Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development Vol. XX, No.

1, July 2010

Developing Culture Technology of Indigenous Small Fish Species Mola in Aquaculture Ponds in Sunderbans
M. Kunda, B. Mahakur, G. Sengupta, M. A. Wahab, N. Roos*** and S. H. Thilsted***

Abstract
To develop culture technology of indigenous small fish species mola in Aquaculture pond with carps and prawn, a trial with three treatments was conducted from July to December 2006 in 33 ponds, belonging to poor households in Sunderbans region, India. Rohu, mrigal, prawn and mola were stocked at 3,000 ha-1, 1,000 ha-1, 3,750 ha-1 and 20,000 ha-1, respectively, in all ponds. Of the planktivorous carp species, silver carp was stocked at 2,500 ha-1, 1,750 ha-1 and 1,000 ha-1 and catla at 1,000 ha-1, 1,750 ha-1 and 2,500 ha-1 in treatment I, treatment II and treatment III, respectively. Before stocking, the ponds were treated with urea (50 kg ha-1), TSP (50 kg ha-1) and cow dung (1500 kg ha-1). Mustard oil cake and rice bran (1:2 ratio) were fed daily, at the rate of 3 per cent body weight. Mola was partially harvested several times throughout the production season. Mola production was highest with the highest stocking density of silver carp and lowest of catla. It may be concluded that mola-carpprawn polyculture may be a good option for rural farmers of the Southern region of West Bengal to reduce poverty and ensure household nutrition.

1.0 Introduction
Sunderbans, West Bengal, India, with an extensive water area, sub-tropical climate and fertile soil is ideally suited to fish farming. With increasing human population, there has been a decline in natural fish. Aquaculture offers a vast potential to make use of the rich fisheries resources in Sunderbans, and leads to increased fish production.

Department of Fisheries (DoF), Bangladesh. Email: mrityunjoy68@yahoo.com Joygopalpur Gram Vikash Kendra, Basanti, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.

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SIS are considered to be fish which grow to a length of approximately 5 to 25 cm at maturity (Felts et al. 1996). Some SIS, for example mola (Amblypharyngodon mola), are rich in vitamin A and contain moderate amounts of haem iron and zinc, and a large amount of highly bioavailable calcium (Hansen et al. 1998 and Larsen et al. 2000), contributing considerably to the recommended daily intakes of these, often limited in plant based-diets. Moreover, mola has the potential to provide several nutrients in considerable amounts, some of which are not found in the large fish, rohu. In 100 g of mola, the vitamin-A, calcium and iron contents are approximately 1960 mg, 1071 mg and 7.0 mg respectively (Thilsted et al. 1997). Many small, indigenous fish species (SIS) are found in Sunderbans, and these can be brought into culture and management. With the introduction of aquaculture in ponds in Bangladesh, SIS were regarded as weed or trash fish and eradicated using piscicides. However, data and research are showing that SIS are commonly consumed, making up an integral part of the rural, Bangladeshi diet and are an essential source of vitamins, minerals and animal protein, successful pond polyculture technologies, with carps and nutrient-dense SIS have been introduced (Thilsted et al. 1997). Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is a very popular species in aquaculture, due to its fast growth, good taste and high international market value. In recent years, the global production of freshwater prawn has increased steadily (FAO 1997), with the major production in the Asian countries China, Vietnam, India, Thailand, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Brazil, Equador and Malaysia. During the last two decades, considerable attention has been given to freshwater prawn production due to its export potential (Ahmed 2003). Within the overall agro-based economy of Bangladesh, the contribution of prawn production plays a role in creating jobs, earning foreign currency and supplying animal protein (Rahman 1995). Indian major carps, rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla) and mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus) are very popular fish in Southeast Asia and have good market value. Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), a filter feeder Chinese carp, is fast growing and due to its relatively low price is affordable by poor people. Therefore, these species, together with freshwater prawn and mola were selected for a study on pond polyculture in Sunderbans, West Bengal in order to develop an optimal production strategy for poor farmers. The study was aimed to achieve the following production objectives:

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i.

to optimise the production of catla and silver carp as well as accommodate mola in carp-prawn polyculture ii. to assess the production performance of mola in carp-prawn polyculture iii. to understand the combined production in presence of mola; and iv. to understand the economics in different treatments.

2.0 Materials and Methods

The study was carried out in 33 farmers ponds in 4 villages of Ranigar-Jyotispur Gram Panchayet, Basanti, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India from July to December 2006. The size of the ponds ranged from 6 to 30 decimals (1 decimal = 40m2) with a water depth of 1.5 to 3.0 m. All ponds were rain-fed and most were well-exposed to sunlight.

2.1 Design of the Study

The study consisted of three treatments, T1, T2 and T3, each having 11 replicates. The replicates were assigned to the ponds using stratified random selection. The stocking densities of mola, rohu, mrigal, and freshwater prawn were 25,000, 3,000, 1,000 and 3,750 ha-1, respectiely in all treatments. Catla and silver carp density varied among the treatments. Density of catla were 1,000, 1.750 and 2,500 ha-1, and density of rohu 2,500, 1,750 and 1,000 ha-1, respectively in treatment T1, T2 and T3.

2.2 Pond Preparation and Stocking of Fish

All fish were removed by dewatering the ponds. Ponds were prepared using lime at the rate of 1 kg per decimal and initial fertilisation with phosphate, urea and cowdung at the rates of 200 g, 200 g and 5 kg per decimal, respectively. Fingerlings of carps and juveniles of prawn were collected from a local fry trader. Mola was collected both from local farmers and fry traders. Transportation of the stocks to the ponds was done in the early morning. The length and weight of 20 individuals of each species were measured before releasing into the ponds.

2.3 Post-stocking Management

Mustard oil cake and rice bran (1:2 ratio) were used as supplementary feed at the rate of 3 per cent body weight of fish and prawn. After stocking, phosphate, urea and

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cow-dung were applied at 10 days interval at the rate of 100 g, 100 g and 4 kg per decimal, respectively.

2.4 Water Quality Measurements

Water quality parameters such as temperature (0C), transparency (cm), dissolved oxygen (mg l-1), and pH were measured fortnightly. A Celsius thermometer was used for water temperature measurement. Transparency was measured with a secchi disc of 20 cm diameter. Dissolved oxygen of water samples was measured by a portable digital DO meter (YSI model 85-10 FT). pH of the water samples was measured by a direct reading digital pH meter (HACH, model 51910) on the spot.

2.5 Sampling and Harvesting of Fish and Prawn

Sampling of all species was done monthly, using a seine net to assess the growth of fish and prawn. The length and weight of 20 individuals of each species were recorded. Length was taken, using a centimetre scale and weight, using a portable balance. All fish and prawn were harvested at the end of the study by repeated netting with a seine net and were measured and weighed. The following parameters were used to evaluate the growth: a. Average weight gain = mean final fish weight - mean initial fish weight

b. SGR (% bw d-1)=( in (final weight) - in (initial weight))/culture period in days x 100.

2.6 Benefit-Cost Analysis

A simple benefit-cost analysis was made to determine the economic returns of the three treatments. The analysis was based on market prices in West Bengal, India for fish, prawn and all other items, expressed in Indian Rupees (38 INR = 1USD).

2.7 Statistical Analysis

Water quality parameters were compared by two-way repeated measures ANOVA with treatment as main factor and sampling date as repeated measures factor (Gomez and Gomez 1984). The fish yield parameters were compared using one-way ANOVA. Since the experimental plot sizes were different, plot size was used as

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covariant during the ANOVA. If main effects were significantly different, differences among the treatments were tested with DMRT. The analyses were run at 5 per cent significance level using SPSS statistical package.

3.0 Results
3.1 Growth and Production of Fish and Prawn
Results for growth and production of all species are presented in Table 1. The relative contributions of fish species and prawn to the total production in each treatment are presented in Figure 1. As mola bred in the ponds; the harvested numbers were much higher than that stocked and individual harvesting weight and survival were not recorded. The total yield of mola was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than T3, but no significant difference was found between T1 and T2. The mean individual stocking weight of mola were 2.5 g in all treatments. There was no significant difference in stocking weight of mola, as the juveniles were collected from the same stock and distributed randomly in all the research ponds. The individual harvesting weight of prawn and SGR found significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment T1 than in T3. The mean survival varied between 72-82 per cent, without showing any significant differences (P>0.05) among treatments. The total yield in treatment T1 was significantly higher than in T2 and T3. The mean individual stocking weight of mrigal was same in all treatments, because fingerlings were collected from the same stock and distributed randomly. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in individual harvesting weight, survival, SGR, total yield and net yield of mrigal among the treatments. The mean stocking weight of rohu was also the same in all treatments. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in harvesting weight, SGR, survival, total yield and net yield of rohu among treatments. Comparatively higher survival, 81 per cent and higher yield, 270 kg ha-1 of rohu were found in T1. The mean individual stocking weight of catla was also same 10.17 g in all treatments. The harvesting weight of catla and SGR in treatment T1 found significantly higher (P<0.05) than in treatment T2 and T3. There was no significant difference in the survival of catla among treatments. Total yield and net yield of catla did not show any significant difference among treatments. The mean individual

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Table 1: Comparisons of Means (SE) of Yield Parameters of Fish and Prawn in Three Treatments with a Four-Month Culture Period (Mean values followed by different superscript letters in each row indicate significant differences, P<0.05, based on Duncans multiple range test.)
Species/Parametres T1 Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) Mean individual stocking weight (g) Total yield (kg ha ) Net yield (kg ha-1)
-1

Treatments T2 T3

2.5 0.17 286 .8 25.3a 225.0 25.3a

2.5 0.17 217.9 27.9

ab

2.5 0.17 193.1 21.9b 131.4 21.9b

156.3 27.9ab

Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Mean individual stocking weight (g) Individual harvesting weight (g) Survival rate (%) SGR (% bw day ) Total yield (kg ha-1) Net yield (kg ha-1) Rohu (Labeo rohita) Mean individual stocking weight (g) Individual harvesting weight (g) Survival rate (%) SGR (% bw day ) Total yield (kg ha ) Net yield (kg ha ) Catla (Catla catla) Mean individual stocking weight (g) Individual harvesting weight (g) Survival rate (%) SGR (% bw day-1) 10.17 0.55 388.2 37.8 77.5 3.1 2.3 0.07a
a -1 -1 -1 -1

3.6 0.03 60.8 2.2

a

3.6 0.03 55.6 1.5

ab

3.6 0.03 53.8 2.8b 73.63 4.5 1.7 0.03b 145.7 9.6b 132.4 9.6b

81.7 3.1 1.8 0.02

a

72.0 3.9 1.8 0.02

ab

184.7 9.7a 171.2 9.7a

144.68 7.9b 131.7 7.7b

8.1 0.11 269.6 26.6 81.1 3.7 4.20 0.09 665.18 88.5 641.3 88.5

8.1 0.11 269.6 29.8 77.9 3.6 4.2 0.1 629.1 83.9 605.2 83.9

8.1 0.11 232.3 21.7 76.7 2.7 4.1 0.09 531.1 59.9 507.2 59.9

10.17 0.55 266.36 24.4 72.5 4.3 2.08 0.054b

b

10.17 0.55 226.4 18.3b 69.8 3.9 1.98 0.051b

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Species/Parametres T1 Total yield (kg ha ) Net yield (kg ha-1)

-1

Treatments T2 339.61 44.5 322.0 44.5 T3 399.1 48.7 373.95 48.7

297.3 33.8 287.3 33.8

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Mean individual stocking weight (g) Individual harvesting weight (g) Survival rate (%) SGR (% bw day-1) Total yield (kg ha ) Net yield (kg ha-1) Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus) Mean individual stocking weight (g) Individual harvesting weight (g) Survival rate (%) SGR (% bw day ) Total yield (kg ha ) Net yield (kg ha-1)
-1 -1 -1

4.68 0.06 356.4 49.4 79.18 3.3 2.7 0.09 712.8 23.4
a

4.68 0.06 380.9 47.5 79.0 3.0 2.8 0.08 525.10 70.2
ab

4.68 0.06 410.0 67.8 78.6 3.3 2.79 0.116 318.67 56.6b 314.04 56.6b

701.2 23.4a

517.0 70.2ab

8.6 0.07 383.64 29 80.9 3.3 2.4 0.05 310.9 32.3 302.4 32.3

8.6 0.07

8.6 0.07

344.5.6 41.87 378.18 31.32 81.9 2.5 2.3 0.14 283.8 37.8 275.3 37.8 78.5 3.1 2.4 0.06 295.8 31.4 287.3 31.4

Note: Mean values followed by different superscript letters in each row indicate significant differences (P<0.05) based on Duncans multiple range test.

stocking weight of silver carp was 4.7 g in all treatments. There were no significant differences in individual harvesting weight, survival and SGR among treatments. The total and net yield of silver carp were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than T3. The combined production of catla and silver carp was higher in T1, in which the stocking density of silver carp was higher than that of catla.

3.2 Benefit-Cost Analysis

The economics for the treatments are shown in Table 2. The operational costs consisted of the cost of pond preparation, purchase of fingerlings and prawn juveniles, feed and fertilisers. The highest total and net return as well as benefit-cost ratio were found in treatment T3, followed by treatment T2 and T1.

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Table 2: Benefit-Cost Analysis in the Treatments (based on 1 ha pond area and 155-day culture period)
Items Purchased inputs Lime Urea TSP in the text, you write phosphate Feed Mola Prawn juveniles Rohu fingerlings Catla fingerlings Silver carp fingerlings Mrigal fingerlings Total costs of purchased items Bank interest (10% per annuum) Total financial investment Financial returns Prawn sale Mola sale Rohu sale Catla sale Silver carp sale Mrigal sale Total financial returns Net financial benefit Benefit-cost ratio (BCR) 46,125 20,090 26,600 10,395 21,360 10,885 135,455 72,696 2.16:1.00 36,250 15,260 25,160 11,900 15,750 9,940 114,260 54,520 1.91:1.00 36,500 13,510 21,240 13,955 9,750 8,880 103,835 46,064 1.80:1.00 T1 T2 T3

Amount of money (INR) (37 INR=1USD) 2,000 820 1,450 32,000 5,000 11,250 3,000 2,000 1,250 1,000 59,770 2,989 62,759 2,000 820 1,450 28,000 5,000 11,250 3,000 3,500 875 1,000 56,895 2,845 59,740 2,000 820 1,450 25,000 5,000 11,250 3,000 5,000 500 1,000 55,020 2751 57,771

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Figure 1: Relative Contribution of Freshwater Prawn, Mola, Catla, Silver Carp, Rohu and Mrigal to Combined Total Production
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 T1 T2 Treatment T3
Prawn Rohu Mola Silver carp Catla Mrigal

3.3 Water Quality Parameters

The results of the water quality parameters are shown in Table 3. During the study period, the results obtained for all water quality parameters were within suitable ranges for fish and prawn culture. The water quality parameters did not show any significant differences among the treatments. The values of water temperature were found to range from 20-32 0C. Water transparency varied between 20-34 cm during the study period. Dissolved oxygen (DO) recorded in the ponds varied from 3.96 mg l-1 to 9.89 mg l-1. The pH of the pond water was approximately neutral or slightly alkaline, ranging from 7.29 to 8.48. There were no significant differences of water quality parameters among the treatments.

Production (kg ha -1)

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Table 3: Mean Values ( SE) and Range of Water Quality Parameters

Parameters Temperature (0C) Transparency (cm) DO (mg l-1) pH T1 27.62 1.29 (20.09-31.97) 26.13 0.89 (21-30) 5.86 0.59 (4.09-9.89) 7.89 0.09 (7.54-8.29) Treatments T2 27.69 1.23 (20.76-31.78) 26.85 1.14 (21-33) 5.76 0.52 (3.96-7.97) 7.90 0.10 (7.45-8.48) T3 27.59 1.27 (20.56-31.71 ) 26.91 1.27 (20-34) 5.81 0.48 (4.14-8.25) 7.83 0.11 (7.29-8.46)

4.0 Discussion
4.1 Growth and Production of Fish and Prawn
Mola production was highest with the highest stocking density of silver carp and lowest of catla, indicating that silver carps have no negative impact on the growth and production. As mola breed 2-3 times in natural pond condition, it is important to harvest at least once in a week in order to obtain a higher production and keep the adequate number of mola in the pond. Compared to all other species, silver carp showed the better performance in terms of growth and production. There were no significant differences in individual harvesting weight, indicating that silver carp production was not affected by mola. Roy (2004) also reported that silver carp production was not affected by the presence or absence of mola in carp-mola polyculture system. The growth of catla was negatively affected with its higher stocking density. It might have been due to intraspecies competition for food and space. There was no significant difference in silver carp growth among the treatments, indicating that the stocking density of catla did not affect its growth. Also stocking density of silver carp (1,000-2,500 ha-1) did not affect its growth and was positively related to total production, being highest in T1, having the highest stocking density. There was no significant difference of growth of rohu among the treatments perhaps due to rohu being the only column feeder species, and therefore having no competition with food and space. The stocking density of catla and silver carp used in this study did not affect the growth of rohu. The growth and production of mrigal

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were also good in all treatments. This might be due to the low-stocking density of mrigal used in this study and the availability of organic matter in the pond bottom which helps create nutrient rich organisms. The growth and production of prawn were significantly higher in treatment T1 than treatment T2 and T3. The highest stocking density of silver carp in T1 was associated with a higher prawn production, perhaps due to a synergistic effect between silver carp and prawn. There have also been synergism between mola and prawn, as both species has the highest productions in the same treatment, T1. The economic analysis shows the economic returns of carp-mola-prawn polyculture under low-input management as used in the three treatments in this study. The cost of physical labour by household members was not taken into consideration. Due to significant higher production of mola, prawn and silver carp in T1 than T2 and T3, the highest financial returns were observed in this treatment. Roy (2004) reported a net benefit of 88,330 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) (70 BDT = 1 USD) per hectare per 7 months for carp-mola polyculture systems which were similar to the treatments used in this study. Roos (2001) reported a net benefit of 34,100 BDT ha-1 in carp-native SIS ponds culture in Bangladesh, which is lower than that of this study. However, from the production, economics and nutritional point of view, mola-carpsprawn culture system is a better option for rural farmers. People can derive money by selling the large carps and prawn at the end of the culture period and mola can be consumed once in a week after it started breeding. Farmers or their family members even women can easily catch mola by using cast net/push net/lift net. As mola breed 2-3 times in a year, so, addition of mola in carp-prawn polyculture would be a regular source of animal protein as well as vitamin-a and micro-nutrients for the farmers.

4.2 Water Quality Parameters

Suitable water quality parameters are prerequisite for a healthy aquatic environment and for the production of optimal fish food organisms. The primary productivity of a water body is dependent on physical and chemical factors of water in relation to the other environmental factors (Rahman et al. 1982). The range of water temperature (20.09-31.97 oC) observed in the study ponds appeared to be suitable for fish culture, and were in agreement with the findings of Paul (1998), Mollah and Haque (1978)

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and Kohinoor (2000), recording temperature ranges of 26.7-33.7 oC, 26-32.4 oC and 18.5-32.9 oC, respectively in the carp polyculture ponds in Bangladesh which is the same in the geographical region like the present research area. Boyd (1982) recommended a transparency ranging from 15 to 40 cm as appropriate for fish culture which is similar to that found in this study. Some ponds were turbid due to flashing of the rainfall from the embankment. Overall, the transparency indicated the good growth of planktonic population which is necessary for fish culture. pH values of water ranging from 7.0 to 9.2 is recommended as being suitable for fish culture (Swingle 1967; Boyd 1982) and the pH values of this study were within this range. Kohinoor et al. (1998) observed a pH range of 7.18 to 7.24 in carpmola polyculture ponds at the Fisheries Field Laboratory Complex, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. DO concentrations were also in a suitable range, with few occasional low values, especially on rainy days. Banerjea (1967) reported that DO ranging from 5 to 7 mg/l is good for fish culture. Ophenheimer et al. (1978), Wahab et al. (1995) and Roy (2004) recorded similar DO values, 3.187.58 mg/L and 2.2-7.1 mg/L and 3.65 -7.65 mg/L respectively.

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References
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Roos, N. 2001. Fish consumption and aquaculture in rural Bangladesh: Nutritional contribution and production potential of culturing small indigenous fish species (SIS) in pond polyculture with commonly cultured carps. Ph. D. thesis, Research Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark. P. 121. Roy, N.C. 2004. Effects of Carp-SIS Polyculture System on Pond Fish Production, Nutritional Security and Socioeconomic Benefit of the Rural People, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. P. 184. Swingle, H.S. 1967. Standardization of chemical analyses for waters and pond muds. FAO Fisheries Report, 4 (44): 397-421. Thilsted, S.H., N. Ross and N. Hassan. 1997. The role of indigenous fish species in food and nutrition security in Bangladesh. NACA News letter, July-Dec, 13p. Tripathy, S.D. 1997. The role of fishes and aquaculture in improving the food and nutrition security in Bangladesh. Paper presented at the Training Workshop in food nutrition security in BD. Organized by BRRI and ENRECA project, 12 March, Bangladesh. Wahab, M.A., Z.F., Ahmed, M.A. Islam, and S.M. Rahmatullah, 1995. Effect of introduction of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L) on the pond ecology and growth of fish in polyculture. Aquacult. Res., 26: 619-928.

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