NATIONAL INCOME

Q.1 How will you treat the following while calculating national income, give reason
i) Income earn from sale of shares.
ii) Income earn from sale of second hand car.
iii) Bonus received from employer.
iv) Profit earn by Amazon in India.
v) Commission received on sale of a house.
vi) Expenditure on advertisement by a firm.
vii) Scholarship given to students.
viii) Income obtained from gambling.
ix) Interest received by a household from bank
x) Profit earned by Indian company in Singapore
Q.2. Calculate National income by (a) Income Method and (b) Expenditure Method:
Items (Rupees in Crores)

(i) Rent 3,000

(ii) Net factor income from abroad 100
(iii) Wages and salary 50,000
(iv) Indirect tax 2,000
(v) Govt Final Consumption Expenditure 22,400
(vi) Subsidy 600
(vii) Royalty 400
(viii) Net exports (-) 400
(ix) Interest 12,800
(x) Corporate tax 400
(xi) Profit after tax 8,000
(xii) Private Final Consumption Expenditure 52,600
(xiii) Change in stock 200
(xiv) Net Domestic Fixed Capital Formation 1200

3. Calculate National income by (a) Income Method and (b) Expenditure Method:
Items (Rupees in Crores)

(i) Rent 3,000

(ii) Net factor income from abroad 100
(iii) Wages and salary 50,000
(iv) Indirect tax 2,000
(v) Govt Final Consumption Expenditure 22,400
(vi) Subsidy 600
(vii) Royalty 400
(viii) Net exports (-) 400
(ix) Interest 12,800
(x) Corporate tax 400
(xi) Profit after tax 8,000
(xii) Private Final Consumption Expenditure 52,600
(xiii) Change in stock 200
(xiv) Net Domestic Fixed Capital Formation 1200

4-Find (a) National Income and (b) GDP at market price

Items Rs Crore
i. Net current transfer from abroad 5
ii. Private final consumption expenditure 200
iii. Subsidies 20
iv. Net domestic fixed capital formation 40
v. Net factor income to abroad 10
vi. Government final consumption expenditure 50
vii. Change in stock (-)10
viii. Net imports (-)20
 ix. Consumption of fixed capital 30
x. Indirect tax 60
xi. Exports 100

5- Calculate gross National Product at market price from the following data ( values are in crors)
Compensation of employees 4000
Rent 800
Profits 1500
Undistributed profits 400
Mixed income of self-employed 1800
Net export - 30
Net domestic capital formation 900
Gross domestic fixed capital formation 1000
Change in stock -80
Interest 50
NIT 900
Net current transfer from abroad 500
Net factor income from abroad 60

6-From the following data, calculate National Product at Market Price by

(i) income method and (ii) expenditure method:

Items (Rs.In Crores)

a. Mixed income of self- employed 400

b. Compensation of employees 500

c. Private final consumption expenditure 900

d. Net factor income from abroad (-) 20

e. Net indirect tax 100

f. Consumption of fixed capital 100

g. Net domestic capital formation 280

h. Net exports (-)30

i. Profits 350

j. Rent 100

k. Interest 150

l. Government final consumption expenditure 450

7- Will the following be included in National Income of India? Give reasons for your answer.

a. Financial help given to flood victims

b. Profits earned by an Indian bank from its branches abroad.

c. Salaries paid to non-resident Indians working in Indian Embassy in America.

Q8 Calculate National Income by income and expenditure method.

Particulars In crore

1. Compensation of employee 250

 2. Imports 20

3. Mixed income of self employed 50

4. Gross fixed capital formation 120

5. Private final consumption expenditure 550

6. consumption of fixed capital 10

7. Net factor income from abroad 20

8. Indirect taxes 100

9. Change in stock 20

10. subsidies 20

11. Rent 100

12. Interest 200

13. Profit 50

14. Exports 10

15.Government final consumption expenditure 60

From the following data, calculate (a) gross domestic product at market price and
(b) subsidies.

Particulars In crore

1. Government final consumption expenditure 7000

2. Indirect taxes 9000

3.NNPFC 61700

4. Mixed income of self employed 28000

5. Gross fixed capital formation 13000

6. Net addition to stocks 10000

7. Compensation to employee 24000

8. Depreciation 4000

9. Private final consumption expenditure 44000

10. Export of goods and services 4800

11. Import of goods and services 5600

12.NFIA -300

Q9 Calculate Gross Domestic Product at Market Price by (6)

 (a) Production Method and (b) Income Method

ITEMS Rs. crores

a. Intermediate consumption by

i) Primary sector 500

ii) Secondary sector 400
iii) Tertiary sector 400
b. Value of output by
i) Primary sector 1000
ii) Secondary sector 900
iii) Tertiary sector 700
c. Rent 10
d. compensation of employees 400
e. Mixed income 550
f. Operating surplus 300
h. Net factor income from abroad (--)20
i. Interest 5
j. Consumption of fixed capital 40
k. Net indirect taxes 10

10 . Calculate the value of intermediate consumption from the following information:

              Particulars In Rs crore
             i. Net value added at factor cost 100
             ii. Sales tax 20
            iii. Depreciation। 10
            iv. Value of output. 300
             v. Subsidy 10

     11- Find the value added at market price:

         S. No. Items. Amount (Rs)
i. Depreciation 800
            ii. Output sold 900 units
           iii. Price per unit of output 40
         iv. Closing stock 1,000
          v. Opening stocks 800
        vi. Sales tax 3,000
        vii. Intermediate cost 20,000
12-. Calculate GDP at factor cost from the following information:

i. Net domestic capital formation 100

ii. Change in stock 20

iii. Private final consumption expenditure 500

iv. Government final consumption expenditure 500

v. Net exports 30

vi. Consumption of fixed capital 10

vii. Net indirect taxes 150

viii. Net factor income from abroad 30

13- Calculate national income from the following data using income and expenditure method.

S.No. Items (Rs. InCrores)

1 Private final consumption expenditure 200

2 Subsidies 30

3 Net income from abroad (-) 20

4 Indirect tax 40

5 Rent 5

6 Govt. final consumption expenditure 40

7 Operating surplus 10

8 Net domestic fixed capital formation 10

9 Wages and salary 70

10 Net export 10

11 Change in stock 10

12 Employer’s social security contribution 20

13 Mixed income 130

14- From the following data calculate gross value added at factor cost.
Items Rs. In lakhs
Net indirect taxes 20
Purchase of intermediate products 120
Purchase of machines 300
Sales 250
Consumption of fixed capital 20
Change in stock 30

15- From the following data estimate (a)Net indirect taxes and (b) NDP at FC
Item Rs. crore
1.NNPatMP 1400
2.NFIA -20
3.GNPat FC 1300
4.Depreciation 100
5.National debt interest 18
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA KASHIPUR

HOME ASSIGNMENT FOR SUMMER VACATION

CLASS- 12TH

SUBJECT- ENGLISH

(READING)

1. READING OF FOLLOWING LESSONS AND SOLVING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES GIVEN ALONG WITH THE TEXT:

A. Last Lesson (Flamingo)

B. Lost Spring (Flamingo)

C. My Mother At Sixty Six (Flamingo)

D. An Elementary school classroom in a slum (Flamingo)

E. Third Level ( vistas)

F. Tiger king ( vistas)

NOTE :- All this work must be completed in a Ax4 size fair notebook.

(WRITING)

2. WRITE ALL THESE QUESTIONS IN PROPER FORMAT AND WORD LIMIT(120 TO 150 WORDS):
 1. Write a letter to the editor of a national daily, highlighting the problem of CORONA and unhygienic public
places and suggesting practical ways to ensure public sanitation to save people from diseases.

2. You are Neha/Nihal, computer in-charge of Army Public School, New Delhi. Your school wishes to buy
20 computers and computer accessories from Apple Inc., Nehru Place, New Delhi. Draft a letter
placing an order for the same.(100-150 words)
3. You are RAM/RAJNI, 48-drona vihar,kashipur. Draft a classified advertisement, in not more than 50 words to
sell your house giving all necessary detail.
4. You are Sonali, cultural captain,Army Public School,Haldwani. Writ a notice for the school noticeboard
informing the students about RANGOLI COMPETETION in the school.

NOTE :- 1. All this work must be completed in an Ax4 size fair notebook.

3. For any help please visit youtube channel-htts://www.youtube.com/channel/UCILNx9AvR1KbE6_tuyRPMYg

Or www.yschandel.blogspot.com

RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

VER SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. If A ={ 1,3,5,7 } and B= { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 } then the number of one to one function from A into B is
a) 1340 b) 1860 c) 1430 d) 1680

2. If f( x )= |x|∧g ( x )= |5 x−2| then (gοf ¿(-3) is

a) 4 b) 6 c) 13 d) none of these.

3. The relation R on the set A ={ 1,2,3 } given by R = { ( 1,1 ) , (1,2 ) , ( 2,2 ) , ( 2,3 ) ,(3,3) } is
a) Reflexive b) Symmetric c) Transitive d) Equivalence
4. Given set A = { 1,2,3 } and a relation R = { ( 1,2 ) ,(2,1) } will be
a) reflexive if (1,1) is added b) symmetric if (2,3) is added
c) transitive if (1,1) is added d) symmetric if (3,2) is added

5. If R is an equivalence relation on A ={ xϵ Z : 0≤ x ≤ 15 } given by

R = { ( a ,b ) :|a−b|is a multiple of 5 } then the set of elements related to 6 are
a ¿ {0,11 } b) { 6,15 } c){ 6,11 } d) { 0 , 6 }

6. Let A = { 1,2,3,4 } and B = { a , b , c }.The number of one to one functions from A to B are
…………………………..
7. If f ( x )= 27 x 3 and g ( x )=x 1/ 3 then (g ο f )(x ) is …………………..

8. If f: R → R be such that ( fο f )( x )=x ∀ x ∈ R then the inverse of f is …………………

9. Given triangles with sides T 1 : 3 , 4 , 5 ; T 2 : 5, 12, 13 ; T 3 : 6, 8 ,10 ; T 4 : 4 , 7 , 9 and
f a relation R in the set of triangles defined as R={( ∆ ¿ ¿ 1 , ∆2) :∆ 1 is similar ¿ ∆ 2} .
then triangle …………………………..is related to …………………………….

10. Let R be a relation on the set L of lines defined by

R={( l 1 ,l 2 ) :l 1 is perpendicular ¿ l 2} . The relation R is …………………………

(reflexive/ symmetric/ transitive) relation.

11. Let R be the equivalence relation in the set A={ 0,1,2,3,4,5 } given by

R={ ( a , b ) : 2∣(a−b) }. Write the equivalence class[ 0 ] .

12. Let f : R → R be defined by f ( x )=x 2 + 1. Find f −1(37¿.

13. If the function f : R → R defined by f ( x )=3 x−4 is invertible then find f −1 (x) .

14. If n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 4 then find the number of injective functions from A to B.

15. If f: R→ R defined by f ( x )=(3− x3 )1/ 3 then find ( fοf ) ( x ) .

16. If f ( x )= 8 x 3 and g ( x )=x 1/ 3 then (g ο f )( x ) is

(a) x (b)2x (c) x/2 (d)3x2

17.If f(x) =x2 ,g(x) =tanx ,h(x) =log x then [h0 (g0f)]¿ ) is

1 π
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/x (d) log
2 4

18 f:R→ R , f(x) =cos x is

(a) one to one and into (b)one to one and onto

(c) Many to one and onto (d)Many to one and into

19. If A = {1,2,3} Let
R1,1 , 2,2 , 3,3 ,1,2  , 2,1 , 2,3 ,3,2  ,Then R is:

(a) Reflexive, symmetric but not transitive (b)symmetric, transitive but not reflexive

(c)Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric (d)an equivalence relation

20.Let R be a relation defined on Z byaRbab,Then R is:

(a) Symmetric, transitive but not reflexive (b)Reflexive, symmetric but not transitive

(c) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric (d)an equivalence relation

21.Let R be a relation defined on Z as follows: a,b Ra 2b2 25,ThendomainofRis:

(a) 3,4,5 (b)0,3,4,5 (c)0,3,4,5

(d) None of these

R  a,b:a b
2 2

16 is given by:
22. The relation R defined on the set A 1,2,3,4,5by

1,1 , 2,1 ,3,1 , 4,1 , 2,3 (b) 2,2 , 3,2 , 4,2  , 2,4 
(a)

(c)  3,3 , 4,3 ,5,4 ,3,4 

(d)none of these

23.Let R be a relation defined on Z as follows:x,y R

xy 1 .ThenR is:

(a) Reflexive and transitive (b)Reflexive and symmetric

(c)Symmetric and transitive (d)an equivalence relation

 A 1,2,3,B1,4,6,9and R is a relation from A to B define by ‘x is greater than y’.
24.Let

Then range of R is given by:

(a)1,4,6,9 (b) 4,6,9 (c)1 (d)none of these

25. A relation R is defined from 2,3,4,5to3,6,7,10 by xRyx is relatively prime to y.

Then the domain of R is given by:

(a)2,3,5 (b)3,5 (c)2,3,4 (d)2,3,4,5

26.In the set Z of integers, which of the following relation R is not an equivalence relation?

(a) xRy: if xy (b) xRy : if xy

(c) xRy :if xy i s a m u l t i p l e o f 5

xRy:if xy is an even integer (d)
 fx 2x 3x5and gx 4x5,then  fog 0is:
2

27.Let f:RR and g:RR be defined by

(a)20 (b)25 (c)40 (d)10

28. Which of the following functions from Z to itself are bijections ?

fx  x fx  x2 fx 2x1 fx  x x
2

(a) 3 (b) (c (d)

)

f: 2,  B defined by fx  x 4x5 is a bijection, then B is:
2

29.If the function

(a)R (b)1,  (c)

 4,  (d)
5,∞)

fx x and gx 2 . Then the solution set of the equation fogx  gofx is:
2 x

30 Let

(a)R (b)0

(c)
0,2 (d)None of these
 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a,b): |a − b| is even},
is an equivalence relation. Show that all the elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each
other and all the elements of {2, 4} are related to each other. But no element of {1, 3, 5}
is related to any element of 2, 4}. 
2. Show that each of the relation R in the set A = {x ∈ Z: 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}, given by 
(i) R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of 4} (ii) R = {(a, b) : a = b} is an equivalence
relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1 in each case. 

3. Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all triangles as R = {(T1, T2): T1 is similar to
T2}, is equivalence relation. Consider three right angle triangles T1 with sides 3, 4, 5, T2
with sides 5, 12, 13 and T3 with sides 6, 8, 10. Which triangles among T1, T2 and T3 are
related? 
4.  Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all polygons as R = {(P1, P2): P1 and P2
have same number of sides}, is an equivalence relation. What is the set of all elements in
A related to the right angle triangle T with sides 3, 4 and 5?
5. Let L be the set of all lines in XY plane and R be the relation in L defined as R = {(
L1,L2): L1 is parallel to L2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all
lines related to the line y = 2x + 4. 

6. Let A = R − {3} and B = R − {1}. Consider the function f: A → B defined by (x) = (x−2 x−3).
Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
7.  Consider f: R → R given by f(x) = 4x + 3. Show that f is invertible. Find the inverse of f.
8. Consider f: R+ → [4, ∞) given by f(x) = x2 + 4. Show that f is invertible with the inverse f−1 of
given f byf−1(y) = √y − 4, where R+ is the set of all non- negative real numbers. 
9. Consider f: R+ → [−5, ∞) given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x − 5. Show that f is invertible with

10. Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given byR = {(a, b) : 2 divides a–
b}is an equivalence relation.
11. . Let f: W → W be defined as f(n) = n − 1, if is odd and f(n) = n + 1, if n is even. Show
that f is invertible. Find the inverse of f. Here, W is the set of all whole numbers.
 x
12. Show that the function f : R →{ x ∈ R ,−1< x< 1} defined by f ( x )= , x∈ R
1+|x|
is one one and onto

13. Let A = {– 1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {– 4, – 2, 0, 2} and f, g : A →B be functions defined by

1
2|x− |−1
f(x) =x2–x, x∈A and g(x) = 2 , x∈A. Are f and g equal? Justify your answer.

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

4π
1 Find the value of Sin-1 sin ( )
5
2 Find the value of tan−1 2+ tan −1 3
−1 π −1
3 If tan x= for some x ∈ R then the value of cot x is
10
2π π 3π 10
a) 5 b) 5 c) 5 d) π
4 The domain of sin −1 ¿

[
a ¿ [ −1,1 ] b ¿ [ 0,1 ] c ¿
−1 1
]
, d ¿ [ −3,3 ]
3 3

−1 −1 1
5 The value of tan x+ tan ( ¿ ) , x >0 is … … … … … … … … . .¿
x
6 The value of sec tan 4+ cosec2 cot−1 3is … … … … … ..
2 −1

7 If sin −1 x +sin−1 y=π then 4 x−5 y is … … … … … . .

−1 2π −1 2π
8 Find the value of cos cos(¿ ¿ 3 )+ sin cos( ¿ ¿ 3 ) ¿ ¿¿ ¿
 9 If θ=sin−1 sin ⁡(−6000 ¿ )thenθ is ¿

2π π −2 π π
a) 3 b) 3 c) 5 d) 2

10 Write the following in simplest form

−1
tan ¿

11.Write the following in simplest form

Cos-1( 1-x2 /1+x2)

−1 π −1 2π
12.Find the value of sin sin(¿ ¿ 3 )+cos cos( ¿ ¿ 3 ) ¿ ¿¿ ¿

−1
13.Find the principal value of cos-1 ( 2 )

14 Find the value of 2cos(2sin −11)

−1 8
15. Fill in the blank : sin 17 = Cos-1 ……..

−1 1 −1 2
.16 tan ( 11 )+ tan ( 11 )= ………..

17. If sin−1 x−¿ cos−1 x =π /6 then x is equal ¿ … … … … …. .

18.The value of cos−1 cos ¿ ¿ ¿) is equal ¿ … … … … …. .

π
19.The value of tan [2tan-1(1/5) - 4 ] is equal to ………..

20.The value of cos[ tan−1(3/4)] is equal to ………..

MATRICES
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Choose and write the correct option in the following questions

1. For what value of x, the matrix

2 [
5−x x +1
4 ]
is singular?A matrix A is both symmetric and skew
symmetric if A is
(a) Null matrix (b) unit matrix (c) row matrix (d) none of these
2. If A and B are invertible matrix then (AB) -1 = ..........
(a) A-1B-1 (b) AB (c) B -1A-1 (d) none of these
3 -1
3. If A be any invertible matrix such that A = I then A = ........
(a) I (b) A2 (c) A3 (d) A4
4. If A is a matrix of order 3x3 , then (A 2)-1 = (A-1 ) 2 -
(a) True (b) false (c)none of these
5. If A is any invertible matrix then A is
(a) square matrix (b) non singular matrix (c) both (d) none of these
6. If A is any skew symmetric matrix then A ' =
(a) A (b) - A (c) A 2 (d) none of these
7. Let A be a square matrix of order 3x3 then| kA| = ......
(a) k |A| (b) k2|A| (c) k3|A| (d) 3k|A|

8. If[ x+3
7−x 4 ] [ 0 4 ]
y y = 4 −1
, find the values of x∧ y .

9. If [ 23 yx+−xy −3y ]=[−51 23], find the value of x .

10.If [ 5 −2] A
A= 2 3 , Write −1
in terms of A.

A=[
−2 2 ]
2 −2 2
11.A matrix and A =p A , then write the value of p.

12. If a matrix has 6 elements, write all possible orders it can have.

[]
2
13.Write the order of the product matrix: [ 1 2 1 ] 4 .
2

14.If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
15.Show that all the elements on the main diagonal of a skew symmetric matrix are
zero.
 16.Find the value of x + y from the following equation:

2 [ 7x 5
+
y−3 1 2 ][
3 −4
=
7 6
15 14 ][ ]
[ ]
3 4
T
17. If A = −1 2 and B=
0 1
−1 2 1
1 2 3
,find AT −BT . [ ]
18. If A =
'
[−21 32]
[−11 02]
and B= , then find ( A+2 B )' .

19.If [ 2a−b
a−b 3 c +d ] [ 0 13 ]
2a+ c = −1 5
, find the value of a .

[−29 −11 43 ]= A+[ 10 24 −19 ]

20.If , then find the matrix A .

21.If[ 2 x− y w ] [ 0 5 ]
x− y z
=
−1 4
, find the value of x + y .

22.Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 ×2 with each entry 1,2or 3

[ ]
0 a −3
23.If the matrix A= 2 0 −1 is skew symmetric, find the value of a and b.
b 1 0
|4 i− j|
24.Construct a matrix of order 2 ×2, whose elements are given by a ij=
2

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS -(2 marks questions)

1. If [ 32 4x ][ x1]=[ 1915] , find the value of x.

2. If ( 2 x+ y 3 y
0 4
=
6 0'
6 4 )( )
, then find x and y.

[ ]
0 a 3
3. If the matrix 2 b −1 is skew symmetric, find a + b + c
c 1 0
 [ ]
1 2 2
4. The matrix A = 2 1 2 satisfies A2 – 4A – 5 I = 0
2 2 1

5. Find X, if X + [ 23 −1
−1 ] [ 5 0 ]
=
2 4

[ ]
cos x −sin x 0
6. If f(x) = sin x cos x 0 , then show that f(x) f(y) = f ( x +y).
0 0 1

7. If A = [ ab ba] and A = [ ∝β αβ ] Then prove that α + β = (a + b ) .

2 2

8. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then prove that AB-BA is
skew-symmetric.
9. Three shopkeepers A, B, C are using polythene, handmade bags (prepared by
prisoners), and newspaper’s envelope as carry bags. it is found that the
shopkeepers A, B, C are using (20,30,40) , (30,40,20,) , (40,20,30) polythene ,
handmade bags and newspapers envelopes respectively. The shopkeepers A, B, C
spent Rs.250, Rs.220 & Rs.200 on these carry bags respectively. Formulate a matrix
problem.

10. Using elementary operation , find the inverse of the matrix A = [ 14 13]
11. Express the following matrix as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric matrix.

[ ]
1 3 5
A = −6 8 3
4 6 5

12. Express the following matrix as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric matrix.

[ ]
3 2 5
A= 4 1 3 .
0 6 7

13. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the following matrix:

[ ]
1 2 −2
−1 3 0
0 −2 1

14. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the following matrix:
 [ ]
1 3 −2
−3 0 −1 .
2 1 0

dsUnzh; fon~;ky; dk”khiqj

05-05-2020
xzh’e dkyhu ¼vodk”k½ x`g dk;Z
d{kk & 12
fo’k; & fgUnh dsfUnzd
vc rd ohfM;ks }kjk i<+kbZ x;h dforkvksa ds ohfM;ks esa
fn;s x;s iz”u ,oa lHkh dk;Zi=dksa esa fn;s x;s iz”uksa ds mRrj
fy[ksaA

rqylhnkl dh dfork ds “ks’k Hkkx dh fofM;ks esa fn;s x;s

iz”u] fQ+jkd xksj[kiqjh ,oa mek”kadj tks”kh dh dforkvksa ds
fofM;ks dks ns[kdj mlesa fn;s x;s iz”uksa ds mRrj fy[ksaA

fuEufyf[kr fo’k; ij Qh+pj fy[ksa &

Þeksckby [krjs dh ?kaVhß

Þofj’B ukxfjdksa dh leL;k,aß
ÞLoPN Hkkjr] LoLFk Hkkjrß
fuEufyf[kr fo’k;ksa ij vkys[k fy[ksa &

Þlkekftd ewY;ksa dk ladVß

Þxkaoksa esa QSyrk QS”kuß
ÞcM+s “kgjksa esa thou dh pqukSfr;k¡ß
fuEufyf[kr fo’k; ij fuca/k fy[ksa &

Þdksjksuk ok;jl% ,d egkekjhß

*vfHkO;fDr vkSj ek/;e* iqLrd ds izFke pkj ikBksa ds
iz”uksa ds mRrj fy[ksaA