ANALYSIS OF VOLUME CHANGE BEHAVIOUR OF PARTLY SATURATED SOILS A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Engineering By DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE BANGALORE-560 012, (INDIA) November 1988ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author has great pleasure in recording his deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to Prof. T.S.Nagaraj, ,Chairman and Dr. N.S.Pandian, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for initiating the author into this investigation and supervising his work and for their enlightening guidance, constant encouragement, valuable advice throughout the course of this investigation. Their words always carried personal touch and affection which have left indelible impression in the heart of the author. The author places on record his sincere thanks to Prof.A.Sridharan, Department of Civil Engineering, for his encouragement throughout the course of this investigation. The author wishes to express his thanks to Mr. G.L.Sivakumar Babu, Research Scholar for his constant help, affectionate treatment and fruitful suggestions. Mr. K.S.Manjunatha Swamy, Project Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, deserves special thanks for his assistance in finalising this thesis. No word can express the hearty and affectionate feelings of the author towards his friends, numerous to mention in the company of whom, time flew past and the strains of the work were never felt.The author is much obliged to the co-operation and assistance given by the staff of the Soil Mechanics Laboratory during the experimental study. Mere words cannot express the author’s warm and affectionate feelings towards his parents, grand parents, brother and uncle, without whose constant encouragement and co-operation, this study could not have been completed.ANALYSIS OF VOLUME CHANGE BEHAVIOUR OF PARTLY SATURATED SOILS ABSTRACT Classical Geotechnical Engineering principles have evolved mainly in regions of earth dominated by temperate climates. Over the last few decades, the need for engineering and construction has extended on a large scale into much less familiar areas such as tropics. This environment which encompasses many of the developing nations including India has been of major concern due to the magnitude of the projects and the large populations affected. Since the distinctive characteristics of tropical soils are that they are formed under hot and humid climates, the natural soils in such arid and semi-arid regions and soils subjected to seasonal moisture deficits are in a partly saturated state. India primarily being a tropical country, Geotechnical activity in partly saturated soils is inevitable. Further the mechanics of partly saturated soil is a subject of considerable interest in all the areas of the world where weather conditions are such that there is an annual excess potential of evaporation over precipitation. It is apparent that far more than half of earth’s surface is a moisture deficit area. The problems encountered in partly saturated soils are the intense variability of compressibility andstrength from point to point, expansive and collapse soil properties, the frequent occurrence of very high prestress, etc. These problems are due to the changes in the state of soil moisture and their associated changes in the state of tho soil compatible with external stress conditions. In view of the above problems, mechanical property characterisation of such a complex system involves arduous, repetitive and time consuming laboratory investigations. It has always been the fervent desire of Geotechnical engineers to evolve simple testing methods, both in the field and in the laboratory, such that with minimum input parameters, the soil behaviour be predicted, within the limits of accuracy desired at engineering level. In addition this would also enable to have an independent check on the laboratory test results. The two main approaches for property characterisation and prediction of soil behaviour, pursued independently by engineers and researchers are (1) engineering approach in which the needed parameters are derived through empirical methods of correlation or by direct experimentation. (2) micromechanistic approach, which has a strong bias towards basic sciences and mainly intended for meaningful interpretation and generalisation of the macro behaviour. It would be of immense value if a model combining the above two approaches could be evolved, simple enough for direct application in generalisation and prediction of soil auparameters within the limits of accuracy needed at engineering level. It is the aim of this investigation, which is a part of the series of investigations pursued at Indian Institute of Science to examine the possibility of providing a link between the above two approaches, and to evolve an engineering model to generalise and predict the soil behaviour within the framework of well established scientific principles. Of the mechanical properties, volume change and shear strength are of foremost interest to Geotechnical engineers, as these enable them directly to tackle the stability and settlement problems. It has been possible, based on Guoy Chapman diffuse double layer theory, to model the volume change and shear strength behaviour of saturated uncemented fine grained soils by the earlier researchers at Indian Institute of Science. It is attempted in this investigation to extend these principles to model the volume change behaviour of partly saturated uncemented fine grained soils. Partly saturated soil is considered to be a three phase system viz., soil, water and air or as a four phase system, the other one being air-water interface referred to as contractile skin. Partial saturation leads to the existence of pore water tension. adiThe existing ‘literature for the analysis of partly saturated soils has been critically reviewed, it has been found that neither the modified effective stress approach nor the stress state variables approach can be effectively used in the analysis of partly saturated soils. This is because in both the approaches either the v, x, B ete parameters or the pore water tension has to be measured which are endowed with experimental difficulties and uncertainities. Further, in an interacting system such as clay-water-air system, independent continuous stress fields are not strictly valid and physico-chemical potentials cannot be ignored. Only the overall stress field is the accepted stress field. Since physico-chemical potentials are of significant importance, their consideration forms the basis for this investigation. It has been found that in a partly saturated soil, physico-chemical state of pore water is important and it can be well explained with truncated diffuse double layer as the basis. In saturated soils while attempting for generalisation, the void ratio at liquid limit, e,, was taken as a normalising parameter. This is because it is a well known fact that all fine grained soils are in equilibrium under an equivalent consolidation/suction pressure of 6 kPa and possess undrained shear strength in the range of 1.7 - 2.0 kPa despite liquid ivthe compressibility behaviou: ir of saturated Soils. Partly Saturated Soils due to thi © existence of Pore water tension, such a simple generalisation is not tenable. Seneralised soil state Parameter for the analysis of compressibility behaviour in partly saturated soils. For direct application in practice, an engineering model consistent with the analytical model has been generated experimentally. In the experimental programme, soils selected had a wide range in liquid: limits that are encountered in practice. normally: Since degree of saturation Plays an important role in partly saturated soils, it was attempted to eliminate the loss of moisture through out the experiment by modifying the Oedometer cell which proved fruitful. Experiments were conducted for both constant water content as well as inundated conditions at two levels to examine the validity of the proposed approach. They are (1) monotonic compression tests (2) effect of induced prestress on compressibility behaviour.In monotonic compression’ test series, experiments were conducted for both constant water content and inundated conditions for different soils with different initial mixing water contents. It was found possible to generalise the behaviour as 2 ys = 0.983 - 0.2057 Log p a r where p = over burden presssure in kPa with a correlation coefficient of 0.9161. This represents the generalised state line for partly saturated soils. The specific advantages of this approach are (a) Measurement of pore water tension can be overcome by the use of generalised state parameter. (b) Since the state parameter relation is independent of stress history effects, it would be possible to identify other compatible states. Location of points [ = s > P on the e, re state space reflects different possibilities. If a point lies on the state line, it will be a monotonically consolidated partly saturated soil with no prestress effects. If a point lies below the state line, the soil will be under prestress which is analogous to over consolidation in saturated soils. If a point lies above the state line, it refers to a partly saturated soil in a cemented state. To examine the validity of this approach two different soils of liquid limits 60% and 66% (other than those used in generalisation) were taken and experiments were done for both constant water contents and inundated conditions. Their behaviour was also predicted using the model and the predicted values were quite close to experimentally observed values viSince partly saturated soils are also due to alternate wetting and drying, they have a tendency to swell or collapse. It was attempted to generate a unique. model based on experiments to predict heave or collapse. A series of experiments with induced prestress levels of 300 kPa, 400 kPa, 600 kPa and 800 kPa were conducted using different soils with different initial water contents. It was found that the constant water content slopes for loading or unloading within the induced prestress levels were almost same for different prestress levels and were nearly horizontal. Hence for simplicity sake, constant water content slope has been taken as horizontal. It was found that the slope of the line(e) joining the points defining inundated condition within the prestress level bears a unique relationship with prestress p of the form ep = 0.5784 - 0.1559 Log p with a correlation coefficient of 0.9946. Based on the above generalised relationships, a procedure has been proposed to predict heave or collapse. To examine the validity of the approach developed to predict heave or collapse, soils other than those used in the generalisation were taken and experiments were done for both constant water content and inundated conditions. The corresponding swell or collapse was monitored. The same was predicted using the proposed approach. It has been found that there is good agreement with the observed values. viiUsing the approach developed to predict heave or collapse, it 4s poonsibla to estimate tho owolling pressure (no heave or collapse) also. To examine this, the published data of Komornik & David was analysed. It has been found that predicted swelling pressure is in good agreement with the actual ones. It is believed that this innovative approach would provide a simple means to analyse and predict all facets of partly saturated soil behaviour. viiiCONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT CONTENTS: NOTATIONS CHAPTER ~ 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION CHAPTER — 2 LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER ~ 3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS So, 3.2 3.6 3.7 Introduction Clay Water Interaction Physico-chemical forces in clay water system Double layer theory Stress state Inter changeability concept Clay water air Interactions Physico-chemical state of pore water CHAPTER ~ 4 DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL MODEL 4.1 Generalised soil state parameter for saturated soils Generalised soil state paramter for partly saturated soils ix Page ix xh a1 At 41 43 44 47 56 57 61 6B 68 72CHAPTER - 5 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 5. 1 Reference state in partly saturated soils Ensuring constant water content condition Soils studied Constant water condition and Inundated condition Selection of water contents Preparation of samples Types of tests 5.7.1 Monotonic compression tests 5.7.2 Effects of Induced prestress on compressibility behaviour CHAPTER — 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 6. 6. 6. 1 2 ra) 4 Flow lines Establishment of state line by Monotonic loading Establishment of heave or collapse due to Induced prestress Estimation of swelling pressure CHAPTER ~ 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: Scope for further Research REFERENCES Page 7B 78 78 a1 83 85 87 87 88 89 93 93 95 130 169 175 183 184LIST OF NOTATIONS A = Total interparticle electrical attraction divided by total interparticle area a, = Fraction of the total interparticle area that is mineral to air contact am = Fraction of the total interparticle area that is mineral to mineral contact a, = Fraction of the total interparticle area that is mineral-water or water-mineral contact © = Clay content ec, = Concentration of ions in midplane ©, = Concentration of ions in bulk solution c = Effective contact stress CWC = “Constant water condition a = Half space distance between parallel clay platelets d, = Half space distance at liquid limit e = Unit electrostatic charge / Void ratio e; = Final void ratio e, = Void ratio at liquid limit e, = Natural void ratio f = Function F = Faraday’s constant G = Specific gravity h, = Matric suction h, = Solute suction I, = Plasticity index xiIc LL (LL) ‘io " " " " Inundated condition Boltzman’s constant / coefficient of subsidence Physical Property of the pore fluid Liquid limit Modified liquid limit Concentration of ions Number of ions of the i type per on? in the bulk solution = Osmotic repulsiv. © pressure / Externally applied stress / Over burden pressure / Prestress = Pore water suction pressure deficiency / Soil moisture Pre consolidation pressure Swelling pressure Plasticity Index Radius of miniscus Equivalent radius of the area of the water phase / Total inter particle electrical replusion divided by total inter particle area / universal gas constant Osmotic. suction Specific surface Insitu degree of saturation Swell percent Degree of saturation Initial degree of saturation Final degree of saturation Surface tension / Absolute temperature Pore pressure / Dimensionless midplane’ potential xad" Equivalent Pore pressure Pore air pressure Effective Pore air pressure Pore water Pressure Effective pore water pressure Valency Valency of i type of ion Water content. / Natural water content Initial water content. Natural water content. Plastic limit Distance from clay platelet Distance of clay surface from an imaginary plane where potential becomes unity Dimensionless potential function Dimensionless surface potential function 8m Pore fluid property = —gGq"_g- / A parameter equal to 1 at large degree of saturation and is related statistically to the ratio of areas of water and air along a plane passed through a soil mass Holding or Bonding factor A parameter which equals unity for saturated soils and decreases with decreasing degree of saturation and depends on soil type Effective stress parameter for matric suction Effective stress parameter for solute suction Dielectric constant of the pore fluid / Standard error of estimate xiiiPotential energy or Electrical potential at the point Surface potential Midplane potential Surface charge per unit area Contractile skin stress / Correlation coefficient Dry density / Natural dry density Unit weight of water A parameter varying between 0 and 1 for degree of saturation varying between 0 and 1 Micron Charge density / Slope of Inundated line = Surface charge per unit area / Total stress / Externally applied pressure on unit area Effective stress Intrinsic effective stress Mineral to mineral contact stress Dimensionless distance function = k xC HRA P Tey) 4 GENERAL INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Soil for a Geotechnical engineer is the weathered mineral material in the entire thickness of the earth’s crust which is accessible and feasible for practical exploitation and utilisation in Geotechnical engineering problems. Soil is the most abundant but extensively variable of all the construction materials encountered by engineers. This variability is because of its geological origin and subsequent response to applied loading and environmental conditions (Holtz, 1968). Soil generally exists in nature as a _ polyphase, multicomponent, particulate system with or without very weak cementation bonds. Since the discrete particles that make up the soil are not strongly bonded together as the crystal structures in a metal, they are free to move relative to each other. On the other hand, since the individual particles are themselves solid, the molecules within a partiole are not free to move as the molecules in a fluid. Hence the responses of the soil are characterised by the principles of ’Particulate Particulate materials have been defined both Mechanics’. phenomenologically and structurally (Feda, 1982). Phenomenologically, particulate materials are defined as those which exhibit contractancy and dilatancy and are sensitive to hydrostatic stresses. These characteristics are the results oftheir structure and thus the structural definition is the more fundamental one. From structural point of view, they are substances composed of mutually contracting solid particles or structural units within the liquid and / or gaseous phase. Soils are formed from their Parent material ‘rock’ through the morphological cycle of weathering, transportation and deposition. Inherent nature and diversity of geological Processes involved in the formation of soils and different degrees of interactions between the phases are responsible for the far greater complexities in the soils than the complexities which exist in any other construction material. This has rendered prediction of soil behaviour more difficult and a civil engineer is often confronted with a greater degree of uncertainity in dealing with design and construction problems involving soils, than other construction materials. Often a Geotechnical engineer has to predict the behaviour of the soil system which is beyond his physical accessibility based on the so called representative sample which is too small a fraction of the system. Basically, a Geotechnical engineer encounters and will have to deal with this material, soil, as it exists because it is generally not economically feasible to make major modifications to its physical properties. Thus the job of the Geotechnical engineer is one of investigations to determinethe soil properties and its responses to imposed conditions (Holtz, 1968), Normally, property characterization of such a complex system involves an elaborate, time consuming laboratory testing. It has always been the fervent desire of Geotechnical engineers to evolve simple testing methods, both in the laboratory and in the field to predict soil behaviour within the limits of accuracy needed at engineering level with minimum number of easily measurable input parameters. Prediction has a long and honoured history (Ingles, 1978). Throughout historical time the demand for prediction has not diminished. Prediction has always played a significant role in nearly every aspect of man’s life (Lambe, 1973). An engineer attempts to predict the behaviour of any material, so that he can use it most economically or can alter it to suit his requirements. Prediction is a significant aspect in civil engineering practice, and particularly in Geotecnical engineering practice its importance needs hardly be stressed. Today in Geotechnical engineering, prediction is mainly based on personal intution and engineering judgement, aided by the science of statistical analysis. One of the important aspects of the overall predictive processes is the selection of the soil parameters. The predicted parameters may be used in further predicting, or deriving additional parameters to be used in engineering practice. .Soil, primarily being a particulate material, any attempt to interpret, generalise and predict its behaviour based on scientific principles, will go a long way to (1) form an independent check on the laboratory investigations. (2) poecmee the level of confidence in handling the test lata. (3) in specific cases to minimise, if not eliminate the time consuming laboratory testing. To achieve these objectives, two approaches pursued by practising engineers and numerous researchers are, (a) the engineering approach, in which the needed parameters are derived through empirical methods of correlation or by direct experimentation. (b) the micromechanistic approach, which has a strong bias towards basic sciences and is mainly intended to reveal the complexity for a meaningful interpretation and ‘generalisation of the soil behaviour and to generate simplified models for predicting the same. In the first approach, generally the macro behaviours are linked with easily measurable inferential parameters. In the latter approach, the macro behaviours are defined in terms of micro parameters, which normally cannot be measured in engineering practice. Current scientific and technical publications testify the involvement of both the approaches. In Geotechnical engineering practice, a number of empirical relations are in vogue to predict the mechanicalroperti i properties of soils. Because of their simplicity, these equations have tended to be indispensible tools. These empirical tools can be confidently used and their credibility in application gets enhanced, if their associated scientific bases are identified. There have been several attempts to define and physically model the soil behaviour based on micromechanistio principles. Models based on continuum mechanics, rate process theory, critical state concepts, diffuse double layer theory, etc., have enabled the Geotechnical engineer to interpret and generalise the soil behaviour. However, they have exhibited limited success in quantitative predictions of soil behaviour. It would be of immense value if a model, combining both the approaches could be evolved, so as to culminate to a stage, simple enough for direct application in generalisation and prediction of soil behaviour. A model that can well represent the qualitative features of the soil behaviour and that requires only a few easily determinable parameters is of greater value than a more exact model involving more number of # which may be difficult to measure (Pender, parameters, some © 1978). either saturated or partly saturated. Soils can be Saturated soil is considered At Indian Institute to be a two phase system i.e, 4d d water of Science, extensive soil and w :investigations have been carried out on saturated soils. It has been shown that the compressibility behaviour of saturated, uncemented fine grained soils can be generalised with Guoy-Chapman double layer theory as the basis within the limits of accuracy needed at engineering level (Srinivasa Murthy, 1983). In a broad sense, classical Geotechnical engineering has developed in regions of earth dominated by temperate climates. As a result, many of our concepts of soil behaviour have been conditioned by the earth materials found there. Over the last few decades, the need for engineering and construction has extended on a large scale into much less familiar areas such as tropics. . Tropical soils cover quite a significant portion of the world and exhibit Geotechnical properties which are peculiar put have significant economic impact to warrant an international effort to systematize the knowledge about their behaviour. Tropical soils can be either saturated or unsaturated. The theory and technology for the saturated soils have been well developed and applied in engineering practice for over five decades or so. However, the weathering processes have left over eighty percent of earth surface As a result cracks start to develop and the soil desiccated. becomes unsaturated.The tropical regions are generally covered by a very thick alteration layer which is mainly formed by two different types of materials : Lateritie and Saprolitic soils. Engineers noticed that there were certain limitations when the procedures developed in the mechanics of saturated soils were applied to tropical soils. These limitations were attributed to peculiarities of occurrence, compositon, structure and desiccation of tropical soils. India primarily being a tropical country, the study of partly saturated soils is of prime importance. Some of the characteristics of the tropical soils that are considered distinctive from other geographic regions are (a) the frequent occurrence of very high environmental prestress history. (b) highly intense variability, point to point, in their properties, especially in those related to compressibility and strength. (c) the common incidence of unsaturated expansive and collapsible soil properties. (a) in wet tropics, thickness of residual layers of soil ane found to be 60 meters and more. : scontinuity surfaces which the occurrence of fossil d favour the formation of preferential sliding purfaces. (e Since the distinctive characteristics of tropical soils are that they are formed under hot and humid climates, the natural soils in such arid and semi-arid regions and soils subjected to seasonal moisture deficits are in a partlysaturated state. Further, the mechanics of partly saturated soil is a subject of considerable interest in all the areas of the world where weather conditions are such that there is an annual excess potential of evaporation over precipitation. It is apparent that far more than half of the earth’s surface is a moisture deficit area. Generally, a partly saturated soil is considered to be a three phase system i.e., soil, water and air. However on the basis of the definition of a phase, the air water interphase has been considered as a fourth independent phase which has been referred to as contractile skin (Fredlund, 1979). The most distinctive property of contractile skin is its abilty to exert a tensile pull. It behaves like an elastic membrane under tension interwoven throughout soil structure. Many Geotechnical problems have been encountered involving partly saturated soils, but our understanding of the behaviour of these soils is far behind our knowledge of saturated soils. Jennings (1961) has listed some of the engineering problems normally encountered with a partly saturated soil mass. They include (1) consolidation due to increase in applied stress. (2) shrinkage due to drying. (3) swelling resulting from the wetting of a desiccated soil. (4) rapid settlements resulting from wetting of a dry soil under load.(5) the development of swelling pressure. (6) the shear strength of partly saturated soil and its variation with the change in moisture content. The majority of these problems are attributable to the changes in the state of soil moisture and its associated changes in soil state, compatible with external stress conditions. With ‘Guoy chapman diffuse double layer theory as the basis, an engineering model has been, evolved and has been successfully employed to generalise and predict the volume change (compressibility) behaviour of saturated uncemented interacting soils. A aeneralised approach for predicting the compressibility behaviour of interacting, uncemented partly saturated soils is attempted in this investigation. More specifically, the brief details of the various aspects covered in each of the chapters are as follows. In chapter 2, a detailed critical review of the relevant literature has been presented. the physico-chemical considerations which form the basis for further examination and study is critically brought out in chapter 3. For comparision, considerations for saturated soils also have been discussed very briefly.In chapter 4, an analytical model developed on the basis of Guoy chapman diffuse double layer theory to predict the compressibility behaviour of saturated uncemented interacting soils has been explained. Further an analytical model has been developed on the basis of truncated double layer theory to predict the compressibility behaviour of partly saturated uncemented interacting soils, For direct application into practice, an engineering model, consistent with the analytical model has ‘to be generated experimentally. In chapter 5, soils studied, Procedures adopted and types of tests conducted have been presented. The test results have been presented and discussed in detail in chapter 6. In chapter 7, all the aspects of the investigation covered in earlier chapters have been synthesised presenting specific conclusions. The scope for further investigation is also presented in this chapter. 10CHARTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ‘The compressibility characteristics of partly saturated soils have been the concern of many investigators for several years. It has been known for sometime that the soils of the semi-arid or arid regions of the world are characteristically desiccated or partly saturated. The significance of the effects of partial saturation in soils has been appreciated, in a qualitative sense, by engineers concerned with the design of building foundations or road and airfield pavements on soils within the zone of desiccation. It is now (1988) being more widely recognized that the concept of effective stress, as introduced by Tereaght (1936) provides a satisfactory basis for understanding the deformation and strength characteristics of saturated soils. The two general implications of the concept of effective stress are: (2) etme tol ctross. “eppliogs but rather on “the difference between the total stress and the pressure developed in the pore fluid; and (2) the resistance to shear on a surface depends not on 1 normal stress on that surface, but, again one ne effective stress acting on the surface. If the soil grains are incompressible, and if the yield tress in the grain material is independent of confining str apressure, then the effective stress law can be stated by the equation Caner a) ee eaten iectende (2.1) where o’ = effective Stress eo = total stress, and U_ = pore pressure The validity of the effective stress concept for saturated soils has been adequately verified by the work of Rendulic (1936), Bishop & Eldin (1950), Henkel (1959,: 1960) & Skempton (1961) and is accepted for most predictions of soil behaviour. Several exceptions to the general applicability of effective stress concept were noted by Leonards (1962) and are concerned mostly with long term behaviour where important time effects are present. The usefulness of the effective stress concept in saturated soils led to a desire for a similar concept for partly saturated soils. In 1943, Terzaghit discussed the existence of a capillary force in a partly saturated soil. He stated "...-- The water is maintained in a state of tension and the solid particles located on both sides of the point of contact are forced together with a force equal and opposite to the tension ....- once the existence of tensile forces in pore water in partly saturated soils was recognised by the engineering profession, there was a temptation to fit the negative pore 12water pressure into the Terzaghi's effective stress equation with suitable modifications. Hily (1956) studied the three phase system of gas, liquid and solid which constitute partially saturated soil and noted that, as a consequence of the surface tension at the air-water interface, the pressure in the water is lower than the pressure in the air. Consequently, for atmospheric pressure in the pore air, the pore water pressure is negative, that is, water is under tension. He developed a technique to measure the tension in the pore water and suggested that the effective stress in partially saturated soil is given by equation (2.1) with the recognition that the value of pore water pressure may be negative. This suggestion was, apparently, intuitive. Intuitively, again, Bishop (1959) suggested that equation (2.1) ought to be modified for partially saturated soil since a point will be reached (as the degree of saturation is reduced) when the soil particles cease to be surrounded by the liquid pha: The pressure in the liquid phase will therefore then act only over a reduced area. He suggested the modification which is of the form o = o-U, +x (UL ~ UY) Fo ne (2.2) where o’ = effective stress ° = total stress due to applied loads U, = Pore air pressure U,, = Pore water pressure, and 13x = @ parameter which equals unity for saturated soils and decreases with decreasing degree of saturation and depends on soil type. : The x parameter is measured with a tacit assumption that for identical specimens of the same soil equal changes in effective stress o’ result in equal changes of volume or equal changes in shear strength, regardless of whether o” is achieved by drained compression of a saturated soil or by moisture extraction from a partly saturated soil. Attchison & Donald (1956) also attempted an evaluation of effective stresses in partly saturated soils. They considered cohesionless and cohesive soils separately. For cohesionless soils, they presented a model of homogeneous, uniform sized, spherical particles arranged in open and close packing which was used to predict effective stresses at various water contents, degree of saturation, and negative pore pressures. The concept was based. on earlier work by Haines (1925) & Fisher (1926). Aitchison (1960) examined the relationships of moisture stresses and consequent effective stress components in partly saturated soils on the basis of a capillary model. Effective stresses due to suctions in the pore water are shown to be dependent jointly on the pressure deficiency in the pore water and the degree of pore space saturation. Aitchison (1960) further suggested that the rational design of foundations on unsaturated soils requires the consideration of the pressure 14deficiency in the pore water as a major determinant of soil strength. His modified effective stress equation is of the form ovo zot+y Pr set ee eee 668.8) where o’ = effective stress o = total stress PY = pore water pressure deficiency, and v = a parameter varying between 0 and 1 for degree of saturation Ss, varying between 0 and 1. Aitchison also concluded that the “Capillary model” appears to provide a valid basis for relating moisture stresses and effective stress functions in unsaturated soils. Jennings (1961) modified the Terzaghi’s effective stress equation for partly saturated condition as oe = 0+ PY pee. (2.4) whore 0 = effective stress o = total stress Pp” = soil moisture suction, and fp = a parameter equal to 1 at large degrees of saturation and is related statistically to {he ratio of areas of water and air along a plane passing through a soil mass and it Bnould be measured experimentally in each case. croney, Coleman & Black (1956) summarized their findings and presented another modified effective stress equation as 15eo re-m U, eee we (2.6) where o' = effective stress o = total stress U,, = pore water pressure, and 8 = holding or bonding factor which is a measure of the number of bonds under tension effective in contributing to the shear strength of the soil and is dependent on degree of saturation. Richards (1966) believed that solute suction played an important role and postulated another effective stress equation of = o - UL + x,y (HAY UQ) + xg(H, + UZ) + es (2.6) where o’ = effective stress oe = total stress U, = pore air pressure X%m = effective stess parameter for matric suction ly = Matric suction Xs = effective stress parameter for solute suction, and H, = solute suction Expressions for effective stress suggested by Croney, Coleman & Black (1958), Aitchison (1960) & Jennings (1961) are identical with Bishop's expression when U, = 0 i.e, eo so - x UL i.e.y x = Bh aw eB In 1961, there appeared to be a general agreement regarding the acceptability of Bishop's form for an effective 16stress equation. All the effective stress equations are proposed on the assumption that only one stress variable is required to describe the behaviour of an unsaturated soil. The effective stress concept was regarded as an independent physical law rather than a stress variable associated with the equilibrium of the soil particles. Jennings & Burland (1962) were apparently the first to seriously question the validity of Bishop's equation. They showed that below a certain degree of saturation, the volume change characteristics of a wide range of soils appear to contradict the effective stress equation of the form (2.2). They also concluded that there is no unique relationship between void ratio and effective stress. Burland (1965), offered a qualitative explanation for the behaviour of large range of soils contradicting the effective stress equation of the form (2.2) by considering the increased stability at grain contact through a simple soil model. He jas concluded that any general theory purporting to predict soil behaviour must encompass the the partly saturated extremes of collapse and swelling. The principle of effective stress cannot be used to develop such a theory because the fundamental assumption upon which it is based is not applicable to volume changes in partly saturated soils, i.e., changes in applied stresses are not equivalent to changes in any function of the pore pressure as far as the volumetric behaviour of the soil is concerned. 17Dennisov (1963) rules out the possibility of using the effective stress concept to define the behaviour of partly saturated soils. It is stated that the heave or collapse of partly saturated soil upon wetting is due to a transition of the soil from an unstable state to a stable state due to the reduction of free energy. Blight (1965) pointed out that the x parameter in equation (2.2) was dependent on the type of process to which the soil was subjected to and observed the collapse phenomenon as constituting a limitation to the effective stress principle. Aitchison (1967) expressed serious misgivings with regard to the separate rigorous evaluation of the x parameter and the He pointed out that the complexity of x was soil suction. such that a specific value may only relate to a single combination of o and (U, - U,) and a particular stress path. Gulhatt (1975) has shown that the equation (2.2) cannot describe even the shear behaviour of partly saturated soils. He has concluded that the x parameter measured by the method ested by Bishop et.al., (1960) is not just a function of sugg! ‘turation alone but is a complex function the degree of sa numerous factors including those originating due to inherent deficiencies of equation (2.2). 18Towner (1983) states that effective stresses in unsaturated soils are not only the complicated functions of the applied stress and the pore water pressure, but are also hysteretic. Since there is no independent method to determine effective stress, effective stresses can be obtained by direct comparision between the total stresses on unsaturated soils and effective stresses on saturated soils, for similar stress paths such as defined by the normal consolidation curve. Lambe (1960a) introduced an equation in which he defined the effective stress in terms of internal stresses in the particulate soil system. He attempted to relate the force system at the microlevel to behaviour at the macro level. Lombe showed that a neweffective stress equation could be formed by considering: (1) forces at mineral to mineral contact; (2) forces where the contact is air-mineral; (3) forces where the contact is water-mineral or water-water : (4) electrical forces. The generalised equation is written as follows + o = FA, + Ph Ag ty Ay TRO A (2.7) Where o = total stress 3S = mineral to mineral contact stress A. = fraction of the total inter particle area ™ ¢hat is mineral to mineral contact P = mineral-air contact stress 19A, = fraction of total inter particle area that is mineral-air contact c " water pressure w A, = fraction of total inter particle area that is mineral-water or water-water contact R = total inter particle electrical repulsion divided by total inter particle area, and A = total inter particle electrical attraction divided by total inter particle area Although Lambe’s equation represents a reasonable one for the effective stress, there is yet no way of obtaining quantitatively such parameters as %, A,, R and A for natural soil systems. Lambe .(1960b) further compared his own equation with that of Bishop (2.2) and stated that o = FA +UL (1 - x) +t Ue tR-A 1... (2.8) or eo = FA, +T+ (R-A) see ee 68.9) where U = the equivalent pore pressure Thus, it can be seen that the Bishop & Lambe equations (2.22 and (2.7) are one and the same if o = FA, + (R-A) eee Cen 10) Lambe's equation examines the meaning of effective stress at the inter particle level and thus it can also be helpful in understanding the behaviour of partly saturated soils, 20although there is no quantitative procedure available yet for using the Lambe equation. From equation (2,10), it is seen that the effective stress increases with repulsive forces and decreases with attractive forces. This apparerntly seemed to dis-agree with the physical behaviour. Hence Sridharan (1968) rewrote tambe*s equation in the following manner. C= Fa = o-U,-0,-R+aA 1.2... (211) where C = effective contact stress © = externally applied pressure on unit area U,, = effective pore water pressure U, = effective pore air pressure R = total interparticle repulsion divided by total interparticle area, and A = total interparticle attraction divided by total interparticle area Equation (2.11) may be rewritten as Bc oto ce ee (2.12) where o’ = conventional effective stress oe - 0, - 0,, and intrinsic effective stress A- R= net electrical attractive force. The effective contact stress CT between particles is defined as the modified effective stress and it was hypothesized that € is the stress controlling the shearing resistance. According to equation (2.11) the modified aleffective stress T increases with an increase in A and with a decrease in R and when the forces R and A are negligible, it reduces to equation (2.1) as is the case with respect to coarse grained soils. There is a fundamental difference between the definitions given by Lambe (equation 2.7) and that given by Sridharan (equation 2.11) for effective stress. While the difference between the external normal stress and the effective pore water pressure U is taken as the effective stress by Lambe (i.e., the traditional effective stress), | Sridharan hypothesized C (the effective contact pressure as given by equation (2.11) i.e., average intergranular stress) as the effective stress controlling the shear strength. It is to be noted that when R and A forces are negligible the traditional effective stress and the intergranular stress are one and the same. Equation (2.11) is a general one and considers all the possible forces that exist in a clay-electrolyte system. To date, however, there is no reliable method of evaluating quantitatively all the parameters particularly the R and A forces in the system. Coleman (1962) stated that the first step in the analysis of triaxial tests on unsaturated soils is the representation of the stresses relative to the pore air pressure. The axial stress is therefore (¢, - U,), the lateral stress is (0, - U,) 22and the pore wat er stress becomes (Uy - U,). He attempted to Present the deformations in terms of these variables. Bishop & Blight (1963) have shown that while the equation (2.2) can account for the changes in shear strength with the changes in the state of soil moisture, the volume change behaviour cannot be consistently explained in terms of effective stress concept. They re-evaluated the effective stress equation for unsaturated soils and noted that variations in the (U, - U,) term did not result in a direct change in effective stress. This was attributed to the fact that the surface tension in the pore water acted over only a part of the surface area of the soil particles. They noted that the path of each of the two components i.e., (o - 0,)) and (O, - U,) must be considered in stress volume change predictions. Burland (1965) reiterated his dissatisfaction with Bishop's effective stress equation and proposed a set of constitutive relationships for the soil structure and the water phase. Aitchision (1967) realized the importance of mapping volume changes with respect to the independent stress variables. Attchision (1969) presented typical volume change curves obtained by independently following the (7 - U,) and . aths. (U, - U,) stress P 23Matyas & Radhakrishna (1968) introduced the concept of “stress state parameters" to express the functional relationships between stress and deformation. Volume change was displayed as a three dimensional surface with respect to the state parameters (o - Uy) and (UO, - UL). They performed tests on identically prepared samples using mixtures of 80% Flint powder and 20% Kaolin in which they controlled the total air and water pressures in isotropic and K, compression tests. The constitutive surfaces of void ratio and degree of saturation versus the (o - Ua) and (0, oa uy) stresses were traced out using different stress paths to test their uniqueness. When the CU, a” uy) stress was decreased or the => u,) stress was increased, the void ratio results traced out a single warped surface with the soil structure always decreasing in volume. Normally, a reduction in suction (Oo, = Us causes the soil to swell, but their results show overall volume decrease, indicating a metastable sturctured soil. Even though the soil structure indicates a collapse phenomenon, their results show a unique constitutive surface. The degree of saturation was always an increaing variable. When other stress paths were considered, the void ratio Versus stress constitutive surface was not completely unique. They stated that the restrictions on the paths arise from the fact t the hysteresis on the soil structure due to loading and tha unloading, wetting and drying introduce certain non-unique characterestics. Barden et.al (1969) advocated the separated control of 24the components (o - Us) and (U, - v,) when predicting volume change in unsaturated soils. Brackley (1971) used two independent stress variables d.e., (7 - U,) and (U, - 0) In his study of partial collapse of unsaturated expansive clays. Difficulties were encountered in attempts to apply Bishop's effective stress equation. Subsequently, the description of volume change behaviour was proposed as a function of independent stress variables. Fredlund & Morgenstern (1976, 1977) and Fredlund (1979, 1985, 1987) considered the air-water interphase as a fourth phase which is termed as the contractile skin. They suggested that any two of the three stress variables (o - U,), (o - U,) and (U, - U,,) are required to describe the behaviour of partly saturated soils. After attempts to apply the stress state variables to earth pressure, shear strength and volume change problems, they concluded that (¢ - U,) and @, > UY) combination is satisfactory to analyse the behaviour of partly saturated soils. They proposed two independent stress tensors for partly saturated soils. They are represented by (o, - Uq) % Tien T yx ley ~ ou) Ty oe eat (eo, - u.) for the first stress tensor; and 25(U, - Uy) ° ° 0 (u, - U,) 0 o o (U, - UL) for the second stress tensor. The first, second and third stress invariants can be written for each matrix. However in practice it is not necessary to relate mechanical behaviour to all the stress variables provided a selected stress path is used for both the analysis and for measuring the soil parameters. The above stress variables for an unsaturated soil also yield a smooth transition to the saturated case. As the degree of saturation approches 100%, the pore air pressure approches the pore water pressure. Therefore, the matric suction term (U, - U,) tends to zero and the pore air pressure term in the first stress matrix becomes the pore water The complete volumetric deformation of an pressure. unsaturated soil requires two, three dimensional constitutive surfaces. These converge to one, two dimensional relationship for a saturated soil. In view of the difficulties in defining the stress conditions in partly saturated soils and link them to observed behaviour, Edtl, Motan & Toha (1981) attempted to link the engineering behaviour with initial matric suction of partly saturated soil. 26Allam & Sridharn (1987) followed the same approach as that of Fredlund i.e., consideration of independent continuous stress fields, In addition, electrical surface forces present on the clay constituents of a partly saturated soil were considered and they presented a modified effective stress equation to analyse the behaviour of partly saturated soils. The modified effective stress equation is of the form o = o-U+ -U)-R Ua tx (7 Uy) Rote T oo. (213) where o' = effective stress o = total stress UL = pore air pressure uy = pore water pressure x = a parameter representing the proportion of the total void area occupied by water on the reference plane R = osmotic suction = contractile skin stress, and sf = surface tension Walsh sparks (1963) has shown that in certain partly saturated soils, it is possible for the pore water pressure vy, to be greater than or equal to atmospheric pressure U,. Olson & Langfelder (1965) clearly indicate from the theoretical considerations that due to physico-chemical factors involved, the actual pore water pressures in an unsaturated soil vary from negative to very high positive pressures, although the measured pore water pressure is always negative. This poses further limitations to the existing appreaches, which heavily rely on the measured values of U, and U,,. 27Bloch (1978) has outrightly rejected the idea of considering independent continuous stress fields for different phases in an interacting soil system. He opined that the concept of a stress state variable can be defined well only in connection with the special physical system, with which it is regarded. With reference to an interacting soil system, the dominant plastic properties together with the physico-chemical potential cannot be ignored. The overall total stress field is the only acceptable physical stress field and the physico-chemical potentials establish the measurable quantities. The pore air pressure, pore water pressure and the corresponding physico-chemical potentials _— are undistinguishable and are only the consequences of total stress variations. The analysis of partly saturated soils by modified effective stress approach is not only a complex, deficient exercise but also involves the accurate measurement of pore air pressure, pore water pressure and other x, ®, v, B, ¥ parameters. Frediund et.al., (1976, 1977, 1979, 1985, 1987) tried to terminate the effective stress equations by introducing thé stress state variables (7 - U,) and (U, - U,) which were arrived at by considering independent stress fields to analyse the behaviour of partly saturated soils. But according to Bloch (1978), independent continuous stress fields for 28different phas: es are not strictly valid in an interact 4 system. Still wi ee th Fredlund’s approach for the 1 the behavior ne ur of partly saturated soil, it is very essential to measure soe pore water tension in soils under different test conditions. This is an arduous job for which every field engineer would offer a cold shoulder Ai s mentioned earlier, according to Burland (1965), eff ffective stress considerations for partly saturated soils should be able to expain the extremes of (1) swelling resulting from the wetting of a desiccated soil. (2) collapse resulting from the tt collapse! e wetting of a dry soil are attributable to the changes The swelling or collapse in the state of soil moisture and its associated changes in soil state, compatible with external conditions. 3 stated that for appreciable heave or following three conditions are Popescu (1986) ha: collapse in @ soil, the necessary: swelling) a potentially unstable (collapsing oF partly Saturated soi) structure. ritical inerea: (a) ure content. ch must be high a stress whi low enough for goils and jtmetastable condition. se of soil moist (b) ae Lie! a value of the, BEF or collapsing enough fF ys to develop swelling je mechanisms involved in . Crh(1) Interparticle or intercrystalline swelling, In a dry clay deposit, hygroscopic water holds the Particles together under tension from capillary forces. On wetting, the capillary tensions are relaxed and ‘the clay expands to states compatible with external loading. (44) Intra crystalline swelling which is chiefly a characterisic of the momtmorillonite group of - minerals. The layers that make up the individual single units of montmorillonite are weakly bonded, mainly by water in combination with exchangeable cations. On wetting, water enters not only between : single units, but also between the individual layers that make up the units. Various factors influence the heave behaviour of soils which may be grouped into three categories. 1. Compositional factors (a) type of clay (b) amount of clay (c) initial pore water composition 2. Environmental factors (a) initial water content (b) initial density (c) initial degree of saturation (d) initial soil structure (e) stress history (£) availability and composition of ambient water (g) temperature 3. Procedural factors (a) size and shape of specimen (b) amount of disturbance to soil (c) method of measurement of magnitude of swell There are various methods available in literature to predict heave or collapse. Hence at this stage it is pertinent to briefly discuss the popular available methods for | predicting heave and collapse. 30Nayak & Christensen (1971) have given an empirical equation to calculate swell percent which is of the form Sp = 2.29% 10% (Pr) 2 4 6.59 p + (2.14) where S, = swell percent PI = plasticity index ¢ = clay content, and w= initial water content Vijayvergia & Ghazzaly (1973) have given an empirical equation to estimate swell percent based on the dry density which is given by = 1 bos $= ag [rq + 0-65 ub - 190.5) 2. . (2,16) where S, = swell percent vq = dry density in 1b/ft®, and LL = liquid limit in percentage Viyayvergia & Ghazealy (1973) have given one more empirical equation to calculate swell percent on the basis of moisture content as 2a -w+6.5) 1... (2.16 log 8 = 7p {9.44 LL - wt 65. . (2.16) where 8, = swell percent LL = liquid limit in percentage, and w = initial moisture content Brackley (1975) has given an empirical equation for calculation of swell percent in the form - t47e ) * (0-825 Fr + 4.1 - 0.8 } Ss, = {53 et Log P Se (2.17) 31where 8, = swell percent e@ = void ratio P = applied load in kPa w = initial moisture content, and FE " plasticity index Weston's (1980) empirical equation to calculate swell percent is given by SB, cSed Ale 10 (LE ox. (BOX tT (2.18) where 8, = swell percent P = applied load in kPa w = initial moisture content, and (LL,,) = modified liquid limit LL le {00 ) An approach to predict heave (swell percent) should take into account void ratio and degree of saturation representing the soil state in partly saturated soils. It should also take into account the clay fraction. This is because in the laboratory, liquid limit is done on the fraction passing through 4254 sieve. But in the field , the soil consists of both coarse grained and fine grained fractions. Thus either the clay content or the modified liquid limit should be taken into account by the approach to realistically predict heave. Now it is necessary to review how far the above approaches take into account the factors mentioned earlier. 32In equation (2.14), void ratio has not been taken into account. However, this equation is true for saturated soils where S,= 1 leading to e = G w and hence w represents void ratio. In equation (2.15), clay content and degree of saturation have not been taken into account. In equation (2.16), clay content and void ratio have not been taken into account. In equation. (2.17), since plasticity index has been taken into account, there is no means to account for clay fraction which is necessary in modifying the liquid limit. In equation (2.18), modified liquid limit (LL,) takes into account the clay fraction, over burden pressure p, the void ratio and water content w, the degree of saturation. However this suffers from the limitation that it is purely an empirical equation without any theoratical basis. Zein (1987) has compared the measured values of swell values in compacted residual Black cotton soil with those predicted by using equations (2.14) to (2.18). He concluded that with the exception of the swell percent equation proposed by Weston (1980) (equation 2.18), none of the relationships considered were successful in providing swell percent predictions close to the measured values for the entire range + conditions. The close swell percent of sample placemen Weston equation is probably indicated by the predictions d there remains a need to test the accuracy and fortutious an validity of this equation for natural and compacted expansive soils. 33Geotechnical engineers all over the world have encountered the problems of soils which possess considerable insitu dry strength but tend to settle dramatically upon wetting with or without external loading. The reasons for these settlements upon wetting are weak intergranular bonds and large initial void ratios. These cohesive soils have low density and are termed as collapsible soils.. The first step in developing a procedure to deal with collapsible soils is to identify them. There have been several empirical methods presented in the literature of varying degrees of complexity Two of the simplest are Denisov (1951) and Feda (1966) criteria. Dennisov based his criteria on a comparision of the void ratio at liquid limit, e,and the natural void ratio e,, The will predict the coefficient of subsidence k where k = susceptibility of a deposit to collapse. 0.5 (eer) (45), de _f Ket dy or [ s¢ Vaal aS JC ay deo ve (3.18) substituting equation (3.13) in equation (3.9) a KkTe dy os ( reve ) (- ]eeo (3.14) From equation (3.11), atx =0, y=a ‘ (+ ee 07” (2 Sesh (2) = 2 Cosh (u))? (3.15) ‘ 2 22 Bane v From equation (3.4), K = (4422) substituting these values in equation (3.14) and simplifing 2 4 5 2 o = Cenk Tt) (2 cosh (2) - 2 Gosh (u))? 4 2 an (+) 17 ol ener} See ee (8.16) i Based on equations (3.12) and (3.16), Van olphen (1963) prepared tables giving sets of values of u and 2 for various s ®values of Kdfor 5 7 pecific values of ( +) o’ Tis enables x= to compute the midplane potential u for known values of the soil and pore fluid Parameters. For computing the osmotic repulsive pressure, P between two particles, Langumuir’s equation has been suggested. P= 2nK T (Cosh (u) - 1) ee ee ee (997) Bolt (1955) used Vant aroff*s equation to calculate osmotic repulsive pressure given by Cc, Cc, eeate,{(]+[a2]-2}..-.. eam ° c where R = universal gas constant. T = temperature in °K. cy = concentration of cations in bulk fluid. C_ = concentration of cations in central plane. ‘e Sridharan & Jayadeva (1982) have shown that equations (3.17) and (3.18) are identical. Bolt (1955) used the following interrelationship between d, G, and C,. z V (f O,)* (x, + a) [0 - [= © 7" z 5 2 dy 2 Cc, ] _ soe (3.19) Cy 1 0 538 where @ = : TOO RT = 1X 10** cm. Mole at 20° c. F = Faraday's constant, and v = variable related to central concentration. Bolt has suggested the value for x. as x 4 1 o ° 6 ver - (¥) A tor tle S (+) °A for Xaetinue, and = (+) °A for Mentmenittonite, T= Surface charge density in Mea / om’, and V_ = Valency. For saturated clays the distance between parallel clay platelets can be expressed in terms of void ratio e of the system as e = Gr,Sa x10 se ee ee 68.20) where G = specific gravity of soil particles. vy 7 unit weight of water. §$ = specific surface of the soild particles’ in m /am. ° d@ =< half space distance between the particles in A‘ Now using inter-relationships of equations (3.18) to (3,20), the e-p relationship can be obtained. Tt can be shown that for a given pressure, p both the types of analyses yield identical results. © Sridharan § Jayadeva (1982) n of equation (3.12) together with equations (3.16) have also shown that by direct numerical integratio) 54and (3.20 ~ 20), the e-p relationship can be computed in an exact and continuous form, It has been further shown by Sridharan 8 Jayadeva (1982) that the influence of attractive force is very small in the range of void ratios encountered in practice. As such only repulsive forces are important. For computing the d-p or e-p relationship for a given soil from Guoy-Chapman diffuse double theory, the values of the following pertaining to the pore fluid are necessary. (1) valency of the cation. (2) cation concentration. (3) temperature and (4) static dielectric constant. It has been shown by several investigators that d-p or e-p relationship is very sensitive to the above factors (Bolt, 1956; Olson & Mesri, 1970; Shatnbderg & Klaussner, 1971 etc.,). As there is no ambiguity in the field values of the t ature and the static dielectric constant of water, a emper; ture of 298°K and a dielectric constant of 78.54 can be temperatu: t (1976) have stated that to Bolt and Bruggenver assumed. fy the soil solution with any precision, in normal specify ie 1 tems of temperate regions, the soil solution at natural sys ity is taken to be around 0.01 molar in total field capac. have also specified that at ntration. They electrolyte conce 55field ca pacity the solution roughly consists of equal amounts of monovalent and divalent cations Mcneal, Norwetd Shainbderg et.al., (1971), & Coleman (1966) and Bar-on et.at., (1970) have ve indicated that the Presence of fifty percent monovalent ions at field capacity tends the soil to behave as a totally monovalent system. SR SERESS STATE INEKCHANGEABILETY CONCEPT Terzaghi (1929) indicated that in a compressibility equation of virgin consolidation curve in the forme =a - b Log p representing the equilibrium states of a soil, the void ratio and the pressure are compatible, This principle was (1960) extended by Hvorslev and he has shown that the paths of e - Log p and e - Log qa are parallel for a given saturated soil and there exists a void ratio e for a given pressure p there by indicating the mutual interchangeability of e and p. This is known as stress state interchangeability concept. It was observed that e - log p plots of different soils are different. Hence there exist different voids ratios for different soils for a particular pressure. Tt was attempted by Sridharan & Jayadeva (1982) to ine the void ratio-pressure relationship from micro re-examine mechanistic considerations within the frame work of a Guoy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory. For this they tuoy-Chapman clays ith varying physical properties. Using the d three viz., kaolinite, illite and selecte montmorillonite wW: 56In Soil Mechanics pertaining to unsaturated soils, it has been shown by many investigators that the negative pore water Pressure existing as a result of partial saturation has a direct effect on the effective stress there by influencing shear strength and compressibility characteristics of partly saturated soils. According to Walsh Sparks (1963), soil, water and air can be classified in to five categories water : Water which is above the water i. Hunicular table and continuous with it, ter : Pore water which is not connected 2. Fellicular to funicular water. This can be sub divided into r consisting of annular rings of a permnelamae the points of contacts between wa grains. isolated capillary held water which fills the 50. ») olds locally. 57CC TSLI mperrv ere wenss PHO cagoGon) (Pd4) ‘d BYNSSAYd BAISINdSY JLOWSO “SA P ZONVISIG 30vdS 4IVH ‘Z2'€ “SIS Pay uid “RuNSSRYd IAISINATY é ‘ oot g govdS JIVH az +g9NnvLSIO 58 3 uP ore” we: 9 wgez = 1 Wioo = 4 SAILYSdOYd 31410819573 BLINO17 IMOWLNOW BLINN gamNn enclosed irregular air volume which 4s in contact with two or more soil grains, | continuous with external atmosphere. x ® reliable measurement of Pore water tension that exists in a partly saturated soil, Croney & Coleman (1960) have listed suction plate, membrane, oedometer, the methods like Pressure plate, pressure centrifuge and freezing point depression methods for measuring soil suction in a soil sample in an externally unstressed state. ‘They also indicated the range of suctions for which a particular method may be used. Hilf (1956) observed that an increase in the air pressure increases water pressure by the same amount in a partly saturated soil. He used this fact to develop a technique to measure negative pore water pressure by the transfer of origin method, also known as ’axis translation technique’. The air pressure in the soil sample is increased until the water pressure in the pores of the sample becomes positive relative to atmospheric pressure. Inorder to use this technique, a fine ceramic, disc is used at thebase of soil sample to prevent into the pore water pressure measurement and i n air from passing drainage lines. 59Olson & L 6 ongfelder (1965) advocated the use of high air entry val ue ceramic discs to verify experimentally the axis tri i ‘anslation technique in order to measure the initial pore wat j er pressure in a compacted soil sample. Fredlund (1977, 1979) adopted the axis translation technique to measure the ore pore water tension in partly saturated soils. By considering the contractile skin as an additional phase which brings the system into equilibrium along with the soil particles under a applied stress gradient and considering independent stress variables for the phases, Fredlund has tried to analyse the behaviour of partly saturated soils. But according to Block (1978) the idea of considering independent continuous fields for different phases in an interacting soil system is not valid. He opined that the concept of a stress state variable can be defined only in connection with the special physical system with which it is With reference to an interacting system, the regarded. properties together with the physico-chemical dominant plastic potentials cannot be ignored. Only the overall stress field js the accepted stress field and the physico-chemical potentials establish measurable quantities. The pore water pressures and the physico-chemical potentials are and are only consequences of total stress undistinguishable, variations. et.al., (1963), physico-chemical According to Yons ¢ the energy status of soils and are thought potentials describ 60physico-chemical potentials within Physico-chemical Potential consists of two components, nai mely osmotic and matric potentials. Osmotic potential arises out of solute effects involving doubl e layer repulsions and Van der wWaal's attractive forces, whereas matric Potential is mainly a result of geometry and capillary stresses at the air-water interfaces, From the above, the importance of the physico-chemical state of partly saturated soils can be discerned. 3.7 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STATE OF PORE WATER The physico-chemical state of pore water of partly saturated soils has been well defined by Bolt & Bruggenvert (1976). It is a well known fact that in a clay water electrolyte system, the electronegativity of the clay surface results in the formation of an electric diffuse double layer. The concentration of the counter ions and the co-ions in the 2 aiff double layer varies from a maxima and minima use ‘ ively at the particle surface, to a value equal to that respective 1k solution at a far off point in a roughly bu with the progressive removal of moisture of the exponential form. ly lay electro. from a ¢ yness of the water film is less than the cknes te suspension, a stage will be reached he thi cal fuse double layer. This may be achieved if thickness of the di 61by moistu: iré removal due to evaporation or by drainage under an xternal e: al force. As the ions have to stay only in the liquid phase, the extent of the double layer cannot exceed the thickness of the liquid layer in contact with the charged surface. In such an eveht all the ions present in the suspension are forced in to the liquid phase causing a readjustment of ionic concentration distribution, Such a double layer is termed as a truncated diffuse double layer. Figure 3.3 represents the condition schematically. The truncated double layer can exist either due to partial saturation or due to external pressure. The important feature of a truncated diffuse double layer due to partial saturation is it’s tendency to reabsorb the water until the double layer has developed to it’s full extent corresponding to the composition of it’s equilibrium solution. In the case of truncation due to external load, the reabsorption matches with the decrease in load, for example a rebound curve. From the above discussions, it can be inferred that even in partly saturated state, the moisture available gets ditributed around all the particles to form the type of truncated double layer with ions distributed within the liquid phase. It may be assumed that at points of closer proximity two such truncated double layers of adjoining particles still lap and interact to resist externally applied stresses may overlal together with the capillary stresses. 62“MBAVT a 1gnog G3alVINNYL V NI SNOI 4O NOILNIYN1SIG3Y 30 Qn 2707S Fw]? NOILVLNASSHd3Y DILVWWSHIS “€°€ “SIS wy eof? ve Fe) Inarep PUP ed 10 Bir apn @ x anon Aroq > OP Qa 7270S eID 7H oP war 1TreP Papers? mp & seoeni2qq PIM as 4akD} a}qnop papuayxa Ayn sakd} ayqnop payD2uni} Sa, ,- 9P. (33) }e op uol}D2uNJ} Jo 221689 uol}0J}Ua2U0D UOTAs the specific charecteristics of the truncated double layer is to reabsorb moisture if available and develop to an extent commensurate with the concentration of the equilibrium bulk solution, in the process it crosses a stage at which the soil gets saturated and exerts a swelling pressure for no change in void ratio. If volume change is permitted, the double layer grows to its fullest extent. Figure 3.4 schematically presents the truncated double layer due to partial saturation, the interacting double layer upon saturation being in equilibrium under the swelling pressure and the fully extended double layer under no load. According to Bolt & Bruggenvert (1976), the swelling pressure is always a function of the degree of truncation of the diffuse double layer. The critcal appraisal of physico-chemical considerations in this chapter clearly stresses the importance as well as necessity of physico-chemical considerations in the study of partly saturated soils. In recent years (1978-todate) at the Indian Institute of Science, for considering physico-chemical potentials, state parameter approach has been pursued to analyse the behaviour of saturated and partly saturated soils. State can be explained as a limited set of dynamical stem, such as pressure, temperature, of the which are sufficient to describe or specify the variables volume, etc.» 64Particles in Equilibrium Under Capillary Stresses Particles in Equilibrium Under Applied Ps 2 0 DOUBLE LAYER QUE TO EXTERNAL STRI MCUBLE LAYE ESS OR INTER ACTING B)TRUNCATE! + 7 te - ae ¢) FULLY EXTENDEO DOUBLE LAYER « “FIG, 3.4, SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF ION DISTRIBUTION IN TRUNCATED g FULLY EXTENDED DIFFUSE , nquaLeVAvER, ee arstate of a syste, m completely, Basically, the variables that ean be conside. red pertain to Stress state and Physical state The selection of the aPPropriate stat. identification of ate reduces to the (4) saterial opts varigbles that can encompass a wide state of materiai’t#ms in physical and chemical (11) Stress state y, ariable as a non material variable required for the characterisation of a system For successful application of the state variables approach to practice, it is essential that the state variables can be easily evaluated or determined by simple tests and be _theoretically justified. Ultimately, the above approaches have to be compliment to each other. This situation can be recognised for saturated normally consolidated clays. For a saturated clay, the material state parameter, void ratio can be uniquely linked with the effective stress mobilized in the system. If, the state parameters can be generalized to bs Lhe type of null and Lhe past slrons history effects encompass the 0 can be identified and suitably taken care of, the link between the ‘terial state variable and stress state gets better ema’ established. of partly saturated soil, void ratio and e case In th turation are independent material state of sa Seseee j1 is another independent variable. It is parameters, 5° tigy a combined state parameter of all the ny necessary to ide! The relationship between’ this variables. above three 66parameter and the effective stresses in partly saturated soil need be examined for practical exploitation. The effects of pore water tension need to be accounted for in the generalisation of partly saturated soil behaviour. These aspects are examined in chapter 4 along with the possibility of developement of a physical model to provide a relationship between generalised state parameter and applied pressure under different equilibrium conditions 67CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL MODELCHAPTER 4 DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL MODEL 4.1 GENERALISED SOUL STATE PARAMETER FOR SATURATED SOILS The - e re-examination of the void vatdo-pressure relationship from micromechanistic considerations within the framework of the Guoy-Chapnan diffuse double layer theory has revealed that d-p relationship is unique for a given, physico-chemical environment and the type of clay is dealt with effectively by the associated specific surface (Sridharan & Jayadeva, 1982) This has been further examined and inter-relations were developed in the working stress range of 25-1000 kPa (Nagaraj & Srinivasa Murthy, 1983).The equation for the linearised portion of the d-logp plot (figure 3.2) is of the form d = 97.67 - 29.343 Log P So ee (4.1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.998 This represents & unique relationship for all clays in is parameters d and p. This equation cannot terms of microlevel i tice, since the ted in engineering practice, be directly applic’ meters d and Pp cannot ¢ distance between the particles, d for a be easily evaluated. The involved paral average half spac dom variable and at best, only 1G tochastic ran soil is a5 natural givalent parameter can be obtained using the a statistical e4 68‘Sured parameter of specific Hence an approach to replace this parameter by an casily In addition, wocenes, measurable parameter becomes a jessity. since the term p represents only the net osmotic repulsive Pressure and unless, an inter - relationship Among osmotic pressure, Coulombic attractive stress, effective stress and the applied external stress is generated, a direct application of the equation (4.1) to the field conditions is not possible. Terzaghi (1936) noted that the results of simplified soil tests like Atterberg limits depend precisely on the same Physical factors which determine the resistance and permeability of the soils, but in a far more complex manner. It has been concluded by Nagaray & Jayadeva (1981) from micromechanistic considerations that the liquid limit of a soil is a reflection of its surface activity. Water content at liquid limit represents the water holding capacity of the between clay particles or clay clusters under the soils influence of force fields which result in identical n: aration distances and critical shear strengths. sep: jg evidence in literature (Casagrande, 1932; There s , ; Wroth & wood, 1978; L & Mickle, 1970; , i Norman, .1958; Russe 1965; Wroth, 1979; Whyte, 1982) that there Youssef et.al, near strength value and a corresponding e exists a unique 5 at their liquid limit water tion pressur e consolida’ unique 69contents for all soils. From this and the unique d-p relationship (#1 fon eich §- 3.2), the existence of an unique average St tablishea ance dat liquid limit water content gets established. ‘ A consolidation pressure of 6 kPa and a half space distance of 82 A° are the unique values. Dividing both sides of equation (4.1) by 4 and substitutin, ° @ the value of d| = 62 A” on the right hand side, ~j- = «1.191 - 0.358 Log p eee ee (402) 4 Now from equation (3.20), Z “4 e Gy, 8 aX 10 So, e, = Gr, S 4 x 10% e d or - ee ee (4B e, a, ¢ ) 4 in equation (4.2), Substituting for a 2 = 1,191 - 0.358 Log Pp (4.4) L where ¢@, is the void ratio at liquid limit water content. Now equation (4.4) represents equation (4.1) with ble parameters in left hand side having replaced the neasural non measurable parameter, d. The term in the right hand side ressure, Pp. It was attempted to s osmotic repulsive P: eter with easily measural involve; ible parameters by link this param of effective stress. considering the concept ambe (1960 a,b) bY combining the external forces on the L , d@ the physic ven the follo g-chemical forces emanating from the particles an wing equilibrium equation based particles, has & 70on laws of Station os Ge . mT Peat Uae Ray . (4.5) Where o = to, ° tal externa) applied force per unit area. o Mineral to mineral contact stress. Pls A Pore air pressure, = Pore water Preessure. (R- A) = net interacting force on unit area and, Sy > a, and &, are the fractions of the total unit area in contact with each ph mand water respectively. arian iene For a saturated system, a, = 0 and for assumption of no air-mineral and mineral-mineral contact, a, = 0 and a, = Hence equation (4.5) reduces to oe = U+(R-A) oro -U = (R- A) ew... PE (4.8) In a consolidation test, at the end of primary consolidation, U = 0. Hence equation (4.6) leads to (4.7) w= ie AD L a saturated interacting soil, at every stage of n ng consolidation, it is presumed that the equilibrium dur: 3s is equal to the internally mobilized external applied stre! It has been shown by Quirk (1960) and net interacting ee that in the normal ranges of the Sridharan & Jayadeva ( ei ered in en ount than one percent of the repulsive neering practice, the attractive void ratio enc 58 constitutes 1¢ force assumed that in equation (4.4) p bi ay force. As such 1 ™ 7resents — vr (RA), Now replacing this term (RA) by the ternal ex’ al stress as per equation (4.7), equation (4.4) can be rewritten as = ligt - e, 191 - 0.358 Log p see ee (4,8) where P | = externally applied stress. “e, = generalised soil state parameter which takes into account the physico-chemical interactions. The above relationship implies that at macrolevel, —2 bears a unique relationship with Log p. This aspect has been examined by Nagarajy & Srinivasa murthy (1983) for published data of 11 soils. They have shown that for normally consolidated uncemented saturated fine grained soils, e@ = 1,122 - 0.2343 Log P fk aie) e, L and for overconsolidated saturated uncemented soils, upto Pp, <. = 1,122 - 0.188 Log p, ~ 0.0483 Log p ee cee (4,10) in kPa. = e consolidation pressure Where P, pre p= over burden pressure in kPa. PARAMETER FOR PARTLY SATURATED 4.2 GENERALISED SOLL STATE SOILS + 4, of generalised soil state parameter of The conceP 72saturated soils has been extended to analyse the compressibility behaviour of partly saturated soils. Since & partly saturated soil is a three phase system, void ratio ¢ and void ratio at liquid limit, e alone are not sufficient to explain the behaviour. Further due to partial saturation, pore water tension is developed. It has been shown by various earlier investigators that the pore water tension affect the yolume change and shear strength behaviour of partly saturated soils significantly.Hence attempts were made to identify an additional parameter to account for partial saturation. Considering two particles or packets parallel to each in a partly saturated soil the other at half space distance d, for a given initial degree of saturation 8 system, ‘ed layer of water together with the minisci formation adsorb: In the absence has been schematically indicated in fig 4.la. of an externally applied stress, the system is in equilibrium. equilibrium are (Nagaray & The forces maintaining the Srinivasa Murthy, 1985) (1) the reaction (%.,- %,) per unit area of the forces on the particles through the Soeorbed layer, forcing the particles to closer proximity; and sico-chemical interacting force (R-A) per (2) the net physic ftive. in nature on the particles, tending to separate them. he self weight of the particles no other Neglecting © eep the system in equilibrium. forces are acting to i 73Degree of Saturation sr (ua, Yor) FIG. 4.14 Degree OF Saturation (wage) $12» ' ONS IN A PARTLY SATURATED =; Fl RIUM CONDITI Y 6. 4.1. EQUILIB f SOIL. 'Then the sta: t: ideal equilibrium equation can be written as (RA), = vr (e. - 9 ) a Oy ee AAD For U, = 0 i.e., air phi ny phase continuous or pressure in air phase as datum. ee nae (4.12) With th application of external stress o, the system 4, and equilibrates into a new state with half space distance the de gree of saturation S, for no change in water content 2 (figure 4.1 b) In the changed state, the forces acting are - u,,] per unit area of the ‘2 "2 forces through the adsorbed layer of ‘be forcing the particles to closer (1) the reaction [ 0, capillary water, may proximity. al interacting force per hysico-chemic ‘ive in nature tending to (2) the net P unit area (R-A), repuls icles, and separate the part: component per unit area 3) the external force (3) Grmal to the particles %- The static equilibrium equation for the changed state can be written a5 a ce ETB) (R- A), = For U. = 0 due * 5 air phase and U, as datum, or = ue (4.14) (R- A), = Now algebraically: } (» ~ uy) > Fey” 2 715ond RR ay : + 4u, A R- = ( AL = R- A) + A(R - A) With AU. id -, ww and A(R-A) always being positive increments o- aU, = aR A : * ) Se ee (418) Change in surta , ce tension (U,-U,) in a partly saturated soil is an inverse function of the radius of miniscus (0, - U,) = *(+) on Radius of miniscus ‘r' is an inverse function of the equivalent radius ’R’ of the area of the water phase va,’ in contact with soil particles. r= ¢(+) Therefore (UL ~-U) =F C R) But, radius 'R' is a function of square root of the area of water phase, a. therefore R = 4 (7% a J (U, - Uy) = #[ a fn of water phase a, reflects degree of saturation. e area Hence (U,- Uy) = 7 (=) ¢ saturated clays wherever the microstate 5 in the case ° As in esenting the influence of interparticle repr Parameter, 4 ven care of wy tne generalized state Ce forces can be ta 76parameter +, { (2) View : L 3 re orms a combined generalized state parameter for partly saturated soils Thus in thi 8 chapter, an analytical model has been developed within the framework of truncated double layer theory t eory to predict the volume change behaviour of interacting, partly saturated, uncemented soils. Inorder to examine the lidit: validity of the above approach, appropriate experimental investigation is programmed and reported in chapter 5. ' 17CHAPTER 5 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONCHAPTER 5 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION §.1 BEEERENCE STATE IN PARTLY SATURATED SOILS In the case of saturated soils, while. attempting generalisation, liquid limit state was taken as the reference state. Hence all the experiments were started from the liquid limit state and so the stress history effects were eliminated. In the case of partly saturated soils, such a reference state is not quite apparent and hence it has to be established. Since partly saturated soils exist in a state of unknown sed condition induced by capillary stresses and/or compaction Ifa degree of prestre: alternate wetting and drying 11 be subjected to prestress effects. it will have different due to stresses, they wi partly saturated soil is compacted, stress histories and it will respond differently with stress This will var: ntal data would not be y from sample to sample and hence conditions. amenable for any the whole experime! nterpretation if the experiments are started from meaningful i the o: ted state Hence, in order to eliminate stress ompac : sed to start the experiment from history effects, it was Propo! the loosest state. 5.2 ENSURING CONSTANT HATER GONTENT CONDITION nat desree of saturation plays a It is well jmown +! 78(1) In the conventio; be exposed to they Codometer cells, the sample will © atmosphere through the sides. (2) Due to this, drying of leads to reduction dn’ pene gamble takes place which @ water content. (3) nea it is not possible to maintain the sample in © desired state throughout the experiment. (4) Thus the experiments are carried out at a progressively reduced water content in the partly saturated state which is not useful. Due to the above, it is not recommended to carry out the partly saturated soil experiments in the conventional oedometer cells. By surrounding the sample with a rubber it was thought possible to maintain constant water membane, content in the partly saturated state throughout the experiment Hence the sample was surrounded by a rubber membrane and the experiment was conducted in the conventional domet: cell But it was found that the dolly and the oedometer , bst: ted the complete insertion of the membrane which screws obstruc hence reduction in the ‘tmosphere and sure to & leads to expo: tent of the sample, Thus it was not possible to water conten periment in th ¢ consolidation cells were fabricated e conventional oedometer cells. conduct the ex new type ° y surroundin . ¢ wnich is shown in figure 6.1. The Therefore, g the sample by rubber membrane, with facility fo f ° the schematic diagram ; f# a bottom aluminium disc consists © n cell new consolidatio 19@ee @®ee80 15mm_ thick. Brass base plate 170 mm¢, Bottom Aluminium disc 90 mm $, 28mm thick. Consolidation ring 76.2 mm gp, 25.4 mm thick. 17 mm_ thick. Top Aluminium disc 74 mm ?, brass plate 88mm %, 9mm thick rigidly Small top ® 7 he top of top Aluminium disc. fixed to t O-rings Rubber membrane 0.5mm thick. Screws. FIG. 5.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF MODIFIED OEDOMETER.hroughou igati Tl hout the investigation, consolidation rings of 3 inches diameter and 1 inch height were used. Inundation of tle sample from the bottom is ensured by a burette connection to the side of the base plate. To check up whether water content remains the same through out the experiment, samples with known initial water contents were loaded to different stress levels and allowed to reach equilibrium. Then the samples were taken out and water content determined. Water contents for red earth at the time of setting up and after removal from the cell are shown in It was found that the variation in the water Table 5.1. In this way it was ensured that the content was negligible. ant throughout the experiment. water content remained const: 5.3 SOILS STUDIED lly encountered in limit range norma pn liquid Soils wit! for study. They are red earth, brown Practice were chosen 1. Soil and black cotter soi 81STRESS LEVEL WATER CONTENT AT THE sl “WATER CONTENT vCea TIME OF SETTING AFTER REMOVING Lo ___THE SAMPLE (%) THE SAMPLE (%) 2 14.83 14.54 [- i 14.16 14,15 14.01 14.14 14.01 2Soils were excava ti od from dried, tly Pulveri shosen sites, air ee a sed and fractions finer than 425 4 sieve were lected. About ° ut 150 kgs of soil passing 425 u sieve Was ts collected and thoroughly mixed to make it uniform and stored n sealed bins The liquid 1i, ontents Were, uid w mit water Fala V-19 79 "a 7Ze determined according to BS1377-1975 froonine,” Plastic limit, specific gravity and natural water content were determined for each soil and the same are reported in table 5.2. It 4s evident from the table that the soils possess different potentials as reflected by the liquid limit water contents. This makes it possible to encompass the behaviour of other soils having intermediate values of potential automatically in the generalised relationships. 5.4 CONSTANT WATER CONTENT CONDITION AND INUNDATED CONDITION * dition during shifting the cell to the equipment, The con g and reloading the sample to the unloadin loading/loading, to reach jevel and allowing the sample required stress n no change in water equilibrium at that stres® level whe content is permitted is known a5 constant water content condition. reached equilibrium under the has ated with water from top and When the sample it is inund required stress level: _ dition. ¢ inundated com bottom. This is * 83 |TABLE 5.2 INDEX PROPERTIES — | RED BROWN BLACK —— _ | EARTH goIL | COTTON LIQUID LIMIT (%) | ~ ——— 50 62 84 PLASTIC LIMIT (%) Be a = pened 31 47 PLASTICITY INDEX (%) 23 31 37 1 SHRINKAGE LIMIT (%) | SPECIFIC GRAVITY | NATURAL WATE CONTENT (%) 84$6 PREPARATION OF sampLEs ; ; About one kg of soil was taken, mixed thoroughly with predetermined quantity of water and kept in a plastic bag tightly sealed using rubber bands. The plastic bags containing the soil were kept in air tight container for one day for uniform distribution of moisture. To form the sample in the loose state, the consolidation ring was kept on the top of the table. A known quantity of Prepared soil with prefixed moisture content was taken and m the top level of the ring, The soil Poured into the ring fro immed to the level of the 3 tr formed in the form of @ heap 8 The excess soil was wel the quantity of soil used for ghed and knowing the top of the ring. ny Quantity of total soil take periment was determined. the consolidation x 85SOIL TYPE fe RED EARTH BROWN SOIL 15 BLACK COTTON 22,23,24 L 86gu TYPES OF pESvs Experimental carried out at two levels 7 to examine the vali Mdity of the proposed arproach. They aze (1) mone iotonic compression tests under (a) Constant water content condition. (b) inundated condition (2) effect of a behaviour eet Prestress on compressibility (a) constant water content condition. (b) inundated condition. Soil was filled in a loose state into the ring to eliminate stress history effects. A datum state was obtained by compressing the so obtained sample at 10kPa, The loss of 1g compression was prevented by surrounding the moisture durin. soil sample with a snuggly fitting rubber membrane secured in ings at bottom and © quipment and the sample was loaded ne O-ring at the top. The Place by two O-r. cell was shifted to the © The samples reached e desired stres' s level. are shaliy fe mis test is known as constant water equi one day. eee agter reaching equilibrium, the e i test. =at one corresponding yoid ratio and degree d the Sample was removed an ined. of saturation were deter” id ‘+, the procedure remainet dition tes ted oon In the inunda ondition up to a ant Wa nt je) ter conte that of constan ar s 87SE ca ae sample reaching SUL bediag a ndor ich th the q after wh: © Sample was tnundateg # SStred stress level of 1487 #5 LeEt for the ga. MA water. & duration le t prises Ge © attain Sauilibrium. once " M14briun, a * "* Was removed’ and the corresponding voig ratio ang a Saree og getermined. Saturation were Series of constant water content tests as well as inundated condition tests Were conducted on different soils with different initial water contents, In each case, the soil state represented by void ratio, e and degree of saturation, 8, was monitored both under constant water content as well as inundated conditions. Table (8.4) shows the different types of soils studied, their initial water contents and the levels to which the samples were stressed. wie LMDUGCK) busts ON The soils we: e: nder four different prestress re tested w Pi . The testing levels of 300kPa, 400KPa, 600kPa and 600kPa 1s, e stress leve Mocedure 1s explained for one of th {00k namely ing to into the r 8. 4g in a loose state s obtained by cil was fille state wa datum Lins ts. A isture during “nate prestress effec loss of mo: the % Pa. ample “essing the sample to 10H surrounding the soil s d by % ter Pression tests was preve? 88- TABLE 5.4 RESS LEVELS A TRESS ND DIFFERENT INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR D pstRBP ie DIFFERENT SOILS (MONOTONIC LOADING) f “INITAL WATER soIL TYPE CONTENT W (%) oR sant STRESS Lee SUBJECTED 25, 50,10! 200 400, 3800 25,50,100, 10, 20 400, 800 8, 50, 100, 9,200, 0, 400, 00 "25, 50,100, "200, 00,400, 800 25, 50,100, core 400, Coo 50, ‘100, 200,400, 90,800 err “6,50, 100, 200, 400, 800 I FFERENTugely fit yith @ 6m) ting py orings at the botto, ‘Uubber Membrane gg ; j m and o; cured in a Place by two “rin yes loaded Gradually to 400kP, "S at the top. the sample The py the sample was Monitored, Compression Siperreasea The Sample attained «. . 7 ina day. Then the sample vag aud librium Unloaded to 254P, was monitored and a duration a The rebound f 1 day to attain equilibrium, "as left for the sample Then + desired stess level ang aj), he sample was reloaded to the owed to reach equilibrium. This st as stated earlier Constant water content condition re is 8 content conditi . The sam ve ‘ng vo: past ple was removed and the corresponding void ratio and degree of saturation were calculated In the inundated condition test, procedure remained same as for the constant water content condition test up to the stage of reloading to the final external stress level after the unloading. Then the sample was inundated with water. The swelling or collapse experienced by the sample was monitored. content condition as well as Series of constant wate ted for different soils itmdated condition tests were conduc r contents for diffe! In each case, the rent prestress "ith different initial wate tions. levels and for various loading cond! y void ration @ both unde: gable (5.5) show jtial water contents e and degree of Por nH state represented © y constant water was monitor’ s different Sturation, 5, sons Sntent and inundated condition typ, ath var i. i ed aa sent gtress yevels and re ous 40: different stress Us “d, dizterent induced P' 90 eTABLE 5.5 ss1RBD PRESTRESS WITH Dearne STRES INITIAL SS Levey, CONDITIONS FoR Dire ‘SAND DIFFERENT INITIAL NT SOILS Theo aSTRe TYPE INITIAL WATER See STRESS LEVEL SUBJECTED (kPa) 100,30 EARTH 21 je 300 50,100, 300 | corron |. | 50,100, 300 | SOIL weati - . _ ; 50, 100, 300 RED E 9 7 EARTH | 19 50, 100,200,400 15 "| 50, : Brown | _ __ Es , 100,200,400 400 SOIL | 24 50,100, 200,400 50, 100, 200, 400 | 50, 100, 200, 400. RED EARTH | 18 50, 100, 200,400, 600 Am enatncr 3a | 60.100, 200, 400, 600 50,100,200, 400, 600 “50, 100, 200, 400, 800 $0, 100, 200, 400, 800 Fo, 100, 200, 440, 800 50 $0, 100, 200, 400, 800 50, 10! 200,400, 600 _—_——— “BLACK COTTON ~ 33 soIL LL. g1> evel ™ , ysed and discussed in chapter 6. o which the samples were loaded. Test results are i anol . 4CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSwithin the framework op chapter 4, aiming at the go. . del developed in (1) establishment o¢ state line by monotonic 1 mn ic loading. (2) estimation of he 6 ave Prestress, and oI) Ollapse due to induced (3) estimation of Swelling Pressures 6.1 FLOW LINES To characterize the different soils studied, cone renotrometer liquid limit tests were conducted, the results of which are presented as flow lines (W versus D) in figure 6.1. From the figure it can be inferred that black cotton soil with ahigh liquid limit (84%) has a steeper slope and red earth with a comparatively low liquid limit (50%) has a flatter slope. It is found that by dividing the water contents by the Srresponding liquid limit values, all the points and hence Lelding the different flow Lines collapse into a single line y: “equation of the form an 4 = 0.7679 + 0.0118 D : This indicates that Wi ; f 0.9574. Mth a Correlation coefficient ° to induced shear at sistance the ¥ ®ny cone penetration, Gil ae ccemeccolevel “sex ig mobilized at the 58° “W ( olevel) Voruue d spacing Ls sume at mior 93WATER CONTENT, W Cl) [—W = 0. 7679 + 0.0118 W. = 0.7679 + 0.0118 D |_ Std. Error of estimate, € = 0.0129 a © - Black cotton soil A - Brown soil @ - Red earth L Correlation coefficient, = 0.9574 1 L L te =| 23 27 19 DEPTH OF PENETRATION, D (mm) FIG. 6.1. FLOW CURVES. 94- SHMENT OF STATE we psTABLisi STATE LINE BY MONOTONIC LOADING : 6.1 to 6. qables © 6.8 present the results of the tests (both 1 . constant water content and inundated conditions) conducted for ait the soils with different initial water contents. Figures how thi 5.2 to 6.9 show the void ratio, e versus externally applied pressurey g water contents. In each of the e versus Log p plots, p plots for all the soils with different initial nixinl jiong constant water content path, the degree of saturation nereases as the consolidation pressures are increased., This induces positive incremental changes in pore water pressures commensurate with external loading. Still pore water tension continues to resist compression. The soils, hence, equilibriate at higher void ratios compared to the void ratios reached upon inundation under constant load. Irrespective of for the range of liau id limits considered, in the the soil, pressure range of 25 to 800 kPa, er void ratios. there has been collapse upon inundation resulting in low The magnitudes of reduction in void ratios at any stress level depends upon the The collapse upon inundation initial degree of saturation Ss). tension gets nullified upon 1s due to the fact that pore water adding water thereby reducing the effective stress. The n effort to mobilize internal Teduction in void ratio is 4) Further, to resist external forces. i Mterparticle forces ss are distinctly constant water content and the inundated line: » mee, Doin is bommiee pore ai, fferent in the e versus Loe ong the constant waterTABLE 6.4 oh ' INITIAL WATER CONTENT, w = 15 % . VOID RATIO AT LIQUID LIMIT, e = 1.325 L DEGREE | case | test) vor pRRE . COND TIO | SATU! esses |TIONS| © e SATION| (Br e ( | - ie | (e) a a As as - : _| 9-208 0.457 0.844 0.637 a i mneee| 0.908 0.953 1.090 0.823 0.778 0.587 0.940 0.709 0.733 0.553 0.833 0.629 a cwe | 1.234 0.300 0.548 0.676 0.510 , | Ic 0.717 0.954 0.977 0.700 0.528 SS a 2 409 cwo ] 1.068 0.351 0.593 0.633 0.478 — = i Ic 0.642 0.931 |” 0.965 0.619 0.468 800 cwe } 0.782 0.475 0.689 0.539 0.407 1.000: 1.000 0.468 0.353 SWC = Constant water content condition. TC = Iundated condition. 96TABLE g 9 :RED EARTH golb Int TAL WaTER CONTENT, w= 20 % VOID Ratio 4 5 ‘T LIQUID LIMIT, @ a). LF 2825 sePLIED | TEST] — yorp DEGREE l—— SURE |CONDI| Ratz a kPa | TIONS 210 | SATURATION e 7 Sr ef |- & eu cwe | 1.781 0.2) id 0.962 0.726 0.930 0.762 ° 0.919 0.694 0.892 0.673 100 0.621 0.841 0.635 0.902 0.753° 0.568 0.676 0.774 0.584 200 pf Ic 0.769 0.886 0.941 0.724 0.546 0.598 0.773 0.677 0.511 0.648 0.489 0.540 0.407 0.482 0.364 ndition. CWC = Constant water content © IC = Inundated condition: 97goth : BROWN SOIL ao APPLIED PRESSURE (P) kPa | 25 50 100 Ic 1.04 : 2 | __ 0.888 0.942 982 586 aa ewe 1.285 0.321 0.567 +728 +435 Ic 0.961 0.881 | 0.939 902 539 abo cw 1.166 0.354 0.595 694 414 | 1 2820 |_9-988 +783 +468 | 691 - 580 +346 | 800 cwc 0.839 ° +o 0.983 .569 -340 NN __ | ie 0.579 ee ee ition. CWC = Constant wate content cond 98- gosh 100 f. : 0.319 0.565 0.873 0.522 se * 0.968 200 r CWo = Ic TED | TEST PEESURE CONDI (P) kPa | TIONS BROWN SOIL cWC 0.683 0.940 0.561 1.228 0.430 0.656 0.805 0.481 0.897 0.947 0.840 0.502 cwc 1.158 0.436 0.660 0.765 0.457 te ] 0.814 0.866 0.930 0.757 0.452 -" | 0.630 0.794 0.652 0.390 = Constant water content condition. = Inundated condition. 99TABLE 6.5 ; BROWN SOIL INIT: ot TAL WATER CONTENT, w = 22% ve OID Ratio ap LIQUID Liuin, e es AppLIED TEST VOID = 1.674 L Ske F URE |CONDI] RATIO. | gap me yea |TIONS| eg sg etLON Bar (or eae eee [Be [oe ° a 25 0.547 1.078 0,644 0.839 1.246 0.744 © 0.563 1.057 0.632 0.935 1.168 0.698 0.610 0.966 0.577 1.000 1.101 0.658 0.679 0.872 0.521 0.943 0.849. 0.507 cwc | 0.897 0.670 0.819 0.734 0.439 400 —_ 2 _ . ~___|_ 16 | 9.697 | 0.992 0.996 | 0.694 0.415 soo «| CWC | 0.707 | 0.825 | 0.908 0.642 0.384 ee 0.630 1.000 | 1.000 0.630 0.376 CHC = Constant water content condition. IC = Inundated condition. 100 ~~ 2 ae> TABLE 6.6 , BLACK COTTON SOIL INITIAL WATER CONTENT, w = 23 % i VOID RATIO AT LIQUID LIMIT, e = 2.293 L DEGREE ; TEST) VOID OF appLIED ‘URE |CONDI| RATIO | SATURATION 8 sr is mPa TIONS € Sr ie . 0.277 0.526 1.093 0.477 Ic 1.548 0.871 0.933 1.444 0.630" cwc | 1.874 0.314 0.560 1.050 0.458 100 ef 1c 1.314 0.894 0.945 1,242 0.542 cwe 0, 390 0.625 0.933 0,407 | 400 — Ic 1,060 0.891 0.944 1.000 0.436 1.203 0.477 0.691 0.831 0.362 0.909 0.908 0.953 0.866 0.378 CHC = Constant water content condition. IC = Inundated condition. 101pa" TABLE 6.7 ob BLACK COTTON SOIL INITIAL WATER CONTENT, w = 30 % 4 VOID RATIO AT LIQUID LIMIT, a 2.293 DEGREE 7 [ ypruzep | TEST) _ VOID OF eS ‘AgssuRE |CONDI) RATIO | SATURATION {Sr efSr | = |") kPa TIONS Sr eu jo — cwe | 2.470 0.320 0.566 1.397 | 0.609 25 =| | Eeaeieees 1.661 0.857 0.926 1.536 0.670" cwco 2.187 0.363 0.603 1.318 0.575 50 - —— = 7 Ic | 1.352 0.878 0,937 1.267 0.553 0.650 1.199 0.523 100 bs 0.995 1.174 0.512 an cwc | 1.470 0.555 0.745 1.095 0.478 0.956 0.978 1.083 0.472 0.750 0.866 0.961 0.419 1,000 1.000 0.904 0.394 1.000 1,000 0.753 0.328 [te 0.751 1.000 0.751 0.328 = J = CW = Constant water content condition. IC = Inundated condition. 102TABLE 6.8 , BLACK COTTON SOIL INITIAL WATER CONTENT, w = 35 % i VOID RATIO AT LIQUID LIMIT, e = 2.293 L 491;0M 1} ur sass peu: 104‘d “BUNSS3ud Galnddy ATIWNYALXS (Pd4) d “3unssaug 0001 e500 = 9 vI86O=L d6010187 0- 698 1= 2 (2) 0490 °0= 93 67660 =4 d 607 10z8'0 - 4862 = 2 (1) (Z) volyDpunu! Jay — X (4) Uajuo> 42}DM jUD}SUCD — BW OZ = !M ‘ua}UOD 49j;OM JDIVUT ulape pay : 1105S “SA ‘OLLVY GIOA ool “€°9 ‘Old 7°0 2 ‘OILVY GIOA 105‘d "BUNSS3Yd QAldd¥ ATIWNYSLX3 “SA @ ‘OLLVY QIOA “9°9 “Old (Dd 4) d ‘JUNSS3Yd 0001 001 A T T TTITTT YT TT T Trt a T 79€0°0= 9. r2660= 4 607 SZIS 0-022 = a (2) oO 106 2190°0= 9 2046 “0 = 4 d607 8470 - 1€€°2 = @ (1) a ‘olive GIOA St (2) vorppunu! sayy - 7 (1) Juajuos 49}DM yUDISUCD - 7 te SL =! {}Ua}UOD 43}DM JOINT el os \los uMolg‘d "SUNSS3Yd GAMddvY ATIVNYSLX] “SA 2 ‘OllvuY GIOA “S°9 ‘9 (Dd4) d ‘3YUNSSaYd 0001 ool 0z a! rrrT Ty tT Tt Tory 78° 0 4 zh 89900 B7L6'O=L d 507 99150-1242 = ® (2) £190°0= 9 ee6'0 = 4 d 607 |1€4'0 - €86°2 = @ (1) (Z) voNppunu! 4aijy - Ww (4) yUayo. 4a}OM BUDISUOD - 7 eh 6 = IN [yUayUC> 297DM 1ONNUT Mes umesa : es. 2 ‘OlLvd CIOA - 107‘ad ‘BUNSSAYd G3lldd¥ ATIVNYSLXS “SA 2 ‘OLLVH GIOA ‘9°9 ‘old (Dd4) d ‘SYNSSAYd O00! ool 0z SS ie ptt 0170" £766" 607 Sz78S°0- £92" 29L0 9686°0=4 4607 91060 - see €= 2? (1) 80 N got (z) voropunu! 13¥- Ww (Y) Waywod 4a}OM JUDISUOD - 7 27 = TN TyUsyUSD 1970 Mes umora = 2 ‘OlLVe GIOA 108‘a "BUNSSAYd GaNday ATIWNYALXS “SA 2 ‘OllVY GIOA ‘L°9 “Old (Dd4) d “3YNSS3Hd 0001 a 001 02 T T TTT T TT t sod 0°0 = 3 726602 : d 607 6905 ‘0- SLE'Z = @ (2)778°0 TTT 8%70'0= 9 oz66'0 = 4 607 79040 - loge = 2 (1) < 3 2 So 2 > = 2 4? (2) uorppunu wayjy-O (4) JUa}UOD 4e}OM JUD}SUOD-O EU = IM ‘JUa}UOD 42}DM 1DIWUT WOS UO}OD YODIG : 10S 4‘d ‘SYNSSIYd G3lIddVv ATIVNYSLXA zss0'0= 3 7S86O= 4 d 507 £9950 - LLE*Z= 2 (2) 7920'0= 3 2666°0=2L dD 5OT LSI £27 =e (1) (Z) uolppunu: daisy - ({) }ua}U0> 43}DM juD}SU0D - OE % OF ='M ‘JU2}UOD 49}DM JDIZIUT VWOS YO}}OD YODIG | 1!10S 2 ‘OlLVY GIOA (Dd4) d ‘3YNSS3Yd — ; 0001 02 370 sw “ 2 ‘olvy GIOA 110“gd "gunssaud Galddv ATIVNY3LX3 "SA 2 ‘OllvY GIOA “6°9 ‘9I4 (Dd4) d ‘auNSS3Yd ooas 02 TT T TT a4 o4 = $920'0 = 9 s 82660 = & Ss d507 11970 - 0z7"z = @ (2) 2 > 99600 = 9 2 1466°0 = £ om OZ e d 607160071 - S0O0"y = @ (1) (Z) uolppunu! daisy —9 (}) }Ua}UOD 4a}DM JUD}SUD ~ © % SE = 'M ‘\Ua}UOD 42}DM JOI}IUT Woes U0}02 yODIG = 110sdifference in pressure at any given void ratio The inundated petwoo? constant water content condition and condition is indicative of the magnitudes of pore water genssons Tt has been shown in chapter 4 that Y can be n to represent pore wator tension, Hence state parameter take . 7 5, versus Log p for a partly saturated soil has to bear @ unique equilibrium ition which is found to be true. Figures 6.10 to 6.17 relationship with applied pressure at cond: show e Y S, versus Log p plots. For monotonic increase in pressure, without any prontrous effects, the pore | water tension is directly due to external loading and hence 4 unique state parameter ¢ ¥ S, versus Log p is possible. In each of thee Y S, versus Log p plots, both constant water content inundated points for a given soil will merge leading to a and narrow band. Upon normalization of e Y 8, by the void ratio at liquid limit, e,(= w, @) (Figure 6.18), all the points and hence the lines for all the soils studied collapse { ( cos J vs, } versus Log Pp space to a narrow band in the yielding the generalized relationship {(2) of 3 = 0.9830 - 0.2057 Log p. : (6.2) With a correlation coefficient of 0.9161. This order of band Width is inevitable since it has not been possible to incorporate an appropriate parameter to account for soil intracluster characteristics. In the tab ric particularly f = ) 7 5 } is the GENERALISED 2, L abo Ve relationship, 112‘d "SUNSS3Yd GAllddv ATIWNYSLX3 “SA ASAe ‘BlVIS 10S ‘O19 “O14 (Dd4) d “3uNSS3ud 0001 oot prrrt Tat 7690 0= 3 IIGOF 4 d 607 €S6Z2'O- ELE 1 = 4SNe uo!jppunu! 4aisy — X jua}juod 4a}DM JUD}SUCD - g % St = 'M ‘JUa}UCD 4a}DM ]DI}IUT uyspa pay : 10S‘d "SUNSSAYd G3llddy ATIVNUBLX3 “SA ASA ‘AlWLS T110S ‘IL’9 “IS (Dd4) d “AYNSS3Yd Cool 001 0z To T TittTry]. fT T Trttry TT 70 x ee | =~ x 8 s eo 8 68€0°0 78960 d 607 2082-0 - 79€'1 uo1}D}Dpunu! 3 & wiv -— X juajuo> 43}DM yUD|sSUOD —- BW 02 = 'M ‘\uajuod sayom joNIUT Yyave pay 10S ISA? 114J ae cr a A MPR SIRE ‘d "SUNSSBYd Galddy ATIVNYALXS “SA JSA® ‘BLVIS 10S ‘ZI'9 “Old (Dd4) d “3YNSS Bud 0001 001 T T ave Tt T T 02 ee 0°O 6S71°0 Se1L"0 d 607 1082 0- ze7"I 2 9°) A 4SNa uoNvounul way —w Juajucs 4aj}DM juDjsuoD ~ Vy % SL= IM ‘Wuayu0s 4ajom yD! uy ua W0s umMogg : Jog“d “BUNSSBYd GAalldd¥ ATIVNUSLXS “SA Aspe ‘Zivis mos “e1'9 “Old (0d4) d‘3uNSSaud 7 0001 001 T ee | T T ee T v 9690 0= 3 wele0= & d 607 420€ 0 - 42Gb = ASA? uo}opunu! waijy - yuajuo? 4ajDM juDISUuOD - 7 6L = 'M '}UajUOD 4ayOM ]O!}!UT S UMOIG : 110S‘d ‘BUNSSAYd GAllddv ATIVNYMALX] “SA ISA? ‘givis 10S ‘719 “Old (Dd4) d ‘ANNSSAYd 0001 oot ee T TrttTy Tt T zeso0 = 9 isseo= £ d 607 S6LE°0- 9ELI = AS Ae uolppunul way -— Ww juajuod 4a}0M judsuOD - 7 %& 72 = IM ‘yUaqUO. 4ayOM jDIV1UT wos uMoIg s a7‘d “AUNSSAYd GAMddyY ATTIWNYALXS “SA 4SA2 ‘ZlvIS NOS “SI'9 “914 (Dd4) d “3YNSSAYd 0001 oot 02 TT T ee T Trttry Tt T4970 o 2 8 5 : a 2 ° a zh a ° 2 a 3 6660°0 = 3 ou esee'o = d 507 Lace 0 - 881 = ASAe voppunu! Jaiiy - O jua}uod 43}DM jUD}SUOD -~ O £7 = 'M ‘wazuo 4a}DM yDIIUy a WOS U0}}09 yODIG : 1105 LO‘d "AUNSSAYd GAMddV ATIWNYALXA “SA 4S ‘ALVIS M0S “91°9 “Old (Dax) d ‘3UNSS3Yd 0001 oot 02 ' T ee Trt yt tT = 80 o Oo 8 | oO 4 © 2 Bey szv0'0= 9 67860 = L d 507 80S7°0 - 680°2 aspa uolyppunu! sayy — yua}UODd 412}DM JUD}SU0D — O OE = IM ‘YUa}UCD 4a}OM 101} 1U] WOS UO0}}OD YODIG : 110S Ze‘Old ‘d ‘3UNSSaud aalday ATIWNYBLX3 SA Aspe “AlVIS 10S ‘L1'9 (Dd4) d “AYNSS3ud 0001. : O01 oz TT T sO Trtt ot > 3 aL ae uoljopunu! sayy - GO 17200 6066 °0 d 507 9c6¢ ‘0 - 0812 juajuod 4a}DM JUD}SUOD - © % SE = !M ‘Jua}UO? 13)DM DI} 1U] WOS U0}}OD YODIg : j10S \ ISA? 81 oe 120‘g ‘aunssaud GaNdd¥ ATIWNYSLX3 ‘SA JS/78/2 YBLBWVYd LVS 10S GaZ!TvUINaO “81'9 “OI4 (Dd 4) d ‘3YNSS3Yd oz 7 0001 OL Try T_T T re + pat 0°0 16770°0 = 3 40448 P4DPUD}IS . I916°O= £L JUa!d!Jj902 UOol}D}a1109 0 d 607 4502 ‘0 - 0€86'0 = 4Sp> payopunu © quaquc> 439]0m juD\suCD 92 thenoo wooie 121 ° Ppa}Opunut v juajue> 3a}Dm yUd}sU0D 7 29 }10S uMmoug a here] yuayue> 494DM yUD) ue A os yyipa pay les uonspues uo! DIONPARAM sol STATE teh) FOR PARTLY. catumarep Gor, and p is the overburden Pressure in kPa. hig GENERALISED LINE represents the STATE LINE FOR PARTLY SATURATED Sorig The specific advantages of the above mode of generalization by consideration of an appropriate state parameter are that (i) measurement of Pore water i the use of gene tension can be overcome by ralized state parameter. (ii) since the disposition of the state line in 7 i con ¥ versus P space is independent of stress history effects, it would be possible to identify other compatible states. Location of points e (s)Vs } » Bon the state space reflects L different possibilities. If a point lies on the state line, it will be a monotonically consolidated partly saturated soil with no prestress effects. If a point lies below the state line, the soil is under prestress which is analogous to overconsolidation in saturated soils. If a point lies above the state line, it indicates that it is a partly saturated soil’ in cemented state prone to collapse upon further loading and inundation. To examine the validity of the generalized approach, two different soils (other than those used in the investigation for generalisation) were used with liquid limits of 60% and 86%. Experiments were conducted for both constant water Content condition and inundated condition for different “nsclidation pressures. Tables 6.9 and 6.10 present the Tesults of the tests conducted for these two soils. It can be that the different pointsgorb : DARK BROWN sory, VOID Ra —— TIO 4 «| [ AT Lraurp LIMIT, e = 1.620 APPLIED | TEST) yo DEcReg [| ~-——-, u PRESSURE |CONDI! Ranqo OF (Pp) kPa | TIONS I SATURATION S& e _ [+] Sr By esr | - Isr eL 25 0.648 0.680 50 0.613 Ic plimoasee 0.952 | 0.976 | 0.964 | 0.595 cwo | 1.628 0.310 | 0.957 | 0.906 | 0.559 100 —— 0.879 | 0.542 0.797 | 0.492 200 0.760 | 0.469 0.617 | 0.381 400 0.436 iecd 1,000 "| 9.708 Ic po 0.974 0.330 0.649 | 0.339 | a eee dition. CWC = Consta IC = InundatedTABLE g 10 golb + GREYISH BLACK go: TL INITIAL WATER CONTENT,W = 24 % VOID i RATIO AT LIQUID LIMIT, @ = 1.782 L an ne APPLIED | TEST) Vorb DEGREE PRESSURE |CONDI/ RATIO | sarony e (P) kPa | TIONS . RATION JSr e Jer | - Jer ev ewe | 2.1 25 ; 44 0.297 0.545 1.168 | 0.656 Ic | 1.4I7 0.788 0.888 1.258 0.706 - cwo | 2.051 0.311 0.558 | 1.144 0.642 1c 1.366 0.737 0.858 1.172 0.658 0.634 1.025 0.575 100 1,000 0.992 0.557 681 0.923 0.518 cwc a 0.464 oO oo = ,.o00 | 1-000 | 0-866 | 0-480 Ic 0.866 | 1 condition. nt cwo = Constant water conte! = Inundated condition‘dIHSNOLLV13Y AYNSSAYd~ YALAWVYYd SLVIS TOs G3ZITVY3NI9 4O NOILVGITVA (Dd 4) d ‘3uNSS3ud a eae T : P— jpjuauitsadx3 pazi}D1aua9g uolopunu! sayy - O }Ua}U0D 4a}DM JUD}SUOD 'M ‘JUa}UOI 49}DM ]DI}IUT % O09 > Wut pinbiy WoSs UMosq y4ADG : 110S % Gl = 619 “Old 0z 125‘dIHSNOLIV13Y BUNSSBYd-Y3ALAWVYVd lvls NOS GaZIve3N39 40 NOILVGIIWA °02°9 ‘old (Dd 4) d ‘JUNSSAYd oot oot 02 a T TrttTy.r Tt zo f joy uawtsedxy ale 90 m2" a pazipeuag 126 uolppunu! sajiv - O }UD}SUOD Ja}DM YUD}SUOD — X 'm ‘\ua}uod 43}DM ]DIFIUT % 99 + yw] pINbIT Woes 42DIq YysiAa19 : 72 =ater content and 4, nundate alized . condi: gene state line, tions lie close to the ated and partly sat, tan | ly saturated uncemented inte: racting soils. © respectively given py 1.122 - 0.2343 Log p : ae coe 6.9) ee 0.983 - 0.2057 Log p From the equations it is clear that there is deviation in the intercept and slope values. The deviation in the slope yalues are attributable to the following. . (1) In the case of partly saturated soil, the soil will be mixed initially with some water which leads to the formation of clusters right in the beginning itself. (2) Also occluded air bubbles will pe present due to partial saturation. ce of air bubbles in addition to water ° see Po the mobilization of surface tension forces. Hence resistance to compression will be more. Thus the y saturated soils when compared to slope is flatter for partl} the saturated soils: e and in the intercert valves of n The deviation sie : yoid patios: L i jul corresponding eauild? Z aeare?® at 1o# re explained in terms of the In the case of partly saturation under low full Saturated soil» n0' possible to realise fu. is e Sonsolidation Press™” 127[o4 S3NIT alvS “I12'9 ‘ols “SUlOS GBLVUNLVS ATUVd ONY G3LVENLVS 4 (Dd 4) d ‘SHNSSAYd 0001 001 ol T T I t z'0 s}10S pajyDanyos Ajyspd AjyDIy!U! (1=45) S108 payDsnjos A})D! Joy J 607 e782 "0-2Z11= > 128> ation upon inu on indation. Hence the soil equilib t e a pisher yoid ratio. So the inter, quilibriates ept value of (—& ) 8, o hen is jess for partly saturated soil due t oS, being less ¥ compared tO saturated soil jn the case of enn partly saturated soils, even YP? jpundation in the Working stress range of 25-800 kPa, it ¥a® pich 18 e to realise the slope of saturated soil ¥ pot possibl these clusters que to the Presence ef inbuilt clusters getting modifies dow hich resists the compression. Hence the slope of partly saturated state line even upon inundation, cannot equal the saturated state slope gor the ranges investigated. two state lines it can be seen that the The From figure 6.21, consolidation pressure- attributed oon as the soil Upon at a very high for this can be aturated soil 8s 5 ers will be formed. will merge 9 the possible explanation In the partly 5} following: the clust ater, 3 to is mixed with ¥ will modify displacing themselve loaded to high clusters g these cluster They loadint when new positions will break In fully saturated soils, ure. Hence consolidation pres® a with loading. ively formed and deforme a) had high are progress) both lines will merge consolidation 129