ACT E Edinburgh Napie OP” unweRsTY DESIGN PRINCIPLES: Racking Requirements 2. The transmission of applied shear to the foundation: Applied wind loading on a building is transferred to the foundations by diaphragm action. The side walls, considered to be simply supported at roof and foundation, transfer one half the total wind load to the roof level The roof diaphragm, acting as a deep horizontal beam, transmits the load to the end shear walls, which in tum transfer the load to the foundation via shear connections and holding down straps. O.Shor O.Shatre tory ue SSqp.ra( At + Aa) apt( A113) pom(2Asl3 + Aa) oe direction ‘pret = net pressure (windward + leeward) (a) Area of gable wall transferring ») Diaphragm action of roof trusses and celling wind load to front racking wall transferring wind on gable wall to front wall Racking load on first floor front wall from wind on gable wallCTE DESIGN PRINCIPLES: Racking Requirements “Structurally graded C16 framing members, specified with ‘no wane", cross-section 38mm x 89mm, 38mm x 140mm or 44 x 97mm (depth governed by thermal insulation requirements and method of insulation). *Stud spacing 600mm (maximum); where possible spacing should match joist centres which are normally 600mm but may be 400mm or 450mm to reduce joist depth “Top and bottom rails nailed to studs with a minimum of 3.0mm galvanised smooth round steel wire nails or 3.1mm machine-driven galvanised steel nails, 75mm long , 2 no. per 89 mm stud or 3 no. per 140 mm stud. External sheathing 9.0 mm thick OSBI3; fastened to studs with 3.0mm galvanised smooth round steel wire nails or 2.8mm galvanised machine-driven steel nails; for Class 2 buildings fastened to studs with 3.35mm galvanised smooth round steel wire nails or 3.1mm galvanised machine-driven ste! nails; all at least 50mm long, spaced at 150mm on perimeter, 300mm on internal studs. +12.5mm thick gypsum plasterboard suitable for 30 minutes’ fire resistance fastened to the internal face with 2.65mm plasterboard nails or plasterboard screws at least 40mm long, maximum fastener spacing 150mm around perimeter and on internal studs if relevant. Edinburgh Napien unweRsTY ‘Standard timber frame wall panelAM CT E Edinburgh Napier ¥ ‘WE CENTRE FOR TEER Eh Unversity DESIGN PRINCIPLES: Racking Requirements «Internal walls are constructed in a similar manner to external walls except that 12.5mm plasterboard is used on both sides and the stud size may be reduced to 38mm x 63mm. «lf they are required to carry vertical or horizontal loads the stud depth should increase to at least 72mm, and if necessary an additional layer of structural sheathing materials may be introduced beneath the plasterboard to provide additional racking resistance. Internal & external panels Party wallCTE Edinburgh Napien unweRsTY DESIGN PRINCIPLES: Racking Requirements “Timber frame party walls consist of two separate wall panels with a gap between them, sNormally they are sheathed only on the interior face of each unit with two layers of plasterboard, 19.5 mm thick and 12.5mm thick respectively, the joints being staggered. sit is particularly important that the inner layer is fixed to the framing with specified fasteners at the specified spacings. +In order to provide sufficient racking resistance it may be necessary to specify solid timber diagonal braces in the cavity, taking care to preserve a gap of at least 50mm. Alternatively structural sheathing on the inner side of each leaf can be specified, but this can result in “drumming” as it is not tied to masonry or other cladding, and it is therefore normally avoided. “Any additional bracing must be accompanied by adequate holding-down arrangements to prevent party wall panels from overturning. Gypsum plasterboard _/ Dsigned as two individual wall units separated bya cavily, the sound performance is comparable ta that of a 40 mm thick concrete wall. Each wall ‘nit has plasterboard inings on ils sides and is fille with insulation between the wall studs _— ‘Typical timber frame party wall ‘Standard external (EX) timber frame wall pane!CTE Edinburgh Napien unweRsTY DESIGN PRINCIPLES: Racking Design (BS5268) *Current UK design method BS 5268-6.1 has been used successfully for over 20 years. “lt is a permissible stress design method where structures are designed so that materials are kept within their elastic limits “Racking resistance’s are based on the results of tested wall assemblies and are expressed in terms of kNim. “Test panel were constructed from Hem-fir, hand driven clout nails and outdated sheathing materials. *Modification factors Ky), Kio: & Kyu: are applied to the basic racking resistance to account for variations in nail diameter, sheathing thickness and nail spacing. “Modification factors Ko, Kiys, Kigs & Kyo, are applied to the basic racking resistance to account for variations in wall dimensions, the presence of framed openings and applied vertical loading Basic racking resistances for a range of materials and combinations of materials