGN TANDEM AXLE LOAD = 110 KN
(TANSVERSE SPACING OF WHEELS SHOULD BE TAKEN AS 1.8m)
WEARING SURFACE: 1.1 KN/m2
MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
CONCRETE:- C25 (CUBIC STRENGTH) - CLASS A CONCRETE
TAKING fc' =3000 PSI = fc' = 20.69MPA (CYLINDERICAL STRENGTH) =
fc =0.4*20.69= 8.276 MPA (ALLOWABLE CONCRETE STRESS)
Ec = 5700*SQU. OF fc' (fc' IN PSI) = 0.043*gc*1.5*SQU OF fc' (fc' IN MPA)
= 22610 WHERE gc=24000 KN/m3
REINFORCEMENT:- STEEL S 400
fyk= 400MPA (GRADE 60)
Es= 200000 MPA
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 8-15-2-2 THE TENSILE RENFORSMENT fs,SHALL NOT EXCEED THE FOLLOWING
GRADE 40 REINF.----------20 X 103 PSI = 137.94 MPA
GRADE 60 REINF.----------24 X 103 PSI = 165.53 MPA
MODULAR RATIO: n= ES/EC = 9
CROSSECTIONAL DIMENTIONS
TW TW = 19.5 m
W= 2.5 m
c x c C= 0.05 m
W W
X= 14.5 m
CALCULATION
1 DEPTH DETERMINATION (AASHTO ARTICLE 8.9.2)
D= 1.2(s+10)/30 WHERE D= DEPTH OF SLAB IN FEET
S= SPAN LENGTH IN FEET
={
CLEAR SPAN + d
S C/C OF SUPPORT (WHICH EVER IS GREATER)
ASSUMED DEPTH D= 0.500 m
CONCRETE COVER= 0.025 m
[Link]. USED= Ø32= 0.032 m
={
5.459 m = 17.910 ft
S 5.500 m = 18.045 ft
THERE FORE USE S= 5.5 m = 18.045 ft
Þ D= 1.122 ft = 0.34192 m
THERE FORE USE D= 0.500 m
Þ d= 0.459 m
2 LOADING
2.1DEAD LOAD
TAKING SLAB WIDTH , b= 1 m
RC SLAB SUPER STRUCTURE = 25 KN/m3 X D X b = 12.5 KN/m
WEARING SURFACE = γXb= 1.1 KN/m
w= 13.6 KN/m
E (DITRIBUTION WIDTH)
TS (TO TAL SPAN)
THE SUPPORTS
X-SECTION
TW ( TOTAL WIDTH)
S (SPAN LENGTH CALCULATED) = 5.50
w (DISTRIBUTED DL PER UNIT WIDTH) = 13.60
R (REACTION ON THE SUPPORTS) = 37.40
* Moment And Shear Force Distribution Due To Dead Load
Moment due to dead load MDL (x) = Rx-wx2/2 Shear force due to dead load VDL (x) = R-wx
POSITION OF FORCE
ACTIONS COSIDERED 0.00 CD 0.05 CD 0.10 CD 0.15 CD 0.20CD 0.25CD 0.30 CD 0.35 CD 0.40 CD 0.45 CD 0.50 CD
X (m) 0.000 0.275 0.550 0.825 1.100 1.375 1.650 1.925 2.200 2.475 2.750
VDL ( X ) (KN) 37.400 33.660 29.920 26.180 22.440 18.700 14.960 11.220 7.480 3.740 0.000
MDL ( X ) ( KN - m) 0.000 9.771 18.513 26.227 32.912 38.569 43.197 46.797 49.368 50.911 51.425
2.2 LIVE LOAD
2.2.1 H - S - 20 - 44 TRUCK LOADING (DESIGN TRUCK)
WHEEL LOAD , P = 16000 lb = 72.6 KN
* Infulence Line For Bending Moments
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE [Link] - FOR WHEEL LOADS THE DISTRIBUTION WIDTH E, SHALL BE 4+0.06S BUT SHALL NOT EXCEED 7ft (2.135m)
- LANE LOADS ARE DISTRIBUTED OVER AWIDTH OF 2E
THERE FORE; E= 4+0.06S = 5.083 ft
= 1.549 m
Þ P' = P/E= 46.863 KN/m
FOR LOADING CASE -1 MLL ( X ) = p' XY/S {1+ (Y-4.27)/Y +(Y-8.54)/4Y}
FOR LOADING CASE - 2 MLL ( X ) = p' XY/S {1+ (Y-4.27)/Y +(Y-8.54)/4Y}
IMPACT FACTOR , I = 15.24 /(S+38.10) < 30% WHERE S IS IN ft
THERE FORE; I = 0.271 < 0.300
TAKE I = 0.3
Þ MLL+ I = ( 1+I ) X MLL = 1.300 XMLL
* Infulence Line For Bending Moments
LOADING CASE WHICH CREATES MAXIMUM SHEAR
FOR THIS LOADING CASE THE SHEAR FORCE AT DISTANCE X,
VLL( X ) = P' ( S - X ) / S + P' ( S - X - 4.27 ) / S + P'/4 ( S - X - 8.54 ) / S
VLL+I ( X ) = 1.300 VLL( X )
* The Maximum Moment And Shear Force For Design
( For The Live Load Type , HS - 20 - 44) )
Mmax = MDLmax + MLL+I ( max )
= 135.19243 KN-m/m
Vmax= VDLmax + VLL+I ( max )
= 111.94609 KN / m
2.2.2 DESIGN TANDEM AXLE LOAD
WHERE AXLE LOAD = 110 KN
WHEEL LOAD = 55 KN
TAKING ADISTRIBUTION WIDTH OF, E= 1.549 KN/m
P' = WHEEL LOAD / E = 35.502 KN / m
M ( X ) = P' XY / S* {1+( Y-2)/Y }
V ( X ) = P' / S* ( 2Y-1.2 )
* The Maximum Moment And Shear Force For Design
( For The Live Load Type , Design Tandem)
Mmax = MDLmax + MLL+I ( max )
= 143.802 KN-m/m
Vmax= VDLmax + VLL+I ( max )
= 113.238 KN / m
2.2.3 LANE LOADING
SINCE LANE LOADING GIVES MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE AND MOMENT FOR LONG SPAN BRIDGES WE DIDN'T CONSIDER HERE.
( i.e IT WILLNOT BE A GOVERNING LOADING CASE)
* Design Moment and shear
Comparing the results (i.e Mmax & Vmax ) in the two live load types ,HS-20-44 & DESIGN TANDEM LOAD ,WE GET THAT
Mmax ( design moment ) = 143.802 KN-m/m
Vmax (design shearforce) = 113.238 KN / m
DEPTH CHEKING FOR SHEAR
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE [Link].1
SHEAR STRESS CARRIED BY CONCRETE :- vc =0.95 ( f'c)1/2 IN PSI
THERE FORE ; TAKING f'c = 20.96 MPA = 3000 PSI
vc = 52.034 PSI
= 0.359 MPA
Vacting = Vmax / bd = 0.247 MPA
Þ Vc > Vacting THERE FORE IT IS OK
3 REINFORCEMENT
K = n*fc / ( n*fc +fs ) = 0.307 WHERE fs = 165.53 MPA
j = 1 -K / 3 = 0.897
Þ R= K j fc /2 = 1.138
EFFECTIVE DEPTH, d rquired = ( M / Rb )1/2 = 355.448 mm
d used = 459.000 mm
Þ dused >drequired----------OK!
3.1 STEEL AREA CALCULATION
Main Reinforcement
AS = M / fsJd ; where M= 143.802 KN-m/m
fs= 165.53 MPA
j= 0.897
d= 459.000 mm
Þ AS = 2110.00766984391 mm2/m
IF [Link] IS SPACING ( S )
Ø32 380.97 mm WHERE S = ( as / As)*1000
Ø30 334.83 mm
Ø28 291.68 mm
Ø24 214.29 mm
Ø20 148.81 mm
Ø18 120.54 mm
THERE FORE ; USE Ø24 C/C 200 mm
Distribution Reinforcement
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE [Link] IN CASE OF SLAB BRIDGE THE MAIN REINFORCEMENT IS PARALLEL TO TRAFFIC
AND PERCENT OF DISTRIBUTION REINORCEMENT = 100 / ( S )1/2 < = 50% WHERE S = ,IN ft
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT IN PERCENTAGE = 23.541 < 50
THERE FORE USE 24 %
As MAIN PROVIDED = (as / sused) * 1000 = 2261.947 mm2/m W/R as = 452.3893 mm2
Þ AS DISTRIBUTION = 532.486 mm2/m
IF [Link] IS SPACING ( S )
Ø20 589.69 mm
Ø18 477.65 mm
Ø16 377.40 mm
Ø14 260.92 mm
Ø12 212.29 mm
Ø10 147.42 mm
THERE FORE ; USE Ø12 C/C 200 mm
CHECK FOR STEEL RATIO
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE [Link] THE RATIO OF THE REINFORCEMENT r PROVIDED SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.75 OF THE RATIO rb
THAT WOULD PRODUCE BALANCED STRAIN CONDITIONS FOR THE SECTION.
Asteel provided = 2261.947 mm2/m
r =As / bd = 0.0049
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE [Link].2 THE BALANCED REINFORCEMENT RATIO , rb IS GIVEN BY
rb = (0.85 b1f'c/fy) * (87000/(87000+fy))
ACCORDING TO ARTICLE [Link] b1 = 0.85 FOR CONCERET STRENGTH , fc' = 20.963000 PSI
MPAUPTO AND INCLUDING
( 3000PSI 4000PSI
) UPTO AND INCLUDING 4000PSI
rb = 0.0377
rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.0283
r < r max THERE FORE IT IS OK
MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT
ACCORDING TO ARTICLE [Link] AT ANY SECTION OF AFLEXURAL MEMBER WHERE TENSION REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED BY ANALYSIS ,THE REINFORCEMENT
PROVIDED SHALL BE ADEQUATE TO DEVELOPE AMOMENT AT LEAST 1.2 TIMES THE CRACKING MOMENT CALCULATED ON THE BASIS OF THE MODULUS
OF RUPTURE FOR NORMAL WEIGHT CONCRETE SPECIFIED IN ARTICLE [Link].1
i.e fMN > 1.2Mcr WHERE f = 0.9 , FOR FLEXURE ( ARTICLE [Link].2 )
MN = As fy (d - a/2) W/R a = Asfy / 0.85fc'b
Mcr = fr *s W/R s = b D2 / 6 , fr =7.5(fc')1/2
fy = 60000 PSI
fc' = 3000 PSI
d= 18.07 in
b= 39.37 in
As = 3.51 in2
D= 19.69 in
Þ a= 2.095
s= 2542.66
fr = 410.792
THERE FORE
fMN = 3222.920 klb-in
1.2Mcr = 1253.403 klb-in
fMN > 1.2Mcr THERE FORE IT IS OK!
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPRTURE REINFORCEMENT
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 8.20.1 THE TOTAL AREA OF REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED SHALL BE ATLEAST 1/8 in2/ft IN EACH DIRECTION
As = 1/8 in2/ft = 264.41mm2/m
USING Ø12 ,SPACING = a/As*1000 = 427.4 mm
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 8-20-2 THE SPACING OF SHIRINKAGE AND TEMPRATURE REINFORCEMENT SHOULD BE
S SHOULD BE = { < 3D =
< 18in =
1500
457.2
mm
mm
TAKING THE MINIMUM OF THE THREE SPACING VALUES
Smin = 427.4 mm
USE S = 400 mm
THERE FORE PROVIDE Ø12 C / C 400 mm IN BOTH DIRECTION
4 DESIGN OF EDGE BEAMS
50mm M
w
c
C= 0.05 m
M
W= 2.5 m
w 50mm
G= 1.19 m
E= 0.15 m
L= 0.5 m
N N= 0.25 m
M= 0.85 m
L
G E
DEAD LOAD
CURBS = { 0.5*( W+G )*L + 0.5*( W+ (W-C) )*N } * 25 = 38.531 KN / m
RAILING AND POSTS @ 1 KN / m
TOTAL DEAD LOAD OF THE ADGE BEAM PER METER WIDTH OF THE SPAN ( w ) = 39.531 KN / m
WHERE S = 5.5 m
THERE FORE MDL = W S2 / 8 = 149.478 KN - m /m
LIVE LOAD
ACCORDING TO ARTICLE [Link] THE EDGE BEAM OF ASINGLE SPAN SHALL BE DESIGNED TO RESIST ALIVE LOAD
MOMENT OF 0.10PS WHERE P = WHEEEL LOAD IN (lb)
S= SPAN LENGTH IN (ft)
THERE FORE
MLL = 0.10PS = 28871.391 lbft
= 39.987 KN-m
MTOT = MDL + MLL+I = 201.460 KN-m
dreq =(M/Rb)1/2 = 420.715 mm
dused =( N+L-Concrete [Link] ) = 734.975 mm IF f 30 IS USED
Þ dused >drequired----------OK!
As = M / fsjd = 1846.070 mm2/mm
Asmin = pbd = 1469.950 mm2/mm
Asmin < As provided
Þ Asmin < Aprovided--------- OK!
IF [Link] IS SPACING ( S )
Ø32 435.43 mm WHERE S = ( as / As)*1000
Ø30 382.70 mm
Ø28 333.38 mm
Ø24 244.93 mm
Ø20 170.09 mm
Ø18 137.77 mm
THERE FORE ; USE Ø24 C/C 240 mm
DESIGN OF SHEAR FOR EDGE BEAMS
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE [Link].1 : THE DESIGN SHEAR STRESS , v ,SHALL BE COMPUTED BY:
v = Vacting / bwd WHERE bw = THE WIDTH OF THE WEB ( IN OUR CASE, = b )
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE [Link].1 : WHERE Vacting > Vc ,SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED .
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE [Link].2 : WHEN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT PERPENDICULAR TO THE AXIS OF THE MEMBER IS USED
Av =( v - vc )bwS / fs
Þ S = Avfs / (v-vc)bw
IF Vacting IS LESS THAN VC,NOSHEAR REINFORCEMENT DESIGN IS REQUIRED. BUT ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE [Link], AMINIMUM AREA OF SHEAR
REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE PROVIDED IN ALL FLEXURE MEMBERS EXCEPT SLABS AND FOOTINGS ( IN SOME CASE)
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE [Link] : WHERE SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED BY ARTICLE 8-19-1-1 OR BY ANALYSIS, THE AREA PROVIDED
SHALL NOT LESS THAN
Av = 50bwS / fy , WHERE bw & SARE IN in
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 8.19.3 SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT PLACED PERPENDICULAR TO THE MEMBER SHALL NOT EXCEED
d/2 OR 24"
CLCULATION
Vacting (V) = ws / 2 = 108.711 KN/m
SHEAR STRESS, vacting = V/bd = 0.1479 MPA
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE [Link].1 ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS IS GIVEN BY
vc = 0.95( fc' )1/2 = 52.034 PSI WHERE fc' = 3000 PSI
0.3589 MPA
vc > vacting
Þ NO SHEAR DESIGN IS REQUIRED RATHER PROVIDE MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT AT MINNIMUM SPACING
USING f 12 Av ( in2 ) = 0.171
bw ( in ) = 39.370
SPACING, S = Avfy / 50bw = 10.401 in = 264.193 mm
S SHALL NOT EXCEED { d /2 =
24" =
367.488
609.600
mm
mm
MINIMUM OF THE THREE SPACINGS S = 264.193 mm
THERE FORE ; USE S = Ø12 C/C 250 mm
MOMENT INFLUENCE LINE FOR P'= 46.863 KN/m W/R COLUMN ( I ) IS MOMENT FOR LOADING CASE-1
DESIGN TRUCK HS-20-44 S= 5.5 m W/R COLUMN ( J ) IS MOMENT FOR LOADING CASE-2
a b c d e f g h I j MAX. MLL
MLL+I M DL MLL+I +M DL
x y (y-4.27)/y (y-8.54)/4y (x-4.27)/4x 1+c+d 1+c+e p'xy/s f*h g*h MAX of (I or j)
0.00S 0.000 5.500 0.224 -0.138 0.000 1.224 1.224 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.05S 0.275 5.225 0.183 -0.159 0.000 1.183 1.183 12.243 14.481 14.481 14.481 18.825 9.771 28.596
0.10S 0.550 4.950 0.137 -0.181 0.000 1.137 1.137 23.197 26.384 26.384 26.384 34.299 18.513 52.812
0.15S 0.825 4.675 0.087 -0.207 0.000 1.087 1.087 32.863 35.710 35.710 35.710 46.422 26.227 72.649
0.20S 1.100 4.400 0.030 -0.235 0.000 1.030 1.030 41.239 42.458 42.458 42.458 55.195 32.912 88.107
0.25S 1.375 4.125 -0.035 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 48.327 48.327 48.327 48.327 62.826 38.569 101.394
0.30S 1.650 3.850 -0.109 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 54.127 54.127 54.127 54.127 70.365 43.197 113.562
0.35S 1.925 3.575 -0.194 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 58.637 58.637 58.637 58.637 76.228 46.797 123.025
0.40S 2.200 3.300 -0.294 0.000 -0.235 1.000 1.000 61.859 61.859 61.859 61.859 80.417 49.368 129.785
0.45S 2.475 3.025 -0.412 0.000 -0.181 1.000 1.000 63.792 63.792 63.792 63.792 82.930 50.911 133.841
0.50S 2.750 2.750 -0.553 0.000 -0.138 1.000 1.000 64.436 64.436 64.436 64.436 83.767 51.425 135.192
SHEAR FORCE INFLUENCE LINE FOR P'= 46.863 KN/m
DESIGN TRUCK HS-20-44 S= 5.5 m
a b c d e f
x y=s-x y/s (y-4.27)/s (y-8.54)/4y c+d+e VLL VLL+I VDL VLL+I +VDL
0.00S 0.000 5.500 1.000 0.224 -0.138 1.224 57.343 74.546 37.400 111.946
0.05S 0.275 5.225 0.950 0.174 -0.159 1.124 52.657 68.454 33.660 102.114
0.10S 0.550 4.950 0.900 0.124 -0.181 1.024 47.971 62.362 29.920 92.282
0.15S 0.825 4.675 0.850 0.074 -0.207 0.924 43.284 56.270 26.180 82.450
0.20S 1.100 4.400 0.800 0.024 -0.235 0.824 38.598 50.177 22.440 72.617
0.25S 1.375 4.125 0.750 -0.026 0.000 0.750 35.147 45.691 18.700 64.391
0.30S 1.650 3.850 0.700 -0.076 0.000 0.700 32.804 42.645 14.960 57.605
0.35S 1.925 3.575 0.650 -0.126 0.000 0.650 30.461 39.599 11.220 50.819
0.40S 2.200 3.300 0.600 -0.176 0.000 0.600 28.118 36.553 7.480 44.033
0.45S 2.475 3.025 0.550 -0.226 0.000 0.550 25.775 33.507 3.740 37.247
0.50S 2.750 2.750 0.500 -0.276 0.000 0.500 23.431 30.461 0.000 30.461
c d e
(y-4.27)/y (y-8.54)/4y (x-4.27)/4x
0.224 0.000 0.000
0.183 0.000 0.000
0.137 0.000 0.000
0.087 0.000 0.000
0.030 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
d e
(y-4.27)/s (y-8.54)/4y
0.224 0.000
0.174 0.000
0.124 0.000
0.074 0.000
0.024 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
MOMENT INFLUENCE LINE FOR TANDEM DESIGN P'= 32.74
LOAD S= 5.5
a b c
x y 1+(y-1.2)/y p'xy/s
MLL+I M DL
0.00S 0.000 5.500 1.782 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.05S 0.275 5.225 1.770 8.553 19.685 9.771
0.10S 0.550 4.950 1.758 16.206 37.029 18.513
0.15S 0.825 4.675 1.743 22.959 52.032 26.227
0.20S 1.100 4.400 1.727 28.811 64.694 32.912
0.25S 1.375 4.125 1.709 33.763 75.016 38.569
0.30S 1.650 3.850 1.688 37.815 82.996 43.197
0.35S 1.925 3.575 1.664 40.966 88.635 46.797
0.40S 2.200 3.300 1.636 43.217 91.934 49.368
0.45S 2.475 3.025 1.603 44.567 92.892 50.911
0.50S 2.750 2.750 1.564 45.018 91.508 51.425
SEAR FORCE INFLUENCE LINE FOR TANDEM P'= 32.74
DESIGN LOAD S= 5.5
a b c
x y 2*Y-1.2 p'/s
VLL+I V DL
0.00S 0.000 5.500 9.800 5.953 75.838 37.400
0.05S 0.275 5.225 9.250 5.953 71.582 33.660
0.10S 0.550 4.950 8.700 5.953 67.325 29.920
0.15S 0.825 4.675 8.150 5.953 63.069 26.180
0.20S 1.100 4.400 7.600 5.953 58.813 22.440
0.25S 1.375 4.125 7.050 5.953 54.557 18.700
0.30S 1.650 3.850 6.500 5.953 50.301 14.960
0.35S 1.925 3.575 5.950 5.953 46.044 11.220
0.40S 2.200 3.300 5.400 5.953 41.788 7.480
0.45S 2.475 3.025 4.850 5.953 37.532 3.740
0.50S 2.750 2.750 4.300 5.953 33.276 0.000
KN/m
m
MLL+I +M DL
0.000
29.456
55.542
78.259
97.606
113.584
126.193
135.432
141.302
143.802
142.933
KN/m
m
VLL+I +V DL
113.238
105.242
97.245
89.249
81.253
73.257
65.261
57.264
49.268
41.272
33.276
DISTANCE MOMENT
( m) ( KN-m/m)
0.000 0.000
0.275 28.596
0.550 52.812
0.825 72.649
1.100 88.107 MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR H-S-20 LIVE LOAD TYPE
1.375 101.394
1.650 113.562
1.925 123.025
2.200 129.785
2.475 133.841
2.750 135.192
MOMENT DIAGRAM
160
140
120
100
MOMENT (KN-m/m)
80
60
40
20
0
0.00 0.50 1.00DISTANCE (m)1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
0
0.00 0.50 1.00DISTANCE (m)1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
DISTANCE SHEAR
( m) FORCE ( KN)
0.00 111.95
0.28 102.11
0.55 92.28
0.83 82.45
1.10 72.62 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAMS FOR H-S-20 LIVE LOAD TYPE
1.38 64.39
1.65 57.61
1.93 50.82
2.20 44.03
2.48 37.25
2.75 30.46
SHEAR FORCE ( KN )
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 ( m )
DISTANCE 2.00 2.50 3.00
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 ( m )
DISTANCE 2.00 2.50 3.00
DISTANCE MOMENT
( m) ( KN-m/m)
0.000 0.000
0.275 29.456
0.550 55.542
0.825 78.259
1.100 97.606 MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR TANDEM LIVE LOAD TYPE
1.375 113.584
1.650 126.193
1.925 135.432
2.200 141.302
2.475 143.802
2.750 142.933
MOMENT (KN m/m)
MOMENT DIAGRAM
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
DISTANCE (m) 2.00 2.50 3.00
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
DISTANCE (m) 2.00 2.50 3.00
DISTANCE SHEAR
( m) FORCE ( KN)
0.00 113.24
0.28 105.24
0.55 97.25
0.83 89.25
1.10 81.25 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAMS FOR TANDEM LIVE LOAD TYPE
1.38 73.26
1.65 65.26
1.93 57.26
2.20 49.27
2.48 41.27
2.75 33.28
SHEAR FORCE ( KN )
120 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50DISTANCE ( m )2.00 2.50 3.00
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50DISTANCE ( m )2.00 2.50 3.00
