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(38 A) BOAR AySol FH 23 «SIXTH So Sua! . (atodmng eb BG Sorcirsce HOUR (PeScbot sot EASY GRAMMAR @nGGcr THE PARTS OF SPEECH (0 aeG, 0 4,5) grap eptiainen Seummomo (FHS BS SoGotads Sddwa efdSned o6oSsndaon. arte hen wm Sédo hen ed cox Sore Seonts* Otyh Samy 89 SOE Bios. SBdGor AOS Sores Soo, Bot AY costed dsys dro Seon Sod ddim Sthtbehos. screv od aryjod® Acirod Agser oi} IVS errresrr Deore. aN parts of speech (grah Scigrriswen) oD woirts, All the words in English are divided into eight kinds according to their use and these kinds are called “Parts of Speech". 1. Noun (wsbardscin) 2, Pronoun (tarrapain) 3. Adjective (DBzjeci0) 4. Verb (Ech) 5. Ad-verb (Sair Déamcin) 6. Prepostion (Deiggg Sdn) 7. Conjunction (Sss<)oi3%s3) 8. Interjection lerstas Gsergesn) PHPss io Abdul, boy, child, daughter, aati, 388 SomoGoOs Bite? Soibiheth SomoGols Dey, werf......... Ant, bat, cat, dog, elephant, fox eda) Robaot tonohods bee. 24 24 Hobs SE) sof hSoh #8 Ages Ramu is just sixteen years old, Ramu has no brothers and sisters. Ramu's birthday is on June 7th. Ramu's father is a farmer. Ramu helps Ramu's father in Ramu's spare time. each &2 Dorr haar, drinitae oer ewisrnorr dotnod. sng 499 485 Storr erair. Ramu is just sixteen years old. He has no brothers and sisters. His birthday is on June 7th. His father is a farmer. He helps his father in his spare time. ® paragraph & G8 Ramu oh a ater He, His od anarhodée x6Acd. Deeheasin 1. Ramu is a boy. 2, Ramu is a clever boy. PBods seiner’ Mod, Souls anegine* clever wis Sdisn etiéorn iyokHoG. & Geisiw etirisarr Doth Tqasss, ered Ent, Poetry Sense. 1, Swathi is an innocent girl. What kind of? Innocent girl, Ede (em wou S57 4D (action or work). carry, drink, eat, play, read, walk, write as) S2p Hxoe0? Bo8 aipinem Soddcrsn. 1. Tlitthe lamp (Si Size SBADSD) Gair DIanSo (Edir Ddimtin wtrrds ? Eddi Dohod Agpso. Rasy walks slowly. Rosly walks. How? Slowly. Degg SSSx The book is on the table. (98s Band Shs 455) A preposition is a word used to show relation between two words in the sentence. Ex: In Bombay, at the station, from London, for sacrifice, 24 howe GS A) aoh= Sho FH 25SSwdyjcbsn esr 2 Parts of speech 8 3088 Sore Sxitch Conjunction (Stinehytosin) Kenthahosssgysirts, Be strong and wise. Goce adjectives 9 Sextpto) 2) conjunctions: 1. and = S8cin 3. but = = lor = 38, dor 4. still = nota 6. only = eondsy8s awsias Bsargsso SoSyS Sear astys Sor Mohs grdsiw deny doco ‘Interjection’ ©) Sto. Alas! She is dead. (wiry, ea cindtansa) jPibarstaweda 6iswen qAoPdbsned Mgoint exgmdumbad nouns (ribarssawen) A Got Gers Sortinewrr Iftodscyk. 1. Proper Noun (5:8 So Sow riorssin): Definition : A proper noun is the name of a particular person place or thing. Dogs: a SMES ABS re, Gowns ed der Sass TPA Bots Std w be GAsdorr asos Ss as Sse ds aS Hoswss Goch. 580 Proper Noun sotrts, S55 PA Paso Boi e¥sein Capliral Letter (oY e¥5S) erated, Ex: Raju, Lucy, Mr. Bush. Mrs. usha Narayan, Auntie, Dad, Mum, Uncle Tom. Asia, Africa, Austria, Athens. G Park Avenue, Wilson Street, Assembly Bhavan. Things : Aristocrat suitcase, Nescafe, Royal Gold Tea. Miscellaneous : Autumn, Christmas, Friday, October, the Hindu. ” 5. yet = womiieir 26 24 howd (35 2) sof Bok 56) 2. Common Noun 28 a8 Bs Utd BoGs HBS Po, dowd wn dor SS PO Bock Bi Seay wtharsssess ‘Common Noun’ (sri Sor mW weber ssiio) wh St. Persons : captain, cricketer, girl, teacher, son, student. Places : village, town, city, country, river, ground, mountain. Things: blade, book, chair, machine, plate, slate, table Miscellaneous : bird, month, war, week, metal, gas. 3, Collective Noun (Scbrs#gs acorn) Dar Gein (Unit) rr Sorows ad SdH dgho do Skye Asiwcrabsisd ‘Collective Noun’ wotrt. 4. Material Noun (wd 3a Sarg (\sHy, mass) TeaTSFo) DADS Looks 2S Sngre wo, Mowre weA SSdorrwd, srcinigrr eS aodbag aorgaine ‘Dgxp Sev SSsweth "Material or Mass Noun' @®) eo. 5. Abstract Noun (thet Tdssx): spdoiGdbdned (ftrodads dive ait’ aatroviat <8 Signy Coty dyerciin dor rheadin Shorwd Sora Sor HB Deoren abstract noun seo. ARTICLES epse), eof eraé® 2,05, a, an, the om Sart Stine Noy. 580 wO85) ‘Articles’ wotrty. Si aidirticnss Iasi osscsero 5 erie? £9 idieviin SAbowsth. 4 * og Si BoHA ASaHRownS dor Secs. en an 4 the Da 1 esr 28 eb derar wD Bayt. wochd Boo ase Waartisne daot ascirhodth, 24 Hobe? (27 2) 2. La bok FH xés: A boy © atdix: es ermdio (aipar Scie) A Girl @ KGS: as erbs A pen ens : a8 Sec A chairs 3S z 28 ty Psa d Hd 2 K6G, 2 BE eh aifSorht. oh Host. wb 2S eoarty spat. eS(an) oSrr 28:68 See Serr oh Bayt. coted AIO ser aringy therdéiine snoth AsGrRoits. 629 Agpiir SUArASIS Ievnhorrsn. eon SESsinod® 3,3,0,6,009 a,€,1,0,u 20 Sdye sis Sedinxs, a8 S0GbS dante a,cJ,0,u Shire ©.2,a2,do of tec sodden Joys Gaomso. af mod S6Gos doydad Sarco séGrhodiodnm. Spar wihards Sap @, 3, a, a, 6 Ggbod? (SSoghs = Sszin Swot eS % aiairAod &ssBx. a: an ant @5 aod a8 da an egg es oF a [fey an ink bottle eS sof add : a8 Romng an owl sn 26 a8 Mog Are an umbrellaws eoi@ee a8 Mar a Bods esd) Sow of Bhpo Sm. od ded aSanae’y ugsdy (Indefinite Articles) sotrt>, Serar GO DspAsype ‘6’ (The) 9 AdSarAost. °B' (The) dS@ettind® me Ndbsinen Now. rea teiitin Sthard Bema Saigss. suds Says ns rd Sstabsns* Sy SP eyswor erdint StyS%04. 28 24 fobd! (8 S) aos Soh 55 SEVENTH Seton) Ssodsine® oF Dy soxryeatosnn HOUR wotSefn (Ph kargeato Swot aS, sword Panos wnba, to sivaar sPaobo’ bow aid Si ede ahd Sddvemh wd sodas Bomdantn, FSsnod) aiairiod Oxy Oxy artysmens jprciots Ady sonra, Ort Si 808 BOS Serer ddyhagw, 7 dort Soom SOD wos Terns GedGyowod. ea Bot Ncore rhe davod. It, he, she, boy, girl, table, chair,ok, fruit, an, a, is are, they, we you etc... Sars FS; Noywsnssh sofied® ag; NoyerNs oer doe DHA. & Bots wHes® ayy Doeasion Ucinnes Soren Sry rer Sorr Home. Ex: She isa girl & Gedo ASKS web at ade. (She= eS is= 45 a= a8 girl= OS) ea dao 25 Pos 3S oa) oS rE ah oF Atyiie dobtedth. SON rd Galetti aah siydr dabsia, ot arciod. SS and and Noheisin dt ach ee dance an Igo Si Saye 85 o If go 3% ShySond Sdb oh sh = We gouptoit atte Pd Bg Hapcise add @ BE Itisachair 88 28 Sf. ta artgtinot Oe od Ont GHD che ~rabod. 24 Mobe (SS 2) wofe baoh HG 23 =They are boys. It is a wall We are boys It is a book They are girls It is a pen, It is a fruit It is a pencil Girt HOS SYS B6rr HHS GG S aay Swed? Adeirxvé*od. ) 1. 3 w8 Sond, @ v5 d'ond) 2.5 s Sond (adh @8 Gand) 3. da Kk w5 m6) 4. of © ord (eS BE © ged) 5. ath o ad (aS of eo wd) 6, ath © aS (wed Sel eo v5) 7. at) © Bs (ati Ge © BS) 8. ath © DYE (ai GF = DHS) VERB San OSgSSo: Sie, Rebosb, SDAdinotham Bens Arbhets “Baber” od Bee. Functions of the Verb (Sco 26 :Q0d Sivan): —resorr Bah arent Siwow Tyo wD : 1. $8 Hass SA (Action done by the subject): 85 DS datos* Benes. Ex: 1. That boy lent me his book 2sd% Bh BH4 Saves (Action done to the subject): $6% 02) BOA aenapar. Ex: 1. The hippopotamus was shot by some one. 3) $8 De SOndimoST Baga. Ex: 1. We have a scooter. Sch - Siswen: 2 Ste aaron. 1, Main or Principle Verbs (ag Sates) 2. Auxiliary or helping Verbs (Atabes Gates) 30 24 Hobe (35 2) softs Soh 88) $5) Tvph? Gsiotdnss Diary Gisns* oe (Sdehn(1361) VERB - TENSE Sip -spesiw Spoken English & Tense edod Grorsys StrmAochs si wodtnk arvidrr Stns sectors, TENSE - KINDS (S820) LPresent Tense ((@oé5 B5)) girssrozio ILPast Tense (SE BS) tdisrosin IL. Future Tense @piS By) Hays secn I. PRSESNT TENSE 9 (Sd#85 ein): & Tense Giydo etirbdbny SN Benspebod. Example : We buy a television teday (db adb 2 GODa5 end) She Say TV, Somaysio Il. PAST TENSE (¢iedrrewio) : &: Tense eSAafons 309 MBed Beoryeoo8. Example : We bought a scooter yesterday (Sd ar 2 imbE ag5e) On thie timghb Pagsio TI, FUTURE TENSE (g2338 setim) : & Tense sayot: atch BOO rhBod) Tenweood. Example : We will go Mumbai tomorrow (db DS A awonds twird') Bah Shain women Debabaysin. Hed Ga) whe Gh FHSS68 BcbS recived sorts Ndswerr Dgidodstines. L. Indefinite (simple) Tenses. 3. Perfect Tenses. 2. Continuous Tenses. 4. Perfect Continous Tenses & DGorr Verb St Swgo Ix 4 = 12 GSsne Hes. Present tense 1. Simple present tense : I go to school Gz @&8 Stgeboxs) 2. Present continous tense : 1 am going to school (82 83 Hgce ants) adpe athrbar ashe. 3. Present perfect tense : | have gone to school (Gm a&8 aijdinod) w6AS ahs aod Sonogdnsys* & secins asidiefodat, 4. Present perfect Continuous tense ; I have been going to school Past tense : 3x w&S Mipcir Ho8d (ahsse® Bsogg ow SD BESS exorbiier Souls) 1. simple past tense : I went to school (2% ad& Bad) 2. Past Continuous tense : Twas going to school (Se @&8 Seyi Haye) 3, Past perfect tense : | had gone to school (xo 2&8 Bon 0e3D) 4, Past perfect continuous tense : I had been going to school (Si O88 Bixee Sod) Future tense : 1. I shall go to school (x 288 pte) 2. I shall be going to school Gx 0&8 Soir Hote) 3.1 shall have gone to school (3% o&8& Siycnod dinathss) 4. I shall have been going to school > 2&8 Seiytr ainod Boots) BS DS60DS wey} Re owssS AS o Sodithsnet Odgaiore SreQesaS orrore Bdciow. atndods HOF woyecs ds Rrodssinrr prcinest, chsh GabBoso8. s Mitiarr hoe dasat -- beth Hbegior® sofishas Seysbocists, 32 24 Howe (5 5) sof bSoh 58 pS Beph Sdbosa Gor Ssveore Hggomt, 1, Strong verbs 2, Weak verbs . STRONG AND WEAK VERBS Gob eob 55 36,) SoS prddnod deltin dose o8 wudnt Sohgogs 8 Dtidorr dor Stisbteedorr shiisin aciehou: griira Good. BSS thio Seisod erdo Gin orvo Sore Hotich. BP Srsaine? Bake re 12 Unsisiwokte chlo wigahse Seah. wad & Babess Shtorr GSarhod Sabo trite iiss Sgiiorr San siioh Sys. ad Seah Sh deo cessive SQ 09 Strong verb wer shor Sabi OS0E! edd, rE 2.8) deat Saroorr ginsisrshyad PSD Weak verb sotrts. Soc & Strong verb & error wegabao dohiieh josmod. STRONG VERBS be was been being a se AS donoh eat ate eaten eating wes ad 255 woh draw drew drawn drawing e or ies Iponoh bite bit bitten biting as as Bas SoA chide chid chidden chidding ag OG aaa DER do did done doing a ae 6s eronohi ited GEO whe bik PH34 fell oe forbore SESE forgot paneey forswore SERRE froze ee rode BE arose etd awoke wos bore ee begat oes rose eg foreknew PGxiry fallen Fes forborne 3585, forgotten SEroS forsworn SERS) frozen (Fas riden 8a8 arisen sBe awoken estas borne 2h begotten ores risen Ban falling S00" forbearing S8800R forgetting SEASOR forswearing SEACH freezing 20h riding Béok, arising eBe0K awoking eSgoh bearing B5oh begetting OAGoR rising Baoh foreknown foreknowing S595 SES 'omoh 24 ob (G8 B) aofise SSoh 5B) HOUR PG ase? 47 a Setme SoH LoS) Bosh? In (Sdorind’n wos Bes HAS oh BAP ES (OE Robs BASH WEAK VERBS & (oO TIO RevSorr SAVE GabBorios burn burnt burnt burning lead led led leading speed sped sped speeding knell knelt knelt kneeling ight lit lit lighting lose lost lost loosing sit sat sat sitting wind wound wound winding heave hove hove heaving smell smelt smelt smelling deal dealt dealt dealing dig dug dug digging bring brought brought bringing pay paid paid paying sell sold sold selling find found found finding bend bent bent bending mean meant meant meaning dream dreamt dreamt dreaming leave left left leaving smell smelt smelt smelling teach taught taught teaching meee GED wales bak FyFy Sora of) wotoed iy od smssing® sod Baie tedhen bear beat beaten burst burst burst cut cut cut hurt hurt hurt rid nid rid set set set shut shut shut split split split thrust thrust thrust PREPOSITIONS OgE, 6 SGawep oft Sogrsiead® Prepositions FS omer Gis— AeSo SEemyod. Sis HOD KON Ostor GrbS Dekada. od Odom a8 aPibarciicnsth sping a add eridiwiith re Somodtinks Bens, Please meet me at 3 p.m, on Sunday Od fof bb wh 4 book oS BE Hchdtwod Sin sbarttin Fobowno 4 Kotex Seve ae. & PMs Tos oss asaged. ax gsiss eedgobtined, O68 ebubtined souks, ch egineds mer Sethe, There is a cow in the field (6S a F oS 6 £4) Srexing® 28 et) Soch. He is fond of sweets Ep Ged Grok oh Ahh e808 Sys soll oan, te Seah, tanosoG L Sorte Hee at, by, for, form, in, of,m off, on, our, through, till, to with, up... 2. Somory berAaxyy a, by Sonybarso deny ge Sex aus DOSER Hockey AgaY axtysmoctnts. wD; 36 24 Howe? (G5 2) mafic bof FB) about, above, across, amidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind, beside, below, between, beyond, inside, outside, within, without etc. a 3, QS Rasd ak (QGyhs adiga* srhs Sd Sivcrabiin) according to,a long with, away from, because of, by means of, by reason of, by way of, in case of, in course of, in favour of, in order to, in place of, on account of. ete..... WORDS FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS That book about computers is very interesting There isa crow on the branch above you Do this problem according to the way you have been shown The little boy ran across the street 5 To day bus after bus passed by without stopping Don't lean against the wall Divide this cake among you She threw a stone at the fierce dog Iwalked before her The child is hiding behind the tree. You are not allowed to hit below the waist in boxing I saw a boy standing beside me Besides his relatives he invited his friends also. He divided the money between Raju and me. The cake was cur by my sisiter with a knife Sentries guarded the camp during the night The girl cried for help but no use Our school is one kilometre distance from the Railway Station. She is in the kitchen She was waiting inside the cinema Put the pencil into the box Keep off the grass A week consists of seven days The cap is on his head He hit the ball over the boundary She has been reading since 5'O clock Is she realted to you The dog is wader the table She cut the bread with a knife. You must pay me back the money within one year, 24 Hong (5 3) softs HSoh 55 37Si) Buvph? Gtotidind® 8 BY Seezo te 8G GEco emore) shes NOUN - GENDER aPtbardsan - Dota Sdajoth Smit Sex doth. AGSow sotits. sand Gender WSS Siow dba Afwok SGxg08 Sos Gender, Sex wi Sore they Syengs Posin shotwo0G, axe, bag, chair wx Soroh Sex Gott mf Gender doto08. (Doriseoen - SSswen): QE ahs ds DAshoa ard Doretooed ag Peorh 6Ssmeorr Dgidiomts. oD : 1) Masculine Gender : Aesyod th, Bhosio socio a86 eodberodind iS ox) STEPS Gensy sidan Ex: actor, boy, cock, dog, father, uncle. 2) Feminie Gender: aoxniyod*xs, debed as, 2d add woth eotind® xpd) webrOn Benth Seen. Ex: actress, girl, hen, bitch, mother, woman, aunt. 3) common Gender ; eiiGir SAGie HyBorr Bess Dols Sayhr Shockey GG) Noun. Ex: Friend, student, child, thief 4) Neuter Gender 2806 asi amtbeis QSonowinderon ASE Sk Bens Noun Dnt, Dotson Ex: axe, book, chair, pen, slate, table ae 38 24 Hobe (35 3) aos SySoh 55, PRONOUN (FOR NOUN) * stsgaveaioain Noun (arsoar iain jot nthenrr atGrAodé sdsnss Pronoun (Starz) 88 Be. A pronoun is a word used in place of anoun or non-phrase to avoid its repetition. ; ; Ex: I, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, mine, myself, us, our, ours, ourselves, who, which, etc, Pronoun - Kinds (S6;7a%e - 68Sne0): Pronoun 9 Bo DGaorr Desotseye. ea): 1, Personal Pronouns (ag8Ma Sar Swoarss Weyortbsnen) 2. Interrogative Pronouns (eysoned Stgrsiioes) 3. Relative pronouns (Gomot S68 dor Somogys Htigrcadnen) 4. demonstrative Pronouns (ageede Eg Mrdiawdjs AtywPeosines) 5. Reflexive Pronouns (wij Songs Sor GSterSs Nogrinine) 6, Emphatic or Emphasizing pronouns (a)q°S5 dar og Styarchsioes) 7. Reciprocal Pronouns (@a'yaygs Stgrthsnes) 8, Indefinite pronouns (e284 do eiegs da edad Stigprsivcionen) 9, Distributive pronouns (Gagsrss Deaarge Stgarsocinoen) 10. Possessive Pronouns a gsyos Soyprcotine) 1. Personal Pronouns (Sp8id Sor Qowgs Soyrsadoes) Definitoin ; Personal Pronouns are those which stand for the person speaking, spoken to or spoken af. RSgSibse: Ereetoiy NS re, AcaPNs Pa Gor Oeyst (638) a) hs A Gothad Pronouns it "Personal Pronouns” 6A bt, 24 Kobe? (55 2) cole R8oh FO) 3aEx: Tam hungry (% sSOfrO mp) Note: Here 'T' is the person speaking. We watched the film on T.V (bain 6.5.6° R0iir cpercin) 2) Interrogative Pronouns (Sr) Son0g Sdgrtosoen) BB dthaS9 haG00 Bendis. Ex: You are a far-sighted man. "You": The Pronoun "you" may be used in singular or plural contexts. Ex: You are yourself to blame. You are yourselves to blame. 3) Relative pronouns (Sonod S98 Bor SomowyYe Soeaosnen) He, she, it, they ea, 9 oeh6° dor G85 aay On dor eo Bod enor, etirr I500 der GNA bod shyodinws* Beosya, (the person spoken of) Ex: He is looking at the statue. She is washing the dishes. It has been found in the park. They returned at sunset. Note: L)lstaSaio IInd persons 0) Pronouns Sot Donen (Sex difference) eo. 2) IInd person 6*s%) “Thou” e%> Singular Pronoun - 8 Griswexs She0 poetry Si Ddifogsiwed dy Sim g@ch aidinhxgayt. 3) Mrd person & 4) He wx Pronoun Ph Graces aha) shSdin Bomth sewoe% Tenzpor SSGeeAaeth. 4) TIrd person & sa; She was Pronouns Gedrexs SLE) chidin a6 Desh eothsjexh, Lien Gone 240 Bewgoe ASGieAats. 5) IIrd person & 4) Ite Pronoun oh drdrexs dso BD Stabe, Dongic Boao dor wos wssdo TQ Fa) wodbapeis Bengt avarAae. 6) l[llrd person & wy They ai Pronoun of Gesroxs He, She, it e%> Singular pronouns 40 24 Mobd? (SE 2) softs SySoh 88) plural re adarfarts. 7) They Soi on trdreons them, their, theirs, themselves 2 475 Hottpsiwects SoarAa. a) Everybody, somebody So Indefinite pronouns Sores ; : Everybody should have their (his/her) records with them . Somebody has parked (his/her) jeep in front of my drive. Subject Pronouns : ‘You He, She, It 2) Inrerrogative Pronouns (S=yg5 SUgaraosines): ; ahen Soinew eiaerscs Pronouns 5 ‘Tnrerrogative Pronouns’ sotrts, Definition : An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to ask a question. Ex: what, who, whom, who, which 3) Relative Pronouns Gonorss Bgertosooen): Diyiitisw : Both aiiertiimexd Senigein, Awothy arepind!d Noun t% ref dep Pronoun S% red athenrr daidbrhoch Sti Relative Pronoun #2 %t. Definition : Relative Pronoun is one which refers to some noun or pronoun going before and also joins two clauses like a conjunctin. Ex: who, whom, whose, which, what, that, but, as have come for my uncle who lives in this village. He sold the house which his father had built. 5) Reflexive Pronouns (wigs Sorgs Stigercsnen): DUgetoo : Sh DAS GD Gud, GOSawxe soa Frotioeawss Bengyoh sicirAos Pronouns? Reflexive Pronouns eotrts. Definition: A Reflexive pronoun shows thar the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject. Ex: myself, ourselves, thyself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, th_-selves. 24 Komg (6° 3) aly Qydok 58) ar*The carpenter hurt himself, while mending the bench. Lavailed myself of the opportunity. : This ring was given me by my boss himself. He has made himself very unpopular. 6) Emphatic or Emphasizing Pronouns (9s Sdyrcaiwes): Dogs : 2868 Gytdksinw Ntrhorbis 6SArfiod Nound Emphatic or Emphasizing Pronouns #oerth. Definition : An Emphasizing pronoun is one used for the sake of emphasis. Ex: She herself said so. He himself did it. Reflexive use 1) He hurt himself. 2) We hid it ourselves. 3) Idid it myself. 3) 1 myself did it. 4) She dressed herself. 4) She herself dressed. 5) He bought it himself 5) He himself bought ir, 7) Reciprocal Pronouns (ea yyye Segaraecioes |: Age : ALOTSH SOSSs as GOO atigsey densyow 68dirfoe Pronouns "Reciprocal Pronouns’ soerds, Definition : A Reciprocal Pronoun denotes a mutual action. Ex: The two sisters hated each other. The girls in the hall helped one another in the examination. 8) Indifinite Pronouns (engaegs Bugera toes): AGgiicitis : a Goa OO OOgaiorr Taps, JSS" ase, oat 286 of) eG Hior Baye. Definition : An Indefinite pronoun refers to persons or things in general way but not to anyone in particular. Ex: Nobody is prepared to ruin his own career. Somebody has taken my calculator. All are drowned int he river. Some say she was drowned inrentinally. Nobody knows what happened yesterday evening. 9) Distributive Pronouns (Gdssys Stgasasioes ): NSySesebe : 2.58} rhGod Src Geos Nound Pronouns eOerts. Emphatic use 1) He himself hurt it. 2) We ourselves hid it. 42 24 Howe (35 2) mosis SyS0f $8) Definition : A Distributive Pronoun is one which refers to persons or things one at a time. Ex: Each of the boys gets a prize Either of these roads leads vo the park. Neither of the statements is correct. 10) Possessive Pronouns (2 Dgeg ss Sdgrccives): Aven : aS SBT Ownership® dendnts adairhod Pronoun 2 ‘Possessive Pronoun’ @otrcs. Definition : A Possessive Pronoun is one used to denote the possession or ownership of a thing. Ex: This pen is mine. (not my pen) These books are ours. (not our books) ‘Thar necklace is hers. (not her necklace) That is my hat, it costs sixty rupess. $2) Hotithsivoot’ ‘Iv areysmsor’ Subject rr mrs Bor Object re Pd Bor aSdinhodinthee. eaipc 6h S Noun Se edsenrr ai@irhotadits, wotsSex e6 Person% Soil eiiede Sch. Ssos © Impersonal Pronoun re bensiacheod. Ex: It is very lucky that I have not eaten any of the poisoned food. M0: [tei Scio Impersonal Pronoun rr sSGirhotodsc® POS “WO” ed md dor “PNA” GA MPA extn Odd. wotdses CAD HyStebow es phrase O dom 28 clause} me oh SYS sdairAodco athe. 1) “kh” isa Third Personal Pronoun, denoting neuter Gender. Ex: It is my scooter. 2) When "it" does not refer to any person or thing, it is called Impersonal Pronoun. Ex: Here is your staples; take it away. 3) For animals unless we clearly wish to speak of them as male or female. Ex: She loves her cat and cannot be without it. 4) Fora youne child, if we do not wish to refer to the sex. Ex: When I saw the child, it was crying. ——— — * 24 obs! En a) mugen S80 55) 43LEVENTH S89 Sup? ; 88 DY BORS dojo HOUR YB, POM uineln SO SodrSegdyeo THE ADJECTIVES adjnswe whoarisse Cor Meywsiin) Gus roe Odea deny SGaaD Adjective saerso Ente Genraeoares, Ex: 1. Ramya is a beautiful girl, 2. He hasa little knowledge in computer Science. 3, Idon't have any pens. Kinds of Adjectives ; reve Zor Siibe Gash hetwews, s¥anexy, doors Bes Déiedwoh “roergs Dvesines” 6D wotrth. Ex: He is a good boy. You are a smart girl. She is a foolish lady. 2. Quantitative Adjectives (Sosrergy Odaesaes) The Adjectives that tell che quantity of a thing taken are known as Adjectives of quantity. Ex: She has not much money in her account. He did not eat any rice. All students have completed the work. 3. Demonstrative Adjectives (QO5ge Bamines) Seech Bajods Gyo), aobSiorrd dor Siohord DY Yswore Boyes. Ex: Do you know this girl? a4 24 ob (SEH) aohsy hook SS Never make such a mistake again. ‘Those toys are Lucy's. 4, Numeral Adjectives (soaryge S¥aasne0) 20dS08 Spoon Ser Staten aay, ath der oD d Casnwt ahs Gens a0 “Homyds Ddzicoines” wodrts, @& Adjective & St sorth Srdiswen soeron, Positive Comparative Superlative Clever Cleverer Cleverest Tall Taller Tallest Short Shorter Shortest Small Smaller Smallest Sweet Sweeter Sweetest Kind Kinder Kindest Great Greater Greatest Brave Braver Bravest Happy Happier Happiest Old Elder Eldest Merry Merrier Merriest Fat Fatter Fattest Good Better Best Little Less or Lesser Least Much More Most Many More Most Beautiful more Beautiful most Beautiful Difficult more Difficult most Difficulr Courageous = more Courageous most Courageous Bold bolder boldest Red Redder Reddest Fine Finer Finest White whiter Whitest cheap Cheaper Cheapest Easy Easier Easiest Heavy Heavier Heaviest Kind Kinder Kindest ee ee 24 Kobe? (55 2) sof S8oh 5 . 46“ADVERBS Soir aaaasiven Dipeidite: Bab Gasyrd, Odie Roig dor Hodes Bai DEkos EYyPo wpa DARN Seip eek “AdverbiBaie DFiracin "woereh, Ex: 1. You are driving rapidly. 2. Radha is a very clever girl. Kinds of Adverbs Adverbs are 7 types (1) Adverbs of place, (2) Adverbs of time, (3) Adverbs of manner, (4) Adverbs of quantity, (5) Adverbs of reason, (6) adverbs of quantity, (7) Adverbs of affirmation and negation. L)Adverbs of place (SeSna2 Srdode Edir Ddamsnen) here, there, everywhere, within, backward (2) Adverbs of time (rosea Srdow fair Dtaedoe) When , now, late, age, lately, soon, daily, already, never, formarly etc. (3) Adverbs of manner (idéa Oo 3g89 ardow fair Dianne) clearly, breavely, soundly, sadly ete. (4) Adverbs of frequency (Qos séodar ws Sradoss gar Sdandve) Often, twice, seldom, once, frequently, always again etc. (5) Adverbs of reason (fGmana Srdow fair Dissuex) hence, therefore etc. (6) Adverbs of quantity (Staraiac arco Sar Waeiue) Fully, too, very, pretty, partly, quite, enough ete, 46 24 foed? (S5 3) moh H8ch 55, Sos Buoph Sdoding a8 2d TE &5 aes @Mavawys Sane) a8 Main verb Gos, tense, voice, mood wx Beasts eaa@rhse Sabet "Auxiliary Verbs" eoerts, of sersarr Goch Geren, 1) Primary Auxiliary Verbs 2) Modal Auxiliary Verbs 1) Primary Auxiliary Verbs : socbé* am, is, are, was, were ess be GrSrex, have, has, had em Grd ep, have ex Grdren, do, does, did sx do Grdreo amazon. 2) Modal Auxiliary Verbs: sotos* chall, should, will, would, can,could, may, might, must, ought (to), dare, need, used (to) e759 aac, Uses of Primary Auxiliary Verbs Be 1) Auxiliary Verb 7 589 Continuous tense & GSaqrAget. . They are swimming in the canal. (%) FenSé* setochayts) 2) 82 Passive Voice 2 SGyGchoes atiairAget. Ex: I was offered a chair by him. . Good news is expected. 2) Main Verb r Linking Verb re ai@rhaees. Ex: 1. That is a weighing machine. 2. We are very happy. 24 Howe GE a) sof Kydof 86 4a7* Ex: 1. Lam waiting for you, (@% O8'So Stitotirt: days) ) i.Have érSdeeo Auxiliary Verb ir 1) Perfect Tenses doth 48GrAaet. Ex: 1. [have taken your pen. 2. I had heard of this before. 2) Obligation # Sensex, Ex: 1. Ihave to go now. 2. Do you have to get up early? Priniciple Verb r SORdinotiees wid eSand® Ex: 1. Do you have a pen? 2. They are having a party for their friends. Do ériue Auxiliary Verb r 1) Gey, wHtinomh opsdros Ex: 1. Tate it. Did you eat it? 2) Negative arthsmesis Soledad dinést> Ex: 1, He came yesterday. He did not come yesterday. 3) FR, BApes Ex: 1. [saw her yesterday. I did see her yesterday. Main Verbor Main Verb S8Acimothe et efting Ex: 1. You do this sum, (83% & Ss dainsn) Auxiliary Verb 7 Negative, Interrogative, Emphatic sentences 2 athySebtoe. Ex: 1. Idid not go there yesterday. 2. Does he go there regularly? 48 24 Home (55 B) ach S8oh #8) 2) Question Tags Sock Ex: 1, You smoke, don't you? Modal Auxiliary Verbs aD 13 dagen. aD S00 Auxiliary Verbs rs sndzon. 1. shall 2. should 3. will 4, would 5. can 6. could 7, may 8. might 9. must 10. oughtto 11. need 12, dare 13. used to 1. Shall 42 past tense Sram should. Usage of shall: 1. Shall ® Ist person & 45@rAod% Simple Futurity (ars; HOE sed Sense. Ex: Ishall take tomorrow (A%» Sx S%o¥0erxs) Shall I go there? (So w8yish S¥hcr?) 2. Shall 0 Mnd, [lrd person & AsiairAods Coloured Future re Command (sg), Determination (35 Ogabo), Certainity (#a)08), Promise (@rESaD), Threat (860% Bena. Ex: You shall pay the five tomorrow (8% B% wbarar SQomD) You shall apologise for your rude behaviour (8% 9 cht GSS Ssimctes ord) Should: a& shall Gio%) past tense Grvitin wood Sgrdaor AbErRoDSayS. Usage of should: 1. Obligation (args, SYsp0 Ka Beno Ex: You should go now. (4 siyt Seo) ‘We should respect our teachers. (2% 826) soso TUSomrO) 1, Request (weirs me Benapiots Ex: I should like to ask you one question. 24 woud (5 2) moh Sfoh 58) 49Will: Uses of Will (Willd aiarRocs Socieysinen) 1. 36 Ind S6c% Ilrd Person Pronouns & Ga Nouns &* akortica SDigS sodok Heoxy06. Ex: He will leave for his native place. (edt SS Sejerds Stewart) You shall get ready before I come. ao SA) Swovsd 55 34 amp) 2. Und person &* #yoors Polite Request’® dc» Polite Invitation 2 GaQm. Will you lend me twenty rupees please? (Polite request) (Sc 20 Grues esp ator?) 8. Will 2 Ist person & GS@rAoNs (a) aerpszis (Promise) (b) B660% (Threat) (c) B8Sgatsin (Determination) (d) adejo (Intention) (e) Hay (Willingness) © Gexspeo. I will help you every month. (Promise) I will teach you a bitter lesson. (Threat) T will not accept your proposal. (Intention) Would: Uses of Will (Would © aidiehoce Soxicyzinen) 88 will SoBeiw past tense Grdiin, wouldd aSairhot Sotitpsmen 1. (Suggesion) of Polite Request (oydartss eit) of Bevsprn. Ex: Would you accompany her to college? SEE8 sth Storr ates? 2, witigisie (Invitation), axgcinye Olferlod Beaoe. Ex: Would you care to start with me? Me ae aocerns alters? Can: 898 Past tense ‘could’. can® ASErAots Socitysine 1. arabes (Ability) & Berges 50 24 Howe? (35 2) aohise Seok FS Ex: Ex: Ex: I cannot answer the question. Ame @ GBS caren aaikeSar. 2 exoebS (Permission) 2 Sethe Ex: Can I borrow your scooter? 5 MomgsS ethep ster? Could: ad@rhoth socitjimen 1. MSo6*D Areioyssio (Abilityin the past) Dessert me Tcould lift a bag of rice when I was 15. 16 Hone Sdbind* diss Daigo ad: dSsOrerA. 2. exXsc& (Permission) 2 Benwpox Ex: Could | accompnay her to college? SEAS dip waht sore Sey? May : 628 Past tense ‘Might’. May ® &3@rAocb Sedcitysines 1. wep5es (Request) ) Benspirto Ex: May I have your match box, please? Sash eofB saeco? 2 exosb& (Permission) 2 Stik Odin hoary dante, Ex: May I come in, sir? Ri E08 won? You may go out. RY wabik Besay, Might : aadirAows sodityine 1. sSeh8is (Request) 2 Besytoe * 24 fowdt (S52) sobs Soh #8 51Ex: Might I use your pen for a while? Sodo by.) Seo wehstsan? 2. Sosisisin (Possibility) Beowyest Ex: He might not be in Hyderabad at all. SiS PrdowSs sottascy. Must ; saGAods SoSttnen 1. egg (Obligation) 2 Bensase Ex: You must go there today itself. Ry SR & Od Seno. 2, waded (Necessity) } Benes Ex: You must go there quickly AS HLH SHS Sore Sey. Ought to: eSGirhoc socitpaven 1. SGeigiiw (duty) O Benzo Ex: You ought to help your parents. AS b SOGowbosh Aahsieewd, Need : Ga@rfock Sodithzinen 1, @Ssss (Need) 2 denn Ex: Yo need go there. AS weyst Sehsecinxs, Dare : adcirAods HOGG) smen 1, Biot Srfome Ex: Dare she go there alone? Babe wsyih wobSrr Se) Bj doc? 52 24 fond! (25 2) wofice HEoK FG) THIRTEENTH Bi Susp! Sdodine wo By ogroato HOUR sedhs'n 6 BOS asd Feo CONJUNCTIONS (Connecting Words) A6gitiw: Goth a8 Gswiss GobS Sawer med, Phrases 0 red, Clauses 2 rea) dor weswed rea Seow sre conjunction (Sams cso) wD Ded, Definition: A conjunction is a word used to join together two similar words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Ex: 1. Rajuand Ramya are friends. 2. Meet me at the park or at the club. 3. Icould not come because it was raining heavily. kinds of Conjunctions (Sisowyabiin - Scines) Conjunctions 2 8D NésBocs Agsex ag 3 Seaver agéosto e6heG. #2): 1) Co-ordinating Conjuctins 2) Corrolative conjunctions 3) Subordinating Conjuctions 1) Co-ordinating Cojunctions: 1) and Our friends came and seperated the fighters. 2) but He is poor but honest. 3) or Do or die 4) yer He is very poor yet cheerful. 5) so He was weak , so he could not walk with us. 6) for He did not come to school, for he was ill, 7) stall He deceived her still she believed him. 24 Hobe (55 B) aofize Haoh FB, 53s2) Corrolative conjunctions ; 1) both and 2) either or He is both rich and generous. That fellow either fled or hid somewhere, He applied neither for permission 3) neither ... nor nor for leave. 4) Whether... or Tell me whether you accompany me or stay here. 5) not only... but also He not only scolded his wife, but also bear her. INTERJECTION ~- e4{0e,68ain Midge Sears ethsas dar Kohterdsves: org SGSPEDS Shines "interjection" w So, An Inrerjection is; word or a sound which expresses an emotion (a strong and suddet feeling) or excitement. Examples: 1) Derésin (Grief) % Be0gA9 : Alas! Ah, Oh!, Alack! 2) wejdgcio (Surprise) xo Beowyso : Oh!, What, Ah!, Ha! 3) wOS06%5 (Approval) & BeaQsa : Bravo! 4) So@Ase (Joy) Bexysa: Oh!, Hal, ha! 5) Secioso (Triumpth) Seagyao: Hurry! 6) Sexy (Call) Ss Sa8 S82: Helloo!, HO!, behold! 7) SotirSnw Beagass asGrisa49 ; Humph!, Hem!, Hum! 8) wairys, Dod, SSanme SpLoschass aSareisassa: Pooh!, rur- tut!, Bash!, Fie!, Pshaw! Lo! Hush! gee!, Yeah!, Yippee! Ba2. SOME EXAMPLES : Oh! waht a thing to happen ! Alas ! What will the poor man do now ? Hush ! Don't say anything to anyone Hurrah! We have won Hark ! There the bell goes. 54 24 Moed? (55 8) aofsh Ay8oh 58) $59 Tver? Gtoddnd ob bg Beeyo fe SG dae eed wherd COMPLIMENTS - 4608, soft Sopicrdhod* terroge Bayoo Sror arr Seorbe* OOO. Sesdoge ab es rites Sgps sigye. ordsorr a Compliments ‘Congratulations’ sotrain. ©) derod’ Sotiogg? Dajperh, 2 Sotihod® Der rd? SEs errs BOW Goto. sape aggt SQoso Serpe! Congratulations @rortccorrS a6 plural) sOsodis Congratulations on passing the exam sorPeyeay SS Sho & arpes KEgsrSond Sotidhinrr Dersroges Wish you a happy new year DR oie @ Beh sims onadS SPSS Hosss mepsrogen sofie® af D8gcbtbood Wish you... e%) shod Sq) Sotithinks of cite w Sod dinsiod. Sgtote, séget Sirsnc, DESta syrwoiles, 46H Nsoe shersroxen, O38 Sabso erodd, Wish you good luck OR che 6 of go atrd May you prosper 3 oie EPRSE May happy returns of the day mf 2h BoB) oh oa HOSTS Sd! & Hepneaben Sor card ee 24 Howe! (5 d) moh SySoh 8) 55 aMay you have the best of both the worlds +b cin 5 8 Bh wh as 6 55d) SUC oe Sok wdaghs SOS0 ehocarg Hearty felicitation on your birthday Hh PORES @S ainsd afd Be QYSEer sgreoten Congratulation on your increment SorpiySis) oS cinks ao SS do S80 DEASoth wDsatises Wish you all the best OS aa wd 6 25 & £8 Dechsodo cred srostans, We felicitate him on his election db DORE Sed oS Ed 2aSS AysonSomh wh ehsohoma He felicitate me on the birth of my daughter S POMS & oS 6 af oh D owe Sribth MY Sows mh sherrogen BOcheecs, Please remember me to your brother/sister/uncle £8 Omond & én ans (2S5/ PE frotd 2 Sahay far yogh folly Bben MirsiatyO ererand/ Dergn @eGASty Banos. Please convey my regards/compliments to your mother/father Be S35 @ OS wobmodhy en ans sesG/ Sab > eiyrrod/ wiyr6S a dcbaeeren wh Dxyod. My compliments to you/your wife ® ToRssof} o» civfainss BS Axio ands ersroken a 24 Mobe (5 2) aol Hioh 55, HH The? Ssotsns wd bY giioa MEETING AND PARTING MHoOn Sodoo-now SmwS*soo Good Morning ! HE SorQyoF Sao Wei! Sero! Tes my pleasure ah) & bed 3h at Sod'io I'm glad to see you a'& mB t Sai Dosiyord SORNothe an over Hos hor BoB Very well, thank you, and how about you? 36 36 croB abr, wo 2° eS ain Sern wok, chder Aart? It's been a long time since we met aehS 2 ero BS wersvo Shard SDI So Rm) dd aed Ok. see you again/o.k.we'll meet again £3, kot Of5/i.8 46 toh Seocpain Sd oF a ons God bless you mE BS ain Fath wbtghochres Must you go/leave now DH ahr 75/5 7 BH bre? 24 Koad? (55 2) coh Bok FB 57 =Have a pleasant journey SS 3 Bao ab) May good luck be with you 2b rE 08 2 25 cin Sthgo Shihygok S6ochrrs Iwas there, but I returned/came back last week 0 58 88, af © Soh ES wf oh 28 Sota), Montadah BOA Sexo The heard a lot about you eS Fo os aS cin Shthyoxh (800 ore Saptod Hom, GHpos amwen hittin Qe Sh rdaods®, ddoernet, dds! ngs*ao§ SEN aciphotrsin Sor! werd addy S timodidgar thssn BOOS Soddhind® SiPsaiscy ss, Seh8s Hons aqyoah 68 26000 Bavercin, “Shs eiS"s" so and so e8reio fos ods Simson, Sead sods Sopa Sr nods A navendorsin. wS*sow | Sr ersmSh arty ae) Sénonsina’ ak Sree. ese ies, woth Darto spo dain. fidineso chporr athrorrs . Thank you, but I fear 1 may not come Bosr;, at @ SdbS wm ab aad 3S Say Sderth, ores dob, of odidar T won't be able to do as you wish 2 5 0 ded to & aieS din 58 fo Sosen Se Sadsedisey, Sorry for refusing your gift Ob SE Oieioh cies AG a saat Sos Scio Sth Dm wins'yo’ 58 24 hob (SS J) wofih Sfoh FB, HH Jue? SSovsnd wv Dg SS) OG BS aN HK (USA) ePEPSS aAdine? HD0hN Sows wo Setitin sosth twoth 56h therwrogen, elsodia Saderbard P6oD Beumtbhagsin. Sod Sky depd EssaSr, ouryy sew ord SEkserd. S084 Sthdires? Stay peeled aye de domme! So Berioior! Ség SDS args ew Sedalyger, ‘orem AoSiao’ Ode errbowd Bayemhshspe ap bo! nose oo wrtod 060 SoS*Sorr Daversin. Dorr ss Hos art) ieeodicigo Stim. 8D soft? ler SSARAr sods dwoch Syphaysio Sot HoStapd IONS Ser werd Drdos soar FA soso eaQon. ©D der doerchoS wGimlaric! dod 3H w6A0b' sod waydho AYBar aorr!, Dod So, ‘sod KabosT DS SOHO GriardS Serr Sty aren oD thio Dowty pslod Seba. Condolences, condole, es armen OSB SNeansaypeh shvcin BQ) GorshQoserNs eG ewes. & ScreS e¥o;~'an expression of grief’; ‘to express pain or grief at the distress or misfortune of another; to express sympathy to one in grief, POS ahs eridt SwraGatitio wD shio archeriiw. 'They went to condole with her on her husband's death’, 26> aa YO Sonsotieds eSzto SorchQoserds argh of sto Bxgod. itn cosh) sw0d Saiptaysin sor Sesdosos over expressions Goérahd. eerA ordotjex Secs Fh) expressions ENS ee 24 howd! (S35 3) ac -. 8oh FB, 59.