Japan

日本

Country Analysis

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

 Submmitted By:
Almario, Angelica Mae C.
Doma, Jessica Mae B.
Hermo, Jergin B.
Manzano, Angelina Rose A
Mendez, Angel V.
Ordonio, Rovic L.
Rivera, Jasper M.

Submmitted To:
JOCELYN G. CAPACIO, LPT, SMRIBA, MBA, PhD
Professor

Good Day!
良い一日 ！
Yoi tsuitachi!
 I. History and Background of Japan

Japan has had one of the most interesting histories of any country on Earth.
Japan, which was first colonized by people who fled the Asian mainland in
prehistoric times, has experienced the rise and fall of emperors, samurai warrior
control, seclusion from the outside world, expansion across much of Asia, defeat,
and rebirth. Japan, one of the most belligerent nations in the early 20th century,
now frequently speaks for pacifism and restraint on the global stage.

The Chinese writing system and Buddhism both arrived in Japan during the
Asuka era, which lasted from 538 to 710. Clans dominated society at this time. The
Nara period saw the emergence of the first powerful central government (710-
794). The aristocracy followed Shintoism, while the rural population followed
Buddhism and Chinese calligraphy. The Heian era saw a rapid development of
Japan's distinctive culture (794-1185). The imperial court produced works of poetry
and literature that have endured. At this period, the samurai warrior class also
began to emerge.
GOVERNMENT 政府
An emperor is in charge of the constitutional monarchy of Japan. The
Prime Minister, who is in charge of the Cabinet, is Japan's political leader.
The Supreme Court, which has 15 members, is the highest court in Japan's
four-tiered legal system.

LANGUAGES 言語
The vast majority of Japan's citizens (99 percent) speak Japanese as
their primary language. Japanese is in the Japonic language family, and
seems to be unrelated to Chinese and Korean. Languages Japanese is the
primary language spoken by 99 percent of Japan's population. The Japonic
language family includes Japanese, which appears to be unrelated to
Chinese and Korean. Japanese has, nevertheless, incorporated many words
from Chinese, English, and other languages. In actuality, 9 percent of
Japanese words are English loanwords while 49% of Japanese words are
Chinese loanwords.
WRITING SYSTEMS 書記体系
Three writing systems coexist in Japan: hiragana, which is used for native
Japanese words, inflected verbs, etc.; katakana, which is used for non-
Japanese loanwords, emphasis, and onomatopoeia; and kanji, which is used
to express the large number of Chinese loanwords in the Japanese language.

RELIGION 宗教
The majority of Japanese people follow a syncretic combination of
Shintoism and Buddhism. Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism are all
practiced by very small minorities. Shinto, a religion that originated in ancient
Japan, is the country's official religion. In Japan, Buddhist temples are
constructed on the locations of significant Shinto shrines, combining the
rituals of Shinto and Buddhism into a single religion.
GEOGRAPHY 地理
More than 3,000 islands make up the Japanese archipelago, which
spans an extent of 377,835 square kilometers (145,883 square miles). From
north to south, the four major islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and
Kyushu. Only 11.6% of Japan is made up of arable land, making the majority
of the Nation Mountains and forests. Mount Fuji has the highest point at
3,776 meters (12,385 feet). Hachiro-gata, which is four meters below sea
level, is the lowest point (-12 feet). Japan, which is situated above the
Pacific Ring of Fire, has a variety of hydrothermal features, including
geysers and hot springs. The nation frequently experiences volcanic
eruptions, tsunamis, and earthquakes.
CLIMATE 気候
Japan spans 3,500 km (2,174 miles) from north to south and has a variety
of climate zones. It has four seasons and a generally temperate climate. On
the northern island of Hokkaido, heavy snowfall is the norm during the
winter. In 1970, the town of Kutchan received 312 cm (over 10 feet) of snow
in a single day. On the northern island of Hokkaido, heavy snowfall is the
norm during the winter. About 200 cm (80 inches) of rainfall on the island
each year.
 I. Poltical/ Legal Aspects
A. Government involvement in business regulation and
ownership/planning as well as prices
Japan's economic development is primarily the product of private
entrepreneurship, the government has directly contributed to the nation's
prosperity. Its actions have helped initiate new industries, cushion the
effects of economic depression, create a sound economic infrastructure,
and protect the living standards of the citizenry. Japanese attitudes
towards government have historically been shaped by Confucianism.
Government-business relations are conducted in many ways and through
numerous channels. The most important conduits in the postwar period are
the economic ministries: the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of
International Trade and Industry, known as MITI. The Ministry of Finance has
operational responsibilities for all fiscal affairs, including the preparation of
the national budget. It initiates fiscal policies and, through its indirect
controloover
f J a the
p a nBank of Japan, the central bank, is responsible for monetary
policy as well.
 establishes low interest rates and, by thus
reducing the cost of investment funds to
corporations, promotes industrial expansion.
The Ministry of Finance
MITI is responsible for the regulation of
production and the distribution of goods and
services.

is responsible for oversight of all land, sea, and

air transport. The Ministry of Construction is
The Ministry of charged with supervising all construction in
Transportation Japan and Japanesesupported construction
abroad. Its responsibilities also include land
acquisition for public use and environmental
protection as it relates to construction.
Industrial Policy
After World War II and especially in the 1950s and 1960s, the Japanese
government devised a complicated system of policies to promote industrial
development, and it cooperated closely for this purpose with private firms. -
These policies and methods were used primarily to increase the productivity
of inputs and to influence, directly or indirectly, industrial investment. The
persuasion is exerted and the advice is given by public officials, who often
have the power to provide or to withhold loans, grants, subsidies, licenses, tax
concessions, government contracts, import permits, foreign exchange, and
approval of cartel arrangements. The Japanese use administrative guidance
to buffer market swings, anticipate market developments, and enhance
market competition.
Monetary Policy
Monetary policy pertains to the regulation, availability, and cost of credit,
while fiscal policy deals with government expenditures, taxes, and debt.
Through management of these areas, the Ministry of Finance regulated the
allocation of resources in the economy, affected the distribution of income
and wealth among the citizenry, stabilized the level of economic activities,
and promoted economic growth and welfare.
 B. Country’s trade policy

Japan Export:
Export promotion was a significant concern in Japanese government
strategy for a long time. Government authorities understood that Japan
needed to export in order to pay for its imports in order for the country to
flourish and grow.

Japan Import:

POSTWAR ERA Japan had high import restrictions at the start of the
postwar era. Government quotas applied to almost all goods, many of them
having high taxes, and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry had
control over how much foreign currency businesses had to pay for imports.
1980s

Japan's quotas decreased as well. From 490 items under quota in 1962,
Japan only had twenty-seven items under quota by the middle of the 1980s.

1990s to 2010
The Lost

Decade that followed and the burst of the Japanese asset price
bubble in the early 1990s both contributed to the opening of inbound
commerce. Distribution networks were made possible by discount stores,
and many businesses turned to international commerce and investment to
prevent losses and even insolvency. Japanese corporations reimported
goods that had been produced in South Asian nations for less money.
 C. Country’s laws regarding ownership:

Under the laws of Japan, ownership of land and buildings is separately

indicated. The owner has the right to use, obtain profit from, and dispose of
the real property. There are no restrictions on who can be an owner, so
foreign entities are eligible to own real property.

1. How is ownership of real estate proved?

In practice, the parties rely on the registration of real property.

2. Are there any restrictions on who can own real estate?

There are no restrictions on who can own real estate.
3. What types of proprietary interests in real estate can be
created?
(1) Ownership
Under the laws of Japan, an entity or person that owns property has the
right to freely use, obtain profit from, and dispose of the property.

(2) Use of property

There are several types of rights in relation to property use under the Civil
Code, mainly, leasing rights (chinshaku-ken) and superficies (chijo-ken).

(3) Security interests

A mortgage (Teito-ken) or pledge (Shichi-ken) is a common security
interest that can be created over real property.
4. Is ownership of real estate and the buildings on it separate?
Ownership of land and buildings on the land is separate.

5. What are common ownership structures for ownership of

commercial real estate?

Although it is possible for foreign entities to directly own land and buildings
in Japan, it is rather common to own real property through a Japanese
entity such as a kabushiki-kaisha (“KK”) or a godo-kaisha (“GK”)
incorporated under the Companies Act.
(1) GK-TK structure
One important aspect of the GK-TK structure is that the TK agreement
allows avoidance of double taxation.
(2) TMK structure
Unlike the GK-TK structure, the requirements for special tax treatment of a
TMK are clearly prescribed by the tax laws of Japan; therefore, by fulfilling
those requirements, an investor can avoid double taxation.


D. Are foreign companies allowed to own 100%

Japan to limit foreign ownership of firms in its IT, telecom sectors The
new rule, effective Aug. 1, comes amid heightening pressure from the United
States in dealing with cyber-security risks and technological transfers
involving China.

E. Are there restrictions in specific industries for FDI?

The Japanese government is now tightening restrictions on foreign
companies affected by new US and EU regulations The Japanese
government is now tightening restrictions on foreign companies affected by
new US and EU regulations.
Japan’s FDI rules
Direct investment into Japan by a foreign investor can be subject to prior
notification or post-closing reporting requirements to the Japanese
government, unless one of the exemptions applies. Prior notification is
required for industry sectors concerning national security, public order or
certain regulated industries.
Foreign investors
Under FEFTA, ‘foreign investor’ means: any non-Japanese resident
individual; companies incorporated under a law other than Japanese law, or
with their principal office outside Japan (including the Japanese branches
of such companies); companies in which at least one of the above holds
50% or more of the shares, as well as companies which are owned by at
least one of the above; or companies in which the majority of officers are
non-Japanese resident individuals.

Direct investment
The definition of direct investment under FEFTA includes: acquisitions by
a foreign investor of 1% or more shares in a Japanese listed company;
acquisitions by a foreign investor of any amount of shares in an unlisted
company; the establishment of a branch, factory or any place of business in
Japan.
Prior notification
Must be filed not earlier than six months before the targeted completion
of the transaction by the foreign investor to the Japanese Ministry of
Finance, as well as the ministry which controls the relevant industry sector.
This notification will be made through the Bank of Japan.

F. Protection of property rights

In Japan, the most common types of intellectual property rights are
patent rights, utility model rights, design rights, trademark rights and
copyrights. The owner of a registered trademark will be granted a
trademark right pertaining to the registered trademark. Unlike in some other
jurisdictions, Japan does not recognise a trademark right that is established
solely through use in commerce without registration. An unregistered
trademark is protected only if it is famous or well known under laws of
unfair competition.


G. Enforcement of contracts
Japan does not have a separate code of law for contracts to determine
what laws govern contracts in Japan. Instead, contract law is governed by
various laws contained in the Civil Code, the law of torts, the law of
property, the law of succession and family law.

H. Assessment of citizens’ freedom (civil and political

freedom)
Electoral Process
Japan is a parliamentary democracy. The prime minister is the head of
government and is chosen by the freely elected parliament.

Political Pluralism and Participation

Parties generally do not face undue restrictions on registration or
operation. In 2017, liberal and left-leaning lawmakers who broke away from
the opposition Democratic Party (DP).
Functioning of Government
Elected officials are free to govern without interference, though senior
civil servants have some influence over policy.

II. Civil Liberties

Freedom of Expression and Belief
Freedom of the press is guaranteed in the constitution, and Japan has a
highly competitive media sector.
Associational and Organizational Rights
Freedom of assembly is protected under the constitution, and peaceful
demonstrations take place frequently.

Rule of Law
Japan’s judiciary is independent. For serious criminal cases, a judicial
panel composed of professional judges and saiban-in (lay judges), selected
from the general public, render verdicts.
Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights
There are few significant restrictions on internal or international travel, or
on individuals’ ability to change their place of residence, employment, and
education. -Property rights are generally respected. People are free to
establish private businesses, although Japan’s economy is heavily regulated.

I. Corruption level
Japan is widely perceived as one of the least corrupt countries in the
world.
Types of conduct prevalent during the second half of the 20th century
included:
Domestic bribery
Japan has numerous laws that prohibit bribery of public officials. Under
Article 197 of the Penal Code, a public official who, in connection with his or
her duties: (i) accepts or solicits a bribe; (ii) causes a bribe payment to a
third party; or (iii) accepts a bribe in return for exerting influence over other
public officials, among other things, shall be subject to criminal liability.
Bribery of quasi-public officials
Japan’s legal system also regulates quasi-public officials (minashi
koumuin) – private persons who perform a public interest-related service.

Foreign bribery
As regards foreign public officials, Japan implemented the 1997 OECD
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Anti-Bribery
Convention in 1998 and amended the Unfair Competition Prevention Act
(“UCPA”) to criminalise bribery of foreign public officials in Article 18 of the
Act.

Commercial bribery
Article 960 of the Companies Act prohibits certain senior corporate
executives from acting against their duties in favour of their personal
interest or for the interest of a third party, or to cause harm to the firm
(aggravated breach of trust).
 Enforcement against domestic bribery
This incident did not result in any criminal prosecutions, but the Ministry
determined that the conduct violated its ethics rules.
Enforcement against foreign bribery
Enforcement against foreign bribery The most recent publicly reported
prosecution in Japan for foreign bribery was against the former employees
of a Japanese power systems firm for bribing officials in Thailand.

Facilitation payments
Domestically, the concept of “facilitation payments” does not exist – the
Japanese term for “facilitation payment” is fashiriteishon peimento – and
the distinction between a payment to gain an improper commercial
advantage and a payment to facilitate a routine governmental function is
not one that exists in Japanese law.
Hospitality
Entertainment and gift-giving are integral parts of Japanese culture.
Even in dealings with government officials, entertainment and gift-giving
that are in accordance with social norms and do not involve a conflict of
interest or are not intended to obtain wrongful advantage may not be
considered illegal.

In Japan, corruption is “rare” because there are effective mechanisms to

investigate and punish corruption. Although the law is very strict, there are
still cases of bribes and various corrupt schemes that are usually
administered by the yakuza or companies.

Japan is the 18 least corrupt nation out of 180 countries, according to the
2021 Corruption
 III. Economic Aspects

A. Structure of the economy (percentage agriculture,

service, vs. manufacturing)
The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.1% (2017) of the
total country's GDP. Only 12% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation. Due
to this lack of arable land, a system of terraces is used to farm in small
areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit
area, with an overall agricultural self-sufficiency rate of about 50% on
fewer than 56,000 km2 (14 million acres) cultivated.


B. Standard of living (degree of poverty, distribution

of income)

The first thing most people notice about Japan is how amazing the cities
are. Tokyo is a modern marvel. Gorgeously manicured plants surround
immaculate, well-designed buildings. The restaurants, shops, and
entertainment options are intoxicatingly, fabulously infinite. The space is
crowded yet always somehow serene, and you’re always within a few
minutes’ walk of a train station that will take you anywhere you need to go.
Japan has achieved feats of urban design and planning that no other
country approaches, supported by a culture both unusually peaceful and
startlingly creative.
Median Household Income in Japan (2010 - 2021, Purchasing Power
Parity in Current International Dollars)
The median household income (PPP) in Japan was $45,601 in 2021
Median household income (PPP) of Japan increased by 1.3% from the
previous year in 2021
Between 2010 to 2021, the median household income (PPP) in Japan
was highest in 2021 at $45,601 and was lowest in 2010 at $38,485.

Median Household Income Overview

The indicator refers to the median income of a household in a country.
Median household income divides households into two equal segments,
such that the first half earns less than the median income while the second
half earns more.
The Japanese government introduced an extensive stimulus package to
drive up consumption and improve social security. According to Global
Data, the Japanese economy is forecast to grow by 2.9% in 2022, and the
household consumption expenditure by 0.9% in 2022.
Recent trends influencing Global Economic Growth

Increased COVID-19 impact:

As a result of Omicron, a new variant of COVID-19, more cases have
been reported worldwide, resulting in the disruption of supply chain
management.

Rising Inflation and Interest Rates:

As a result of rising inflation rates in both developing and advanced
economies, central banks have been forced to tighten monetary policy and
raise interest rates to keep prices from rising.


C. Purchasing power per capita income, country’s GDP

and the percentage of economic growth (in previous
year, and also try to find historical growth – past 3-5
years),

The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Japan was last recorded at
40769.83 US dollars in 2021, when adjusted by purchasing power parity
(PPP). The GDP per Capita, in Japan, when adjusted by Purchasing Power
Parity is equivalent to 229 percent of the world's average.

Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic

calendar and news. Japan GDP Annual Growth Rate - data, historical chart,
forecasts and calendar of releases - was last updated in October of 2022.
 Japan’s economy, the fourth largest in the world, is fully diversified and
technologically advanced. Like in most developed countries, services
account for the highest percentage of GDP (around 62 percent of GDP).
Within services the most important once are wholesale and retail trade
(around 7 percent of GDP) and real estate (around 6 percent of GDP).
Manufacturing is the engine of the Japanese economy and accounts for
nearly 22 percent of GDP.


D. Inflation (previous year and past 3-5 years)

Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual

percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a
basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified
intervals, such as yearly.

Japan inflation rate for 2021 was -0.23%, a 0.21% decline from 2020.
Japan inflation rate for 2020 was -0.03%, a 0.49% decline from 2019.
Japan inflation rate for 2019 was 0.47%, a 0.52% decline from 2018.
Japan inflation rate for 2018 was 0.99%, a 0.5% increase from 2017.


E. Balance of payments – current account

(surplus/deficit)
Japan's Current Account recorded a deficit of 4.6 USD bn in Jul 2022,
compared with a surplus of 6.3 USD bn in the previous month.

CEIC converts monthly Current Account Balance into USD. The Bank of
Japan provides Current Account Balance in local currency. Federal Reserve
Board average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increased by 2.3 USD bn in Jul 2022.

Japan Direct Investment Abroad expanded by 7.5 USD bn in Jul 2022.
Its Foreign Portfolio Investment increased by 40.7 USD bn in Jun 2022.
The country's Nominal GDP was reported at 1,055.0 USD bn in Jun 2022.


F. Foreign exchange system: Type of system (fixed,

floating)
The period since the introduction of generalized floating has been
marked by wide variation in the extent of official intervention in foreign
exchange markets. This, and the scope for different strategies under
international agreements, has made evaluation of these policies difficult.

I. Definition and Measurement of Intervention by Bank of Japan

Two proxies have been used for intervention in the spot exchange
market: changes in gross international reserves and changes in the Foreign
Exchange Fund accounts maintained by the Bank of Japan.

II. Different Intervention Rules and Frequency of Observation

In the tests conducted in this paper, a distinction has of necessity been
made between the two intervention strategies—countering erratic
fluctuations and leaning against the wind.


G. Restrictions on converting currency?

There have been violent swings between the Japanese Yen and its
exchange rate with other currencies in the past 30 years. In the early 1980s,
the yen typically traded somewhere in a band between 200 and 270 per
dollar. But in September 1985, the world's major Western economies
gathered in New York and decided to devalue the dollar, an agreement
that became known as the Plaza Accord. The Plaza Accord set off a
strengthening trend in the yen for the next decade that ended with the
exchange rates reaching close to 80 yen to the dollar. That's an astonishing
184% appreciation in the yen's value.


H. Corporate tax structures (what % do companies

pay in taxes?

The taxes levied in Japan on income generated by the activities of a

corporation include corporate tax (national tax), local corporate tax
(national tax), corporate inhabitant tax (local tax), enterprise tax (local tax),
and special corporate enterprise tax (a national tax, although filings and
payments are made to local governments along with enterprise tax)
(hereinafter collectively referred to as "corporate taxes")
 IV. Socio-economic and cultural
aspects

A. Population, growth of population

Japan Population this 2022 is 123,710,250. Japan’s population has been
declining since 2009. In 2009, the population was 128.56 million and is
expected to be 126.48 million by the end of 2020. The population is
expected to fall below 100 million by 2058.

Japan Population Growth

Japan Population this 2022 is 123,710,250. Japan’s population has been
declining since 2009. In 2009, the population was 128.56 million and is
expected to be 126.48 million by the end of 2020. The population is
expected to fall below 100 million by 2058.
Japan Population Projections
The National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
estimates that Japan’s population will decrease to 100 million people by
2049 from where it is now at 127 million and will continue to decrease to
just above 50 million by 2100.

B. Labor force (distribution of labor in different sectors

of the economy)

Until recently, the labor market in Japan was very different from the
labor marketin the United States. The traditional Japanese employment
structure is characterized by two major forces—the “simultaneous recruiting
of new graduates” and the “ranking hierarchy.”
Top Japanese Workforce Statistics:

About 68 million people in Japan are employed.

The manufacturing industry employs the largest number of foreign
people in Japan.
Japan’s unemployment rate is about 2.97%.
The retail and wholesale industry is Japan’s largest employer.
The female employment rate in Japan is 52%.
Over 50% of female employees in Japan hold non-regular (i.e., part-
time) positions.
The majority of Japan’s workforce is between the ages of 45 and 54.
Older employees in Japan are more likely to hold part-time positions
than younger employees.
It’s estimated that Japan will lose 20% of its workforce by 2040.
General Japan Workforce Statistics
Japan has a population of about 125 million people, and the number has
been steadily declining since the early 2000s.

1. The Japanese labor force currently comprises around 68–69 million

people.
2. In 2020, Japan employed about 1.72 million foreign workers.
3. The manufacturing industry accounts for the largest percentage of
Japan’s foreign workforce.
4. The average annual wage of a Japanese employee is about 4.4 million
yen.
5. The Japanese broadcasting industry is experiencing the country’s
greatest shortage of full-time employees.
6. More than 53% of businesses in Japan view cultivating human resources
as the best way to counter labor shortages.
7. The retail and wholesale industry employs 10.6 million people in Japan.


C. Level of unemployment

TOKYO (Kyodo) -- Japan's unemployment rate fell to 2.5 percent in

August and the availability of jobs continued to improve for the eighth
month in a row. The job-to-applicant ratio rose 0.03 point from July to 1.32
in August, meaning there were 132 job openings for every 100 job seekers,
according to data from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.

D. How difficult is it to hire and fire employees as well

as change the number of working hours

Japan’s situation is the opposite of what America, Europe or Australia

say; there are a lot of job opportunities for bilingual and experienced
professionals, but the talent pool is very small.


E. Unions: are they allowed, are they powerful, do

they strike a lot, what percentage of the workforce is
unionized
The analysis of the Japan Productivity Centre productivity index and
wages in the previous section indicates that Japanese wages have lagged
behind productivity growth since the late 1980s.

Nature and Extent of Unionization in Japan

Japanese labor unions have evolved within the framework of the laws
described in the preceding section, and they are, overwhelmingly,
enterprise unions.


F. Cultural values
Japanese values are thoroughly rooted in all aspects of life, and will
always impact family, work, and social interactions.

Shared Cultural Values of Japan

Every culture transmits values to its youth, first in the context of family,
and then through the educational process. In Japan, some of the core
values are thinking of others, doing your best, not giving up, respecting your
elders, knowing your role, and working in a group.

Island Mentality
Before going to Japan, you may expect that everyone will look the same,
dress the same, live the same, and talk the same.


G. Ethnicity in population

of Japan's several indigenous
The Yamato Japanese are the largest
ethnic groups. They date their origins to the Yayoi period and have
dominated the country's politics since the Asuka period.
Native Japanese people
Ainu アイヌ
The Ainu people (also Aynu) are an indigenous people native to Hokkaido
and northeastern Honshu, as well as the nearby Russian Sakhalin and Kuril
Islands (both formerly part of the Japanese Empire), and Kamchatka
Peninsula.

Ōbeikei (Bonin) Islanders

The Ōbeikei Islanders are an ethnic group native to the Bonin Islands
(also called the Ogasawara Islands), part of Tokyo Prefecture. They are
descendants of Westerners, Polynesians, and Kanaks who settled Hahajima
and Chichijima in the 18th century.
 Yamato 大和
The Yamato people are the dominant native ethnic group of Japan and
because of their numbers, the term Yamato is often used interchangeably
with the term Japanese.

Ryukyuans 琉球あん
The Ryukyuan people (also Lewchewan) are an indigenous people native
to the Ryukyu Islands. There are different subgroups of the Ryukyuan ethnic
group, the Okinawan, Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni people.


H. Issues with ethnic groups

One of the most salient issues facing minorities and indigenous peoples
in Japan is hate speech and hate crime.

I. Gender issues is any (participation of women in

workforce)
There are many kinds of roles that people face in their daily lives, and
they can be roughly divided into 2 categories: work and housework. When
you divide it further, work can be divided into working outside and inside,
and housework can be also divided into cooking, cleaning, washing, doing
dishes, etc.
V. Conclusion of Country Analysis

In terms of culture, Japan has a wonderful culture and traditions. They

are incredibly pleasant and very customer-friendly. However, they are also
extremely formal and polite. This can be problematic because talking about
challenging topics is not easy. Women also struggle with it. Either you have
a family or you have a career.

Other than that, they are incredibly kind and have a wonderful culture of
civility. Japan is a nation that frequently contains contradictions. It is a
stuffy, traditional nation that is not at all traditional in terms of sexuality. A
very real and irrefutable part of Japanese culture is the sexualization of
young girls, despite the country's genuine and innocent love and pampering
of young children
 The government of japan Like Canada and Britain, is governed by a
parliamentary system. The Japanese do not directly elect their president, in
contrast to the Americans or the French. A prime minister is chosen by the
Diet's members. Supply chain issues, rising labor costs, and political issues
have highlighted problems with Japan's reliance on China as a base for its
manufacturing investments. With a low birthrate and aging population,
Japan's social security system is under strain and is suffering from labor
shortages.

Japan is a constitutional monarchy. The power of the Emperor is limited

to ceremonial duties, though he acts as head of state on diplomatic
occasions. The government is composed of the Executive, the Legislature
and the Judiciary, with separation of powers. . Japanese companies
regularly face problems relating to corruption, especially at lower police
and government levels, direct and indirect taxation, labor laws, intellectual
property rights, land acquisition, and contract enforcement.
 These changes in socioeconomic status can be identified in the four
categories of declining birthrate in an aging population, globalization,
technological innovation, and improvements in standard of living. In private
and public transportation, technological innovation may impact
maintenance of the transportation infrastructure by complicating user
behavior. Japan has the third-largest economy in the world overall. In
relation to Japan's political and legal elements.

For a very long period, the Japanese government's export promotion policy
was quite important. Government officials recognized that for Japan to
prosper and expand, it needed to export in order to finance its imports.
Instead of leaving this movement to the markets, the Japanese government
thought industrial policy should be used to guide the economy in this
direction. Land and building ownership are designated separately under
Japanese law.The right to use, exploit, and dispose of real property belongs
to the owner.
 Foreign entities are permitted to own real estate because there are no
restrictions on who can be an owner. However, due to tax issues, foreign
entities typically establish a vehicle to acquire real estate in Japan as
opposed to buying real estate on their own. Patent, utility model, design,
trademark, and copyright rights are the most prevalent forms of intellectual
property rights in Japan.

The fact that Japan is governed in a way that can concentrate our
capital labor on a certain market for the long term is one of the benefits
and drawbacks when it comes to the political and legal features of this
nation. Consistently shifting global market demand prevents us from
keeping up with it. Because Japanese people are generous and diligent
workers, their culture is advantageous when it comes to the cultural
environment. Political and legal risks are fairly well balanced in Japan.
 Market tensions and the global supply chain, which continue to put
downward pressure on Japan's economy as it works to recover from the
global recession, have an impact on the country's economic risk. But When it
comes to investing in Japan, this is the ideal time to do so, therefore if you
were to ask me if I was willing to do so, I would say definitely. I discovered
that when it comes to legal and political matters, you must be wise while
making investments because doing so will aid the nation's economy and its
citizens. The government must care about the economy and the citizens
because these things contribute to a better nation.
THANK YOU!
ありがとうございました
Arigatōgozaimashita