Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COMMERCIAL LAWS
by: atty. jonathan a. cristobal, cpa
While the LAW ON PLEDGE and MORTGAGE cover Articles 2085 to 2131 of the
CIVIL CODE, only the following topics were included in the CPA Syllabus.
Let us start.
“Art. 2085 of the Civil Code provides: “The following requisites are essential to
the contract of pledge and mortgage:
b. That the pledgor and mortgagor be the absolute owner of the thing pledged
or mortgaged;
c. That the persons constituting the pledge or mortgage have the free disposal
of their property, and in the absence thereof, that they be legally authorized
for the purpose.
Third persons who are not parties to the principal obligation may secure the
latter by pledging or mortgaging their own property.”
DISCUSSION:
1
or resolutory condition (Art. 2091) or even VOIDABLE, UNENCFORCEABLE
AND NATURAL OBLIGATIONS.
EXCEPTION: Third persons may pledge and mortgaged their property. Thus,
it is not required for the validity of a pledge or mortgage that the debtor be
the owner of the thing pledged or mortgaged. Third persons may pledge or
mortgage their property to secure ANOTHER PERSON’S DEBT (see Art. 2085
above). However, they can be held liable to the EXTENT OF THE VALUE OF
THE PROEPRTY. With respect to mortgage, they may be held liable for any
DEFICIENCY in case of foreclosure IF THEY EXPRESSLY AGREED TO
ASSUME the principal obligation.
(C) That the persons constituting the pledge or mortgage have the free disposal
of the property, and in the absence thereof, THAT THEY LE LEGALLY
AUTHORIZED FOR THE PURPOSE. (Art. 2085).
Meaning of free disposal- Free disposal means that the property being given
in pledge or mortgage is free from claims and encumbrances.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
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OWNER of an IMMOVABLE (or an alienable real right imposed upon immovable)
directly and immediately subjects it, whoever the possessor may be, to the fulfillment of
the obligation for whose security it was constituted.
There are at least two contractual modes under the Civil Code by which
PERSONAL PROPERTY can be used to secure a PRINCIPAL OBLIGATION. The first is
through a CONTRACT OF PLEDGE, while the second is through a chattel mortgage.
PERSONAL PROPERTY:
(1) Contract of PLEDGE.
(2) Contract of CHATTEL MORTGAGE.
Art. 2086: The provisions of Article 2052 are applicable to a PLEDGE OR MORTGAGEE.
Read case law of Central Bank of the Philippines vs. Court of Appeals and
Suplico M. Tolentino, G. R No. L-45710, October 3, 1985, pp. 379-380 of your book.
Facts: T obtained a loan from a bank in the amount of 80,000.00 A real estate
mortgage was constituted on his 100-hectare property. The bank made only a partial
release of Php 17,000.00, and did not release the remaining Php 63,000.00. However, T
was unable to re-pay his loan for the Php 17,000.00.
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Issue: Can the Bank foreclose the 100-hectare property where T executed a real
estate mortgage?
Ruling: The Court said: “In the accessory contract of real estate mortgage, the
consideration of the debtor in furnishing the mortgage is the existence of a VALID,
VOIDABLE OR UNENFORCEABLE DEBT. (Art. 2086 in relation to 2052)
Since the bank failed to release the Php 63,000.00 balance of the Php 80,000.00
loan, the real estate mortgage became UNENFORCEBALE to such extent. Php 63,000.00
is 78.75% of Php 80,000.00, hence the real estate mortgage covering 100 hectares is
UNENFORCEABLE to the extent of 78.75%. But the mortgage covering the remainder
of 21.25 hectares subsists as a security for the Php 17,000.00 debt, 21.25 hectares is more
than sufficient to secure a Php 17,000.00 debt.
“Art. 2087. It is also the essence of these contracts that when the PRINCIPAL
OBLIGATION becomes DUE, the THINGS in which the PLEDGE OR MORTGAGE
consists may be alienated for the PAYMENT TO THE CREDITOR.”
When the PRINCIPAL OBLIGATION becomes DUE and the DEBTOR fails to
perform his obligation, the creditor may foreclose on the pledge or mortgage of the
purpose of alienating the property to satisfy his CREDIT.
“Art. 2088. The creditor CANNOT APPROPRIATE THE THING GIVEN by of pledge or
mortgage, or dispose of them. Any stipulation to the contrary is NULL AND VOID.”
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This is a stipulation in a pledge or mortgage which provides for
AUTOMATIC FORFEITURE, i.e., that ownership of the thing pledged or
mortgaged shall pass to the creditor by the mere default of the debtor.
Under the law, the creditor is allowed only to move FOR THE SALE OF
THE THING PLEDGED OR MORTGAGED after the principal obligation
becomes due, in order to collect the amount of his claims from the proceeds. The
stipulation however, that the pledgee or mortgagee may purchase the thing
pledged or mortgaged at their current price if the debt is not paid on time is
valid. The pledgee or mortgagee may also bid at the public auction of the things
pledged or mortgaged.
Read case law of Victoria Yau Chu vs. Court of Appeals, G. R No. L-
785519, pp. 381-382 of your book.
Ruling: NO. This is not a pacto commissorio stipulation. In this case the
SECURITY FOR THE DEBT IS ALSO MONEY deposited in a bank, the amount of
which is even less than the debt, it was not illegal for the creditor to encash the time
deposit certificates to pay the debtor’s overdue obligation, with the latter’s consent.
ELEMENTS OF PACTUM COMMISSORIUM: There are two (2) elements for pactum
commissorium to exists:
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ESSENCE OF PACTUM COMMISSORIUM- the essence of this rule is that
OWNERSHIP OF THE SECURITY WILL PASS TO THE CREDITOR by the mere default
of the debtor. This has been repeatedly declared by the Supreme Court as CONTRARY
TO MORALS AND PUBLIC POLICY.
Example: H and W obtained a loan from Spouses G and L for Php 100,000. To secure the
debt, H and W executed a DEED OF SALE of their residential house and lot covered by
TCT No. 12345. H and W failed to pay the loan at maturity causing Spouses G and L to
register the sale and obtain ownership of the house and lot. This is pactum
commissorium. The ownership of the security was transferred to the creditor upon
mere default, without the proper foreclosure proceedings.
“Article 2089. A pledge or mortgage is indivisible, even though the debt may be
divided among the successors in interest of the debtor or of the creditor.
Therefore, the debtor's heir who has paid a part of the debt cannot ask for the
proportionate extinguishment of the pledge or mortgage as long as the debt is not
completely satisfied.
Neither can the creditor's heir who received his share of the debt return the pledge or
cancel the mortgage, to the prejudice of the other heirs who have not been paid.
From these provisions is excepted the case in which, there being several things given in
mortgage or pledge, each one of them guarantees only a determinate portion of the
credit.
The debtor, in this case, shall have a right to the extinguishment of the pledge or
mortgage as the portion of the debt for which each thing is specially answerable is
satisfied.”
General Rule: A pledge or mortgage is INDIVISIBLE, even though the debt may
be divided among the successors in interest of the debtor or of the creditor. This rule
applies even if the debtors are jointly liable (Art. 2090).
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The debtor in this case, shall have the right to the extinguishment of the
pledge or mortgage as the portion of the debt for which each thing is
answerable is satisfied.
“Article 2090. The indivisibility of a pledge or mortgage is not affected by the fact that
the debtors are not solidarily liable.”
Example: A and B jointly borrowed Php 50,000.00 from C. To secure the debt, A
pledged his necklace and B his ring. If A pays C Php 25,000.00, he cannot ask for the
extinguishment of the of the pledge of his necklace. Although the debtors are jointly
liable, the pledge constituted on the necklace and the ring is indivisible.
“Article 2091. The contract of pledge or mortgage may secure all kinds of obligations,
be they pure or subject to a suspensive or resolutory condition.”
When the contract is subject to a suspensive condition, the birth or effectivity can
take place only if and when the event which constitutes the condition happens or is
fulfilled, and if the suspensive condition does not take place, the parties would stand as
of the conditional obligation has never existed.
The debtor then can be compelled by the creditor to fulfill his promise by
executing the pledge or mortgage. Until the mortgage has been executed, no real right
on the property is created. In the case of pledge, the same shall not be perfected until
the delivery of the object of the pledge.
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Should the debtor fail to comply with his promise to constitute the pledge or
mortgage, he loses the benefit of the period. Accordingly, the creditor may demand
immediate payment, (Art. 1198)
E.g. DEBTOR borrowed Php 50,000.00 from CREDITOR. The loan is payable in
12 months. DEBTOR promise to execute a mortgage on his land within one (1) month to
secure the debt. CREDITOR accepted the promise. In this case, no mortgage has been
constituted. Thus, CREDITOR has a PERSONAL RIGHT to demand the constitution of
the mortgage. Once the mortgage has been constituted, the mortgage created a real
right in favor of CREDITOR over the land as security. But if DEBTOR does not
constitute the mortgage as agreed within one-month period, the CREDITOR may
demand immediate payment of the debt.
PLEDGE
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In a contract of pledge, the creditor is given the right to retain his debtor’s
movable property in his possession, or in that of a third person to whom it has been
delivered, until the debt is paid.
KINDS OF PLEDGE:
1. Conventional Pledge or Voluntary- that which is constituted by the mutual
consent of the pledger and the pledgee.
2. Legal- that which is created by operation of law. Example. Articles 546, 1731
and 1994 of the Civil Code
REQUISITES OF PLEDGE:
c. That the person constituting the pledge have the free disposal of their
property, and in the absence thereof, that they be legally authorized for the
purpose.
d. That the thing pledge be placed in the possession of the creditor or of a third
person by common agreement.
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of a pawn ticket by the pawnshop means that the thing pledged has already been
placed in the possession and that the pledge has been constituted.
OBJECTS OF PLEDGE
Art. 2094. All movables which are within the commerce may be pledged,
provided they are susceptible of possession.
FORM OF PLEDGE
Art. 2096. A pledge shall not take effect against third persons if a description of
the thing pledged and the date of the pledge do not appear in a public
instrument.
1. BETWEEN THE PARTIES- the pledge may be in any form as in fact the
mere delivery of the object is sufficient to bind the parties.
Art. 2097. With the consent of the pledgee, the thing pledge may be alienated by
the pledgor or owner, subject to the pledge. The ownership of the thing pledged
is transmitted to the vendee or transferee as soon as the pledgee consents to the
alienation, but THE LATTER SHALL CONTINUE IN POSSESSION.
The pledger retains ownership of the thing pledged. Thus, the pledgor
retains the right to alienate the thing pledged WITH THE CONSENT OF THE
PLEDGEE
E.g. D pledged his watch in favor of C in the amount of 15K. To secure his
obligation, the watch was delivered to perfect the pledge. So, if D wants to sell
the watch, it should be with the consent of C. If D sold the watch to E with the
consent of C, the sale is valid. However, the ownership of the thig pledged is
transmitted to E but C SHALL CONTINUE IN POSSESSION.
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Art. 2098. The contract of pledge gives a right to the creditor to RETAIN THE
THING IN HIS POSSESSION or in that of a third person to whom it has been
delivered, UNTIL THE DEBT IS PAID.
This article provides the right of the creditor to retain possession of the
pledged items UNTIL THE DEBT IS PAID.
Article 2099. The creditor shall take care of the thing pledged with the diligence
of a good father of a family, he has the right to the reimbursement of the
expenses made for its preservation, and is liable for its loss or deterioration, in
conformity with the provisions of this Code.
Article 2100. The pledgee cannot deposit the thing pledged with a third person,
unless there is stipulation authorizing him to do so. The pledgee is responsible
for the acts of his agents or employees with respect to the thing pledged.
GENERAL RULE: The pledgee cannot deposit the thing pledged with a third
person.
Article 2101. The pledgor has the same responsibility as a bailor in commodatum
in the case under Article 1951.
E.g. D owns C Php 50,000.00 with 1% monthly interest. To secure the debt,
he delivered his XEROX MACHINE. The machine earns income. For this, C shall
compensate what he receives with those which are owing to him. If he amount
exceeds that which is due, C shall apply it to the principal of Php 50,000.00.
Article 2103. Unless the thing pledged is expropriated, the debtor continues to be
the owner thereof.
Nevertheless, the creditor may bring the actions which pertain to the
owner of the thigs pledged in order to recover it from or defend it against a third
person
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Article 2104. The creditor cannot use the thing pledged, without the authority of
the owner, and if he should do so, or should misuse the thing in any other way,
the owner may ask that it be judicially or extrajudicially deposited. When the
preservation of the thing pledged requires its use, it must be used by the creditor
but only for that purpose.
Article 2105. The debtor cannot ask for the return of the thing pledged against
the will of the creditor, unless and until he has paid the debt and its interest, with
expenses in a proper case.
The debtor cannot ask for the return of the thing pledged against the will
of the creditor unless and until he has paid the debt and its interest
Article 2106. If through negligence or willful act of the pledgee, the thing
pledged is in danger of being lost or impaired, the pledgor may require that it be
deposited with a third person.
The pledgee is bound to advise the pledgor, without delay, of any danger
to the thing pledged.
Article 2108. If, without the fault of the pledgee, there is danger of destruction,
impairment or diminution in value of the thing pledged, he may cause the same
to be sold at public sale. The proceeds of the same auction shall be a security for
the principal obligation in the same manner as the thing originally pledged.
REMEDY OF THE PLEDGOR- he may demand the return of the thing, upon
offering another in pledge.
Article 2109. If the creditor is deceived on the substance or quality of the thing
pledged, he may either claim another thing in its stead or demand immediate
payment of the principal obligation.
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Article 2110. If the thing pledged is returned by the pledgee to the pledgor or
owner, the pledge is extinguished. Any stipulation to the contrary shall be void.
If subsequent to the perfection of the pledge, the thing is in the possession of the
pledgor or owner, there is a prima facie presumption that the same has been
returned by the pledgee. This same presumption exists if the thing pledged is in
the possession of a third person who has received it from the pledgor or owner
after the constitution of the pledge.
E.g. D pledged his watch as security for a loan of Php 50,000.00. The loan and
pledge is for ONE MONTH. After two weeks and upon the request of D, C
returned the laptop with the agreement that the pledge will not be extinguish.
BUT NOTE: The extinguishment of the pledge does not mean the
extinguishment of the principal obligation.
E.g. D pleged his mobile phone to C for the loan of Php 10,000.00. C
renounces the pledge in writing thru a letter. In this case, the pledge is
extinguish. There is no need for acceptance even the return of the thing pledged.
While the thing pledged has not been returned, C becomes the depositary.
Article 2112 The creditor to whom the credit has not been satisfied in due time,
may proceed before a Notary Public to the sale of the thing pledged. This sale
shall be made at public auction and with notification to the debtor and the owner
of the thing pledged in a proper case, stating the amount for which the public
sale is to be held. If at the first auction, the thing is not sold, a second one with
the same formalities shall be held; and if the second auction, there is no sale
either, the creditor may appropriate the thing pledged. In this case, he shall be
obliged to give an acquittance for his entire claim.
When the PRINIPAL OBLIGATION had not been paid at maturity, the
creditor may proceed with the sale by public auction by engaging the services of
a NOTARY PUBLIC.
“Article 2113. At the public auction, the pledgor or owner may bid. He shall,
moreover, have a better right if he should offer the same terms as the highest
bidder.
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The pledgee may also bid, but his offer shall not be valid if he is the only
bidder.”
Under this article, the pledgor and the pledgee may bid at the public
auction. But the pledgor has a better right if he should offer the same terms as
the highest bidder. The pledgee’s offer shall not be valid if he is the only bidder.
“Article 2114. All bids at the public auction shall offer to pay the purchase price
at once. If any other bid is accepted, the pledgee is deemed to have received the
purchase price, as far as the pledgor or owner is concerned.”
“Article 2115. The sale of the thing pledged shall extinguish the principal
obligation, whether or not the proceeds of the sale are equal to the amount of the
principal obligation, interest and expense in a proper case. If the price of the sale
is more than said amount, the debtor shall NOT be entitled to the excess, unless
it is otherwise agreed. If the price of the sale is less, neither shall the creditor be
entitled to recover the deficiency, notwithstanding any stipulation to the
contrary.”
The rule is ONCE A PLEDGED ITEM IS SOLD, neither the pledgee nor
the pledgor can recover whatever deficiency or excess there may be between the
purchase price and the amount of the principal obligation.
When the Legislature intends to DENY the right of the creditor to sue for
any deficiency resulting from foreclosure of security given to guaramtee an
obligation, it expressly provides as in the case of PLEDGES, in Article 2115 and
in CHATTEL MORTGAGES of a thing SOLD ON INSTALLMENT BASIS, see
Article 1484 (3).
The effects of foreclosure under the Chattel Mortgage law run inconsistent
with those of pledge under Article 2115. Whereas, in pledge, the sale of the thing
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pledged extinguishes the entire principal obligation, such that the pledgor may
no longer recover proceeds of the sale in excess of the amount of principal
obligation. Section 14 of the Chattel Mortgage Law expressly entitles the
mortgagor to the balance of the proceeds, upon satisfaction of the principal
obligation and costs.
“Article 2116. After the public auction, the pledgee shall promptly advise the
pledgor or owner of the result thereof.”
“Article 2117. Any third person who has any right in or to the thing pledged may
satisfy the principal obligation as soon as the latter becomes due and
demandable.”
Article 2118. If a credit which had been pledged becomes due before it is
redeemed, the pledgee may collect and receive the amount due. He shall apply
the same to the payment of his claim, and deliver the surplus, should there be
any, to the pledgor.
“Article 2119. If two or more thing are pledged, the pledgee may choose which
he will cause to be sold, unless there is a stipulation to the contrary. He may
demand the sale of only as many things as are necessary for the payment of the
debt.”
Under the law, it is the pledgee and not the pledgor who is given the
RIGHT TO CHOOSE which items should be sold if two or more things are
pledged.
“Article 2120. If a third party secures an obligation by pledging his own movable
property under the provisions of Article 2085 he shall have the same rights as a
GUARANTOR under Articles 2066 to 2070, and Articles 2077 to 2081. He is not
prejudiced by any waiver of defense by the principal obligor.”
“Article 2122. A thing under a pledge by operation of law may be sold only after
demand of the amount for which the thing is retained. The public auction shall
take place within one month after such demand. If, without just grounds, the
creditor does not cause the public sale to be held within such period, the debtor
may require the return of the thing.”
15
There is only one public auction which shall take place within one month
after such demand.
“Article 2123. With regard to pawnshops and other establishments which are
engaged in making loans secured BY PLEDGES, the special laws and regulations
concerning them shall be observed, and subsidiarily, the provisions of this Title.
SUMMARY:
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4. To ask for the return of the thing pledged after he has paid the debt
and its interest, with its interest, with expenses in a proper case. (Art.
2105)
5. To require that the thing pledged be deposited with a third person of it
is in danger of being lost or impaired through the negligence or willful
act of the pledgee. (Art. 2106)
6. To demand the return of the thing pledged, upon offering another
thing in pledge, provided the latter is of the same kind and quality, if
there are reasonable grounds to far the destruction or impairment of
the thing pledged without the fault of the pledgee. (Art. 2107)
1. To pay the debt and its interest, with expenses in a proper case, when
they are due (Art. 2105)
2. To pay damages that the pledgee may suffer by reason of the flaws of
the thing pledged, if he was aware of such flaws but did not advise the
pledgee of the same. (Art. 1951, 1201)
1. To retain in his possession the thing pledged until the debt is paid.
(Art. 2098)
2. To demand reimbursement of the expenses made for the preservation
of the thing pledged. (Art. 2099)
3. To bring actions which pertain to the owner of the thing pledged in
order to recover it from, or defend it against, third persons. (Art. 2103)
4. To use the thing pledged if he is authorized to do so, or when its use is
necessary for the preservation of the thing. (Art. 2104)
5. If he is deceived of the substance of the thing pledged, he may:
a. Claim that another thing be given to him in place of the thing
pledged, or
b. Demand immediate payment of the principal obligation. (Art.
2109)
6. To cause the sale of the thing pledged at a public sale, if there is a
danger of destruction, impairment or diminution in value of the thing
pledged without his fault.
7. To collect and receive the amount due if the thing pledged is a credit
which has become due before it is redeemed, and to apply the same to
the payment of his claim. He shall apply what he has collected to the
payment of his claim, and deliver the surplus, should there be any, to
the pledgor. (Art. 2118)
8. To sell he thing pledged upon default of the debtor. (Art. 2087)
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OBLIGATIONS OF THE CREDITOR/PLEDGEE:
1. To take care of the thing pledged with the diligence of a good father of
a family. (Art. 2099)
2. To be liable for the loss or deterioration of the thing pledged unless it
is due to fortuitous event. (Art. 2099)
3. Not to deposit the thing pledged with a third person, unless
authorized. (Art. 2100)
4. To be responsible for the acts of his agents or employees with respect
to the thing pledged. (Art. 2100)
5. Not to use the thing pledged, except:
a. When he is authorized by the owner.
b. When the use of the thing is necessary for its preservation.
6. To deliver to the debtor the surplus after paying his claim from what
he has collected on a credit that was pledged and which has become
due before it is redeemed.
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released from the pledge. T shall be released even if later, C
should lose the lot by eviction in case there is a rightful owner.
EXTINGUISHMENT OF PLEDGE:
Any third person who has any right in or to the thing pledged may
satisfy the principal obligation as soon as the latter becomes due and
demandable.
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c. SALE OF THE THING PLEDGED:
LEGAL PLEDGE
EXAMPLES:
1. POSSESSORY LIEN BY A POSSESSOR IN GOOD FAITH- a
possessory lien in good faith may retain the movable upon which he
20
has incurred necessary and useful expenses until he has been
reimbursed therefor. (Art. 546)
2. Possessory lien of worker- He who has executed a work upon a
movable has a right to retain it by way of pledge until he is paid )Art.
1731)
3. Depositary’ right of retention- the depositary may retain the thing
deposited until the full payment of what may have been due him by
reason of the deposit (Art. 1994).
1. The thing may be sold only after demand of the amount for
which the thing is retained.
2. The public auction shall take place within one month after such
demand.
3. If without just grounds, the creditor does not cause the public
sale TO BE HELD WITHIN SUCH PERIOD, the debtor may
require the return of the thing. (Art. 2122)
4. After the payment of debt and expenses, the remainder of the
price of sale shall be delivered to the OBLIGOR.
MORTGAGE:
The essence of a mortgage contract is that a property has been set apart
from the mass of property of the debtor mortgagor as a security for the fulfilment
in case of default of payment.
3. That the person constituting the mortgage have the free disposal of their
property, and in the absence thereof, that they be legally authorized for
the purpose.
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4. That the document in which the mortgage appears be recorded in the
Registry of Property. (Art. 2125)
(1) Immovables;
(2) Alienable real rights in accordance with the laws, imposed upon immovables.
OBJECT OF MORTGAGE:
22
1. Immovables, see Art. 415 of the Civil Code for the enumeration of
what is an immovable.
(1) Land, buildings, roads and constructions of all kinds adhered to the
soil;
(2) Trees, plants, and growing fruits, while they are attached to the
land or form an integral part of an immovable;
(8) Mines, quarries, and slag dumps, while the matter thereof forms
part of the bed, and waters either running or stagnant;
(9) Docks and structures which, though floating, are intended by their
nature and object to remain at a fixed place on a river, lake, or coast;
(10) Contracts for public works, and servitudes and other real rights
over immovable property.”
The persons in whose favor the law establishes a mortgage have no other right
than to demand the execution and the recording of the document in which the
mortgage is formalized.”
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Under this Article, if the mortgage is not recorded in the Registry of
Deeds, it is not effective against third parties. However, the mortgage is
nevertheless binding between the parties.
However, since a real mortgage creates a real right, the same must be
in a public instrument for the convenience of the parties (Art. 1358).
The person in whose favor the law establishes a mortgage have no
other recourse other than to demand the execution and the recording
of the document in which the mortgages is formalized. (Art. 2125)
EFFECTS OF MORTGAGE:
Thus, even if the mortgagor sells the mortgaged property, the property
REMAINS subject to the fulfillment of the obligation secured by it.
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2. It creates an ENCUMBRANCE. A mortgage is merely a security for a
debt and an encumbrance upon the property. It does not extinguish
the title of the debtor who remains an owner.
These two (2) effects is applicable even if the mortgagor is NOT THE
PRINCIPAL DEBTOR.
EXTENT OF MORTGAGE:
1. Natural accessions.
2. Improvements.
3. Growing fruits.
“Article 2129. The creditor may claim from a third person in possession of the
mortgaged property, the payment of the part of the credit secured by the
property which said third person possesses, in the terms and with the formalities
which the law establishes.”
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E.g. D mortgaged his LAND to C, to secure his loan of Php 1M.
Thereafter, D sold the LAND to X. On maturity date of the loan, C will demand
payment from D, so that if D cannot pay, the remedy of C is to FORECLOSE THE
MORTGAGE.
In the alternative, C may claim from X the payment of the credit secured
by the property.
“Article 2130. A stipulation forbidding the owner from alienating the immovable
mortgaged shall be void.”
WHEN TO FORECLOSE:
KINDS OF FORECLOSURE:
a. If the defendant fails to pay the amount due within the time
directed by the Court, the property shall be sold.
b.4 BALANCE, after the above are paid, shall be given to the
MORTGAGOR.
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2. EXTRA-JUDICIAL- It is when a mortgagee is given a special power of
attorney to sell the mortgaged property by public auction under Act
3135:
RECOVERY OF DEFICIENCT:
REDEMPTION:
KINDS OF REDEMPTION:
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a. In JUDICIAL FORECLOSURE- the mortgagor may redeem the
property after the sale and before the confirmation by the court of
the sale.
CHATTEL MORTGAGE
3. That the person constituting the mortgage have the free disposal of their
property, and in the absence thereof, that they be legally authorized for
the purpose.
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4. That the document in which the mortgage appears be recorded in the
Chattel Mortgage Register (Art. 2140)
“Article 2141. The provisions of this Code on pledge, insofar as they are not in
conflict with the Chattel Mortgage Law shall be applicable to chattel mortgages.”
4. In general, all things which can be transported from place to place without
impairment of the real property to which they are fixed. (Art. 416 Civil Code)
5. Obligations and actions which have for their objects movables or demandable
sums.
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PLACE OF REGISTRATION:
30
right to appropriate to himself the personal property because he is permitted
only to RECOVER HIS CREDIT FROM THE PROCEEDS OF THE SALE OF THE
PROPERTY AT A PUBLIC AUCTION.
b. KINDS OF FORECLOSURE:
1. JUDICIAL FORECLOSURE- this is foreclosure made by instituting
a court action, following the provisions of the CHATTEL
MORTGAGE LAW as far as practicable.
2. EXTRA-JUDICIAL FORECLOSURE- this is foreclosure following
the provisions of the CHATTEL MORTGAGE LAW. Instituting a
court action is necessary only to secure possession of the thing
PREPARATORY TO EXTRAJUDICIAL FORECLOSURE if the
debtor refuses to deliver the thing.
31
SPECIAL LAWS INCLUDED IN THE CPA SYLLABUS STARTING
OCTOBER 2022 LICENSURE EXAMINATION:
32
Section 1. Checks without sufficient funds. - Any person who makes or draws and issues
any check to apply on account or for value, knowing at the time of issue that he does
not have sufficient funds in or credit with the drawee bank for the payment of such
check in full upon its presentment, which check is subsequently dishonored by the
drawee bank for insufficiency of funds or credit or would have been dishonored for
the same reason had not the drawer, without any valid reason, ordered the bank to
stop payment, shall be punished by imprisonment of not less than thirty days but not
more than one (1) year or by a fine of not less than but not more than double the
amount of the check which fine shall in no case exceed Two Hundred Thousand Pesos,
or both such fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court.
The same penalty shall be imposed upon any person who, having sufficient funds in
or credit with the drawee bank when he makes or draws and issues a check , shall fail
to keep sufficient funds or to maintain a credit to cover the full amount of the check
if presented within a period of ninety (90) days from the date appearing thereon, for
which reason it is dishonored by the drawee bank.
Where the check is drawn by a corporation, company or entity, the person or persons
who actually signed the check in behalf of such drawer shall be liable under this Act.
Section 2. Evidence of knowledge of insufficient funds. - The making, drawing and issuance
of a check payment of which is refused by the drawee because of insufficient funds in or
credit with such bank, when presented within ninety (90) days from the date of the
check, shall be prima facie evidence of knowledge of such insufficiency of funds or
credit unless such maker or drawer pays the holder thereof the amount due thereon, or
makes arrangements for payment in full by the drawee of such check within (5)
banking days after receiving notice that such check has not been paid by the drawee.
Section 3. Duty of drawee; rules of evidence. - It shall be the duty of the drawee of any
check, when refusing to pay the same to the holder thereof upon presentment, to cause
to be written, printed, or stamped in plain language thereon, or attached thereto, the
reason for drawee's dishonor or refusal to pay the same: Provided, That where there
are no sufficient funds in or credit with such drawee bank, such fact shall always be
explicitly stated in the notice of dishonor or refusal. In all prosecutions under this Act,
the introduction in evidence of any unpaid and dishonored check, having the drawee's
refusal to pay stamped or written thereon or attached thereto, with the reason therefor
as aforesaid, shall be prima facie evidence of the making or issuance of said check,
and the due presentment to the drawee for payment and the dishonor thereof, and
that the same was properly dishonored for the reason written, stamped or attached by
the drawee on such dishonored check.
Not with standing receipt of an order to stop payment, the drawee shall state in the
notice that there were no sufficient funds in or credit with such bank for the payment
in full of such check, if such be the fact.
Section 4. Credit construed. - The word "credit" as used herein shall be construed to
mean an arrangement or understanding with the bank for the payment of such check.
Section 5. Liability under the Revised Penal Code. - Prosecution under this Act shall be
without prejudice to any liability for violation of any provision of the Revised Penal
Code.
33
Section 7. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect fifteen days after publication in the
Official Gazette.1âwphi1
COVERAGE: From its title and entire context of the law, BP. 22 covers and applies
ONLY TO CHECKS. A “check” is defined as a bill of exchange DRAWN ON A BANK
AND PAYABLE ON DEMAND (see, Sec. 185 of the NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
LAW).
1. Under the first paragraph, the crime is committed by a person who issues a
check knowing at a time of ISSUE that he does not have sufficient funds. This
is referred to as the crime of commission.
2. Under the second paragraph, the crime is committed by a person who,
having sufficient funds in or credit with the drawee bank when he draws and
issues a check shall fail to keep sufficient funds to cover the check within a
period of ninety (90) days from the date appearing thereon. This is referred to
as the crime of omission.
To “DRAW” a check means to sign the check and the person signing it is called a
DRAWER.
To “ISSUE” a check means the FIRST DELIVERY of the check complete in form to a
person to takes it as a HOLDER. “HOLDER” means the payee or indorsee of a bill or
note, who is in possession of it, or the bearer thereof
“FUND” means any MONEY OR DEPOSIT in the custody of the drawee bank available
for use by the drawer to cover a check issued.
“CREDIT” means an arrangement between the DRAWER AND DRAWEE BANK for
the latter to make available money to fund a check issued by the drawer. This
arrangement could be in the form of a loan, credit line or other credit accommodation.
34
ELEMENTS OF BP 22 UNDER THE FIRST PARAGRAPH:
1. The offender makes the check by completing the face of the check, draws the
check by signing as DRAWER AND ISSUES the check by delivering the check
in favor of the PAYEE to apply for account of for value.
2. The maker, drawer or issuer KNOWS AT THE TIME OF ISSUE that he does
not have sufficient funds or credit with the drawee bank to cover the check
But since “knowledge” of the sufficiency is something only the issuer knows
by himself internally, the law established a prima facie or disputable
presumption that the making, drawing, or issuance of a check payment which is
refused by the drawee because of insufficiency of funds or credit with such bank,
when presented within NINETY (90) days from date of the check, shall be prima
facie evidence of knowledge of insufficiency of fund or credit
For this purpose, “it shall be the duty of the drawee of any check, when
refusing to pay the same to the holder thereof upon presentment, to cause to
be written, printed or stamped in plain language thereon, or attached thereto,
THE REASON FOR THE DRAWEE’S DISHONOR OR REFUSAL TO PAY
THE SAME.
And where the reason for the return or dishonor is a STOP PAYMENT
ORDER, the drawee bank shall state in the notice that there was NO
SUFFICIENT FUNDS IN OR CREDIT which such bank for the payment in
full or such check, if such was the fact. This is required because it is also a
crime under BP 22 to issue a check which would have been dishonored for
insufficiency of funds had not the drawer, without any valid reason, ordered
the bank to stop payment.
35
2. The drawer shall fail to keep sufficient funds or to maintain a credit to cover
the check for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of the check.
3. The check is presented to the bank within ninety (90) days from the date of
check and dishonored for insufficiency of funds.
In this crime of omission, the drawer had sufficient funds at the time of drawing
and issuance of the check but fails to maintain sufficient balance for a period of ninety
(90) days from the date appearing on the check, so much so that the check when
presented after its issuance, there remains no or insufficient balance for which reason
the check is dishonored or bounces.
In this case, the check must be presented within ninety (90) days from date of the
check, not from the date of issuance.
1. In the former, the drawer had no sufficient funds at the time he drew the
check and is presumed to know that he had insufficient balance. In the latter,
the drawer had sufficient balance at the time he drew the check but fails to
maintain sufficient balance for ninety (90) days from the date of the check.
2. In the former, the holder must present the check within a reasonable time, in
the latter, “reasonable time” has been defined and limited to ninety (90 days
from the DATE OF THE CHECK.
PERSONS LIABLE: The law holds liable the “person who MAKES OR DRAWS AND
ISSUES” the bouncing check. Where the check is drawn by a corporation, company or
entity, the PERSON WHO ACTUALLY SIGNED THE CHECK IN BEHALF OF SUCH
DRAWER SHALL BE LIABLE.
PENALTY: The penalty for violation of BP 22 or issuing a bouncing check is
imprisonment of not less than thirty days but not more than one (1) year or by a fine of
not less than but not more than double the amount of the check which fine shall in no
case exceed Two Hundred Thousand Pesos, or both such fine and imprisonment at the
discretion of the court.
LIABILITY UNDER THER REVISED PENAL CODE: The SAME ACT of issuing a
bouncing may also constitute ESTAFA under Article 315 (2) (d) of the Revised Penal
Code which penalizes the act of POSTDATING A CEHCK OR ISSUING A CHECK in
payment of an obligation when the offender had no funds in the bank or his funds
deposited therein were not sufficient to cover the amount of the check. The law states:
“Prosecution under this Act shall be without prejudice to any liability for violation of
any provision of the Revised Penal Code”.
“Article 315. SWINDLING (ESTAFA). Any person who shall DEFRAUD another by any
of the means mentioned herein below x x x
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3. By means of any of the following FALSE PRETENSES OR FRAUDELENT
ACTS executed prior to or simultaneously with the commission of the
FRAUD:
Xxx
This crime is committed by an offender WHO DECEIVES the offended party into
parting with MONEY OR GOODS OR RENDERING SERVICES in favor of the offender.
The DECEPTION CONSIST IN THE ISSUANCE OF A WORTHLESS CHECK because
of insufficiency of funds. There is FRAUD OR DECEIT because the offended party
would not have parted with money, goods or services were it not for the worthless
check.
Example:
Mr. X induced Ms. Y that he would buy her DIAMONG WATCH and
saying he is very rich. Ms. Y delivered the DIAMONG WATCH AND Mr. X
delivered a check in the amount of Php 10M. Later, the check issued by X
bounced. X is guilty of estafa. The delivery of the check was executed PRIOR TO
OR SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH THE FRAUD perpetrated by X.
Hence, where the drawer issued a postdated check believing in good faith that he
could fund the check when presented for payment, but was unable to do so, and he
37
informed the payee accordingly, no estafa is committed because there is NO DECEIT.
But the same act would make him liable for BP 22, where fraud or deceit is NOT AN
ELEMENT.
PENALTY FOR ESTAFA UNDER Art. 315 (2) (d)- the penalty for estafa under Article
315 (2) (d) had been increased by Presidential Decree No. 818 effective on October 22,
1995 as follows:
1st. The penalty of reclusion temporal if the amount of the fraud is over 12,000 but
does not exceed 22,000 pesos and if such amount exceeds the latter sum, the penalty
provided in this paragraph shall be imposed in its maximum period, adding one year
for each additional 10,000 but the total penalty which may be imposed shall in no case
exceed thirty years. In such cases, and in connection with the accessory penalties which
may be imposed under the Revised Penal Code, the penalty shall be termed reclusion
perpetua.
2nd. The penalty is prision mayor in its maximum period, if the amount of the
fraud is over 6,000.0 pesos but does not exceed 12,000.00 pesos.
3rd The penalty of prision mayor in its medium period, if the amount of the fraud
is over 200 pesos.
4th. By prision mayor in its maximum period, if such amount does not exceed 200
pesos (Effective October 22, 1975)
DURATION OF PENALTIES:
38
By way of analogy, SFC incorporates as a CORPORATION with the SEC,
but BEFORE it could operate as a SCHOOL, it has to obtain a LICENSE from the
DEPED and CHED. So, ORGANIZE then OPERATE.
To safeguard the DEPOSITING PUBLIC, ACT 3591 dated June 22, 1963
provides for the creation of the PHILIPPINE DEPOSIT INSURANCE
CORPORATION (PDIC) a government corporation financed completely by the
CENTRAL BANK (now Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas). It is now OBLIGATORY
for banks to insure their deposits and pay INSURANCE PREMIUM to the PDIC.
With this back drop (and I want you to see and observe the inter-relation
of different laws on the matter).
What are the DEPOSITS that are insurable under the new PDIC LAW Sec. 3 (f) of
RA 9302:
(f) The term "deposit" means the unpaid balance of money or its equivalent
received by a bank in the usual course of business and for which it has
given or is obliged to give credit to a commercial, checking, savings,
time or thrift account, or issued in accordance with Bangko Sentral Rules
and Regulations and other applicable laws, together with such other
obligations of a bank, which, consistent with banking usage and practices,
the Board of Directors shall determine to be DEPOSIT LIABILITIES OF
THE BANK: Provided, That any obligation of a bank which is payable at
the office of the bank located outside of the Philippines shall not be a
deposit for any of the Purposes of this Act or included as part of the total
deposits or of insured deposit: Provided, further, That SUBJECT to the
approval of the Board of Directors, any insured bank which is
incorporated under the laws of the Philippines which maintains a branch
39
outside the Philippines may elect to include for insurance its deposit
obligation payable only at such branch.
"(1) Investment products such as bonds and securities, trust accounts, and
other similar instruments;
"The actions of the Corporation taken under this section shall be final and
executory, and may not be restrained or set aside by the court, except on
appropriate petition for certiorari on the ground that the action was taken
in excess of jurisdiction or with such grave abuse of discretion as to
amount to a lack or excess of jurisdiction. The petition for certiorari may
only be filed within thirty (30) days from notice of denial of claim fare or
deposit insurance."
ANSWER: Only the Php 100,000.00 savings account and the Php 200,000.00
checking account are deemed insured by the PDIC, as they are embraced by the
word “DEPOSIT”. Deposit as defined in Section 3 (f) may be constituted only if
MONEY OR THE EQUIVALENT OF MONEY IS RECEIVED by the bank.
40
"(g) The term "insured deposit" means the amount due to any bona fide depositor
for legitimate deposits in an insured bank net of any obligation of the depositor
to the insured bank as of date of closure, but not to exceed Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00). Such net amount shall be determined according to
such regulations as the Board of Directors may prescribe, In determining such
amount due to any depositor, there shall be added together all deposits in the
bank maintained in the same right and capacity for his benefits either in his
own name or in the name of others. A joint account regardless of whether the
conjunction 'and,' 'or,' 'and/or' is used, shall be insured separately from any
individually-owned deposit account: Provided, That (1) If the account is held
jointly by two or more natural persons, or by two or more juridical persons or
entities, the maximum insured deposit shall be divided into as many equal
shares as there are individuals, juridical persons or entities, unless a different
sharing is stipulated in the document of deposit, and (2) If the account is held by
a juridical person or entity jointly with one or more natural persons, the
maximum insured deposits shall be presumed to belong entirely to such juridical
person or entity: Provided, further, That the aggregate of the interest of each co-
owner over several joint accounts, whether owned by the same or different
combinations of individuals, juridical persons or entities, shall likewise be subject
to the maximum insured deposit of Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00): Provided, Furthermore, The provisions of any law to the contrary
notwithstanding, no owner/holder of any negotiable certificate of deposit shall
be recognized as a depositor entitled to the rights provided in this Act unless his
name is registered as owner/holder thereof in the books of the issuing
bank: Provided, Finally, That, in case of a condition that threatens the monetary
and financial stability of the banking system that may have systemic
consequences, as defined in section 17 hereof, as determined by the monetary
board, the maximum deposit insurance cover may be adjusted in such amount,
for such a period, and/or for such deposit products, as may be determined by a
unanimous vote of the Board of Directors in a meeting called for the purpose and
chaired by the Secretary of Finance, subject to the approval of the President of
the Philippines."
SEC. 6. (a) The assessment rate shall be determined by the Board of Directors:
Provided, That the assessment rate shall not exceed one-fifth (1/5) of one per centum
(1%) per annum. The semi-annual assessment for each insured bank shall be in the
amount of the product of one-half (1/2) the assessment rate multiplied by the
assessment base but in no case shall it be less than Five thousand pesos (P5,000.00). The
41
assessment base shall be the amount of the liability of the bank for deposits as defined
under subsection (f) of Section 4 without any deduction for indebtedness of depositors.
"The semi-annual assessment base for one semi-annual period shall be the
average of the assessment base of the bank as of the close of business on March thirty-
one and June thirty and the semi-annual assessment base for the other semi-annual
period shall be the average of the assessment base of the bank as of the close of business
on September thirty and December thirty-one: Provided, That when any of said days is
a non-business day or legal holiday, either national or provincial, the preceding
business day shall be used. The certified statements required to be filed with the
Corporation under subsections (b) and (c) of this Section shall be in such form and set
forth such supporting information as the Board of Directors shall prescribe. The
assessment payments required from the insured banks under subsections (b) and (c) of
this Section shall be made in such manner and at such time or times as the Board of
Directors shall prescribe, provided the time or times so prescribed shall not be later than
sixty (60) days after filing the certified statement setting forth the amount of
assessment."
"(d) All assessment collections and income from operations after expenses and
charges shall be added to the Deposit Insurance Fund under Section 13 hereof. Such
expenses and charges are: (1) the operating costs and expenses of the Corporation for
the calendar year; (2) additions to reserve to provide for insurance and financial
assistance losses, net of recoverable amounts from applicable assets and collaterals,
during the calendar year; and (3) the net insurance and financial assistance losses
sustained in said calendar year."
"(h) The Corporation shall not terminate the insured status of any bank which
continues to operate or receive deposits. Should any insured bank fail or refuse to pay
any assessment required to be paid by such bank under any provision of this Act, and
should the bank not correct such failure or refusal within thirty (30) days after written
notice has been given by the Corporation to an officer of the bank citing this subsection,
and stating that the bank has failed or refused to pay as required by the law, the
Corporation may, at its discretion, file a case for collection before the appropriate
court without prejudice to the imposition of administrative sanctions allowed under
the provisions of this Law on the bank officials responsible for the non-payment of
assessment fees."
SEC. 14. Whenever an insured bank shall have been closed by the Monetary Board
pursuant to Section 30 of R.A. 7653, payment of the insured deposits on such closed
bank shall be made by the Corporation as soon as possible either (1) by cash or (2) by
making available to each depositor a transferred deposit in another insured bank in
an amount equal to insured deposit of such depositor: Provided, however, That the
Corporation, in its discretion, may require proof of claims to be filed before paying the
insured deposits, and that in any case where the Corporation is not satisfied as to the
viability of a claim for an insured deposit, it may require final determination of a court
of competent jurisdiction before paying such claim: Provided, further, That failure to
settle the claim, within six (6) months from the date of filing of claim for insured
deposit, where such failure was due to grave abuse of discretion, gross negligence, bad
faith, or malice, shall, upon conviction, subject the directors, officers or employees of the
Corporation responsible for the delay, to imprisonment from six (6) months to one (1)
42
year: Provided, furthermore, That the period shall not apply if the validity of the claim
requires the resolution of issues of facts and or law by another office, body or agency
including the case mentioned in the first proviso or by Corporation together with such
other office, body or agency."
Section 15. The Corporation, upon payment of any depositor as provided for in
subsection (c) of this Section, shall be subrogated to all rights of the depositor against
the closed bank to the extent of such payment. Such subrogation shall include the right
on the part of the Corporation to receive the same dividends and payments from the
proceeds of the assets of such closed bank and recoveries on account of stockholders’
liability as would have been payable to the depositor on a claim for the insured deposits
but, such depositor shall retain his claim for any uninsured portion of his deposit. All
payments by the Corporation of insured deposits in closed banks partake of the nature
of public funds, and as such, must be considered a preferred credit similar to taxes due
to the National Government in the order of preference under Article 2244 of the New
Civil Code: Provided, further, That this preference shall be likewise effective upon
liquidation proceedings already commenced and pending as of the approval of this Act,
where no distribution of assets has been made.
SEC. 16 (a) The Corporation shall commence the determination of insured deposits due
the depositors of a closed bank upon its actual takeover of the closed bank. The
Corporation shall give notice to the depositors of the closed bank of the insured
deposits due them by whatever means deemed appropriate by the Board of Directors:
Provided, That the Corporation shall publish the notice once a week for at least three
(3) consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation or, when appropriate, in a
newspaper circulated in the community or communities where the closed bank or its
branches are located.
"(b) Payment of an insured deposit to any person by the Corporation shall discharge
the Corporation, and payment of a transferred deposit to any person by the new bank
or by an insured bank in which a transferred deposit has been made available shall
discharge the Corporation and such new bank or other insured bank, to the same extent
that payment to such person by the closed bank would have discharged it from liability
for the insured deposit.
"(c) Except as otherwise prescribed by the Board of Directors, neither the Corporation or
such other insured bank shall be required to recognize as the owner of any portion of a
deposit appearing on the records of the closed bank under a name other than that of the
claimant, any person whose name or interest as such owner is not disclosed on the
records of such closed bank as part owner of said deposit, if such recognition would
increase the aggregate amount of the insured deposits in such closed bank.
"(d) The Corporation may withhold payment of such portion of the insured deposit of
any depositor in a closed bank as may be required to provide for the payment of any
liability of such depositor as a stockholder of the closed bank, or of any liability of such
depositor to the closed bank or its receiver, which is not offset against a claim due from
such bank, pending the determination and payment of such liability by such depositor
or any other liable therefor.
"(e) Unless otherwise waived by the Corporation, if the depositor in the closed bank
shall fail to claim his insured deposits with the Corporation within two (2) years
from actual takeover of the closed bank by the receiver, or does not enforce his claim
filed with the corporation within two (2) years after the two-year period to file a
43
claim as mentioned hereinabove, all rights of the depositor against the Corporation
with respect to the insured deposit shall be barred; however, all rights of the depositor
against the closed bank and its shareholders or the receivership estate to which the
Corporation may have become subrogated, shall thereupon revert to the depositor.
Thereafter, the Corporation shall be discharged from any liability on the insured
deposit."
Payment by the PDIC or by a bank designated by the PDIC starts from the date
the BSP declares the insured bank as INSOLVENT. Payment by the PDIC subrogates it
to claims of the insured bank against other persons. CLAIMS by the depositors of the
insured bank should be made within TWO years from the actual takeover of the closed
bank by the RECEIVER.
Under the law, the PDIC is now given the priority to be appointed as the
RECEIVER of any banking institution.
Section 2. All deposits of whatever nature with banks or banking institutions in the
Philippines including investments in bonds issued by the Government of the
Philippines, its political subdivisions and its instrumentalities, are hereby considered as
of an absolutely confidential nature and may not be examined, inquired or looked into
by any person, government official, bureau or office, except upon written permission
of the depositor, or in cases of impeachment, or upon order of a competent court in
cases of bribery or dereliction of duty of public officials, or in cases where the money
deposited or invested is the subject matter of the litigation.
Section 3. It shall be unlawful for any official or employee of a banking institution to
disclose to any person other than those mentioned in Section two hereof any
information concerning said deposits.
44
Section 4. All Acts or parts of Acts, Special Charters, Executive Orders, Rules and
Regulations which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed.
Section 5. Any violation of this law will subject offender upon conviction, to an
imprisonment of not more than five years or a fine of not more than twenty thousand
pesos or both, in the discretion of the court.
COVERAGE OF THE LAW: All deposits of whatever nature with banks or banking
institutions in the Philippines including investments in bonds issued by the
Government of the Philippines, its political subdivisions and its instrumentalities, are
hereby considered as of an absolutely confidential nature and may not be examined,
inquired or looked into by any person, government official, bureau or office.
45
8.3 TRUTH IN LENDING ACT 2%
8.3.1 Describe the purpose
8.3.2 Illustrate the obligation of creditors to persons to whom
Credit is extended
8.3.3 Compare covered and excluded transactions
8.3.4 Describe the consequences of non-compliance with
obligation
Section 2. Declaration of Policy. It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to protect its citizens
lack of awareness of the true cost of credit to the user by assuring a full disclosure of such cost with a
preventing the uninformed use of credit to the detriment of the national economy.
(1) "Board" means the Monetary Board of the Central Bank of the Philippines.
(2) "Credit" means any loan, mortgage, deed of trust, advance, or discount; any conditional sales con
contract to sell, or sale or contract of sale of property or services, either for present or future delivery
which part or all of the price is payable subsequent to the making of such sale or contract; any renta
contract; any contract or arrangement for the hire, bailment, or leasing of property; any option, deman
pledge, or other claim against, or for the delivery of, property or money; any purchase, or other acquis
any credit upon the security of, any obligation of claim arising out of any of the foregoing; and any tra
series of transactions having a similar purpose or effect.
(3) "Finance charge" includes interest, fees, service charges, discounts, and such other charges incide
46
extension of credit as the Board may be regulation prescribe.
(4) "Creditor" means any person engaged in the business of extending credit (including any person wh
regular business practice make loans or sells or rents property or services on a time, credit, or installme
either as principal or as agent) who requires as an incident to the extension of credit, the payment of a
charge.
(5) "Person" means any individual, corporation, partnership, association, or other organized group of p
the legal successor or representative of the foregoing, and includes the Philippine Government or any
thereof, or any other government, or of any of its political subdivisions, or any agency of the foregoing
Section 4. Any creditor shall furnish to each person to whom credit is extended, prior to the consumm
the transaction, a clear statement in writing setting forth, to the extent applicable and in accordance
rules and regulations prescribed by the Board, the following information:
(1) the cash price or delivered price of the property or service to be acquired;
(3) the difference between the amounts set forth under clauses (1) and (2);
(4) the charges, individually itemized, which are paid or to be paid by such person in connection with
transaction but which are not incident to the extension of credit;
(6) the finance charge expressed in terms of pesos and centavos; and
(7) the percentage that the finance bears to the total amount to be financed expressed as a simple annu
the outstanding unpaid balance of the obligation.
Section 5. The Board shall prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary or proper in carry
provisions of this Act. Any rule or regulation prescribed hereunder may contain such classifications an
differentiations as in the judgment of the Board are necessary or proper to effectuate the purposes of th
to prevent circumvention or evasion, or to facilitate the enforcement of this Act, or any rule or regulati
thereunder.
Section 6. (a) Any creditor who in connection with any credit transaction fails to disclose to any perso
information in violation of this Act or any regulation issued thereunder shall be liable to such perso
amount of P100 or in an amount equal to twice the finance charged required by such creditor in conne
such transaction, whichever is the greater, except that such liability shall not exceed P2,000 on any cred
transaction. Action to recover such penalty may be brought by such person within one year from the d
occurrence of the violation, in any court of competent jurisdiction. In any action under this subsection
any person is entitled to a recovery, the creditor shall be liable for reasonable attorney's fees and court
determined by the court.
(b) Except as specified in subsection (a) of this section, nothing contained in this Act or any regulation
in this Act or any regulation thereunder shall affect the validity or enforceability of any contract or
transactions.
(c) Any person who willfully violates any provision of this Act or any regulation issued thereunder sh
by not less than P1,00 or more than P5,000 or imprisonment for not less than 6 months, nor more than
or both.
47
(d) No punishment or penalty provided by this Act shall apply to the Philippine Government or any a
any political subdivision thereof.
(e) A final judgment hereafter rendered in any criminal proceeding under this Act to the effect that a d
has willfully violated this Act shall be prima facie evidence against such defendant in an action or proc
brought by any other party against such defendant under this Act as to all matters respecting which sa
judgment would be an estoppel as between the parties thereto.
48
CONSEQUENCES: Non-compliance would authorize the debtor to recover any
interest/charges/fees payments made to the creditor.
PENAL CLAUSE: Failure to comply with the law makes the creditor liable for double
finance charges plus attorney’s fees.
PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD: One (1) year from the occurrence of the violation.
49
ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING ACT (RA 9160 as amended):
The original law RA 9160 was approved last September 22, 2001. The changes in
the law had been so rapid that the law undergone fast amendments: RA 9194 last March
7, 2003; RA 10167 last June 6, 2013.
50
RA 11479 was enacted, “AN ACT TO PREVENT, PROHIBIT AND PENALIZE
TERRORISM, THEREBY REPEALING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9372, OTHERWISE
KNOWN AS THE "HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007", last July 3, 2020.
Finally, the latest amendment to the organic law, RA 11521 was made last
January 29, 2021, AN ACT FURTHER STRENGTHENING THE ANTI-MONEY
LAUNDERING LAW, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9160,
OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE "ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING ACT OF 2001", AS
AMENDED.
HOW COMMITTED:
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e. Aids, abets, assist in or counsels the commission of the money
laundering offenses referred in (a), (b) or (c).
PROSECUTION: Any person may be charged with and convicted of BOTH the
offense of money laundering and the unlawful activity. The prosecution of any
offense under AMLA shall proceed independently of any proceeding relating to
the unlawful activity.
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6. company service providers which, as a business, provide any of the
following services to third parties: (i) acting as a formation agent of
juridical persons; (ii) acting as (or arranging for another person to act
as) a director or corporate secretary of a company, a partner of a
partnership, or a similar position in relation to other juridical persons;
(iii) providing a registered office, business address or accommodation,
correspondence or administrative address for a company, a
partnership or any other legal person or arrangement; and (iv) acting
as (or arranging for another person to act as) a nominee shareholder
for another person; and
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determination of the existence and true identity of the owners of the
such accounts.
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4. Taking into account all known circumstances, it may be perceived that
the client’s transaction is structured in order to avoid being the subject
of reporting requirements under the ACT.
1. Kidnapping for ransom under Article 267 of Act No. 3815, otherwise
known as the Revised Penal Code, as amended;
2. Sections 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 of Republic Act No.
9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002;
5. Robbery and extortion under Articles 294, 295, 296, 299, 300, 301 and
302 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended;
7. Piracy on the high seas under the Revised Penal Code, as amended
and Presidential Decree No. 532;
11. Violations of Republic Act No. 8792, otherwise known as the Electronic
Commerce Act of 2000;
12. Hijacking and other violations under Republic Act No. 6235;
destructive arson and murder, as defined under the Revised Penal
Code, as amended;
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13. Terrorism and conspiracy to commit terrorism as defined and
penalized under Sections 3 and 4 of Republic Act No. 9372;
15. Bribery under Articles 210, 211 and 211-A of the Revised Penal Code,
as amended, and Corruption of Public Officers under Article 212 of the
Revised Penal Code, as amended;
16. Frauds and Illegal Exactions and Transactions under Articles 213, 214,
215 and 216 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended;
17. Malversation of Public Funds and Property under Articles 217 and 222
of the Revised Penal Code, as amended;
18. Forgeries and Counterfeiting under Articles 163, 166, 167, 168, 169 and
176 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended;
22. Violations of Sections 101 to 107, and 110 of Republic Act No. 7942,
otherwise known as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995;
23. Violations of Section 27(c), (e), (f), (g) and (i), of Republic Act No. 9147,
otherwise known as the Wildlife Resources Conservation and
Protection Act;
24. Violation of Section 7(b) of Republic Act No. 9072, otherwise known as
the National Caves and Cave Resources Management Protection Act;
25. Violation of Republic Act No. 6539, otherwise known as the Anti-
Carnapping Act of 2002, as amended;
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29. Violation of Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines;
33. Fraudulent practices and other violations under Republic Act No.
8799, otherwise known as the Securities Regulation Code of 2000; and
34. Felonies or offenses of a similar nature that are punishable under the
penal laws of other countries.”
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(4) to cause the filing of complaints with the Department of Justice or the
Ombudsman for the prosecution of money laundering offenses;
(8) to receive and take action in respect of, any request from foreign states
for assistance in their own anti-money laundering operations provided in this
Act;
RELATED WEB OF ACCOUNTS: those accounts, the funds and sources of which
originate from and/or are materially linked to the monetary instruments or
properties subject of the freeze orders.
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AUTHORITY TO INQUIRE INTO BANK DEPOSITS: the AMLC may inquire
into OR EXAMINE any particular deposit or investment, with ANY BANKING
INSTITUTION OR NON-BANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTION upon order of the
Court when there is probable cause that the deposits OR INVESTMENTS,
including related accounts involved are related to an unlawful activities
defined in Section 3 (i) or a money laundering offense under Section 4.
1. Kidnapping for ransom under Article 267 of the Revised Penal Code.
2. Sections 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 14 and 16 of the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act (RA 9165).
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FINANCIAL REHABILITATION AND INSOLVENCY ACT (RA10142)
In furtherance thereof, the State shall ensure a timely, fair, transparent, effective
and efficient rehabilitation or liquidation of debtors. The rehabilitation or liquidation
shall be made with a view to ensure or maintain certainty and predictability in
commercial affairs, preserve and maximize the value of the assets of these debtors,
recognize creditor rights and respect priority of claims, and ensure equitable treatment
of creditors who are similarly situated.
NATURE OF PROCEEDINGS:
1. In rem, meaning, it is a proceeding which binds the whole world.
2. Jurisdiction over all persons affected shall be acquired upon publication of
the notice of commencement in a newspaper of general circulation in the
Philippines.
3. Proceedings shall be summary and non-adversarial (Sec. 3)
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PURPOSE:
1. To encourage debtors and creditors to collectively and realistically resolve
and adjust competing claims and property rights through
REHABILITATION.
2. If not feasible, to facilitate speedy and orderly LIQUIDATION of debtor’s
assets and the settlement of their obligations.
WHO THE “DEBTORS”? As stated in the law are INSOLVENT:
A. Sole proprietorship registered with the DTI.
B. Partnership registered with the SEC.
C. Corporations organized and existing under the laws of the Philippines;
D. INDIVIDUAL DEBTORS which are natural persons who are residents
and citizens of the Philippines.
CREDITORS: Include natural or juridical persons who has a CLAIM against the
debtor that arose ON OR BEFORE commencement date, which either be secured
or unsecured:
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This inclusion does NOT however, prohibit the creditors or third parties
from filing cases against the DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS acting in their
PERSONAL CAPACITIES.
FEATURES:
1. The debtor has sufficient properties to cover all his debts but foresees
the impossibility of meeting his debts when they respectively fall due.
2. The purpose is to suspend or delay the payment of debts.
3. The amount of indebtedness is not affected (not reduced or
discharged).
4. The number of creditors is immaterial.
STAY ORDER.
4. Filed by the debtor. 4. May be filed by the creditor.
5. No minimum requirement for the 5. When creditors file, the claims must
Of claims. Be: 1. At least 1M or 2. At least 25% of
The subscribed capital stock of partner’s
contribution, whichever is higher
SUSPENSION ORDER: Upon motion filed by the individual debtor, the Court
may issue ORDER, suspending any pending execution against the individual
debtor.
As a rule, no creditor shall sue or institute to collect his claim from the debtor
from the time of filing of the petition for suspension of payments and as long as
the proceedings remain pending EXCEPT:
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b. Maintenance
c. Expenses of last illness and funeral of the wife and children of
the debtor.
PROHIBITED ACTS OF THE DEBTOR: After filing and during the pendency of
the PETITION, the debtor cannot:
1. Sell, transfer, encumber or dispose in any manner his property
EXCEPT those used in the ordinary operations of commerce or
industry in which the petitioning individual in ENGAGED.
2. Making any payment outside of the necessary or legitimate expenses
of his business or industry.
A creditor whose claim is incurred within 90 days prior to the filing of the
PETITION FOR SUSPENSION is NOT entitled to vote.
Creditors not affected by the suspension order may refrain from attending
the meeting and voting therein and he shall not be bound by any
agreement determined in the meeting. However, if they should join in the
voting they shall be bound in the same manner as are other creditors.
TYPES OF REHABILITATION
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SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP- the OWNER/PROPRIETOR.
PARTNERSHIP- MAJORITY OF THE PARTNERS
CORPORATIONS- Majority of the directors or trustee; AND
Stockholders representing 2/3 of the outstanding
capital/members of non-stock corporaton.
2. INVOLUNTARY- initiated by the creditors or group of creditors, if:
COMMECEMENT DATE: the date when the Court issues the Commencement
Order retroactive to the date of FILING OF THE PETITION FOR VOLUNTARY
OR INVOLUNTARY PROCEEDINGS.
The Commencement Order is issued within five (5) days from the filing of
the PETITION.
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1. All claims of the government, whether national or local, including
taxes, tariffs and custom duties; and
2. Claims against directors and officers of the debtor arising from acts
done in the discharge of their functions falling within the scope of their
authority.
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d. The debtor has committed acts of MISREPRESENTATION in
fraud of creditors.
QUALIFICATIONS:
1. Citizen of the Philippines.
2. Resident of the Philippines in the 6 months preceding the
nomination.
3. Has the requisite knowledge or insolvency and commercial laws.
4. No conflict of interest.
1. Secured Creditors.
2. Unsecured Creditors.
3. Trade creditors and suppliers.
4. Employees of the debtor.
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The ROLE of the CREDITORS COMMITTEE is to assist the
rehabilitation receiver in communicating with the creditors and shall
be the primary liaison between the rehabilitation receiver and the
creditors.
They cannot exercise or waive any right or give any consent on behalf
of nay creditor unless specifically authorized in writing by such
creditor.
1. DEBT FORGIVENESS.
2. DENT RE-SCHEDULING.
3. REORGANIZATION OR QUASI-REORGANIZATION.
4. DACION EN PAGO
5. DEBT-EQUITY CONVERSION AND
6. SALE OF THE BUSINESS (or parts thereof) as a GOING CONCERN
7. Setting up of new business entity.
8. Other similar arrangements, as may be approved by the Court or
creditors.
APPROVAL REQUIRED:
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b. The rehabilitation receiver recommends the confirmation of the
Rehabilitation Plan.
PERIOD OF CONFIRMATION: must be within one (1) year from the date of
filing of the PETITION.
If no plan is confirmed within the said period, the proceedings may upon
motion, or motu propio, be converted into one for the liquidation of the debtor.
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CRAM DOWN EFFECT: The rehabilitation plan approved by the Court shall be
binding upon the:
1. DEBTOR and
2. All persons who may be affected by it, including creditors, whether or
not such persons:
a. Have participated in the proceedings;
b. Opposed the plan;
c. Whether or not the claims have been scheduled.
REQUIREMENTS:
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IV- LIQUIDATION:
LIQUIDATOR: is one appointed by the Court who will facilitate the liquidation
proceedings. He may likewise be appointed by the creditors who filed their
claims within the period set by the Court.
1. Debtor is insolvent.
2. Debts must at least be Php 500,000.00
VOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY
1. Acts of insolvency need not be alleged 1. Creditors must prove acts
And proved. Of insolvency.
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25% of the subscribed capital
stock or partner’s contribution,
Whichever is higher. (same with
Rehabilitation)
ACTS OF INSOLVENCY:
1. That such person is about to depart or has departed from the Republic of the
Philippines, with intent to defraud his creditors;
2. That being absent from the Republic of the Philippines, with intent to defraud
his creditors, he remains absent.
3. That he conceals himself to avoid the service of legal process for the purpose
of hindering or delaying the liquidation of or defrauding his creditors.
4. That he conceals, or is removing, any of his property to avoid its being
attached or taken on legal process.
5. That he has suffered his property to remain under attachment or legal process
for three (3) days for the purpose of hindering or delaying the liquidation or
of defrauding his creditors.
6. That he has confessed or offered to allow judgment in favor of any creditor or
claimant for the purpose of hindering or delaying the liquidation or of
defrauding any creditors or claimant.
7. That he has willfully suffered judgment to be taken against him by default for
the purpose of hindering or delaying the liquidation or of defrauding his
creditors.
8. That he has suffered or procured his property to be taken on legal process
with intent to give a preference to one or more of his creditors and thereby
hinder or delay the liquidation or defraud any one of his creditors;
9. That he has made any assignment, gift, sale, conveyance, or transfer of his
estate, property, rights or credits with intent to hinder or delay the
liquidation or defraud his creditors.
10. That he has in contemplation of insolvency, made any payment, gift, sale,
conveyance, or transfer of his estate, property, rights or credits.
11. That being a merchant or tradesman, he has generally defaulted in the
payment of his current obligations for a period of 30 days.
12. That for a period of 30 days he has failed, after demand to pay any money
deposited with him or receive by him in a fiduciary; and
13. That an execution had been issued against him on a final judgment for
money, he shall have been found to be without sufficient property subject to
execution to satisfy judgment.
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4. Upon filing of the verified motion of the debtor during pendency of
the court-supervised or pre-negotiated rehabilitation proceedings.
RIGHTS OF SECURED CREDITORS- the liquidation order will NOT affect the
right of a SECURED CREDITOR to enforce the lien in accordance with the
applicable contract or law. He may:
1. Waive his right under the security or lien, prove his claim in the
liquidation proceedings and share in the distribution of assets of the
debtor; or
2. Maintain his rights under the security or lien. In which case:
b. The liquidator may sell the property and satisfy the secured
creditor’s entire claim from the proceeds of the sale.
c. The secured creditor may enforce the lien and foreclose on the
property pursuant to applicable laws.
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LIQUIDATOR:
Election of liquidator- Only the creditors who have filed their claims within the
period set by the Court, and whose claims are not barred by the statute of
limitations, will be allowed to vote in the election of the liquidator.
The creditors entitled to vote will elect the LIQUIDATOR IN OPEN COURT. The
nominee receiving the highest number of votes cast in terms of amount of claims
and who is qualified shall be appointed as the liquidator.
COURT APPOINTED LIQUIDATOR: The Court may appoint the liquidator if:
1. On the date set for the election of the liquidator, the creditors do not
attend.
2. The creditors who attend fail or refuse to elect a liquidator.
3. After being elected, the liquidator fails to qualify, or
4. A vacancy occurs for any reason whatsoever, in any of the cases
provided herein, the Court may instead set another hearing of the
election of the liquidator.
REMOVAL: He may be removed at any time by the Court of cause, either motu
propio or upon motion of any creditor entitled to vote for the election of the
liquidator.
DETERMINATION OF CLAIMS:
REGISTRY OF CLAIMS- Within twenty (20) days from his assumption into
office, the liquidator shall prepare a PRELIMINARY REGISTRY OF CLAIMS OF
SECURED AND UNSECURED CREDITORS.
A property subject of their security or lien by agreement with the liquidator and
is admitted as a creditor for the balance, shall be considered as unsecured
creditors.
The liquidator shall make the registry available for public inspection and provide
publication, notice to creditors, individual debtors, owner/s of the sole
proprietorship-debtor, the partners of the partnership-debtor and shareholders
or members of the corporation debtor, on where and when they may inspect it.
All claims must be duly proven before being paid.
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RIGHT OF SET-OFF: If the debtor and creditor are mutually debtor and creditor
of each other, one debt shall be set off against the other, and only the balance
shall be allowed in the liquidation proceedings.
THE LIQUIDATION PLAN- within three (3) months from assumption into
office, the Liquidator shall submit a LIQUIDATION PLAN to the Court. The
Liquidation Plan shall, as a minimum enumerate:
EXEMPT PROPERTY TO BE SET APART-it shall be the duty of the Court, upon
petition and hearing, to exempt and set apart, for the use and benefit of the said
insolvent, such REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY AS IS BY LAW EXEMPT
FROM EXECUTION, and also a homestead; but no such petition shall be heard
as aforesaid until it is first proved that notice of the hearing of the application
therefor has been duly given by the clerk, by causing such notice to be posted at
least three (3) public places in the province or city at least ten (10) days prior to
the time of such hearing, which notice shall set forth the name of the said
insolvent debtor, and the time and place appointed for the hearing of such
application and shall briefly indicate the homestead sought to be exempted or
property sought to be set aside; and the decree must show that such proof was
made to the satisfaction of the court, and shall be conclusive evidence of that fact.
EXCEPTIONS: a PRVATE SALE may be allowed with the approval of the Court
if:
(a) The goods to be sold are of a perishable nature or are liable to quickly
deteriorate in value or are disproportionately expensive to keep or
maintain.
(b) The private sale is for the best interest of the debtor and his creditors.
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With the approval of the Court, unencumbered property of the debtor
may also be conveyed to a creditor in satisfaction of his claim or part
thereof.
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technology development and transfer and enhances resource productivity.
Unencumbered market COMPETITION also serves the INTEREST OF
CONSUMERS by allowing them to exercise their right of choice over goods and
services offered in the market.
1. Anti-competitive agreements
2. Abuse of Dominant Position
3. Prohibited Mergers
ANTI-COMPETITIVE AGREEMENTS:
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1. Restricting competition as to price, or components thereof or
other terms of trade.
2. Fixing a price at an auction or in any form of bidding including
bidding, bidding suppression, bid rotation and market
allocation and other analogous practices or bid manipulation.
(C) AGREEMENTS other than those specified in (a) and (b) of this section
which have the object or effect of substantially preventing, restricting,
or lessening competition shall also be prohibited.
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(D)SETTING PRICES OR OTHER TERMS OF CONDITIONS that
discriminate unreasonably between customers or sellers of the same
goods or services, where such customers or sellers are
contemporaneously trading on similar terms and conditions, where the
effect may be to lessen competition substantially; Provided, That the
following shall be considered PERMISSIBLE PRICE DIFFERENTIALS:
(1) Socialize pricing for the less fortunate sector of the economy.
(2) Price differential which reasonably or approximately reflect
differences in the cost of manufacture, sale, or delivery resulting
from differing methods, technical conditions, or quantities in
which the goods or services are sold or delivered to the buyers
or sellers.
(3) Price differential or terms of sale offered in response to the
competitive price of payments, services or change in the
facilities furnished by a competitor; and
(4) Price changes in response to changing market conditions,
marketability of goods or services, or volume.
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market as a result of or due to a superior product or process, business
acumen or legal rights or laws shall not be a violation of this ACT.
(3) That the foregoing shall not constrain the Commission or the relevant
regulator from pursuing measures that would promote fair
competition or more competition as provided in this Act.
EXCEPTIONS:
(2) An entity shall not be prohibited from continuing to own and hold the
stock or other share capital assets of another corporation which it
acquired PRIOR TO THE APPROVAL OF THIS ACT, or acquiring or
maintaining its market share in a relevant market through such means
without violating the provisions of this Act.
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(3) The acquisition of the stock or other share capital of one or more
corporation solely for investment and not used for voting or exercising
control and not to otherwise bring about, or attempt to bring about the
prevention, restriction, or lessening of competition in the relevant
market shall not be prohibited.
BURDEN OF PROOF: The burden of proof for exemption above lies with the
parties seeking the exemption. A party seeking to rely on the exemption
specified in 1 (a) above must demonstrate that if the agreement were not
implemented, significant efficiency gains would not be realized.
EFFECT OF NO NOTICE:
(1) An agreement consummated in violation of this requirement to notify
the Commission shall be considered VOID and
(2) Subject the parties to an ADMINISTRATIVE FINE of 1% to 5% of the
value of the transaction.
EXPIRATION OF THE PERIOD OF REVIEW: When the period has expired and
no decision has been promulgated for whatever reason, the MERGER OR
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ACQUISITION SHALL BE DEEMED APPROVED and the parties may proceed
to implement or consummate it.
1. The transaction value threshold and such other criteria subject to the
notification requirement of Section 17 of this Act;
2. The information that must be supplied for notified merger or
acquisition;
3. Exceptions or exemptions from the notification requirement; and’
1. Anti-Competitive Agreements
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2. Abuse of Dominant Position
3. Compulsory Notification on Mergers and Acquisitions
4. Prohibited Mergers and Acquisitions
In fixing the amount of fine, the Commission shall have regard to both the
gravity and the duration of the violation.
OTHER VIOLATIONS: Any other violations not specifically penalized under the
relevant provisions of this Act shall be penalized by a fine P 50,000.00 tp P
2,000,000.00.
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6.4.6 Award, implementation and termination of the contract
6.5 Explain the Disclosure of Information
6.6 Demonstrate the alternative methods of procurement
DECLARATION OF POLICY: It is the declared policy of the State to promote the ideals
of GOOD GOVERNANCE in all its branches, departments, subdivision, and
instrumentality, including government owned and/or controlled corporations and local
government units.
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Any treaty or international or executive agreement affecting the subject
matter of this Act to which the Philippines is signatory shall be observed.
INVITATION TO BID
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all relevant documents and the draft INVITATION TO BID, as well as
consultants hired by the agency concerned and the representatives of the end-
user.
The Pre-Bid Conference(s) shall be held within a reasonable period before the
deadline for the receipt of bids to allow prospective bidders to adequately
prepare their bids, which shall be specified in the IRR.
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certifying the correctness of the statements made and the completeness and
authenticity of the document submitted.
SUBMISSION AND RECEIPT OF BIDS- a bid shall have two (2) components,
namely:
MODIFICATION OF BIDS- A bidder may modify his bid, provided that this is
done BEFORE the deadline for the receipt of bids. The modification shall be
86
submitted in a sealed envelope duly identified as a modification for the original
bid and stamped received by the BAC.
BID SECURITY- All bids shall be accompanied by a Bid Security, which shall
serve as a guarantee that, after receipt of the Notice of Award, the winning
bidder shall enter into a contract with the Procuring entity within the stipulated
time and furnish the required performance security. The specific amounts and
allowable forms of the Bid Security shall be prescribed in the IRR.
BID VALIDITY- Bids and Bid securities shall be valid for such reasonable period
of time indicated in the Bidding Documents. The duration for each undertaking
shall take into account the time involved in the process of Bid evaluation and
award of contract.
BID OPENING- The BAC shall publicly OPEN ALL BIDS at the time, date, and
place specified in the bidding documents. The minutes of the bid opening shall
be made available to the public upon written request and payment of a specified
fee.
BID EVALUATION
Only bids that are determined to contain all the bid requirements of the technical
component shall be considered for opening and evaluation of the financial
component.
CEILING FOR BID PROCES- The ABC shall be the UPPER LIMIT OR CEILING
FOR THE BID PROCESS.
Bid prices that exceed this ceiling shall be DISQUALIFIED outright from further
participating in the bidding. There shall be no lower limit to the amount of the
award.
The bids that passed the preliminary examination shall be RANKED FROM
LOWEST TO HIGHEST in terms of their corresponding calculated price shall be
referred as the “Lowest Calculated Bid”.
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accordance with the evaluation criteria stated in the Bidding Documents, which
include factors such as, but not limited to:
1. Experience
2. Performance
3. Quality or Personnel
4. Price and
5. Methodology
After approved by the Head of the Procuring Entity of the Highest Rated Bid, the
BAC shall invite the bidder concerned for NEGOTIATION AND/OR
CLARIFICATION on the following item:
Whenever necessary, the same process shall be repeated until the bid
awarded to the winning bidder.
POST QUALIFICATION
If the bidder with the lowest calculated bid or highest rated bid PASSES ALL
THE CRITERIA for post-qualification, his bid shall be considered:
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the bidder with the second LOWEST CALCULATED BID OR HIGHEST RATED
BID.
If the with the second Lowest Calculated Bid or Highest Rated Bid is also post
disqualified, the same procedure shall be repeated until the Lowest Calculated
Responsive Bod is finally determined.
In all cases, the contract shall be awarded ONLY TO THE BIDDER with the
LOWEST CALCULATED RESPONSIVE BID OR HIGHEST RATED
RESPONSIVE BID.
After the SECOND FAILED BIDDING, however, the BAC may resort to
NEGOTIATED PROCUREMENT, as provided by law.
In all instances, the Procuring entity shall ensure that the ABC reflects
the most advantageous prevailing price for the government.
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authorized representative shall APPROVE OR DISAPPROVE the said
recommendation.
1. Within ten (10) calendar days from receipt of the Notice of Award, the
winning bidder shall formally enter into contract with the Procuring
Entity.
2. When further approval or higher authority is required, the approving
authority for the contracts shall be given a maximum of twenty (20)
calendar days to approve or disapprove it.
3. In case of government owned and/or controlled corporation, the
concerned board shall take action on the said recommendation within
thirty (30) calendar days from receipt thereof.
If no action on the contract is taken by the head of the procuring entity or by his
duly authorized representative or by the concerned board, in the case of GOCC’s
within the periods specified above, the CONTACT SHALL BE DEEMED
APPROVED.
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In the case of a failure to post the required performance security, the BID
SECURITY shall be forfeited without prejudice to the imposition of sanctions
prescribed under this ACT.
RESERVTION CLAUSE: The Head of the Agency reserves the right to (1)
REJECT ANY AND ALL BIDS; (2) DECLARE A FAILURE OF BIDDING; OR (3)
NOT AWARD THE CONTRACT in the following situations:
c. For any justifiable and reasonable ground where the award of the
contract will not redound to the benefit of the government as defined
in the IRR.
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b. The procuring entity may terminate the contract when, as a result of
FORCE MAJEURE , the supplier is unable to deliver or perform any or
all of the goods, amounting to at least ten percent (10%) of the contract
price, for a period of not less than sixty (60) calendar days from receipt
of the notice from the procuring entity stating that the circumstance of
force majeure is deemed to have ceased; or
c. The procuring entity, shall terminate the contract when the supplier
fails to perform any other obligation under the contract.
a. Due to the contractor’s fault and while the project is ON-GOING, it has
incurred negative slippage of 15% or more in accordance with PD
1870.
b. Due to the Contractor’s fault and after the contract time has expired, it
has incurred a negative slippage of 10% or more in the completion of
the work; or
c. The Contractor:
iii. Does not execute the works in accordance with the contract or
persistently or flagrantly neglects to carry out its obligations under the
contract;
v. sub-lets any part of the contract works without the approval by the
procuring entity.
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of the notice from the procuring entity stating that the circumstance of
force majeure is deemed to have ceased; or
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DISCLOSURE OF RELATIONS
Failure to comply with the aforementioned provision shall be a ground for the
automatic DISQUALIFICATION OF THE BID and shall therefore not be
considered for OPENING AND EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL COMPONENT.
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b. When the procurement of critical components from a specific
manufacturer, supplier, or distributor is a condition precedent to
hold a contractor to guarantee its project performance, in
accordance with the provisions of his contract;
When provided for in the Annual Procurement Plan, repeat order may
be allowed wherein the procuring entity directly procures goods from
the previous winning bidder WHENEVER THERE ARISES A NEED
TO REPLENISH goods procured under a contract previously awarded
through competitive bidding, subject to post-qualification process
prescribed in the Bidding Documents and provided ALL THE
FOLLOWING CONDITIONS are present:
a. The unit price must be equal to or lower than that provided in the
original contract.
b. The repeat order does not result not splitting of requisitions or
purchase orders;
c. Except in special circumstances defined in the IRR, the repeat order
shall be availed of only within SIX (6) MONTHS from the date of
the Notice to Proceed arising from the original contract price; and
d. The repeat order shall not exceed 25% of the quantity of each item
of the original contract.
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3rd Class 200k 160k 100k
4th Class 160k 120k 100k
5th Class 120k 100k 100k
6th Class 100k 100k 100k
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c. Take-over of contracts, which have been rescinded or terminated
to causes provided for in the contract and existing laws, where
immediate action is necessary to prevent damage or loss to life or
property, or to restore vital public services, infrastructure facilities
and other public utilities;
d. When the subject contract is adjacent or contiguous to an on-
going infrastructure project, as defined in the IRR, subject to the
following:
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Due to the nature of the information to be disseminated,
alongside principles of transparency, efficiency and economy,
award to more than (1) supplier may be made by the procuring
entity:
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l. Community Participation: Where, in the interest of project
sustainability or to achieve specific social objectives, it is desirable in
selected projects, or its components, to call for participation fo local
communities in the delivery of goods, including non-consulting
services, and simple infrastructure projects, subject to the Community
Participation Procurement Manual (CPPM) issued by the GPPB.
“7.3 INSURANCE 3%
7.3.1 Explain the concept of insurance
7.3.2 Explain the elements of an insurance contract
7.3.3 Discuss the characteristics and nature of insurance contracts
7.3.4 Discuss the classes of insurance
7.3.5 Describe variable contracts
7.3.6 Define and apply insurable interest
7.3.7 Illustrate the perfection of the contract of insurance
7.3.8 Apply rescission of insurance contracts
7.3.9 Discuss claims settlement and subrogation
1. INSURED- the person whose loss is the occasion for the payment of the
insurance proceeds by the insurer. He must have the capacity to enter into a
contract and he must not be a public enemy.
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2. INSURER- the person who assumes the risk of loss and undertakes for a
consideration to indemnify the insured upon the happening of the designated
peril. Any person may be an insurer provided he obtains a CERTIFICATE OF
AUTHORITY to transact insurance business from the Insurance Commission.
3. ASSURED- the insured is also the assured when the proceeds are payable to
him.
6. Personal- the law presumes that the insurer considered the personal
qualification of the insured in approving the insurance application. The
insured cannot assign, before the happening of the loss, his right under a
property policy without the consent of the insurer.
CLASSES/TYPES OF INSURANCE:
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c. Industrial Life
3. CONTRACTS OF SURETYSHIP
VARIABLE CONTRACTS- the term variable contract shall mean any policy or
contract on either a group or on an individual basis issued by an insurance
company providing for benefits or other contractual payments or values
thereunder to vary so as to reflect investment results of any segregated portfolio
or investments or of a designated separate account in which amounts received in
connection with such contract shall have been placed and accounted for
separately and apart from other investments and accounts. This contract may
also provide benefits or values incidental thereto payable in fixed or variable
amounts, or both.
Variable contracts or investment-linked insurance products is regulated
by Section 238 to 246 of the Amended Insurance Code. In the US, it is known as
variable life or variable universal life. In the UK, it is known as unit-linked. In
Asia, it is known as investment-linked or insurance that is linked to investments.
Others call it equity-linked insurance.
The following are the grounds for the cancellation of a non-life policy insurance:
1. Non-payment of premium.
2. Fraud or material misrepresentation.
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3. Physical changes in the property insured which result in the property
becoming uninsurable.
4. Conviction of a crime arising out of acts increasing the risk insured against.
5. Willful or reckless acts or omission increasing the risk insured against.
6. Determination by the Insurance Commission that the policy would violate the
Insurance Code.
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LAW ON COOPERATIVES, RA 6938 AS AMENDED BY RA 9520
The COOPERATIVE CODE (RA 9520) was signed into law last February 17,
2009. It was published last March 7, 2009. It became effective March 22, 2009.
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CDA MC 2015-07, except for agricultural cooperatives and agrarian reform
cooperatives, only those cooperatives with a minimum paid-up capital of Php
10,000.00 or as required in the feasibility study, whichever is higher, may be
allowed to transform INTO A MULTI-PURPOSE COOPERATIVE.
A. Area of OPERATIONS;
B. Size of MEMBERSHIP;
C. Other pertinent data in a format provided by the CDA.
TERM: for a period not exceeding 50 years from the date of registration, but may
be extended for periods not exceeding 50 years, but no extension can be made
earlier than 5 years prior to the original or subsequent expiry date/dates unless
there are justifiable reasons.
MINIMUM PAID-UP SHARE CAPITAL: 25% of the total subscription but not
less than Php 15,000.00, except for multi-purpose cooperatives which should
have at least Php 100,000.00 or as required by the feasibility study whichever is
higher (Art. VIII, Sec. 2.2 of CDA MC 2015-01.
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failure of the Office of the President to act on the appeal within ninety (90) days
from the filing thereof shall mean APPROVAL of said application.
CATEGORIES OF COOPERATIVE:
1. In terms of MEMBERSHIP:
a. Primary- the members of which are natural persons.
b. Secondary- the members of which are the primaries.
c. Tertiary-the members of which are secondary cooperatives.
a. Secondary
i. FEDERATION: 10 primary cooperatives
iii. Union : 15 primary cooperatives
b. Tertiary
i. FEDERATION: 10 secondary cooperatives
ii. UNION: 15 secondary cooperatives
a. Secondary
i. FEDERATION: Php 500,000.00
ii. UNION : Not applicable
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b. Tertiary
i. FEDERATION: Php 5,000,000.00 or feasibility study
requirement whichever is higher
ii. UNION Not applicable
(b) To carry on, encourage, and assist educational and advisory work relating to
its member cooperatives;
(d) To print, publish, and circulate any newspaper or other publication in the
interest of its member cooperatives and enterprises;
"(g) To perform such other functions as may be necessary to attain its objectives.
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registration of the cooperative. A formal written contract shall be adopted and
made in the cooperative’s name or on its behalf prior to its registration.
TYPES OF COOPERATIVES: Cooperatives may fall under any of the following types:
(a) Credit Cooperative is one that promotes and undertakes savings and lending
services among its members. It generates a common pool of funds in order to
provide financial assistance to its members for productive and provident
purposes;
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projects, education and training, research and communication, and other similar
activities to reach out to its intended beneficiaries;
(i) Cooperative Bank is one organized for the primary purpose of providing a wide
range of financial services to cooperatives and their members;
(k) Education Cooperative is one organized for the primary purpose of owning and
operating licensed educational institutions notwithstanding the provisions of
Republic Act No. 9155, otherwise known as the Governance of Basic Education
Act of 2001;
(s) Water Service Cooperative is one organized to own, operate and manage waters
systems for the provision and distribution of potable water for its members and
their households;
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KINDS OF MEMBERSHIP-A cooperative may have two (2) kinds of members, to wit:
A regular member is one who has complied with all the membership
requirements and entitled to all the rights and privileges of membership. An associate
member is one who has no right to vote nor be voted upon and shall be entitled only to
such rights and privileges as the bylaws may provide: Provided, That an associate who
meets the minimum requirements of regular membership, continues to patronize the
cooperative for two (2) years, and signifies his/her intention to remain a member shall
be considered a regular member.
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18, a guardian cooperative may supervise more than one laboratory
cooperative.
REGULAR MEETING:
C. If not so fixed, any date within 90 days after the close of each fiscal
year.
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A. In writing;
B. By posting or publication; or
If the board fails to call a regular or a special meeting within the given
period, the CDA, upon petition of ten per centum (10%) of all the
members of the cooperative who are entitled to vote, and for good
cause shown, shall issue an order to the petitioners directing them to
call a meeting of the general assembly by giving proper notice as
required. The CDA may call a special meeting of the cooperative for
the purpose of reporting to the members the result of any examination
or other investigation of the cooperative affairs. Notice of any meeting
may be waived, expressly or impliedly, by any member.
VOTING SYSTEM:
COMPOSITON: not less than 5 but not more than 15 selected by the GA
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POWERS:
1. Strategic Planning;
2. Direction-setting and
3. Policy Formulation
RULES ON DIRECTORS:
(3) The members of the board of directors shall not hold any other
position directly involved in the day to day operation and
management of the cooperative.
(2) Special meetings of the board of directors may be held at any time
upon the call of the chairperson or a majority of the members of the
board: Provided, That written notices of the meeting specifying the
agenda of the special meeting shall be given to all members of the
board at least one (1) week before the said meeting.
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VACANCY: Any vacancy in the board of directors, other than by expiration of
term, may be filled by the vote of at least a majority of the remaining directors, if
still constituting a quorum; otherwise, the vacancy must be filled by the general
assembly in a regular or special meeting called for the purpose. A director so
elected to fill a vacancy shall serve only the unexpired term of his predecessor in
office.
RULES OF OFFICERS:
1. Audit
2. Election
4. Ethics
1. Audit
2. Election
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with their duty as such directors, officers or committee members shall
be liable jointly and severally for all damages or profits resulting
therefrom to the cooperative, members, and other persons.
2. When a director, officer or committee member attempts to acquire or
acquires, in violation of his duty, any interest or equity adverse to the
cooperative in respect to any matter which has been reposed in him in
confidence, he shall, as a trustee for the cooperative, be liable for
damages and shall be accountable for double the profits which
otherwise would have accrued to the cooperative.
RULES ON COMPENSATION:
(3) Unless already fixed in the bylaws, the compensation of all other
employee shall be determined by the board of directors.
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(1) That the presence of such director in the board meeting wherein contract was
approved was not necessary to constitute a quorum for such meeting;
(2) That the vote of such director was not necessary for the approval of the
contract;
(3) That the contract is fair and reasonable under the circumstances; and
(4) That in the case of an officer or committee member, the contract with the
officer or committee member has been previously authorized by the general assembly
or by the board of directors.
Where any of the first two conditions set forth in the preceding paragraph is
absent, in the case of a contract with a director, such contract may be ratified by a three-
fourths (3/4) vote of all the members with voting rights, present and constituting a
quorum in a meeting called for the purpose: Provided, That full disclosure of the adverse
interest of the directors involved is made at such meeting, and that the contract is fair
and reasonable under the circumstances.
(a) Liable to compensate the cooperative for the direct losses suffered by the
cooperative as a result of the illegal use of information; and
(b) Accountable to the cooperative for any direct benefit or advantage received or
yet to be received by him or his associate, as a result of the transaction.
RULES ON REMOVAL:
1. All complaints for the removal of any elected officer shall be filed with the
board of directors.
2. Such officer shall be given the opportunity to be heard.
3. Majority of the board of directors may place the officer concerned under
preventive suspension pending the resolution of the investigation.
4. Upon finding of a prima facie evidence of guilt, the board shall present its
recommendation for removal to the general assembly.
5. An elective officer may be removed by three fourths (3/4) votes of the regular
members present and constituting a quorum, in a regular or special general
assembly meeting called for the purpose.
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6. The officer concerned shall be given an opportunity to be heard at said
assembly.
ADDRESS: Every cooperative shall have an official postal address to which all notices
and communications shall be sent. Such address and every change thereof shall be
registered with the CDA.
BOOKS TO KEPT OPEN: Every cooperative shall have the following documents ready
and accessible to its members and representatives of the Authority for inspection
during reasonable office hours at its official address:
(a) A copy of this Code and all other laws pertaining to cooperatives;
(e) The books of the minutes of the meetings of the general assembly, board of
directors and committee;
3. Each cooperative shall maintain records of accounts such that the true and
correct condition and the results of the operation of the cooperative may be
ascertained therefrom at any time. The financial statements, audited
according to generally accepted auditing standards, principles and practices,
shall be published annually and shall be kept posted in a conspicuous place
in the principal office of the cooperative.
(4) Subject to the pertinent provisions of the National Internal Revenue Code and
other laws, a cooperative may dispose by way of burning or other method of
complete destruction any document, record or book pertaining to its financial
and nonfinancial operations which are already more than five (5) years old
except those relating to transactions which are the subject of civil, criminal and
administrative proceedings. An inventory of the audited documents, records and
books to be disposed of shall be drawn up and certified to by the board secretary
and the chairman of the audit committee and presented to the board of directors
which may thereupon approve the disposition of said records.
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RULES ON REPORTS:
3. These reports shall be filed with the Authority within one hundred twenty
(120) days from the end of the calendar year. The form and contents of the
reports shall be as prescribed by the rules of the Authority.
4. Failure to file the required reports shall subject the accountable officer/s to
fines and penalties as may be prescribed by the Authority, and shall be a
ground for the revocation of authority of the cooperative to operate as such.
5. The fiscal year of every cooperative shall be the calendar year except as may
be otherwise provided in the bylaws.
6. If a cooperative fails to make, publish and file the reports required herein, or
fails to include therein any matter required by the Code, the Authority shall,
within fifteen (15) days from the expiration of the prescribed period, send
such cooperative a written notice, stating its non-compliance and the
commensurate fines and penalties that will be imposed until such time that
the cooperative has complied with the requirements.
(1) The date on which the name of any person was entered in such register or list
of member; and
1. A copy of any entry in any book, register or list regularly kept in the course of
business in the possession of a cooperative shall, if duly certified in
accordance with the rules of evidence, be admissible as evidence of the
existence of entry and prima facie evidence of the matters and transactions
therein recorded.
2. No person or a cooperative is possession of the books of such cooperative
shall, in any legal proceedings to which the cooperative is not a party, be
compelled to produce any of the books of the cooperative, the contents of
which can be proved and the matters, transactions and accounts therein
recorded, unless by order of a competent court.
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3. Upon the filing of the application for registration of a cooperative, the
bonds of the accountable officers shall be required by the Authority.
PREFERENCE OF CLAIMS:
(2) Upon the execution of such instrument and as may be required by the
cooperative contained in a written request, the employer shall make the
deduction in accordance with the agreement and deduction in accordance with
the agreement and remit forthwith the amount so deducted within ten (10) days
after the end of the payroll month to the cooperative. The employer shall make
the deduction for as long as such debt or other demand remains unpaid by the
employee.
(3) The term "employer" as used in this article shall include all private
firms and the national and local governments and government-owned or
controlled corporations who have under their employer a member of a
cooperative and have agreed to carry out the terms of the instrument mentioned
in paragraphs (1) and (2) of this article.
(4) The provisions of this article shall apply to all similar agreements
referred to in paragraph (1) and were enforced prior to the approval of this Code.
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shall be mandatory: Provided, That in the case of private employer, the actual
and reasonable cost deducting and remitting maybe collected.
PRIMARY LIEN: Notwithstanding the provision of any law with the contrary, a
cooperative shall have primary lien upon the capital, deposits or interest of a member
for any debt due to the cooperative from such a member.
(1) Cooperatives with accumulated reserves and undivided net savings of not
more than Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be exempt from all national, city,
provincial, municipal or barangay taxes of whatever name and nature. Such
cooperatives shall be exempt from customs duties, advance sales or compensating taxes
on their importation of machineries, equipment and spare parts used by them and
which are not available locally a certified by the department of trade and industry
(DTI). All tax free importations shall not be sold nor the beneficial ownership thereof be
transferred to any person until after five (5) years, otherwise, the cooperative and the
transferee or assignee shall be solidarily liable to pay twice the amount of the imposed
tax and / or duties.
(2) Cooperatives with accumulated reserves and divided net savings of more
than Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall fee the following taxes at the full rate:
(a) Income Tax - On the amount allocated for interest on capitals: Provided, That
the same tax is not consequently imposed on interest individually received by
members: Provided, further, That cooperatives regardless of classification, are
exempt income tax from the date of registration with the Authority;
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(d) Donations to charitable, research and educational institutions and
reinvestment to socioeconomic projects within the area of operation of the
cooperative may be tax deductible.
(4) In areas where there are no available notaries public, the judge, exercising
his ex officio capacity as notary public, shall render service, free of charge, to any person
or group of persons requiring the administration of oath or the acknowledgment of
articles of cooperation and instruments of loan from cooperatives not exceeding Five
Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00).
(5) Any register of deeds shall accept for registration, free of charge, any
instrument relative to a loan made under this Code which does not exceed Two
Hundred Fifty Thousand Pesos (P250,000.00) or the deeds of title of any property
acquired by the cooperative or any paper or document drawn in connection with any
action brought by the cooperative or with any court judgment rendered in its favor or
any instrument relative to a bond of any accountable officer of a cooperative for the
faithful performance of his duties and obligations.
(6) Cooperatives shall be exempt from the payment of all court and sheriff’s fees
payable to the Philippine Government for and in connection with all actions brought
under this Code, or where such actions is brought by the Authority before the court, to
enforce the payment of obligations contracted in favor of the cooperative.
(7) All cooperatives shall be exempt from putting up a bond for bringing an
appeal against the decision of an inferior court or for seeking to set aside any third
party claim: Provided, That a certification of the Authority showing that the net assets of
the cooperative are in excess of the amount of the bond required by the court in similar
cases shall be accepted by the court as a sufficient bond.
(8) Any security issued by cooperatives shall be exempt from the provisions of
the Securities Act provided such security shall not be speculative.
(1) Cooperatives shall enjoy the privilege of depositing their sealed cash boxes or
containers, documents or any valuable papers in the safes of the municipal or
city treasurers and other government offices free of charge, and the custodian of
such articles shall issue a receipt acknowledging the articles received duly
witnessed by another person;
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(3) Cooperatives rendering special types of services and facilities such as cold
storage, ice plant, electricity, transportation, and similar services and facilities
shall secure a franchise therefore, and such cooperatives shall open their
membership to all persons qualified in their areas of operation;
(4) In areas where appropriate cooperatives exist, the preferential right to supply
government institutions and agencies rice, corn and other grains, fish and other
marine products, meat, eggs, milk, vegetables, tobacco and other agricultural
commodities produced by their members shall be granted to the cooperatives
concerned;
(5) Preferential treatment in the allocation of fertilizers, including seeds and other
agricultural inputs and implements, and in rice distribution shall be granted to
cooperatives by the appropriate government agencies;
(7) Cooperatives and their federations, such as farm and fishery producers and
suppliers, market vendors and such other cooperatives, which have for their
primary purpose the production and/or the marketing of products from
agriculture, fisheries and small entrepreneurial industries and federations
thereof, shall have preferential rights in the management of public markets
and/or lease of public market facilities, stalls or spaces: Provided, That these
rights shall only be utilized exclusively by cooperatives: Provided, further, That no
cooperative forming a joint venture, partnership or any other similar
arrangement with a non-cooperative entity can utilize these rights;
(9) The Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation (PDIC) and other government
agencies, government-owned and controlled corporations and government
financial institutions shall provide technical assistance to registered national
federations and unions of cooperatives which have significant engagement in
savings and credit operations in order for these federations and unions to
establish and/or strengthen their own autonomous cooperative deposit
insurance systems;
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(12) Cooperative shall enjoy the privilege of being represented by the provincial
or city fiscal or the Office of the Solicitor General, free of charge, except when the
adverse party is the Republic of the Philippines;
CAPITAL SOURCES: Cooperatives registered under this Code may derive their capital
from any or all of the following sources:
"(4) Subsidies, donations, legacies, grants, aids and such other assistance from
any local or foreign institution whether public or private: Provided, That capital
coming from such subsides, donations, legacies, grants, aids and other assistance
shall not be divided into individual share capital holdings at any time but shall
instead form part of the donated capital or fund of the cooperative. Upon
dissolution, such donated capital shall be subject to escheat.
a. That the total share holding of the heir does not exceed ten per
centum (10%) of the share capital of the cooperative;
c. That where the heir fails to qualify as a member or where his total share
holding exceeds ten per centum (10%) of the share capital, the share or
shares excess will revert to the cooperative upon payment to the heir of
the value of such shares.
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"(1) He has held such share capital contribution or interest for not less
than one (1) year.
(d) In real state primarily for the use of the cooperative or its members; or
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number, name, amount, and rate of interest to be paid and shall distinctly set
forth the time of retirement of such certificates and the amounts to be returned."
Performance and social audit reports which contain the findings and
recommendations of the auditor shall be submitted to the board of directors.
The CDA in consultation with the cooperative sector, shall promulgate the rules
and standards for the social audit of cooperatives.
1. The auditor shall submit to the board of directors and to the audit
committee the financial audit report which shall be in accordance with
the generally accepted auditing standards for cooperatives as jointly
promulgated by the Philippine Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (PICPA) and the Authority.
2. Thereafter, the board of directors shall present the complete audit
report to the general assembly in its next meeting.
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b. That it shall be a defense to any action under this article that the
member demanding to examine and copy excerpts from the
cooperative records has improperly used any information
secured through any prior examination of the records of such
cooperative or was not acting in good faith or for a legitimate
purpose in making his demand.
SAFETY OF RECORDS: Every cooperative shall, at its principal office, keep and
carefully preserve the records required by this Code to be prepared and
maintained. It shall take all necessary precaution to prevent its loss, destruction
or falsification."
(1) An amount for the reserve fund which shall be at least ten per
centum (10%) of net surplus: Provided, That, in the first five (5) years of
operation after registration, this amount shall not be less than fifty per
centum (50%) of the net surplus:
(a) The reserve fund shall be used for the stability of the
cooperative and to meet net losses in its operations. The general
assembly may decrease the amount allocated to the reserve fund
when the reserve fund already exceeds the share capital.
(b) The reserve fund shall not be utilized for investment, other than
those allowed in this Code. Such sum of the reserve fund in excess
of the share capital may be used at anytime for any project that
would expand the operations of the cooperative upon the
resolution of the general assembly.
(c) Upon the dissolution of the cooperative, the reserve fund shall
not be distributed among the members. The general assembly may
resolves:
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(i) To establish a usufructuary trust fund for the benefit of
any federation or union to which the cooperative is
affiliated; and
(2) An amount for the education and training fund, shall not be more than
ten per centum (10%) of the net surplus. The bylaws may provide that
certain fees or a portion thereof be credited to such fund. The fund shall
provide for the training, development and similar other cooperative
activities geared towards the growth of the cooperative movement:
(3) An amount for the community development fund, which shall not be
less than three per centum (3%) of the net surplus. The community
development fund shall be used for projects or activities that will benefit
the community where the cooperative operates.
(4) An optional fund, a land and building, and any other necessary fund
the total of which shall not exceed seven per centum (7%).
(5) The remaining net surplus shall be made available to the members in
the form of interest on share capital not to exceed the normal rate of return
our investments and patronage refunds: Provided, That any amount
remaining after the allowable interest and the patronage refund have been
deducted shall be credited to the reserve fund.
(6) The sum allocated for patronage refunds shall be made available at the
same rate to all patrons of the cooperative in proportion to their
individual patronage: Provided, That:
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(a) In the case of a member patron with paid-up share capital
contribution, his proportionate amount of patronage refund shall be paid
to him unless he agrees to credit the amount to his account as additional
share capital contribution;
MODES:
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principal office of said cooperative is located, or if no newspaper is published in
such place, in a newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines;
3. That the notice of such meeting is sent to each member of record either by
registered mail or by personal delivery at least thirty (30) days prior to said
meeting.
3. If the petition is sufficient in form and substance, the Authority shall issue an
order reciting the purpose of the petition and shall fix a date which shall not
be less than thirty (30) nor more than sixty (60) days after the entry of the
order.
4. Before such date, a copy of the order shall be published at least once a week
for three (3) consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation
published in the municipality or city where the principal office of the
cooperative is situated or in the absence of such local newspaper, in a
newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines, and a copy shall likewise
be posted for three (3) consecutive weeks in three (3) public places in the
municipality or city where the cooperative’s office is located.
5. Upon expiry of the five (5) day notice to file objections, the Authority shall
proceed to hear the petition and try any issue raised in the objection filed; and
if the objection is sufficient and the material allegations of the petition are
proven, it shall issue an order to dissolve the cooperative and direct the
disposition of its assets in accordance with existing rules and regulations.
"(4) The nature and extent of the interests of the members of the
cooperative.
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INVOLUNTARY DISSOLUTON BY THE COURT: A cooperative may be
dissolved by order of a competent court after due hearing on the grounds of:
"(2) Insolvency.
Upon receipt of final and executory decision of the Court, the CDA shall
issue an order to proceed with the winding up of the affairs of the
Cooperative. (Sec. 7(A) (2) of CDA MC 2012-21).
PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES:
3. Sending of Notice. The Summons or Show Cause Order shall be sent to the
principal office of the cooperative or its last known address as located in the
records of the Authority by registered mail with return card. Personal
delivery may also be employed through a duly authorized employee of the
Authority and only in cases specifically ordered by the Authority. If the
summons or show cause order remains un-served in spite of service by
registered mail or personal delivery, the Authority shall serve the notice to
the members of the Board of Directors on the last known address or as stated
in the Articles of Cooperation.
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4. Answer to the Complaint. The cooperative shall, within fifteen (15) days from
receipt of the Summons, file to the Authority its Answer to the complaint
stating therein the justifications why it should not be dissolved. Any motion
to dismiss shall be treated as an answer, and shall preclude the cooperative
from asserting facts or issues not included in such motion to dismiss.
5. Notice of Hearing. Upon the receipt of the answer from the cooperative or if
the cooperative failed to file its answer, the Authority shall issue a Notice of
Hearing stating the date, time and place of the hearing. No motion for
postponement shall be entertained by the Authority unless found to be
meritorious.
8. Appeal. The parties who are not satisfied with the decision of the Authority
may file their appeal to the CDA Central Office, Department of Finance or the
Office of the President, whichever is applicable, within fifteen (15) days from
the receipt of the decision.
9. Execution. The order of the Authority shall be final and executory after the
lapse of fifteen (15) days period to appeal or file a motion for reconsideration.
3. From and after any such conveyance, all interests which the cooperative had
in the properties are terminated.
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4. Upon the winding up of the cooperative affairs, any asset distributable to any
creditor, shareholder or member who is unknown or cannot be found shall be
given to the federation or union to which the cooperative is affiliated with.
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