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MIS300 Ch.6.Student
MIS300 Ch.6.Student
Information
Systems
MIS 300
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Systems development life cycle (SDLC) :
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Linear Approach
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Linear Approach
• These are the exact steps used for the Linear Approach.
4. Development: The programming stage.
5. Testing: Checking the final application meets your
requirements.
6. Implementation: Making sure appropriate support
and training are provided as a part of the closing of
the project.
7. Maintenance: Continuously support and improve it.
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Linear Approach
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Waterfall Approach
Planning
Analysis
Design
Development
Testing
Similar to the Linear Approach, we
move forward down the stream.
Implementation
Maintenance
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Waterfall Approach
Planning
Analysis
Design
Development
Testing
Unlike the Linear Approach, we go
back up the stream if we find
problems that have to be fixed. Implementation
maintenance
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Ways of developing a system
• When developing a new system, you have 3 “who” choices…
1. Insourcing: IT specialists inside your organization
2. Outsourcing: A third-party organization (i.e., let someone do the
work and pay them for it)
3. Selfsourcing: Do-it-yourself approach many end users take with
little or no help from IT specialists
Outsourcing Process:
• Outsourcing process looks similar to the traditional SDLC
• Big exception here is that you “outsource” most of the work to another company
The first few steps are similar again to previous developments we saw:
1. Planning
2. Defining Project Scope
3. Selecting a target system
New steps:
4. Establish Logical Requirements
5. Develop a Request for Proposal (RFP)
6. Evaluate RFP returns and select the company
7. Create a Service Level Agreement (SLA)
8. Test and Accept the Solution
9. Monitor and Re-evaluate.
Notice that outsourcing here means the Design, Development, testing, and
implementation is turned over to another company.
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Outsourcing: RFP
• Request for proposal (RFP) – a formal document that describes in intensive/
excruciating detail your logical requirements for a proposed system and invites
outsourcing organizations to submit bids for its development
• In outsourcing, you must tell another organization what you want to be developed; you
do that with an RFP
• Therefore, the RFP must be very detailed
• Some RFPs can take years to develop
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Outsourcing: SLA
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Ways to source our IS project: p.182
• Geopolitical Outsourcing Options:
• Outsourcing decisions may sometimes depend on the
location of the providers.
1. Onshore Outsourcing: The provider is in the same
country as you.
2. Nearshore Outsourcing: The provider is in a country that
shares a border with your country.
3. Offshore Outsourcing: The provider is in a country that is
far away*.
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Ways to source IS project: p.183
• Advantages of Outsourcing*:
• Reduce Costs: Big money saver.
• Better predict cost: When you sign a contract you know exactly how much a
system will cost.
• Improve Accountability: It guarantees you will get what you asked for.
• Focusing on core systems: By outsourcing none critical systems, some
companies can focus their insourcing on critical systems.
• Use other companies’ expertise: which would be specialists in this area.
• Getting the latest skills and technology in that field.
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Ways to source IS project: p.183
• Disadvantages of Outsourcing:
• Reduce the ability to develop your own skills in the future, your company
becomes completely reliant on others.
• Reduce control: you will need that company for changes, updates, and
upgrades.
• Increases the risk of exposing your strategic information systems. There is a
risk the external company may share your system with competitors.
• Overall: increases your dependency on other organizations.
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Prototyping: P.174
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Prototyping: P.176
•Prototyping
process:
1. Identify basic
requirements of the
user.
2. Develop initial
prototype.
3. End user evaluates
and gives feedback.
If everyone is happy
skip step 4 – finish*!
4. Revise and enhance
prototype. Go back
to step 3.
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Advantages of Prototyping: P.177
1. Encourages users’ participation.
2. Helps resolve differences between users.
3. Gives users a feel of the system before it develops.
4. Helps determine if it is technically possible to do.
5. Sells the idea better to the users.
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Disadvantages of Prototyping: P.177
1. Leads people to believe the final system will come soon!
2. Gives no indication of the operational limitations*.
3. This may lead the team not to document or test the final work
properly.
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