4th Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (IEEE GPECOM2022), June 14-17, 2022, Cappadocia/Turkey

Algorithm for Generating the Equivalent Power

System According to PMU
1st Degtiarev D.A.
Relay Protection and Automation of
Power Systems Department
National Research University "Moscow
2022 4th Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM) | 978-1-6654-6925-8/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/GPECOM55404.2022.9815824
2nd Danilov S.A. 3rd Kovalenko A.L.
Relay Protection and Automation of Relay Protection and Automation of
Power Systems Department Power Systems Department
National Research University "Moscow National Research University "Moscow

Power Engineering Institute" Power Engineering Institute" Power Engineering Institute"

Moscow, Russia Moscow, Russia Moscow, Russia
DegtiarevDA@mpei.ru DanilovSAn@mpei.ru KovalenkoAlI@mpei.ru

4th Voloshin A.A. 5th Voloshin E.A.

Relay Protection and Automation of
Power Systems Department
National Research University "Moscow
Power Engineering Institute"
Moscow, Russia
VoloshinAA@mpei.ru
Relay Protection and Automation of
Power Systems Department
National Research University "Moscow
Power Engineering Institute"
Moscow, Russia
VoloshinYA@mpei.ru

Abstract—Recently, there has been a tendency to use vector
measuring devices to update the equivalent. In these
approaches, vector measurements are used to tune the
parameters of the equivalent, rather than the primary
definition. This article proposes a new approach to defining the
equivalent as a black box. The structure of the equivalent is
determined depending on the number of border branches.
Power inputs are connected to each boundary branch, which are
equivalent peaks, which are connected to each other according
to the principle each with each through resistance and an ideal
transformer to take into account the possible voltage classes of
each of the equivalent peaks. The equivalent parameters are
determined using optimization methods, and the objective
function is the deviation error of the flows along the boundary
branches in the model from the flows along the boundary
branches taken using vector measuring devices.
Keywords — Equivalent, Identification, Optimization, PMU
I. INTRODUCTION
It is not a secret for anyone that modern energy is not
standing still all over the world and is constantly developing.
New generating stations, transmission lines, power
consumption zones, and internal distribution networks have
emerged. Among the observed events, the world dynamics of
an increase in the share of distributed generation in energy
sources is observed.
Constant development to the complication of networks
and, as a consequence, the complication of their management
and ensuring the reliability of the process of production,
distribution and consumption of electricity. A special role in
the complication of identifying the distribution of sources of
generation and the trend towards an increase in the share of
income from energy sources.
Effective and reliable operation of networks requires the
use of synchronized measurement methods and the
introduction of new technologies and algorithms that are
implemented in software and hardware complexes. Some
promising directions and tasks are the optimization of the
modes of the electric power system in terms of voltage and
reactive power, and the corresponding relay protection.
As a rule, a large number of calculations are required in
the device tuning algorithms, which implies the use of a
mathematical model of the power system. This requires
modelling only a part of the power systems and taking into
account the power systems in the analysed area. Taking into
account the influence of an external power system allows its
equivalent. Different methods of equivalence make it
possible, with varying degrees of probability, to take into
account external power systems for solving various problems.
Application of equivalents of the essential dimension of the
mathematical model. This makes it possible to increase the
speed of calculations, which is important for tasks solved with
high power of the network (power system) and the
corresponding relay protection. It also allows the use of
computational values, which means the average cost of funds.
At the moment, a fairly large number of equivalent
methods have been developed that are used to solve various
problems, for example, to assess the throughput of backbone
power transmissions and to take measures to improve the
stability of the electric power system [1], to analyse transient
processes and assess the dynamic reliability and stability of
the network [2–6], simulators for operating personnel [3, 7],
for research modes [2, 3, 7–9].
In most cases, the already available information about the
network elements and their connection diagrams is used to
synthesize the equivalent topology and identify its parameters.
In reality, complete and detailed information about the
analysed part of the network (power system) leaks, and with
the detection of information about the external power system,
there is often a danger, since external networks and power
plants are often exposed to different enterprises. It is
unacceptable.
Today, there is a tendency to move from a computational
approach to the selection of parameters in the online mode,
while the management of the structure, topology and
simulated elements is an equivalent amount. The selection of
parameters of equivalents in online analysis involves the use
of scanning methods or neural networks, and data on network
sections, moreover, increasingly in the Republic of PMU.
In turn, the PMU is currently used, but not encountered.
However, there are sufficient facilities on the web to obtain
the complete set of recipe information that is required.

978-1-6654-6925-8/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE

444

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universita degli Studi di Bologna. Downloaded on August 29,2022 at 12:57:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 4th Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (IEEE GPECOM2022), June 14-17, 2022, Cappadocia/Turkey

In the presented article, general approaches of equivalence flows to the internal network and to the external one. This set
are presented online, based on the assembly of measurements of parameters was tested and presented in [1]. Very often,
from the PMU only on the boundary branches, as well as the modelling tools do not have such elements. For these
results of its verification on the mathematical model of the purposes, you can replace the source of EMF and internal
network and as part of the software and hardware complex at resistance by modelling the generator and load. Modelling
the surrounding facility. with such a set of parameters was tested in the framework of
[2] and in this article.
Section 1 describes the peer topology used in the peer.
Section 2 provides definitions of the equivalent parameter
algorithm.
In Sections 3, the results of checking the mathematical
model of the network and as part of the software and hardware
complex on the territory of the facility are obtained.
Previous research on this topic is given in the following
articles [10, 11].
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYNTHESIS OF THE EQUIVALENT
TOPOLOGY
The synthesis of the equivalent begins with the definition
of the boundary elements (power lines and power
transformers), which I separate the internal, not simplified,
part and the external, equivalent. As a rule, the parameters of
the boundary elements are known and can be simply modelled
and not included in the equivalent. If these parameters are not
known, then the power line is presented as impedance. And a
transformer as the impedance of a transformer, reduced to one
of the voltage classes (side) and an ideal two-winding
transformer without resistance, with an appropriate
transformation ratio. The transformation ratio of an ideal
transformer must be brought to the same voltage class (side)
Fig. 2. Connection of sources of EMF and conductivity
as the resistance of the transformer.
Figure 1 shows an internal network with n-edge nodes. A To take into account possible interconnections between
link element with a corresponding index is attached to each of external power systems, the equivalent nodes are
the nodes. Equivalent nodes are completed to the ends of the interconnected through resistances and ideal two-winding
connection elements, in Figure 1 they are designated as 1 ', 2' transformers with a transformation ratio reduced to one of the
and n '. voltage classes (Figure 3). Such a topology and a set of
equivalent elements make it possible to ensure the flow in a
real network, as well as to take into account the
interconnections of external power systems.

Fig. 1. Connection of communication elements

Equivalents of external power systems are connected to

the equivalent nodes (1 ', 2' and n '), i.e., each voltage class has
its own equivalent. The elements of the equivalent itself may
vary depending on the application in which the simulation is
performed. For example, for MATLAB, each equivalent is an
EMF source with internal resistance and conduction to ground
(Figure 2). This set of parameters allows you to reflect both
Fig. 3. Equivalent with n-border nodes

445

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universita degli Studi di Bologna. Downloaded on August 29,2022 at 12:57:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 4th Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (IEEE GPECOM2022), June 14-17, 2022, Cappadocia/Turkey

III. ALGORITHM DESCRIPTION introduced into the software and hardware complex and is
At the first stage, the topology and equivalent elements are being tested in the energy system of the southern region of
synthesized. Boundary communication elements (power lines Russia.
and power transformers) are determined. Depending on the To simulate the studied section of the network with the
connection element, the voltage classes of the equivalent equivalent, the RastrWin software package was used, which is
nodes are determined. The outer part of the circuit is separated widely used for the tasks of calculating, analysing and
from the inner one and removed, and the equivalent nodes are optimizing the modes of electrical networks and systems in
attached to the connection elements. Depending on the stress Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Moldova,
classes, the corresponding interconnections are completed Mongolia and the former Yugoslavia.
between the peaks of the equivalent.
Figure 5 shows a diagram of the original network, where
The only input to the algorithm is the measurements black circles indicate the installation sites of PMUs that are
received from the PMU. Based on these measurements, it is installed on the boundary branches. Blue crosses indicate
possible to draw a conclusion about the nature of the power some of the lines that were turned off during the trial operation
flow (from the external or to the external part of the network) of the software technical complex.
and make an assumption - is the node equivalent load or
generating. Based on these assumptions, constraints are
formed and a population is generated from several input points
for the genetic algorithm.
The genetic algorithm is a tool for finding the best entry
point for a refinement optimization algorithm. This
optimization method is the gradient descent method. After
testing the classical gradient descent method, some of its
shortcomings were identified, on the basis of which it is
proposed to use one of its modifications. One of the most
successful modifications is deservedly considered Adam,
which was used.
In the gradient descent method and the genetic algorithm,
the parameter vector of the equivalent elements varies. To
evaluate each parameter vector, the calculation of the standard
deviation of the data from the PMU and the data from the
model is used with the equivalent at the locations where the
physical PMUs are located in the real network. The formula
for calculating the standard deviation is given in (1). Those. at
each stage of the optimization process, the parameter vector is
substituted into the model with an equivalent. Measurements
similar to real PMUs in the network are taken from this model
and an estimate is made by the standard deviation.
Fig. 4. Initial network diagram
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 −𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 It is worth noting that the RMS values of positive sequence
�∑
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖=0 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 �
targetFunction = (1) current and voltage were taken as input from the PMU.
𝑖𝑖
Unfortunately, the RastrWin software package does not allow
you to control the current and voltage angles, which may be
Next, an iterative process begins until the parameters are
associated with an additional inaccuracy of the selected
found that give an acceptable value of the standard deviation.
equivalent.
In the case of an invalid deviation value, it is necessary to
repeat the optimization execution, where a new entry point Initially, the equivalent was selected for the circuit in
will be determined. The entry point can be determined based normal mode. The given deviations of currents and voltages
on previous iterations and using input measured data. In the on the boundary branches at the PMU installation sites for the
case of an acceptable deviation, the algorithm ends its work. normal mode are presented in Table I. It can be noted that the
current deviation value does not exceed 7%, and the voltage
As noted earlier, the most important criterion for an
deviation does not exceed 3%.
equivalent is its relevance. There are situations when a mode
change occurs in the equivalent circuit, and this may be Tables II - VI present the reduced deviations of currents
associated with operational switching, accidents, etc. In these and voltages on the boundary branches at the PMU installation
modes, the equivalent may not provide proper accuracy or be sites for trips at the points shown in Figure 4 and the
incorrect. In this case, it is necessary to update or redefine the equivalent selected for normal operation.
parameters of the equivalent. In this case, an increase in the
equivalent deviation in excess of the allowable value is fixed,
and the equivalent parameters are redefined.
IV. TESTING A REAL POWER GRID AND IN ITS MODEL
The algorithm given earlier was implemented as a service
in the java programming language. The prototype was

446

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universita degli Studi di Bologna. Downloaded on August 29,2022 at 12:57:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 4th Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (IEEE GPECOM2022), June 14-17, 2022, Cappadocia/Turkey

TABLE I. THE VALUES OF THE REDUCED DEVIATIONS ON THE Boundary Voltage Current Voltage
BOUNDARY BRANCHES IN THE NORMAL MODE line, № class, kV deviation, % deviation, %
Boundary Voltage Current Voltage 8 220 1,69 0,92
line, № class, kV deviation, % deviation, % 9 220 2,33 1,65
1 500 6,62 2,82
2 500 5,34 2,55 TABLE VI. THE VALUES OF THE REDUCED DEVIATIONS ON THE
3 500 6,02 2,55 BOUNDARY BRANCHES WHEN DISCONNECTED AT POINT 5 AND THE
EQUIVALENT SELECTED IN NORMAL MODE
4 220 4,09 1,73
5 220 3,85 1,39 Boundary Voltage Current Voltage
6 220 1,79 0,91 line, № class, kV deviation, % deviation, %
7 220 1,83 0,91 1 500 6,21 2,82
8 220 1,67 0,91 2 500 5,03 2,55
9 220 2,34 1,65 3 500 5,98 2,55
4 220 3,99 1,73
TABLE II. THE VALUES OF THE REDUCED DEVIATIONS ON THE 5 220 3,91 1,39
BOUNDARY BRANCHES WHEN DISCONNECTED AT POINT 1 AND THE 6 220 1,92 0,91
EQUIVALENT SELECTED IN NORMAL MODE 7 220 2,01 0,91
Boundary Voltage Current Voltage 8 220 1,86 0,91
line, № class, kV deviation, % deviation, % 9 220 2,36 1,65
1 500 12,27 9,36
2 500 13,65 10,71
3 500 12,98 10,71
Tables I - VI show that when the line is disconnected at
4 220 8,34 7,23 point 1, the equivalent ceases to be relevant and it needs to be
5 220 9,28 8,51 redefined, which was done by the algorithm, and the results
6 220 6,54 4,34 are shown in Table VII. The current equivalent turned out to
7 220 6,45 4,34 be relevant when the line was disconnected in the internal part
8 220 6,85 4,34 of the network. In other cases, there were small changes in the
9 220 2,93 2,36 deviations, and depending on the required accuracy, in some
cases the equivalent could be redefined, for example, when the
TABLE III. THE VALUES OF THE REDUCED DEVIATIONS ON THE lines were turned off at points 4 and 3. The initially determined
BOUNDARY BRANCHES WHEN DISCONNECTED AT POINT 2 AND THE
EQUIVALENT SELECTED IN NORMAL MODE equivalent had not the best matched parameters, which is
demonstrated by large deviations. In further work, it is
Boundary Voltage Current Voltage
line, № class, kV deviation, % deviation, %
planned to apply a heuristic approach to increase accuracy.
1 500 6,73 2,94 After redefining the eucalyptus, which corresponds to the
2 500 5,46 2,57 mode when the line is disconnected at point 1, acceptable
3 500 6,46 2,57
4 220 7,35 4,78
deviation values can be observed (see Table VII).
5 220 3,86 1,42
6 220 1,81 1,02 TABLE VII. THE VALUES OF THE REDUCED DEVIATIONS ON THE
BOUNDARY BRANCHES WHEN DISCONNECTED AT POINT 5 AND THE
7 220 1,87 1,02 EQUIVALENT SELECTED IN NORMAL MODE
8 220 1,69 1,02
9 220 2,46 1,76 Boundary Voltage Current Voltage
line, № class, kV deviation, % deviation, %
TABLE IV. THE VALUES OF THE REDUCED DEVIATIONS ON THE 1 500 5,49 2,65
BOUNDARY BRANCHES WHEN DISCONNECTED AT POINT 3 AND THE 2 500 5,03 2,32
EQUIVALENT SELECTED IN NORMAL MODE 3 500 4,77 2,32
4 220 3,86 1,21
Boundary Voltage Current Voltage
5 220 3,92 1,03
line, № class, kV deviation, % deviation, %
6 220 2,03 0,89
1 500 6,74 2,86
7 220 1,98 0,89
2 500 5,46 2,71
8 220 2,10 0,89
3 500 6,37 2,71
9 220 1,87 1,36
4 220 4,49 1,83
5 220 - 0,02
6 220 3,36 1,87
CONCLUSIONS
7 220 3,29 1,87 In the preliminary results of trial operation, the approach
8 220 3,42 1,87 showed stability, but not the highest accuracy, where peak
9 220 2,46 1,76 current deviations did not exceed 8% and 5% for voltage, and
the average value of current deviations was 3.87% and 1.75%
TABLE V. THE VALUES OF THE REDUCED DEVIATIONS ON THE
BOUNDARY BRANCHES WHEN DISCONNECTED AT POINT 4 AND THE
for voltage. The accuracy and speed of determining the
EQUIVALENT SELECTED IN NORMAL MODE equivalent depended on the number of boundary elements.
Since it was required to attach an equivalent bus to each
Boundary Voltage Current Voltage
line, № class, kV deviation, % deviation, %
boundary element and build relationships between them,
1 500 7,49 3,19 which complicates and introduces a greater number of degrees
2 500 - 0,01 of freedom into the optimization problem. The authors see this
3 500 7,25 2,79 as a problem for networks of large dimensions and a large
4 220 4,13 1,74 number of communication elements. To solve this problem, it
5 220 3,90 1,41 is supposed to reasonably introduce connections between
6 220 1,81 0,92 equivalent vertices.
7 220 1,73 0,92

447

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universita degli Studi di Bologna. Downloaded on August 29,2022 at 12:57:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 4th Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (IEEE GPECOM2022), June 14-17, 2022, Cappadocia/Turkey
When deviations go out of the specified range, it is
necessary to redefine the equivalent, which the prototype
coped with and showed decent results.
Further research will be aimed at increasing the accuracy,
stability and reducing the time of determining the parameters
of the equivalent. A possible tool is the use of neural networks
and the introduction of heuristics in the objective function..
REFERENCES
[1] V.I. Gotman, A.V. Glazachev. “Ekvivalentirovanie energosistem dlia
otsenki staticheskoi ustoichivosti” [Equivalent power systems to assess
static stability] Izvestiia tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta
[News of Tomsk Polytechnic University], Tomsk, No. 316, vol. 4, pp.
152 – 155, 2010.
[2] M.M. Al-Hajji, M.A. Abido. “Systematic approach dynamic
equivalents development of large-scale power system using PSS/E”
CIGRE, C1-322, 2016.
[3] X. Nie, Y. Chen, V. Dinavachi. “Real-time simulation based on a
robust two-layer network equivalent” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol.
22, no. 4, Nov. 2007.
[4] X. Yang, R. Zhang, Q. Chen, “Chen Sh. A quantitative assessment
method of integral static stability for large scale power grid based on
generalized Source-Grid-Load equivalent model” IEEE International
Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency
Communication ICEIEC, vol. 7, pp. 360 – 364, 2017.
448
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universita degli Studi di Bologna. Downloaded on August 29,2022 at 12:57:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[5] A. Maria, H. Ghasemi. “Development of a dynamic equivalent model
for Ontario's external system” IEEE Power & Energy Society General
Meeting, pp. 1 – 5, 2009.
[6] M. Matar; N. Fernandopulle. “Dynamic model reduction using
integrated PSS/E and Matlab” IEEE Electrical & Computer
Engineering (CCECE), pp. 1 – 5, 2012.
[7] V. Vittal, Q. Huang. “Application of Electromagnetic Transient-
Transient Stability Hybrid Simulation to FIDVR Study” IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, pp. 2634 – 2646, 2016.
[8] X. Lin, A.M. Gole, M. Yu. “A Wide-Band Multi-Port System
Equivalent for Real-Time Digital Power System Simulators” IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 24, pp. 237 – 239, 2009.
[9] H. Liu, Z. Chen. “Aggregated Modelling for Wind Farms for Power
System Transient Stability Studies” IEEE Asia-Pacific Power and
Energy Engineering Conference, pp. 1 – 6, 2012.
[10] D.A. Degtyarev, A.A. Voloshin, A.I. Kovalenko, D.M. Biserov, V.S.
Volnyy, S.A. Danilov. “Identification Parameters Of Equivalent Using
PMU For Developing Adaptive Pacs For Distribution Networks With
Electricity Sources” 2019 2nd International Youth Scientific and
Technical Conference on Relay Protection and Automation (RPA),
Moscow, Russia, 2019, pp. 1-18.
[11] D.A. Degtyarev, A.A. Voloshin, A.I. Kovalenko, E.A. Voloshin, S.A.
Danilov. “Development of an Algorithm for Generating the Equivalent
Power System According to PMU” 2020 3nd International Youth
Scientific and Technical Conference on Relay Protection and
Automation (RPA), Moscow, Russia, 2020.