Table 1.2 SI unit prefixes ‘Multiplication factor Prefix Symbol 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000.000 = 10% —yotta Y 1000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10°” zeta Zz 1000 000.000000000000 = 10% — exa E 1000 000 000 000000 = 10 peta P 1000 000 000.000 = 10 tera T 1000000000 = 10° ga G 1000000 = 10° mega M 1000 = 10? — kilo k 100 = 10? —hiclo «oh 10 = 10' deka da O41 = 10% deci d 001 = 107 centi c 0.001 = 10% mil m 0.000001 = 10% = micro wt 0.000000001 = 10° nano on 0.000 000.000 001 = 10° pico Pp 0,000 000000000001 = 10° femto 0.000 000.000.000.000 001 = 10% — atto a 0.000 000 000.000.000000001 = 10% zepto-z 0.00 000 000.000.000.000 000.001 = 10-* _yocto Table 1.3 Force (F) or thrust Unit Ibf of kgf N 1 pound-thrust (Ibf) 1 453.6 0.4536 4.448 1 gram-force (gf) 2.205x10° 1 0.001 9.807x10° 1 kilogram-force (kgf) 2.205 1000 1 9.807 1 Newton (N) 0.2248 102.0 0.1020 1 Note: Strictly, all the units in the table, except the Newton (N), represent weight equivalents of mass and so depend on the ‘standard’ acceleration due to gravity (g). The true SI unit of force is the Newton (N), which is equivalent to 1 kgmis?. Table 1.4 Density (p) Ib/in® lb/ft kg/m* g/cm* 1 1728 2.768 = 10% 27.68 4 |b per ft? 5.787 x 10% 1 16.02 1.602 x 107 1kgperm®? 3.613x 10° 6.243x 10° 1 0.001 1gpercm® 3613 x 107 62.43 1000 1L L000 68EZ°0 e-OL x LOE gleL0 > OL x L876 €Lve ML 0001 L 6 8c Lee b g2eL 18760 Lye NAL gsr eOl x O81 b 2 Ol x elas L80¢ Osée0 62 rb ‘s/l20 | Lope LgrL0 cell b oss 69020 SPse dup ose’ eOLx9sel — 6eze0 Ol x 81g" L Ob x 987'L 8zo'r say L Ol x SSO" sso" ozsz ply @ LLL L ooge sin. | 0€62°0 Ol x OC6Z 2-Ol x OOOL +-Ol x 6Z6'E LOLZO Ol x BLL L une b mM My seo dy sai SNL une (dg) 4emod 21 P1GEL L pOLx9€ OL x Loe om 0b x S997 ele (uM) snoy NEMO] Ol x 811% L 68EZ0 Ol x SZL’€ g2el0 - Ol x L876 (r) einor 1 OL x €91'L 8'b L >Ol x 686° 280°€ Ol x 896'E (120) euojes | ZsbL'0 gOLx 989% 01 x bLY'9 L 0b x 86"L spsz (y-dy) snoy-semodesioy | Ol x 992'€ gse'L 6eze0 = 0} x Lg0°S L Ol * S8Z'L (ary) punod-oo} | Ol x E67 SSOL c4T4 Ol x 626° 6 4lL L (nig) wun jewueuy ysug | 4M c reo y-dy ort nig y98H 9'L e1geL L OLX LOS2 ,OLxSLOP ,0bx 6986 ,01x 680% 01x OSrL (2q) W4ed NF eeel L eseS 0x 9EL = SBLZ VEGLO (De 0) Ho ZE Ye Asnosow Jo WO | Love 99810 L pO x 97° zog ZO x€L9E (Do ¥) do Z'6E TE JOVEM JO Ul | OL x ELL gL 3907 L QLLz our (une) areydsoune 1 selp = Ox L6G = 70, OL x SEL L -OL x P69 used gb c0/ x S68°9 Labs eo2 01 x S089 vel L (isd) ul 48d qi | (@q) ,wW/N BH wo OH u ue aya (isd) ,uyar yun (d) ainsseid ¢*) e1geLgusene #38. BY ¥ S883883 ° °C =, (°F — 32) 0 °F =, (°C) +32 $28 2 sas. Fig. 1.4 Temperature conversionTable 1.8 Velocity (v) Item ft/s km/h m/s 1 ft pers 1 1.097 0.3048 1kmperh 0.9113 1 0.2778 imopers 3.281 3.600 1 1 mile per h 1.467 1.609 0.4470 mile/h 0.6818 0.6214 2.237 1 tTompers 3.281x 10° 3.600x 107 0.0100 2.237 x 10° Table 1.9 Area (A) Unit sqin sq ft sqyd sq mile 1 square inch 1 - - - 1 square foot 144 1 0.1111 - 1 square yard 1296 9 1 - 1 square mile - - - 1 1 om? 0.155 - - - 1. dm? 15.5 0.1076 0.011 96 - 1m? 1550 10.76 1.196 - 1 are (a) - 1076 119.6 - 1 hectare (ha) - - - - 1 km? - - - 0.386 1 Unit cm? dm? ni? a 1 square inch 6.452 0.064 52 - - 1 square foot 929 9.29 0.0929 - 1 square yard 8361 83.61 0.8361 - 1 square mile - - - - 1om? 1 0.01 - - 1 dm? 100 1 0.01 - 1m? 10000 100 1 0.01 1 are (a) - 10 000 100 1 1 hectare (ha) - - 10 000 100 1 km? - - - 10 000 ha cm/s 30.48 27.78 100 44.70 1Table 1.10 Dynamic viscosity (1) Unit Ibf-s/ft? Centipoise Poise kgflms 4 Ib (force)-s per ft? 1 4.788 x10 4.788x 10? 4.882 14 Centipoise 2.089 x 10° 1 10° 1.020 x 10~* 1 Poise 2.089 x 10° 100 1 1.020 x 10? 1 N-s per m? 0.2048 9.807 x 10° 98.07 1 1 m’/s = 10.7639 ft/s = 5.580 01 x 10° in’/h 1 Stoke (St) = 100 centistokes (cSt) = 10“ m*/s 1 St = 0.002 26 (SSU) — 1.95/(SSU) for 32 < SSU < 100s 1 St = 0.002 20 (SSU) — 1.35/(SSU) for SSU > 100 s Flow The basic unit of volume flowrate in SI is litre/s. In the USA it is US gal/min. 1 US gallon = 4 quarts = 128 US fluid ounces = 231 in’ 1 US gallon = 0.8 British imperial gallons = 3.788 33 litres 1 US gallon/minute = 6.314 01 x 10% m/s = 0.2273 m/h 1 m'/s = 1000 litre/s | litre/s = 2.12 ft/min Torque The basic USCS unit of torque is the foot pound (ft.lbf) — in SI it is the Newton metre (Nm). You may also see this referred to as ‘moment of force’ (see Fig. 1.5). 1 ft.lbf = 1.357 Nm 1 kgf£m=9.81 Nm Stress In SI the basic unit of stress is the Pascal (Pa). One Pascal is an impractical small unit so MPa is normally used (see Fig. 1.6). In the USCS system, stress is measured in lb/in® — the same unit used for pressure, although it is a different physical quantity. | Ib/in* = 6895 Pa 1 MPa=1 MN/m’ =1 N/mm’ 1 kgf/mm’ = 9.806 65 MPa