1

PERCEPTION OF MOTORCYCLE DRIVERS AND TRAFFIC ENFORCERS ON

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET ACT

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of College of Criminal Justice Education
Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges – Marbel Inc.
Koronadal City

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice

RENALYN D. SAMSON

December 2022
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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION
Rationale
The traffic enforcers are the one who take control, maintain, and observe

the state of the roads and informing the proper authorities of any hazardous

driving conditions. motorcycle drivers should comply with the helmet act for their

safety. This will make a policy more effective at protecting riders and their

passengers.

The motorcycle is one of the most popular vehicles in the Southeast Asian

region because of its low cost, ability to transfer people to any destination, and its

ease insqueezing through congestion. It is a small subset of all motor vehicles

and is one of theeasiest kinds of land transportation in the country. It is small and

narrow, offers less protection than being inside a vehicle, and is built for speed

and performance levelssignificantly higher than automobiles. It is one of the most

dangerous modes oftransportation in the country. Motorcycle helmet use by

habal-habal drivers is an effective way to reduce road accidents. Also, the

enactment of the law as a means to make helmets obligatory to use can lessen

casualties. Sukor et, Al. (2017).

The most effective way to make people obliged to wear helmet isto abide

the law, as it requires that every driver and rider must wear it whenever theyride,

to increase its usage, save money, and save lives. Its usage is the best way

toprevent critical accidents on the road Habal-habal is a motorcycle modified to

seat one (1) or more than two (2)persons. It is a highly improvised two-wheeled

single motorcycle usually ridden beyond its passenger’s capacity. It isalready a

 3

common way of commuting. It is used where jeepneys and tricycles cannot stand

the areas with narrow roads, steep, and rough terrain. It is also popular and

necessary way of transportation to commuters who are often late at school or

work, orfor those who are living in traffic-congested areas. All motorcycle riders,

including drivers and back riders, are required to wear standard protective

motorcycle helmets at all times while driving, whether long or short drives, in any

type of road and highway. Standard protective motorcycle helmets are

appropriate types of helmets for motorcycle riders that comply with the

specifications issued by the Department of Trade and Industry. Yoh (2019).

Law enforcers, at least 50-60implemented the rules and they are

apprehending drivers without helmet. Helmet users are happy that this law is

implemented because they know that the rule of law is properly served in the

City. In this context the researchers were prompted to determine if the R.A 10054

is effective, Hence, this study described and assessed the facts surrounding of

the Implementation of R.A.10054. (Pangilinan 2012)

The goal of this study is to provide information about perception of

motorcycle drivers and traffic enforcers on the implementation of the motorcycle

helmet act The researchers will discuss the different reasons why there are

concerns with the drivers and traffic enforcers. As a prospective criminologist,

she is motivated to perform this research in order to understand this issue and to

be transparent about the reasons how to know the motorcycle helmet act. Future

researchers should be aware of these scenarios and be prepared to deal with

them.
 4

Research objectives

The study aimed to determine the perception of motorcycle drivers and

traffic enforcers on the implementation of motorcycle helmet act.

specifically it seeks to determine the following objectives:

1.To determine the perception of motorcycle drivers on the implementation of

motorcycle helmet act

2.To determine the perception of traffic enforcers on the implementation of

motorcycle helmet act

3.To draw its implications from the results of the study.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This section provides a review of related material that is pertinent to the

comprehension and clarity of the topic under consideration. These are based on

the findings of several studies relating to this present study.

Foreign Studies
based on the study of Daniels (2014), he found out that after the

implementation of the California statewide motorcycle helmet law, fatalities

decreased by 37 percent. Furthermore, helmets reduce the risk of head injury in

motorcycle riders by 69 percent. In 2010 alone, an estimated 1550 motorcycle

related fatalities were prevented by helmet use and 706 more lives could have

been saved if all motorcyclists had worn helmets.

 5

According to (Jortega, 2017) Only 19 states in the United States along

with the District of Columbia have universal mandatory helmet laws in

place. This requires that every motorcycle rider wear a helmet every time they

get on their bikes. The majority of the rest of the states have laws that require

riders below a certain age, such as 17 to 20, to wear a helmet whenever they

ride their motorcycles.

Thousands of motorcycle riders throughout the country reported to the

offices of Department of Trade and Industry to get a small sticker for their

helmets called as the ICC sticker. ICC is actually a requirement imposed on

distributors, importers, producers, and consumers. ICC stands for “Import

Commodity Clearance” a document normally issued by the DTI’s Bureau of

Product Standards to manufacturers and importers certifying that their products

meet the standard specifications and tests for quality and safety (David, 2012).

According to Michigan (2017), helmets decrease these verity of injury, the

likelihood of death, and the overall cost of medical care. They're designed to

cushion and protect riders' heads from the impact of a crash. Just like safety

belts in cars, helmets can't provide total protection against head injury or death,

but they do reduce the incidence of both. Studies show helmets are about 29

percent effective in preventing motorcyclist deaths.

In the study of Bachani (2017) Head-related trauma is a significant cause

of injury and death in road traffic injuries and contributed to 88%of deaths

involving motorized two-wheeler crashes in low- and middle-income countries.

Large-scale ecological studies have shown that increases in helmet use when
 6

brought on by legislation or enforcement changes are accompanied by

decreases in mortality and morbidity suggesting that helmets represent a

viable method of reducing head injuries from two-wheeled motorized vehicle

crashes.

According to Abbas, (2015) found that helmet non-use was the most

significant factor affecting a motor cyclist’s death rate in a RTI and that

helmets reduce the risk of death in a crash. A 2009 Cochrane

systematic review concluded that motorcycle helmets reduced the risk of death

and injury in motorcycle riders who crash. Helmet wearing among those

surviving motorcycle crashes was also found to lower hospitalization costs

compared to those without helmets in the United State.

As stated by Austin (2013) Helmet laws are often touted as a "cheap way"

to improve bicyclist safety however, there is no substitute for spending money on

roadway repairs and bicycle lanes, and the best way to avoid a head injury is to

not fall on your head in the first place Education, safe facilities, defensive

biking, and educated motorists prevent head injuries, not bicycle helmets.

Helmet Laws are divisive and hurt community spirit.

individuals whose helmets were reported to fit poorly had a 1.96-fold

increased risk of head injury compared with those whose helmets fit well.

Improperly worn helmets result in all the hazards outlined above with

none of the protective benefits. An individual who wears a helmet simply to

avoid getting a ticket is not going to suffer the discomfort of a properly worn
 7

helmet. The best and only effective/appropriate way to encourage helmet use is

through education (Thompson,2012).

Moreover, based on the study of Daniels (2014), he found out that after

the implementation of the California statewide motorcycle helmet law, fatalities

decreased by 37 percent. Furthermore, helmets reduce the risk of head injury in

motorcycle riders by 69 percent. In 2010 alone, an estimated 1550 motorcycle

related fatalities were prevented by helmet use and 706 more lives could have

been saved if all motorcyclists had worn helmets.

According to Satkoste (2013) study is conducted by The National Safety

Authority and private institutions examining the crash statistics from several

states demonstrating a direct correlation between lack of helmet laws and

increased incidence of traumatic brain injury and death. It is also indicated by

that in the states were national helmet laws are entirely or partially appealed, the

rates of helmet use drop significantly.

The offices of Department of Trade and Industry to get a small sticker for

their helmets called as the ICC sticker. Is actually a requirement imposed on

district thousands of motorcycle riders throughout the country reported to

importers, producers, and consumers. ICC stands for “Import Commodity

Clearance”, a document normally issued by the DTI’s Bureau of Product

Standards to manufacturers and importers certifying that their products meet the

standard specifications and tests for quality and safety (David, 2012). According

to Edwards (2014), Not wearing standard protection “No-Helmet-No-Travel

Policy” implementation in the city. Castillo also said that they have placed
 8

checkpoints in barangay San Juan, roads leading to Dara pedal Beach, and the

road heading to Salcedo.

According to Bang and Esmark (2015), it says that good governance

serves as an instrument of governance that nurtures and strategically utilizes the

self-governing potential of civil society under the strategic supervision of public

authorities. It also suggests individual freedom, empowerment, participation,

transparency, and accountability. Austin (2013) stated that Helmet laws are often

touted as a "cheap way" to improve bicyclist safety however, there is no

substitute for spending money on roadway repairs and bicycle lanes, and the

best way to avoid a head injury is to not fall on your head in the first place.

Education, safe facilities, defensive biking, and educated motorists prevent head

injuries, not bicycle helmets. Helmet Laws are divisive and hurt community spirit.

According to Stangor (2011) descriptive research is designed to create a

snapshot of the current thoughts, feelings, or behavior of individuals. Simply, it

provides a complete picture of what is occurring at a given time. The design is

relevant to the study since it is meant to describe how the implementation of the

Helmet Act works and is administered in Vietnam. .

Local Studies

Motorcycle accidents has gained a high relevance since it is a public

health problem that requires working in the safety of the road actors involved the

incidence of helmet use, the impact of legislation and policies on road safety,

injuries, and fatalities in motorcycle collisions, the conditions of the roads and

environmental conditions, characteristics of the motorcycle (Kanesalingam and

 9

Nayak 2020). Majority of the residents in Dumaguete City still view the Republic

Act of 2009 as impractical even four years after the law was implemented the

city. The helmet was Implementing, Dumaguete known as the "Motorcycle

Capital of the Philippines," has been mandated to implement it since 2012, but

the Land Transportation Office (LTO) head Marliza Elesterio herself admitted that

they have difficulty implement in such, as the local government units and several

sectors are against it. (Geronimo, 2016)

According to Zamani-Alavijeh (2011), The is relevant to the study since it

is meant to describe how the implementation of the Helmet Act works and is

administered in Candon City. Furthermore, the researchers will be able to know

the insights of the people concerned regarding the effectivity and efficiency of the

said policy, and whether it is properly imposed or not.

The director of the Land Transportation Office-Region-1 said as of press

time 250 violators of the Motorcycle Helmet Acts of 2009 were nabbed and fined

after the city government implemented an ordinance on the non-wearing of

helmet in Dagupan. In addition, David (2012) stated that over the past week

thousands of motorcycle riders throughout the country descended on the offices

of the Department of Trade and Industry seeking a small sticker for their helmets.

In Cebu, Motorcycle -related accidents and fatalities have increased in

the province. The meaningless fatality could have been prevented if the said law

is strictly implemented. The importance of wearing standard protective helmet

should be highlighted. Motorists should wear it even in short distances said

Oyez. Records of Cebu City Traffic Office showed that a minimum of six
 10

accidents happen every day. Some notable traffic accidents have been recorded

both occurring in the city and in the province of Cebu. (Quintas, 2017).

The Land Transportation said as of 250 violators of the Motorcycle

Helmet Acts of 2009 were nabbed and fined after the city government

implemented an ordinance on the non-wearing of helmet in Dagupan. (Ortigoza,

2015).

According to sittiphone D. (2011), . The design is relevant to the study

since it is meant to describe how the implementation of the Helmet Act works and

is administered in Candon City. Furthermore, the researchers will be able to

know the insights of the people concerned regarding the effectivity and efficiency

of the said policy, and whether it is properly imposed or not.

The motorcycle is one of the most popular vehicles all over the world

because of its low cost, capacity to transport people to any destination, and ease

of squeezing through traffic. It is a minor subset of all motor vehicles and one of

all country's most straight forward modes of land mobility It is compact and thin,

provides less protection than inside a vehicle, and is designed for substantially

faster speeds and performance levels than automobiles since it is one of the

world's most dangerous ways of

transportation (Guerra, 2019).

Motorcyclists are also substantially more prone to be involved in a deadly

accident for every mile driven. A motorcyclist is injured in 98 percent of multi-

vehicle incidents and 96 percent of single-vehicle accidents. Furthermore, motor

vehicles are also 26 times more likely than automobile passengers to die in a
 11

traffic collision and five times more exposed to being injured. In addition, every

year around 1.3 million people's lives are brought to an end as a result of a traffic

accident. Based on the calculation of World Health Organization (WHO), 20 to 50

million or more people suffer non-fatal injuries, with many incurring a disability as

a result of their injury which is

increasing every year (Zhang et.al, 2019)

Moreover, Ozamis City is not a metropolitan area where in philippine

National Police of Ozamis City announced the full implementation of the city

ordinance regarding the “No helmet No Travel” policy in the area. In a statement,

the PNP said the implementation of the policy started on January 10, 2017, and

will apply to both the driver and back rider. The wearing of helmet is required,

mandating all motorcycle riders to wear standard protective gear while driving

(Batuhan, 2017).

The City given that all motorcycle riders must wear standard protective

gear while driving motorcycles, whether it is a long or short rides, at any time of

the day, in any type of road and highway. It is important for motorcyclists to

understand the risks of riding without a helmet. A motorcycle does not provide

the structural protection compared to a car that keeps drivers safe in the event of

an accident, due to inciting traffic accidents, they implement policy regarding the

safety of the motorist (Nguyen-Phuoc, 2020).

In that way, this policy will be more improved in securing the riders and

their passengers from life threatening accidents and road crashes in addition,

motorcycles are the most common type of vehicle involved in traffic deaths in
 12

developing countries with the above discussion in mind, supporting the

implementation of this policy as it involves the safety of our people is very crucial.

In which motorcycles do not provide protective structural surrounds and

sophisticated restraints, which are required in automobiles and light trucks, are

not available to motorcycle riders (Minjares-Kyle et.al, 2018).

Foreign Literature

According to Galvez, (2011) Driver must realize that if he or she is on the

road slightly and severally, that is he must know that whatever action move they

make on the road not only affects themselves but also affects other drivers as

well, one must have proper judgment to determine when and where to pass o

rover take and at what speed they do not have to leave other drivers ranting and

cursing Motorcycle accidents are the leading cause of death among riders. That

is why the Republic Act No. 10054, is born also entitled “An Act Mandating All

Motorcycle Riders to Wear Standard Protective Motorcycle Helmets while Driving

and Providing Penalties,” safeguards the citizenry, particularly the operators or

drivers of motorcycles and their passengers, from the ruin us and extremely

injurious effects of fatal or life threatening accidents and crashes Otherwise

known as the "Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009," RA10054 mandates all

motorcycle riders, including drivers and back riders, to at all-time wear standard

protective motorcycle helmets while driving, whether long or short drives, in any

type of road and highway.

As stated by Raj & Hellmann, Lennart, et.al (2021). One sidedness of

motorcycle helmet use a challenge to motorcycle safety in Nepal mandatory

 13

motorcycle helmet use regulation is essential, but its enforcement is even more

important for head injury prevention, especially in a country like Nepal with a high

share of motorcycle traffic. We assessed the impact of one-sided motorcycle

helmet use regulation in Nepal, where helmet use is mandatory, but only drivers

are fined for not using a helmet, while passengers do not get punished the

observation of 2548 motorcycle riders reveals a dichotomy of motorcycle helmet

use in Nepal. While 98% of drivers used a helmet, only less than 1% of observed

passengers used a helmet.

According to dennis A.(2013) Safety is very important. Unfortunately, this

“helmet law” misses the point. Helmets are for safety when an accident happens.

Preventing accidents is more important. Besides, some cities/areas have

different helmet laws, like full-face helmets are not allowed due to criminal

elements using them. Our land is full of contradictory laws. Pinoys still drive as

bad as ever. So many violations and more dangerous violators are not

apprehended. Especially those who drive recklessly and endanger the lives of

others.

Base on the study of Matthew & Gerberich, Susan. (2012). Motorcycle

helmet use and legislation a systematic review of the literature. Minnesota

medicine Although there has been a marked improvement in the safety profiles of

cars and in car crash outcomes, there has been a marked worsening in

outcomes of motorcycle collisions. Motorcycles account for only 2% of vehicle

registrations in the United States, but motorcycle collisions account for 10% of

traffic deaths. Further, motorcycle riders are 34 times more likely to die in a traffic
 14

collision than automobile drivers. Motorcycle helmet use has been suggested to

be an effective way to reduce death and disability after traffic collisions, and

enactment of universal helmet laws has been suggested as a means to enforce

helmet use. This article presents findings from an analysis of National Highway

Traffic Safety Administration data and studies in the medical literature on the

impact of motorcycle helmet use and helmet legislation on the risk of death or

injury in motorcycle accidents. The authors found voluminous support for

motorcycle helmet use as a way to prevent severe traumatic brain injury and

traffic fatalities.

In response to the 1966 Federal Highway Act, which withheld

federal funds from states that did not enact a helmet law, the first state to enact a

mandatory universal motorcycle helmet law in states had universal helmet laws.

However, public and political concerns over individual rights versus public safety

opened a new debate. In the following years, political changes reversed and/or

limited previous sanctions and grants that encouraged states to enact universal

helmet laws, which further eroded support for helmet laws. An increasing number

of states either repealed their mandatory laws altogether or significantly reduced

the laws to apply only to minors. (Colorado, 2012).

In addition a large volume of literature has quantified the consequences of

not wearing a helmet while riding a motorcycle. Although motorcycle riding and

registration are increasing and more states with universal helmet laws are

introducing bills to repeal their laws, the debate continues on the personal

advantages of helmet usage. Therefore, we have reviewed the literature and

 15

summarize the evidence basis for the use of motorcycle helmets. In particular,

we have sought to assess the impact of helmet use on overall mortality, head

injury-related mortality, nonlethal head injury after a motorcycle crash, and the

impact universal helmet laws on helmet use. helmet-law-to-fight-crimes/ Road

traffic injuries are a major public health problem and a leading cause of death

around the world. In Lao PDR, motorcycles are a common and integral means of

transportation (Colorado, 2012).

It should also be noted that the safety of vulnerable road users increases

as traffic composition becomes diverse. Therefore, other road users’ perception

affects the safety of motorcycle riders. To ascertain the blame worthiness of

crashes at intersections carried out a survey considering both drivers’ and

motorcyclists’ opinions about junction crashes. Both drivers and riders agreed

that the driver would be at blame because riders have a stronger awareness of

dangers at intersections. This corroborated a viewpoint from a previous study

that there was a problem with the way other road users viewed motorcyclists

(Clarke et.al, 2013).

Whose perception of getting in an accident or paying a fine was high, were

more likely to increase the frequency of using the turn signals. In addition, riders

tended to follow the traffic rules and regulations more strictly if a rider thought

they were prone

to penalties. or some riders, riding is a form of identity and expression or freedom

hence the tendency to over speed, weave in and out of traffic, and take other

risks on the road However, riders recognize the risks and try to prioritize this in all
 16

they do. It has also been found that sensation seeking is the strongest predictor

of riders’ aggression. Overall, how riders perceive their identity or skill affects the

way they will behave on the road. Many of the negative perceptions can be

changed through experience and different forms of education and training

(Rowden et al., 2016)

 Although motorcycles are an important alternative mode of transport in

many developing countries, they are considered the most dangerous mode

among all motorized transport because motorcycle users lack protection in the

event of crashes (Orsi et al. 2012).

Local Literature

In most developing countries, motorcycles are part of the essential mode

of transportation of the Philippines, local public transport. Davao City is chosen

as the site for the case study since a wide variation of motorcycle-innovations

can be observed. Philippine tricycle is classified as a motor vehicle composed of

motorcycle fitted with a single wheel sidecar or with a two-wheel cab, operated

as a public transport for a fee. In Davao City motorcycle credit facility led to the

emergence of informal and illegal modes like the “habal-habal” can also be

found. The study shows that the is presence of various motorcycle-propelled

public transport in Davao City is attributed to inadequacy of either national or

local policy that defines its operation and physical design. Guillen, Ishida ( 2014).

In middle and low-income countries, motorcycles form a common means

of transport. Motorcyclists form a significant proportion of people who are

 17

affected by road traffic accidents. Regarding for motorcycle injuries, the non-use

of helmet has been identified as a specific factor leading to head injuries and

fatalities resulting from motorcycle crashes. Ilori, adeomi (2015).

Motorcycle is the most cost-effective, convenient means of transportation

in Metro Manila. Wearing a prescribed motorcycle helmet can offer head

protection to bikers, and motorcyclists who don't wear helmets or bikers who

used makeshift helmet are more likely to die in a vehicular accident than those

that do. To address this problem, the government has implemented with the aid

of legislation Republic Act 10054 is “Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009.”

Datinguinoo(2018).According to cavallo, Vienne et, al. (2015) The most frequent

cause of motorcycle accidents occurs when another vehicle violates the

motorcycle's right-of-way at an intersection. In addition to detection errors,

misperception of the approaching motorcycle's speed and time-to-arrival is

another driver error that accounts for these accidents, although this error has

been studied less often.

The most recommended and guaranteed gear to protect motorcycle users

in the event of crash is a helmet. The effectiveness of helmets has been

acknowledged to reduce motorcyclist risk of death or fatal injury when involved in

road traffic crashes (Liu et, al. 2012)

The motorcycle is one of the most popular vehicles all over the world

because of its low cost, capacity to transport people to any destination, and ease

of squeezing through traffic. It is a minor subset of all motor vehicles and one of
 18

all country's most straight forward modes of land mobility It is compact and thin,

provides less protection than inside a vehicle (Guerra,2019).

In that way, this policy will be more improved in securing the riders and

their passengers from life threatening accidents and road crashes in addition,

motorcycles are the most common type of vehicle involved in traffic deaths in

developing countries with the above discussion in mind, supporting the

implementation of this policy as it involves the safety of our people is very crucial.

(Minjares-Kyle et.al, 2018).

The City given that all motorcycle riders (the driver and back rider) must

wear standard protective gear while driving motorcycles, whether it is a long or

short rides, at any time of the day, in any type of road and highway. It is

important for motorcyclists to understand the risks of riding without a shoe. A

motorcycle does not provide the structural protection compared to a car that

keeps drivers safe in the event of an accident, due to inciting traffic accidents,

they implement policy regarding the safety of the motorist (Nguyen-Phuoc, 2020).

The director of the Land Transportation Office-Region-1 said as of press

time 250 violators of the Motorcycle Helmet Acts of 2009 were nabbed and fined

after the city government implemented an ordinance on the non-wearing of

helmet in Dagupan. In addition, David (2012)

According to Stangor (2011) It provides a complete picture of what is

occurring at a given time. The design is relevant to the study since it is meant to

describe how the implementation of the Helmet Act works and is administered in

Candon City.
 19

In accidents which involve two-wheeled vehicles the helmet plays a life-

saving role, but very little is known about the motorcycle rider's perception of the

helmet. We evaluated the relationships between having been involved in an

accident and dissatisfaction with the helmet, and between the perception of

motorcycle riders and the objective features of the helmet. Gilchrist (2015).

Synthesis

The studies and literature review gathered the necessary and relevant

studies that examined the perception of motorcycle drivers and traffic enforcer on

the implementation of motorcycle helmet act. The focus of this literature review

and studies was to provide support on the main arguments of this research.

Foreign and local literature and studies have similarities in showing that the traffic

authorities and the Philippine government are working together to implement

stricter rules and regulations to reduce the increase cases of vehicular accidents

along the road because some of these days there are lot of motorcycle drivers

cannot use of helmet that cause of accident driver must realize that the road

slightly and severally, that is he must know that whatever action move they make

on the road not only affects themselves but also affects other drivers as well, one

must have proper judgment to determine when and where to pass o rover take

and at what speed they do not have to leave other drivers ranting and cursing

Motorcycle accidents are the leading cause of death among riders. That is why

the Republic Act No. 10054, is born also entitled “An Act Mandating All

Motorcycle Riders to Wear Standard Protective Motorcycle Helmets while Driving

and Providing Penalties,” safeguards the citizenry, particularly the operators or

 20

drivers of motorcycles and their passengers, from the ruin us and extremely

injurious effects of fatal or life threatening accidents and crashes Otherwise

known as the "Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009," RA10054 mandates all

motorcycle riders, including drivers and back riders, to at all-time wear standard

protective motorcycle helmets while driving, whether long or short drives, in any

type of road and highway.

Drivers need to be aware that their actions on the road have an indirect

and cumulative effect on other road users. This means that they must exercise

good judgment when choosing where and when to pass other vehicles and at

what speed so as to avoid making other road users irate and yell. Motorcycle

accidents are the number one cause of death for riders. Because of this,

Republic Act No. 10054, also known as "An Act Mandating All Motorcycle Riders

to Wear Standard Protective Motorcycle Helmets While Driving and Providing

Penalties," was created to protect the public, especially motorcycle operators and

drivers and their passengers, from the disastrous and seriously harmful effects of

motorcycle accidents.
 21

Theoretical framework

The Domino Theory may contribute to our understanding of perception of

motorcycle driver and traffic enforcer on the implementation to motorcycle helmet

act.

The theory under Accident Causation is called The Domino Theory which

was coined by Heinrich (1936). His premise was that if a set of unsafe conditions

or hazards set up a row of vulnerable dominos, an unsafe act would start them

toppling. According to him, 88% of all accidents are caused by unsafe acts of

people, 10% by unsafe actions and 2% by “acts of God”. Moreover, he proposed

the “five-factor accident sequence” wherein each factor would actuate the next

step of toppling dominoes lined up in a row. The sequence of accident factors

are as follows: (a) ancestry and social environment, (b) worker fault, (c) unsafe

act together with mechanical and physical hazard, (d) accident, damage

and injury. Heinrich suggested that removal of one of the factors would prevent

the accident, interrupt the sequence of toppling, and avoid resultant injury. The

Domino Theory is appropriate for the research study because

 22

it talks about the probable reasons on the occurrence of accidents. It gives us an

overview about the factors behind crashes. Since our study is about The

Motorcycle Helmet Act and the idea of conducting such arose when the news

reported about the growing number of motorcycle-related deaths, this theory

gives a back-up idea that crashes really happen mostly because of the

recklessness, and irresponsibility of the riders. There are still other factors, things

that people cannot control, but only if there is a removal of one of the factors,

specifically the unsafe acts of drivers, accidents and resultant injuries can be

prevented.
 23

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework consists the ideas of the input and output

Input

Perception of motorcycle
drivers and traffic enforcers on
the implementation of
motorcycle helmet act

Implications

Output

output

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 present the conceptual framework of the study. It could be seen

in the illustration that one variable considered in Perception of motorcycle drivers

 24

and traffic enforcers on the implementation of motorcycle helmet act. The input

box contains the Perception of motorcycle drivers and traffic enforcers on the

implementation of motorcycle helmet act. The output is the implication.

Significance of the Study

The researchers envisioned that finding of this study were useful and

significant to the following:

Traffic enforcer. This study will help traffic enforcer to determine what are

the factors that will help their organization to be an effective leader to the people

in their community and to boost their co-worker’s commitment to the

organization. Also, this study will help the organization how to be responsive to

the needs and demands of their workers.

Criminology Students. This study will help the criminology students to gain

knowledge on how important the trust and support in an organization. This will

help them to reflect and apply the knowledge given to be an effective traffic

officer and leaders someday. Additionally, this study will give them insights on

how they will handle situations to properly fulfill their duties.

People in the Community. This study will help the people in the community

to build trust as the cornerstone of positive relationship. It is important to know

that positive relationships provide social support and feelings of belonging, which
 25

are key for creating a feeling of inclusion. Humans are inherently social beings,

and they need this inclusion and positive, fulfilling, reliable and supportive

relationships to establish psychological and physical wellbeing.

Students. This study will help the students to have insights on how to handle

in real life situations that will challenge their capacity to adjust and adopt to their

environment. It is also important for them to know how to trust and support build

an effective leader. As this study envision that student will be the future

professionals of the society, it is important to practice them that building trust in

leadership is just as important as building trust with employees and both have to

be done in conjunction with building an organizational culture of trust and

support.

People who`s Working inside an Organization. This study will give insight

and ideas how important culture of trust and support in the workplace promotes

team effectiveness. As trust has been linked to higher levels of organizational

commitment, intention to remain with the organization and active interest in the

well-being of the organization provides knowledge and strategies on how to

properly interact and acknowledge those workers inside the organization to

create trust and support.

Motorcycle driver. This study will give insight and ideas will help them to

know the perception of motorcycle drivers and traffic enforcers to the

implementation of motorcycle helmet act. This research will also help them to

encourage the drivers to follow traffic rules and regulations and also give them

ideas to improve their strategies on enforcing laws.

 26

Future Researchers. This research would serve as their basis as their future

reference to do more research related to the research made. This will also serve

as guide to conduct proper actions in where previous researchers missed in

order to improve and expand prior concepts and facts.

Researcher. This study would help the researcher to gain additional

knowledge about the perception of motorcycle drivers and traffic enforcer on the

implementation of motorcycle helmet act. The study will also help them to add

details where the first researcher failed to emphasize. The study will also serve

as a guide for them to start their own study.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined operationally and conceptually for the

readers to clearly understand this study.

Motorcycle. Conceptually Motorcycle is a portmanteau, a combination of

“motor” and “cycle”, where “cycle” is also short for “bicycle”. Motorcycles

developed when a motor was added to a bicycle, making them motor bicycles

(mike,2018) Operationally, it defines that motorcycle is greatly to suit a range of

different purposes long distance travel, commuting, cruising, sport including

racing, and off-road riding.

Driver. Conceptually, means any person who operates a commercial

motor vehicle. This includes, but is not limited to: full time, regularly employed

drivers; casual, intermittent, or occasional drivers; leased drivers and

independent owner operated contractors, who are either directly employed by or

under lease to an employer or who operates a commercial motor vehicle at the

 27

direction of or with the consent of an employer. For the purposes of pre-

employment/pre-duty testing only, the term “driver’ includes a person applying to

drive a commercial motor vehicle (Jorge,2014) Operationally, the driver it defines

to operate or controls on the road.

Traffic. Conceptually, traffic comprises pedestrian, vehicles, ridden or

herded animals, trains, and other conveyances that use public ways roads for

travel and transportation(Williams,2011) Operationally, traffic it defines to all the

vehicles that are moving along the road in a particular area.

Implementation. Implementation is the execution or practice of a plan, a

method or any design, idea, model, specification, standard or policy for doing

something. As such, implementation is the action that must follow any preliminary

thinking for something to actually happen. (Ben Lutkevich, 2019)

Traffic enforcer. Conceptually, someone who enforcers traffic rules and

safety standards. At times they may also be called highway patrol officer. They

detailed within neighborhoods or local police station or any nearby posts. These

days, there are even imaginative and creative traffic enforcers who do different

gimmicks to catch the attention of the people on the road and make them follow

rules and traffic regulations cheerfully as with the dancing traffic police. It may

also be a way to ease the stress and tension while on the road especially during

traffic and rush hours(Erikkson,2017) Operationally, traffic enforcer defines to

implement and monitor traffic laws that are related to roadway operations.
 28

Chapter II

METHOD

This chapter deals with the research methods, it represents the research

design, respondents or the subject of the study, the instrument, the research

procedure, the statistical tools employed to treat the data gathered and the

ethical considerations.

Research design

The study will use Descriptive Survey Research design of research. It was

the most appropriate method because the main purpose of the study was to

know the attitudes and perception of motorcycle driver and traffic enforcer on the

implementation to motorcycle helmet act. Descriptive Survey Research aims to

accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon.

Descriptive research is an appropriate choice when the research aim is to identify

characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories (McCombes, 2019).

Research locale
 29

This study will be conducted in Koronadal City, Especially to the

motorcycle driver. This place was selected for the reason that it is accessible to

the researcher and at the same time the respondent is obtainable.

Population and sample

Population and sample The respondents of the study involve Fifty (50)

motorcycle drivers and fifty (50) traffic enforcers in the city of Koronadal. The

researcher used a random sampling method in choosing the respondents who

will be the source of information on the study. The respondents chosen will be

the one who will give the researchers some data upon reaching the goal of the

study. The goal is to determine the perception of motor cycle driver and traffic

enforcers on the implementation to motor cycle helmet.

Research Instrument

The research instrument will use to gather data were printed survey

questionnaires consisting 40 (forty) questions. The survey questionnaire was

used to identify the perception of motorcycle and traffic enforcer on the

implementation of motorcycle helmet act of the study. The adapted questionnaire

divided into three parts. Part one was for the demographic profile of the

respondents, two to determine the perception of motorcycle helmet act and third,

to determine the effects on the motorcycle drivers. The respondents will answer

every item using the agree and dis-agree for every question.

Data Collection

To facilitate the collection of the data, the researcher wrote a formal letter

signed by the adviser requesting the permission to conduct the study on

 30

perception of motorcycle driver and traffic enforcer on the implementation to

motorcycle helmet act. Given to Koronadal City traffic enforcer. Upon approval,

the researcher asked the selected traffic enforcer and motorcycle driver when to

conduct the study. Also, the researcher had explained the significance and the

importance of the study. Once approved, the researcher distributes the

questionnaires to the selected respondents which were approximately fifty (50)

selected traffic enforcer and motorcycle driver. After the initiated survey, data

were collected, categorized and tail ready for statistical analysis and

interpretation.

Statistical Tools

The following statistical tools were will use in analyzing and interpreting the

result of the study. All the gathered data will be treated using the weighted mean,

to identify the attitudes and perception of the public drivers. researcher use

frequency count and weighted mean to interpret and analyze the data.

Ethical Consideration

The researcher decides how to conduct the study that involves the ethical

considerations. In order for the researcher to address ethical considerations

aspect in an effective manner, the participants’ identities and any sensitive

information were kept confidential in a way of hiding their verifiable name and

limiting the access to the result of the questionnaires and study. Voluntary

participation of respondents in the research is important. Participants have rights

to withdraw from the study at any stage if they wish to do so. Respondents

should participate on the basis of informed consent. The researcher provides

 31

sufficient information and assurances about taking part to allow individuals to

understand the perception of participation and to reach a fully informed,

considered and freely given decision about whether or not to do so, without the

exercise of any pressure. Privacy and anonymity of the respondents is of a

paramount importance.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC387473/
 32

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globalevaluationRetrievefromhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/
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RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES-MARBEL INC.

Purok Waling-Waling, Arellano Street, Koronadal City
Tel. No.: (083) 228-2880
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Instructions: For each question, put a check which you think fits your answer.

Legend;
4 Always
3 Sometimes
2 Rarely
1 Never
Items 4 3 2 1
 35

1. Helmets protect against serious head injury

2. Helmets prevent harassment from law

enforcement agents
3. Aware of prescribe types of helmets

4. Helmets are truly protective

5. Helmets are needed only on the highways

6. Wearing helmets obstruct the rider’s view

7. Helmet generate a lot of heat on the head

8. Wearing helmets impairs hearing

9. Wearing helmet is uncomfortable

10. Not wearing helmets is against the law

11. Law enforcement agents are strict about helmet

wearing
12. I rush to wear my helmet on sighting law enforcer
agents
13. Failure to wear helmets should attract serious
penalty