ita ee Sire 1, Define measurement, and explain the difference 8 between measures and indicators. 2. What does the acronym SMART signify for meas- 9, urement? Why are these characteristics important? QO What isa dashboard and why is it valuable in qual- 10, ity control? 4, Explain the difference between a nonconformance 11. and a nonconforming unit of work. 12. 5. What is the difference between an attribute meas- urement and a variable measurement? 1B. 6. Explain the difference in measuring nonconfor- ‘mances per unit and defects per million opportuni- 14. ties (pmo)? What advantages does dpmo have as a quality measure? 1s. 7. Why are cost of quality programs valuable to List and explain the four major categories of quality costs. Give examples of each. Provide some examples of low-tech and high-tech ‘measuring instruments used in quality control. Explain the importance of formula ( Describe the science of metrology. What is the difference between accuracy and precision? ‘What is calibration and why is it important to a good quality control system? Explain the difference between repeatability and reproducibility How is an R&R study performed? What is its purpose? managers? 16. 7 18, 19. 20. 21. 2, 23, 24, Explain the term process capability. How can pro- cess capability generally be improved? ‘What are the three major types of process capability studies? Describe the methodology of conducting a process capability study. Define the process capability indexes, C,, C,, and ,., and explain how they may be used t0 establish or improve quality policies in operating areas or with suppliers. Explain how to interpret the ratio C,, 1G, What does the term in statistical control mean? How does a process performance index differ from a process capability index? Explain how pre-control is applied. How does it dif- fer from statistical process control? Briefly describe the methodology of constructing and using control charts. What does one look for in interpreting control charts? Explain what a control chart for a process in CHAI 25, 26. 27. 28, 30. 31 32, PTER8 Measuring and Controlling Quality 443 statistical control should look like, and the charac- teristics of out-of-control indicators Why is the s-chart sometimes used in place of the Rechart? Describe some situations in which a chart for indi- vidual measurements would be used. Does an np-chart provide any different information than a p-chart? Why would an np-chart be used? Explain the difference between a c-chart and a ucchart, ‘What guidance does ISO standard 11462-1 provide for organizations wishing to use SPC? Explain the concept of rational subgroups. What trade-offs are involved in selecting the sample size for a control chart? Explain the economic trade-offs to consider when determining the sampling frequency to use in a control chart: 465oo Problem 1RQ ia) 2 Bookmarks Show all steps: (ED Problem Define measurement, and explain the difference between measures and indicators. > Step-by-step solution Step 1of i ~ Measurement: Measurement is a process of quantifying value of the process, product, service and other business metrics. Measures and indicators are numerical results obtained from measurement. Example- + The diameter of machined ball bearings is measured using micrometer. + For service, quality measurements would be the percentage of orders filed and time taken to complete customer's order. ‘The term indicator is used for measurements that are not direct measures of performance. ‘Though we can't measure dissatisfaction directly, we can use complaints as indicators of dissatisfaction. Measures should relate what is needed to customers both internal and external for running the organization. Comment Was this solution helpful? a 0 Roao 8, Problem 2RQ o 1 Bookmark Show all steps: CCD Problem ‘What does the acronym SMART signify for measurement? Why are these characteristics > important? Step-by-step solution Step 1 of 1 Acronym SMART: Many organizations use acronym SMART to characterize themselves. There are five characteristics are- + Simple + Measurable + Actionable + Related + Timely ‘Ameasurement should be clear and unambiguous when measuring invoice errors. A good ‘measurement provides information which is used to take decisions in an organization. Measures should relate what is needed to customers both internal and external for running the ‘organization. Comment Was this solution helpful? a 0 Roao 8, Problem 3RQ. ia} coca ctonallcires Problem What is @ dashboard and why is it valuable in qualty contro!? > Step-by-step solution Step 1of i ~ Dashboard: consists of small set of measurements that provide a quick summary of process performance. Ituses graphs, charts and other visuals aids to communicate key measures and alert workers and managers in case of emergencies. Example- FH was the world’s largest environment cleanup projects for nuclear waste. Company used to make set of quality indicators to monitor performance. They include first ald case rates, safety inspection rates, and employee safety survey results. Indicators are combined into color coded dashboard in which green indicates improving trend of accepting level, yellow indicates stable performance at unacceptable level and red indicates adverse trend. Dash board makes employees to easily understand the combined indicators. Comment Was this solution helptul? a 0 Biou Problem 4RQ oO ‘Bookman Show all steps: CNB 3 Problem < Explain the difference between a nonconformance and a nonconforming unit of work. > Step-by-step solution Step tof 1 A Difference between non-conformance and non-conforming unit of work: ‘Non-conformance- is any defect associated with a unit of work. Non-conforming unit of work-is one that has one or more defects. ‘The term defect is used in manufacturing firms whereas term error is used in service applications to describe conformance. Comment Was this solution helpful? Roow 8, Problem 5RQ o Bookmark Show all steps: (ap Problem What isthe difference between an attribute measurement and a variable measurement? > Step-by-step solution Step tof 1 A Difference between attribute measurement and variable measurement: Attribute measurement- is to characterize presence and absence of non-conformance in unit of work. They are collected by visual inspection and expressed as proportions and counts. Variable measurement- applies to dimensional quantities as length, weight and time. ‘The term detect is used in manufacturing stream whereas term error is used in service applications to describe conformance. Attribute measurement is less efficient than variable measurement. Example- * We could determine whether a part meets 1.60 +/- 0.01 inch which is attribute measurement. + Record the actual value diameter this is variable measurement, ‘Comment Was this solution helpful? | 1oo Problem 6RQ ia} Cette Show all steps: (NN 5x Problem < Explain the difference in measuring nonconformances per unit and defects per milion > ‘opportunities (dpmo)? What advantages does dpmo have as a quality measure? Step-by-step solution Step 1of 1 A Difference between non-conforming unit and defects per million opportunities: Non-contorming unit of work-is one that has one or more defects. It is difficult to use when Units of work display varying amounts of complexity. Detects per million opportunities (dpmo) - iis an alternative measure that became popular with emergence of six-sigma. The uses of dpmo allow us to define quality. Defects per million | _ (Number of defects discovered). | 49 ‘opportunities (Dpmo) Opportunities for error ‘Comment Was this solution helpful? a 0 Roao 8, Problem 7RQ o 1 Bookmark Show all steps: CCD Problem < Why are cost of quality programs valuable to managers? > Step-by-step solution Step 1of i ~ Cost of quality: Cost of quality are those costs associated with avoiding poor quality or incurred as result of poor quality. Quality related costs were much longer than previously reported. Quality costs were not only related to manufacturing operations, purchasing and customer service departments. While costs of poor quality costs were avoidable, no clear responsibility is assigned. Middle managers must have ability to speak with both top level managers and workers. Quality cost information serves a variety of other purposes. It helps in cost reduction and serves as scoreboard to evaluate organization's success in achieving objectives. ‘Comment Was this solution helpful? aao 8, Problem 8RQ. ia} 2 Bookmarts | Show all cope: CD Problem <_Listand explain the four major categories of quality costs. Give examples of each. > Step-by-step solution Step tof 1 A Four major categories quality costs: 1. Prevention cost 2. Appraisal costs 3. Internal failure costs 4, External failure costs Prevention costs + Quality planning costs, such as salaries of individuals and problem solving teams, development of procedures, new design for equipment. + Process contol costs, include costs on analyzing production processes and implementing plans of process control. + Information system costs expanded to develop measurement and data requirement. + Internal and extemal training programs, clerical staff expenses come under Training and general costs. Appraisal costs include following: + Test and inspection costs linked with raw material; work in process, and finished goods, equipment costs and salaries. + Instrument maintenance costs, due to calibration and repair of instruments. + Process measurement and control costs, which involve time spent by workers to gather and analyze quality measurements. Internal failure costs some examples include following: + Scrap and rework costs (material, labor and overhead) * Downgrading costs, such as revenue lost when selling product at lower price because it does not meet expectations. + Process failures, such as unplanned machine downtime or unplanned equipment repair. External failure costs occur after poor quality products reach customer. * Costs due to customer complaints and returns, including network on freight premiums, cancelled orders and returned items. + Products recall costs, and warranty claims, including cost of repair associated administrative costs. + Product liability costs. ‘Comment2:53PM Sat Dec 10 one Foam! seinen =) D 90 oo — Question g Provide some examples of low-tech and high-tech measuring instruments used in quality control. — 5) Expert Answer & wy 100% (1 rating) This solution was written by a subject matter expert. I's designed to help students lke you learn core concepts, a4 @ Certain America answered this 9,012 answers We Solution: Following are the examples of low tech and high tech measuring instruments used in quality control. Low-Tech measurement instruments: + Vernier Caliper Vernier height gauge Steel Scale Dial gauge Steel Square These are some of the low-tech, or also called mechanical instruments used in quality control. High-tech measurement instruments. = Micrometer Nanometer Statistical analysis Gauge R&R Design of Experiments Simulations. These are some of the high-tech measurement instruments used in quality control. Was this answerhelpful? (1 mo Oa Bee © mestinnoo Problem 10RQ ia) ces Show all steps: (> Problem <_ Explain the importance of formula (8.5): > Gott = Fpmces + ewaroment Step-by-step solution Step tof 1 A Importance of variance: ‘The measurement system includes workers who take measurement and instruments they use. If there is litle variation in measurement system, then observed measurement reflects true variation process. If variation in measurement system is high then it's difficult to separate true variation in the process from variation in measurement system, resulting in confusing conclusions about quality. This can be summed up by the following equation, which says that total ‘observation variation in output is sum of true process variation plus variation to measurement. +0 ‘Comment Was this solution helpful? | bo | Kooo Problem 11RQ ia} Cette Show all steps: (aD < Problem Describe the science of metrology. > Step-by-step solution Step 1of i ~ Metrology: Itis defined broadly as collection of equipment, methods, procedures, people and facilities used to dectare accuracy. It is used for global competitiveness. ‘Some examples- * Whether you are getting a true gallon of gasoline at a gas station. * Whether scanners at grocery stores are correctly reading bar codes. + If box of cereals contains amount stated on packages. Comment Was this solution helpful? a 0 Roao 8, Problem 12RQ Oo Bookmark Show all steps: (CNN xz < Problem What is the difference between accuracy and precision? > Step-by-step solution Step tof 1 A Difference between accuracy and precision: Accuracy: + Itis the difference between value and detected average value of measurement. + Itis measured as error in measurement in fraction to total size of measurement. + Measurement is true if it has smaller error. + Lack of accuracy reproduces unfaimess in measurement (gage which is not working properly or used improperly by worker). Precision- + Its a repeated measurement. It is related to variance of measurement which is repeated. + Measuring instrument with a low variance is defined than the one having high variance. Comment Was this solution helpful? | a 02:54 PM Sat Dec 10 | (10th Edition) 1 chegg.com Panay ror Guay Greer crrurnanee EACeHere ‘Chapter 8, Problem 132 7 eomant Show at stops: END 52 Problem What is calibration and why ist important o a good qualty convo system? ‘Step-by-step solution Step 1015 Catoration: Comment Stop 2010 > CCaloration isthe process of veitying capability and pertormance of an item of ‘measuring and test equipment compared to standards. Comment Stop 308 tis necessary to ensure accuracy of measurement and to have confidence inthe ablty to stinuish between conforming and non-conforming production. Comment step acl ~ Measurements made using uncalibrated equipment can lead to erroneous and costly decisions. Comment Step sie Mary government regulations and contracts require organizations to very the ‘measurements that they make are traceable to releronce standards. Comment Step 6010 > ‘The capabilities of equipment provide manutacturers not ony inspection but also production process which leads to higher quality at lower cost. Comment Was his slsionheptu? | ato | Ko “FOC 92am Continue to post My Textbook Solutions Ika Manage for Sens Systems Siaityora” Reayss. Rayosoo Problem 14RQ. Oo nee: ‘Show all steps: (a> Problem Explain the difference between repeatability and reproducibility > Step-by-step solution Step tof 1 A Difference between repeatability and reproducibility: When a worker measures the same part multiple times, results will usually show some variability. Repeatability or equipment variation (EV) -is a variation in multiple measurements of a quality characteristic by an individual using same instrument. Repeatability indicates how consistent a ‘measuring instrument is. Itis influenced through condition of measurement instrument, environmental condition such as noise or lighting, the worker's health and eyesight, and the process used to take the measurement such as how a part is positioned in a gage. Reproducibility or appraiser variation (AV) -is a variation when using same measuring instrument in different individuals to measure same parts. It indicates how consistent workers are using instruments. It is influenced by training of workers in use of instrument, clarity of directions or procedures of measurement process, calibration gages between workers, gage maintenance, and worker health. ‘Comment Was this solution helpful? a 02:55 PM Sat Dec 10 VOCs am How is an REA study periormed? What i its purpose? # chapter 8, Problem 15RQ (Fy recommen Show at sens: ND 3S My Textbook Solutions s uti hepey-sep scion = ~ - We Fepeatabiity and reproducibility (RAR) study: Sate ie Comment Vie stone step 2013 Iisa study ofiference in measurement system using statistical analysis. The study 's conducted inthe folowing manner- Comment Stop 3013 1. Select m operators and n parts. Typically atleast two operators and ten parts are selected. Number the parts so that numbers are no visible to operators, 2. Calibrate measuring instruments 8. Let operator measure every par in random order and record resis. Repeat it for "als. At east wo trials must be used. Let My represent he kth measurement of operator ion pat 4. Calculate average measurement for each operator and diference between the largest and the smallest average. (EE) oem Jmol} 5. Calculate over all range and average range foreach operator. ver al range- 2.2% ‘Average range- 6. Caleulate contol imits on individual ranges Ry, using @ constant (D,) that ‘depend on sample size which sin table for contol charts. Any range value beyond contro limits is nota random error, Possible causes should be investigated and corrected. The operator should repeat the measurements using the same pat. no assignable cause is found, these valves are useless and step 5 should be recalculated. Par variation (PV) measures variation among diferent pars. tis set by multiplying range of part averages Ri, with constant Ks. Then total variation is calculated using formula wake oP Vera ‘Repeatabilty and reprocuetity (RAR) is calculate by: © R&R = (EV) +(AV)ao Problem 16RQ oO Bookmark: Show all steps: aD Problem Explain the term process capabiliy. How can process capability generally be improved? > Step-by-step solution Step 1of i ~ Process capability: Itis the ability of a process to produce output that conforms to specifications. To evaluate it, we need the specifications for the output, and statistical information about actual performance. Understanding process capability is important for many reasons. Example- Manufacturing may wish to determine a performance baseline for a process, to prioritize projects for quality improvement, or to provide statistical evidence of quality for customer; purchasing might conduct a study at a supplier's plant to evaluate a new piece of equipment or to compare different suppliers; or engineering might conduct a study to evaluate the new process. ‘Comment Was this solution helpful?ao Problem 17RQ ia} Cette Show all steps: (aD Problem < What are the three major types of process capability studies? Describe the methodology of > conducting a process capability study. Step-by-step solution Step 1of 1 A Three types of capability studies: ‘Three types of studies are often conducted- 1. A process characterization study is designed to determine how a process performs under actual conditions, which include both common and special causes of variation. Itis typically performed over a moderate to long time interval to capture any and all variations that might occur. 2. Apeak performance study determines how a process performs when only common causes of variation are present. Typically, this is done over a short time interval under carefully- controlled conditions, 3. Acomponent variability study assesses the relative contribution of different sources of variation. A component variability study uses designed experiment to evaluate sources of variability ‘Comment Was this solution helpful? a 0ao Problem 18RQ ia} So Show all steps: (aD < Problem Define the process capability indexes, Cp, Cy» and Cp,» and explain how they may be used to > establish or improve quality policies in operating areas or with suppliers. Step-by-step solution Step tof 1 ~ Process capability indexes: Process capability is measured by computing numerical indexes. The link between specifications and natural variation of the process is often quantified by a measure known as the process capability index. In numerical terms, the formula is USL-LSL Pee Where USL = upper specification limit LSL = lower specification limit = standard deviation of process (or the sample standard deviation as an estimate) , is simply the ratio of specification range to process variation. If C, >1, then process is capable Cf meeting specifications, because the process variation is smaller than the specification range. If , <1, then process cannot produce 100 percent conforming output. This assumes that, the process is centered in specification range. C, can be larger than 1.0, even if process variation is well outside specification range. To include information on process centering, one sided indexes are often used. One sided process capability indexes are as follows: c See upper one-sided index) \o c,=4 Pa (lower one-sidedindex) \o in (CysCn.) ‘Comment Was this solution helpful?2:55 PM Sat Dec 10 FOC Sam ‘Chapter 8, Problem 198 1 Seeman: Show at steps: END 3S Explain how to interpret the rato p/p. My Textbook Solutions aes wa a Se Process Capabilty Index: Sousa eye Rae tis a statistical study done in oder to improve the process capably of a Eatin hain Eaten ‘manufacturing process. With the help of the studies, manufacturing departments wil Wena ston be able to manufacture a particular component within the spectied parameters. ‘The formula for calculating the process capability index's C, Were, pis Process Capsbiliy Index USL is Upper Spectication Limit LSLis Lower Specification Limit is Standard Deviation, Comment Step 2013 Process Capability Index in the worst case scenarios: ‘Sometimes the process capably index wil not be able to ft within the specfiod limits. In such cases, the process capabilty index wil be acquiring the least value and is measured as folows: Gye = Min(USL, LSU) Were Kam aD usr 78) Where jis the Mesn, Ts the target value and USL and LSL ere the upper and lower specification its. Comment Step 3cis > Decutn: Thera! Sra te apy oa pari rces dere acon ih psi nt. Th lesa roses cape ‘rent neecse tone wan attain can nerc incase te & vets mr than indo at he proces otc 0 ha comes va ot dct tat he va scene tnt ibn cits a 0 cag at bv atin tretpectad ane Thun rao © tnsed apr wheter ghen abe tig win he specie eg chy bod no pected ge2:56 PM Sat Dec 10 one 4 POC 92% m/ 1 chegg.com Chegg Home studytools Mycourses v Mybooks Myfolder Career Life @ e Find solutons for your homework ey home / stacy / business / busines stats / business statis slutons manuals / managing fer qualtyand performance excellence / 10th eon / chapter 8 / problem 20rq Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence _Posta question | (10th Edition) Aeematrmarepetetoowtunh 3 chapter, Problem 2080 Dl tewmak Stow at sos: ID 3S a Preven Continue to post wat does te tem h ttt cntal mean? > eee My Textbook Solutions fae =s = = Eat poate ca ‘The variation process is due to common cause, and then itis called statistical contol process. Comment step 3015 > [Aprocess may be in statistical control but may not be capable of meeting design specications. Thus, design specications are requirements demanded by customer, ‘and "ranslaed” into technical specifications by designer. Comment step ois ~ Ifthe process is determined to be incapable of producing the measurement as per ‘specifications, it should folow tree things which must be done- Comment step 5015 > +The process must be improved by changing skis of workers, material or machine charactristics = The spectication must be changed by consulting wih customer and designer. The costs of inspection and rework must be accepted in order to screen out bad products or services belore they reach the customer,oo Problem 21RQ ia} Cette Show all steps: (EN 5x Problem < How does a process performance index differ from a process capability index? > Step-by-step solution Step tof 1 A Process performance indexes: a process may include special causes of variation, practitioners use alternative capability indexes, called process performance indexes: Pp, Ppp» Pp. and Pp,. Mathematically, these are exactly same as process capability indexes Cp, Cp, Coy, and Cry, but represent actual, rather than ideal performance in a uncontrolled environment. In reality, this makes litle sense; many experts do not recommend this because it is essential to control process and remove causes in order to achieve high quality levels and customers satisfaction. Comment Was this soluion heiptul? | bo | | Koao 8, Problem 22RQ oO 1 Bookmark Show all steps: Cp Problem < Explain how pre-control is applied. How does it dtfr from statistical process control? > Step-by-step solution Step 1of i ~ Pre Control: In manufacturing operations such as machining, itis significant to confirm that all parts are produced with specifications. Its a technique for ensuring that process has relatively good capability remains in control. The idea behind pre-control is to divide tolerance range into zones by setting two pre ~control lines halfway between center of specification and upper and lower specification limits. The center zone, called green zone, comprises one-half of total tolerance. Between the pre-control lines and specification limits are yellow zones. Outside specification limits are red zones. Comment Was this solution helpful? a 0 Roao 8, Problem 23RQ ia} So Show all steps: (aD Problem < Briefly describe the methodology of constructing and using control charts. > Step-by-step solution Step 1of i ~ Methodology using control charts: When a process is in statistical control, points on control chart fluctuate between control limits with no identifiable pattern. The following list provides a set of rules for examining a control chart to regulate whether process is in control: 1. No points outside control limits 2. The points above and below center line is same. 3. The points seem to fall above and below center line, 4, Most points, but not all, are near center line, and only a few are close to control limits. ‘Comment Was this solution helpful? | ao | Ko2:56 PM Sat Dec 10 aoe FOC 92% m/) 1 chegg.com Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence _Posta question | (10th Edition) meen queers Chapter 8, Probiem 2480 A Bennet Show at steps: ND Problem 7 Continue to post <_ What does one ook forin interpreting contol charts? Explain what a conto chart for > anne ‘8 process in statistical control should look lke, and the characteristics of outof- conto indicators. My Textbook Solutions a t -} = een = Sooners Aeages Reals Characteristics for interpreting control chart: a ston Comment step 2014 > ‘The characterises for interpreting contol chart are that to indicate whether process ‘sin contol or not. Comment step 3014 > ‘The following ist provides rules for examining control charts: Comment Step 414 > “No points are outside control + Points above and below center ine is about same. + Points tall below and above the cent ine, “Few points are lose tothe conto mits and other points are near the central ine, (ut of control indicators might be traced by using the following: ‘2 One point outside control mits: common reason fr @ point fll outside cont limits erro in calculation of control iit, '. Sudden shift in the process- sudden shit in process may be caused duo to now ‘operator, nw inspector, ew machine settings or change in production setings. ©. Cycles: they are caused due to operator rotation, gauges used by diferent Inspectors and seasonal efecs or diference between shifts that is day and night 4. Hugging centre line itis caused due to miscalculation of kits or by misplacing Step-by-step solution Step 1of i ~ S- Chart is used instead of R- chart: Abetter alternative to R-chart to monitor variation is to compute and plot standard deviation $ of each sample. The sample standard deviation is more sensitive and better indicator of process variability than range, especially for larger size. ‘The standard deviation is computed as + R chart-in this chart, the sample ranges are plotted variable. order to control the variability of a + S chart-in this chart, the sample standard deviations are plotted in order to control the variability of a variable. ‘Comment Was this solution helpful? a 0 Ro2:57 PM Sat Dec 10 Fev ‘Chapter 8, Problem 26RQ QF) tBeckmark Show a sens: END 5S Continue to post DDescrive some situations in which a chart for individual measurements would be a oa > ae supp ap stn ¥ E = a = = is Soyer ioe. koe Comment Stop 2015 ~ Let us consider fow situations where itis inappropriate to collect samples of multiple observations. Comment Stop 3015 {na chemical process whore sampling trom a homogenous miatur wil esultin ite vataton expect measuxement ero. In low volume production, sample might cover ng period of ime where the process might have changed and doesn't provide good Information. Comment Step 4010 > {Incase of other situations observation can be denoted through charts like wating time of patients at hospitals etc Comment Step 5oi5 For these above situations, sample size for process is n=1 and char for individual ‘measurement is also called xchart. Individual measurement would have. 3a control limits defined in upper, lower contol iit (LCL, UCL)- Comment Stop 615 Comment2:58 PM Sat Dec 10 Does an np-chart provide any diferent information than a pchar”? Why would an np- chartbe used? § chapter 8, Problem 27AQ QF) Soman Show at steps: CN 5S ‘Step-by-step solution < > stp 1017 Ditference between p-chart and np chart: Comment Stop 2017 ~ = Chart monitors proportion or dion of non-conforming unite whereas np-chart is sed as alteratve to plot non-conforming uns. Comment Step 3017 ‘The np-chart is used as alternative to p-chart because i's easier for workers to Understand because they simply need to count nonconforming units in each sample, thus eliminating the need to calculate proportions. Comment stop 4or7 weititnty Comment step 5017 Contr ints are- ‘Comment sip 6017 Comment stop7017 ven =i +3/e501-9) Comment (2) Was nis souton nepiu? | a || Ko Foun) My Textbook Solutions Se Manageg or Stems Systems Gisuyona” Raya. Rea3:00 PM Sat Dec 10 Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence | (10th Edition) $5 chapter, Problem 2880 (Fl eontnak Show at stops: CRIN 3S Problem <_xplain the ditference between a cchart and a uschart. > Step-by-step solution step toro Difference between c-chart and u-chart: Comment step 201s ~ ‘Both charts are used for monitoring numberof contormances. The aitorence ‘betwoon these chats is that e-chartis used when number of opportunities for non- Conforming in each sampling unit is constant whereas u-chat is used when number ‘of opportunites fr non-conforming in sampling isnot constant. Comment sup aoe ~ cota coin 5B Step sais ~ Basod on Poison dition 5, «VE step 516 ~ Comment step 10 > & ‘Based on Poisson distbution s, © XT Feconva! Post a question My Textbook Solutions Bet Manapnafor Gyles tems Giyona” Raya. Reaao 8, Problem 29RQ oO Bookmark Show all steps: (ECD Problem What guidance does ISO standard 11462-1 provide for organizations wishing to use SPC? > Step-by-step solution Step 102 A The standard addresses the following: ‘Comment Step 2 of 2 ~ + Definition of statistical process control goals- to ensure product conformity and reducing costs; goals should include variation around target values and compensating for process variation. + Conditions for successful statistical process control system- these conditions include integration with a formal quality management, use of information for taking decisions and ‘management reviews. + Elements of statistical process control system- these address processes the organization should implement and actions should take to ensure successful statistical process control system Which include both operational and support activities, ‘Comment Was this solution helpful? | aao 8, Problem 30RQ ia} ee Show all steps: (aD Problem < Explain the concept of rational subgroups. > Step-by-step solution Step 102 A Rational subgroups: ‘Comment Step 2 of 2 ~ Rational Sub grouping is a way in control charts where data is structured into subgroups. It involves use of product judgment and knowledge. There are principles to be followed, + Subgroups should be selected so that within subgroup variation is reduced. + Selection of it should be constant with the structure of data from process. + Selection of subgroups should let for identification of corrective actions when out-of-control situation is recognized. Comment Was this solution helpful? | aao 8, Problem 31RQ ia} 3 Bookmarks Show all steps: (ED Problem What trade-otts are involved in selecting the sample size for a control chart? > Step-by-step solution Step 1of2 Trade off that is involved in selecting sample size: ‘Comment Step 2 of 2 ~ ‘Achoice of sample size represents a tradeoft between cost and information. Selecting proper ‘sample size involves several trade-offs. ‘Asmall sample size is wanted because it minimizes opportunity within sample variation due to special causes, keeps cost per sample low, and reduces amount of non-productive time that operator spends on taking samples. And also smaller sample size produces less statistical information, Larger sample sizes are costly but allow smaller changes in process characteristics to be detected with higher probability. ‘Comment Was this solution helpful? a 0 Roao 8, Problem 32RQ ia} So Show all steps: (aD Problem < Explain the economic trade-offs to consider when determining the sampling frequency to use in a > contol chart. Step-by-step solution Step 1of2 Trade off to consider sampling frequency: Comment Step 2 of 2 ~ Taking large samples on a frequent basis is desirable but not economical. No specific rules exist for sampling frequency, ‘Sampling should provide opportunity to detect changes in process sooner and reduce chance of producing large sum of non-conforming units. They should not be taken so frequently to outweigh benefits that can be derived from sampling. Decision depends on entity application and. production. ‘Comment Was this solution helpful? | a