ajenerl of tie Umayyad elphate sta fle efete Dahir an expr he Sind region ‘within ie years ois rule, he eongoered the major portion of ind upto the wer Pun, Son of Sault tho founder of Ghazal dyuast and Turkish slave commander Ho invaded India 1 times between 1000 ADand 1038,AD He nvaded India only to bot the wealth of fist const is at rl in Central Asi. ‘Mahmud Ghazni ovations ‘Pyindmapcharts OUST tanner ended the throne of hain 7) AD ‘Strng Karo pire in Cnt sia pt end tis expansion an end arto tm tons in ‘Muhammad Ghost sama resulted in the permanent establishment ofthe Turis Sultanate ([setantcot nian ye daan in ime tne .Comiennain Chane Gg Ro ite nd Les AD Consus, re a Shababuddin Muhammad ‘Hedi in 1206 AD, leaving Ina ine hand of bs rtd lave general Gutbndin Ack,latest of the four Vedas entirely different from the other three Vedas in content and style describes the popular beliefs and superstitions of the folks. these hymns are used to ward off the evil spirits Atharva Veda Paippalada Saunakiya $8 Mindmapcharts It has two divisions ‘ynwwmindmapeharts.com divided into 20 kandas and has 711 hymns and a collection of 5987 mantras Brahmanas of Atharvaveda Gopatha Brahmanaie Aten wer on Bata 1) Kayatha ctre(2000-+800 HC) - Madhya Pracesh Seber plant dea er resey__[ aepinetb ne . Lamgerthanothersetiemente 2, Ahr or Bands exture(2000-1400 BC)~ Rajasthan Se ie arses riley Xa aoa 8. Maen eutar(1700-3200 BC)-MP-Maharashtra__[ Ye: Thick al re ith pn a eck ‘Whastendaey wre om ee Chaleolithic cultures 4) Savada altare (2300-2000 BC.) sor clr6400-70050)-Neske [haar inaiacenta Selon bo a nie Prats euures000-1100RC)_—taiiwwnalNase “DRangporstare 700-400 8C)- Gretna ae First use painted pottery ‘Wheel nae ine pottery isthe specialty ofthe Chaotic etre Potter Pottery were ven with fe sip of red, orange or russeteolour f lral vgetl anima, bird and fs motifs were used inthe decorations. ‘lack and Re wate made ts ist appearance inthe Challe sites ‘Beads ofsemiprcious stones lik chalcedony, jasper, agate, caruolin, ete. wer used Copper beads, bangles and anklets were common ‘Coppersmeling was known ‘Mierlthe ool on alicsous vate were vir common People were unaware of Bronze ‘Stone ines, millers and hammers were used fr procersng fod. ol an, Prabhas, Rangpur, Prakach, Dalmabad and Inamgson Omaments Regions: Ar, Gila “exkalltta- god and ivory Mindmapehares seems ‘ajpipla- Semi-preious stones ‘Worship of mother gs and bull erty cult was practiced Female figurines of cy, eter, backed or unbaked, have been reported from Inamgzon and Nevass (Chacoithic settlements Nourish in he blak cotton sil zone. Colt oth ead eps ition Crops _ [coment etre ad test ee ron eared bua, gout sheep and pig fo ood [Neither plough nor hoc has heen attestod i at Chaleolithie sites ‘erforated stone dses and digning sticks were found {Chalet people believed in ie after dest, ‘Dead used to be buried in their respective habitations Basie South position in Maharashtra ‘Practional burials were found at West Bongal ‘Buried in East to West postion in South India eet used tobe chopped off probably to prevent the dead from returning to this word ‘anand smal eildven use to he bar in pots ranged “mth to moth Five urs with pered bottoms wote used at Daimabad BurialsStone axes and Blades were absent Ahar South-eastern Rajasthan Copper ‘oll were abundant Eastern India, Midnapore district ees eenmetcre aos been covered Western Madhya Pradesh Kayatha _-—22;opPer bangle and two uniqueases fa ETO (acon pron stent tia an a. i eee Mingmepchares Nevasa copper chisels Western Maharashtra Chandoli Bienes of Rice Figure of Mather goddess Inamgaon Nasik NavdatoliSatyaputra and Keralaputea were mentioned in Rock edit Il and Girnar inscription Important facts _[ _ Cheras are referred as Kedalaputho ("Kerala Patra") in the Ashoka’s ediets (grd century BC) ‘Cheras sed Bow and arrow in thet flags Parts of Tamilnadu and Kerala Geographical extent location ofthe Chera capital is generally assumed tobe at modem Karur “ondityada) ude tis controled two harbour towns ard sete ied et ‘Traded with West Asia, Gece and Rome Bulk spices, Wory, timber, pearls and gems were exported Gheratrade_|~Sar te and ety De Grp dosed ply wh isn fe ihe amas Romans brought vast amounts of godin exchange for pepper. bundance of exotic spies Geographical advantages _[ navigable ivers connecting western Ghats with Arabian sea Omusnscrens favourable Monsoon winds carried sailing ships directly from the Arabian coast to Chera kingdom, ‘ewe mnapeate ast ‘st ofthe kon rulers of he Chea dhay Uthiyan Cheralathan ‘Chera Kingdom scope wasat Kashar. contemporary ofthe Chol ule Kartal Chola “antlatedthe Cher Kingdon Tieratue ada burs dong hi pried ‘Sangam iterature describes about a numberof Chera kings, princes and Court posts [led Ve Rel Kuan Son andsuasssorafNedun Chetan dete the Koogu peopl anda war called Mogue Mannan. ang gal oethe lend Tal pieSTappatara during Merle formerly known as Kulasekharas were the nominal rulers ofthe Chera kingdom Capital was at Mahod: NedumCheralathan Senguttuvan ram near the present day Kodungalloor, Kerala ounderofseondcheradasty ‘ot Forum! Thru Baste a aishnavt and venue hic Tas Raabe sale ama Varma Kulashekart _-— ugh ith Kulotonea hola inte He Kulashekra AlwarOrigins Early Cholas Cholas are also known as the Choda In Tamil lexicon Chola or Soazhi or Saei denotes a newly formed kingdom Tail Sangam teratre Perplusof the ythreun Sea Pilla of Acoks| Mahavemsa ruled during Sangam period Won many bats against Cheras and Pandas Literary sources Later Cholas ‘Transition period Imperial Cholas Karikala Chola Defeated both Pandyas and Cheras in Battle of Venn Bait Kalla or Grand Anaicnto divert cnaver iver for ination KKalablras displaced the existing kingdoms and ruled dui the time revived theempie Viinyalaya Chola [ruled rom Tanjvore Bult Solesware temple ‘Son and Successor of Vay cola Aditya Chola | __ [/~ dsestc pallraxand annexed Konchito the Chola expire “Maintained frend relations ith cher ‘Caprared Med from Pandas Parantaka Chala 1 sssumed the ile Maurahondan ‘Swaseded by Gandara Chola By the year 614 AD, he expade i Coptured karnataka from Ganga Kags ‘Canoes Ven fom C The deste Anursdhapura(capia of yon) and exprared af ofS Lanka Rajaraja Chola t = ‘Mindmapcharts TEGAN MONT en Heth iniogeain SMingmepchs | barat Hin want ta But astongnaey Son ane Sone Defeated Jayasimha in Bate of Mask ‘Captured Srsiaye(sumatra) with his Rajendra Chola Pref layin wor alo capied |_____BuiitGangaikonda Cholapuram to commemorate ‘Gangaikonda cholapura served the copia lhe Defeated Mabipala of Pal dbnasty Heenssime the le "“Gangkondan” ‘Son and Successor of Rajendra Chola Rajadhiraja Chola Performed achwaned Yaina [defeated and billed by Chalokyas at Battle of Kuppam ‘Declared himvelfaw Monarch after Radia Rajendra Chola TI efate the Chalukyas at Battle of Kup defeated Chaluhyas and but plo etry a Tungabadra ‘Virarajendra Chola _Defested the chaluya king Someshoara ‘Married his dur Vikramodiya VI Adhirajendra Chola Lartsuer of isyalaya Chota dyoasty Ted matory pigs in Kalinga Kolottunge Chole (isu atl th kr VI Vikrama Chola recovered wen rom Chalakyas Kulottunga Chola U1 son and sesssorof Vikrama Chole Rajaraja Chola 1 srsvateswaen temple was bil during his period er HERG peas ered Tile Pond: Chet ad oe Kulothunga Chola 111 ‘ought with Jatawarman Kulacekaran and sacked Madurai ejnjachoa m SEES oddly Renda Chola 11 _ [dt Tan erectileNatural causes Decrease infertility of soil due to salinity Shifting of river channels Drying of rivers && Mindmapcharts ‘wwe mind enarcm Decline of IVC Decline of Indus alley Civilization Deforestation Floods Drought Indo-Aryan Migration Decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia John Marshall and others - Environmental degradation. Major hypothesisInfantry Cavalry ____ Chariots Elephantry Navy Governing body Army, l Completely funded by central government 3 Mindmapcharts ‘wwwwamindmapeharts.con, Pulisens Directed by kings themselves Defense in Mauryan Empire, Pativedaka ‘Special reporters to kings Disguise dienes Samastha(Stationary Spies) collected intelligence for both internal and external security purposes Gudha-Purusha Secret agents: Espionage Classmates Sancharah(Wandering spies) Poisoners Visha Kanya Bhikshukis Women spies ‘MendicantsDethitenat Roles Katya aia ate ty 0 seen sat AD-4AD) Syespenenee ent isPeace nn am sD a AD uu a ghia Mea sn @miadpopetace "Aree Tene Gr ier munitions. win | —pasena tsmatcwsey Sams (408 AD-1290 AD)nudum are fel 8nd pin Kt khan het _Lstablshment _—pir ie teen Ou hen an nei afr ing he Fn tr Sanson Entry ickaan (Tennis Matar tey Rulers | nebnthhiia A-scan) tintin unt hin nb poy ft i shown Sh (84-4555) Goenka ime a mpg tebe Samar | eens -" | ___ talons nee hey nee Sa Delhi sultanate: Sayyid and Lodhi ¢ dynasty Tes r,t pref foarte AasShiaseddinTurlog a deer singe a tl da seb Rope pet mot ap ee —— iinesi oi Seosremapsane | Deeine of Taghings sealant rh deel rai (entra ate en TheEconomy(Early vedie period) Mindmapehans ‘esa teonomy during Vedie period Economy(Later vedie period) Cattle were the medium of exchange ‘Number of Cattle determined the wealth war was termed as gavisthi(seareh for cows) ‘wealthy person was called Gomat silts were in terms of cows and women slaves Private properties were not wellestablshed ‘Artisans such as Iron smiths, potter, jewellers took prominence Sit genture ss the main oeepaton Assiculure__(~WeadenPouphshare nn edith wo aoncn tating Jno calle nama Krsna ne lo oe Metals Copperas Lakitajar was ased ‘Money lending became common Weaving was confined to women ‘Taxes were collected | Landholding was common and cattle became a movable property ‘Satamana a piece of gold and Nishka was used as carvency along with the barter system Pratl «Woes of pitery DB aie 2) ak iped are ‘Pine gy we Pottery Red wareGovernance and Defence during Vedic period Mindmapcharts Atkins assombl with see body of dr or Nobles Sabha Vidhata(Tribal Assembly) ‘wom tna wae, Gana Veajapat Klapa eat the family lity der Spasa Dutas cmos Police UE Ss Madhiyamasi Se Moditor (sembly ofthe ube for waning ial bsioess omen ave prtiptedin he deletions wil aaa Siciaiionit ‘Wanen versione aad sry ater ee pei Sah performed jail onetions| dea vith pol dene nd politi sines Also restos ereonie and prayers tok laze Sami ior have jodi uetons “omen als partite dental oer pasture ld |_Sarah vagngs adopted various titles King was assisted by a council of ministers iviland criminal erimes were demarcated clearly Bhuktis Govern by Usaraka ahaa ‘Sub-son of Bok ge Administration ‘Sat it Se at “administered by headman called Gramapati or Gramadhyalcsha hits of is wea Nagar |___Guilds _-~ Trading and ansan communities forme guilds Mindmapcharts S| — Compleony offerings Bhaga _6thof produce Bhoga Cite ‘Shulka Customs Udinanga social seriytax Klipta___taxfor sling or purchasing lands Halivakara_ Gupta dynasty - Administration ‘Tax structure Ploughsbare tax Hiranya, Gold tax Kara snrogular tax ‘Trade contacts were well established with roman empire Uijain became a major commercial center Silk, Pearls, Leather goods, Jewellery, Ivory and spices formed a major part of tradeEstablishment ‘May be of Vaishya origin raamliment suet jupta dynasty and its Rulers nitilly Guptas were feudstories of Kushanas ‘Kushanas to establish Gupta empire ___ Established by Sri Gupta SciGupta founder eemlee Gatotkacha son andsaseusee of Sri Gupta Somand Sores of Gtotharhs Chandragupta [Termes et fovnder of Gupta eapire area ch Pines Kumarader $Mincmapchares ees Chandragupta 1 Introduced the Gupta er, staring with his coronation in $20.A.D, mney Hashes Albabd insertion dtl about samudegu He psfonna Achwameds Yan snd ened lol doting he ei ore ‘ils an snd Vana petomin andpeet He df hat nd Kotanne Allowed Meghusaruking of Csln) bad monastery st Boh Cava ‘Sana SucessrofSamudagupa and Daten - ‘sed mange aloes to ese his per [Wis aur that was marie Va rice Rudra He defen Raden landannesedhiskingiom em re cote these pts ‘Kumaragupta Defed Salas and mses the Malvaegan [Ueno the send epaof ur ei Ton he as OE Aono ald Sanabi poet) was a memberot his cour. Chinese eel Fa Hen vised his court Ton and sucosor of Chandrgapta dbs fom Hon vasone Td Awumedha yp foi Issued a and er coon Et rat Cupar ‘Skandagupta [Guat fons deine duet contnons wars wth Hua invasions restored and repre dan om Soden lke sco iy his bot ParamFree standing temples were built extensively ‘Temples were built with Square shaped Sanctum sanctorum Porches were pillared with multiple pillars Temple Architecture Shikaras were built in many temples 8 Mindmapcharts Dee, ‘ywvsnindmapeharis.com Temple styles 2) Dravida style ‘)Panchayatan syle __Dsavatera temple at Deeg Termed as Golden age of India Ajanta cave paintings ‘Nagaraja and Nagi Gupta Dynasty - “Mahaparinirvana finddha Artand Architecture ‘Mural paintings ‘5Chaiyavinaras ‘8 Rockeatenve monuments ‘Wall paintings found extensively Caves after post gupta period were built by Vakataka kings. Ajanta caves Cave architecture Sculpture ‘Mathura school of art was followedSociety ___ Rigid Caste system was followed Hinduism took centre stage ‘Devotion and meditation was preferred over s Bhakti tradition grew rapidly ‘Worship of female dieties Increased Amvabhattiva ‘Anja Siddhanta Caleulated the value of Pi Caleulated the length of Solar year ‘Solved problems in Tigonomenry He developed Chakra Yantra, Gola Yantra and Shadow devices 9 Mincmapcharts wowanindaapchats com Aryabhatta Science and Technology Varahamibira Panchasiddhantika pie treaties on Astronomy Six schools of Hindu philosphy was developed ‘Vaishesika Mimansa ‘Vedanta‘Allahabad pillar inscription of Samus Prayag prassasti a eed é Insesibed by Harisena Mincmapcharts ‘Mehrauli inseription en Garuda pillar__-— series about Chandragupta I Mandsaur Inscription Sere sera Yetta ‘mentions about the guild of Silk weavers Indore copper plate inseription mention about the Guild of Oil merchants Gupta dynasty Mentions about Samudragupta Inscriptions Inscription Eran Inseription ‘Nalanda Inscription Copperplate inscriptions Details about Samudragupta Gaya inscriptions, Kumaragupta (Chandrapupte 11 Udayagiri cave inscription Junagarh inseriptionsSansltlxingrapher “Amarasimha = sh ‘written Amarakosha fees. ones verey on Smet Dhanvantri renowned pyseion Harisena Composed Prayag rasst or Aahaba a aseipton Kalidasa Poet Navratnas of Chandragupta Maurya II Tahapania” Abobo Sanku Skil Architect taste ‘Varahaxaibiea —__wotks ‘eat Sanh ‘Seopmepeee mised es Merah span __ tomer Pa ee TonaalyamA seyret Capa Malesia uy ma te ntwe wn pine Important works, Gupta Dynasty - Literature Aboaneeakuntaln ry eshte Shot Virmorasivam Unrate Raver nat Kalidasa |__Rashovamst_mrrtimon ene fh vamst_ Kumansambheva sary on tard Kariba Megodhate Amportant works Soy baton Chaat and Vater, Valoapula ‘Nyaa sua Bhasin Va GemanBelongs to Bronze Age civilization(2500-1700 BC) Harappa(ipat) —__ RalBuhar Do Ran Sin MolenjodanGgaa) Rakai tne ary Harappan phase (9500 HC-2600 HC) ‘Mature Harappan phase (2600 BC—1900 BC) {Late Harappan phase (3900 BC-1400 BC) the fst af ts tes oa arated in 1990. Sromsicasin of Mincimapcharts Harappan or Indus Valley civilization Xe Mepach ~ 2. Sot Ladin Mostof the sites were not onthe rive Indus but on the Svar sive and its tuibutares between the Indus and Gang. ‘West: Suthagendorin Baluchistan East: amglepucin Moerat(Citar Pradesh ‘South: Daimabod in AbmadnagarMaharashtre) ‘North: Banda in ABhnoor District Jarmow. and Kashmir) Geographical extent‘herteggions Indus sept ‘Harappan or Indus Valley Givilization = Script Writing style Sesk_ [Tech pte sone Smeal elie ee ne a gate The Leet tine scp ot aphid ‘Spba fishes were dec ‘Bovstophedon ‘Win fom ek toe and frome ht in ater ins‘Towns were divided into upp Sun dried bricks Baked bricks 1 part with citadel and lower part. *ihtppies woe none Both Single and multi rom houses ella te serene mimo tape rey ame reas and dinins were mide with baked bricks or stone (Private houses “Two storeyhouses were common, ‘Rooms were paved with bricks or fired Terracotta cakes (Gi) Large houses surrounded by smaller units ‘Harappan or Indus valley Civilization - ‘Town planning Buildings (Gi) Large publie structures Straight roads Grid or rectangular pattern Underground or covered drainage ‘Connected from rear side of the houses‘Harsha ascended the Pushyabhuti throne after the death of his brother Rajyavardhana in A.D. 606 Establishment ‘Harsha is also called as Harshavardhana or Siladitya. Harshacharta-tifeof Hanna Mincimapcharts Banabbatta ‘vanindmapeharts.com wrote in gret dota about Harsha and his rule PoetsIndo-grecks were called as "Yavana Greek coins wore the first coins to extry the portraits of kings and their names. (Greeks were also the ist rules tossiue god coins, Governor of Bactla Defeated the king Subhagsena ofKabul Mini mapcharts Jed the fist major Indo-Greek expansion eatin Tee made modem day Sulkot as his eapital is coins were written in Greek and Prakrt Ruled Gandhara and pars of Afghanistan He ruled from sitkot territory extended from Afghanistan to Utar Pradesh i Converted to Buddhism by Buddhist monk Nagasena Miia Antiochus TI Demetrius T Indo-Greek Rule cast and Gujarat in the west ‘Menander slonuebeoseen Meranderand Nigaana His coins are engraved with Dharmachakra He issued silver and Gold coinsOther name: Pablavas Basics __ They belong to Iranian tribes & Mindmapcharts ‘Also called as Gondophares Dynasty “™*""mindmapeharts.com ee Only a small glimpse ofthis kingdom is available from their coins and inseriptions First ler of this Kingdom Tost his empire to Kushanas succeeded by Spalirises KingdomAgriculture was practised along the river banks Agriculture Indus Valley Domestication Civilization - Agriculture and) 8 Mindmapcharts omestication / y\.zsiadmapehses.co Indus river inundated the region Floods took place annually Produced two types of wheat and barley People sowed in flood plains during November and reaped in April First people to produce cotton(Greeks called it as Sindon) Sesamum and mustard were also cultivated channel or canal irrigation was absent. humped bulls were predominant reared buffaloes, sheep, oxen, asses, goats, pigs ete. both dogs and cats were grown as pets kept asses and Camels for transport people were aquainted with Elephants and RhinocerosDental dil Bow drill ‘Button Inventions by IVC) Furnace fndus Valley Civilization «Inventions, Tools and | Tools ‘Measurement system $Mincmapchans Measurement system found nthe nprocimaely 1704 me ale divin ever eset nce of the rome ge. ‘Siullest division marked on an ivory saleTerracotta figurines of semi-nude fgures identified with Shaktior Mother Goddess Worship of mother goddess _[__Asealat Harappa depicts the Earth or Mother Goddess, witha plat growing rom her womb. People offered burt incense before he: three faced male god seated ina yogic posture Worship of Pasupathi thico anda buffoon the right surrounded by _[sephantandstgeronthe ett Tho derstanding under te thone Pipal tee wns considered most saer Worship of Trees ial re dered mest secre Alsevery of large euaber of eas with papal trees engraved on them ‘Worshipped animals such a the bl bul and ig ‘Worship of Humped Bul was most prevalent, Worship of animals ection = ‘human fare with abuts Roms, hoot anda ait ji Atreehendedehinerse Indus Valley \ sf mincmapenarts [_Mythical animals | teenie Civilization ew mindapcorts mn i ee eihuman wen bovine cet places for worship such as temple ‘Symbolic representation of the phallus (linga) and vulva (yoni) No special use of amulets suggests ther belief in magi and charms Faith in Magic, Charms and Sacrifices _["~ seals have figures of men and anima in act of saeificing. Fire altars have also been unearthed at Banawali,Lothaland Kalbengan. CCireularand Rectangular burials (Cremation was also practised ‘Megalithic burials were found at Surkotada and Dholavira arthen pots and uens with ornaments and food ins were also buried with the dead disposed oftheir dead either by burial or by cremation Belief in Life after Death, buried with household pottery, ornaments and other articles of dil preserved the ashes ofthe bodies in clay wensSeal-making Shell working Boat making Masonry, Ornament making Occupations Pottery ‘Terracotta manufacture Spinning and weaving wheel made pottery dominated Still handmade pottery was practised designs of trees and circles were common. ai ae ve F Long barrel shaped cornelian beads Se cal a Harappan gold is not bright enough due to high silver content \ectpations Ornaments Gold and silver jewellery Steatite bracelets and amulets Copper - Khetri mines of Rajasthan § Mindmapcharts Chert blades - Robri hills of Sindh jarat and Sindh Carnelian beads - Gi Lead - South India lazuli - Kashmir and Afghanistan ‘Turquoise and Jade - Central Asia and Iran Sources of raw materials Amethyst - Maharashtra Agate, chalcedony and carnelian - Saurashtra.Political organization & Mincmapeharts ews Som Indus Valley ‘ivilization - Society Recreational activities No clear picture yet no religious structures no ruling of preists Might have been ruled by merchants nature of inheritance is not known in Harappan society. Fire-baked earthen clayware Teraeitta figurines {Used as toys or objects of worship ‘Represent binds, dog, sheep, cattle and monkeys (“Women figures were more in mumber than figures ofmen Harappans pracived yora “Terracota figurines in various ye postures ‘Toys and games ‘only postry paintings wore found Cubical dice Paintings ‘no wal paintings have been discovered i datelid wheels were used in Harappa Bullock carts ‘Transport sponse Finished products include Fores cones roe a ind pendant molt Indus Valley Crmuments of old and sver Civilization - Trade " all excl ses through Barter system and transportation EA ug) ys #$ Minamape ‘wo mindmapebsrtscom Northern and ‘Mesopotamia Greece and Egypt“They were a nomadic tribe called Yuch-hi fom north-western border of China ‘Yueh-chi were avidin two groups Origin | ENDS {Gat arin Yoeh-chisetied in india after defeating Saka ‘ter settling and becoming an agricultural eommunity, the Groat Yueh-ehi tbe got divided into five branches ‘terse: Khe Dm eon: Buh ecsopa abl an Raton Vima Tako sonefielataphses ima Kadphises _ [Piolo munis oom an ors Gini Raison: Ape Sai f Mincmapcharts| —Egscdslthe showed Senor Kap em rom oriespere ei) egbnaleapiis (warm ete te unre Sak ADE epatonieed udhisn sd Comenede th Budhistens]__ aan Sta trl the sae Kuju Kadphises ascent bak ‘Kushan empire [Sige mm Sits pant cou ela Kensha Se Sues Keita Pr “ Aelia ‘Stiga sang states Buda 1) Mathura Seal of At featctecenetatneerin Intent hy Croke Kusham Art__| 9) Gandara school of rt _ [anatomical ecnrisy nd Spl deyth ar is spec ates ‘Gay Sand son ein Gandbn bol ‘)Amaravath School of Art__Whie mates woreda th to!___50,000 - 100,000 BC No human remains were found during this period. Covers the greater part of the Ice Age. Twantess at ene irader andthe working ern “Tow cba “At ih ey roel ed ge "Mae by ciping the eno the ston Quartzite pebble tools and flakes Mind: apeharts ‘warning hats fom represents a Pre-hand-axe industry Cleavers ‘choppers Lower Palaeolithic Age Siwalik range Soan valley in Punjab, now in Pakistan « Belan valley in Mirzapur distri in UP ae Pahalgam in Kashmir Belan valley in Allahabad Bhimbetka and Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh 16 Rand Singi Talay in Rajasthan Nevasa in Maharashtra Hunsgi in Karnataka Attinunpakkam in Tamst site to be excavated ‘6 granaris in arow Cireular platforms for thrashing grains Important findings Literally "Mound of Dead” Established on river Indus Regarded as largest IVC site the largest building is a granary For rl bathing ‘uk wi ces Sie 100 fr eangcthes [Bitumen s wed to sea the was and ors Mohenjo-daro Great Bath Bronze Dancing girl statue Important findings ‘Steatite statue of aman with a beard Unicorn seals (Most found seals) ‘Mindmapchart: _— SMingpepshars rapa Seal of mother goddess ‘Major cities of city was divided into 6 sections Vital trade centre for gems and ornaments entry to the houses were directly connected to the main street rice husk - ial dook ‘Bead making factory Important findings ‘Many houses had wells [— > _Furrows indicating the Ploughed field Brick platforms indicating granarios Bones of eumel "No presence of baked bricks or drainage system Kalibangan Important findings has three citadels, Largest IVC site in India Horse remains Dholavira Surkotada Chanhudaro Only city without citadelMauryan sculptures and pillars were made of hard sand stone rock-cut chaitya-halls or cave dwellings in the barabar and nagarjuna hills of gaya yakshi of besnagar yaksha of parkham chauri-bearer of yakshini from didarganj_ 3 Mind mapcharts ‘waew.mindmapeharts.com, SculpturesSent hy Seleacus Nistor ‘Court of chandragmpis many Senty Antiochus (Cour of ehandragupta maurya Seatby Polemy Court of Bandura ‘Megasthenes Court visitors Deimachos strabo Mauryan empire - \ Mincma etait) Camssand Cour ger ofimgatn and engin fog eves rade orden as nied Probably the first mention of census in the world. ‘There was a regular dept. of census Census officer of the cities was ealled nagarakaPunch marked coins Only silver and copper silver coins 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 Copper coins 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 Pana Denominations Masika Ey Mincdmapcharts www.mindmapeharts.com Mauryan empire - n Elephant Coinage Stupa Branches Engravings weapons Human figures Mountains Tree-in railingMauryan Empire - Departmental heeds Adhyakshas ‘Mindmapcharts re suindmagt ars om Major Adhyakshas Ministers next to tirthas Heads of Departments ‘Akaradhyaksha Nit ‘Alshapataladhyaksha Accounts Asadiyaksia Crain Gadiaiigaisih_ rowmirsastoaer astyadhyalsha phan Kupyadyalska tes Takshanedhyashe Min Loladhyatsha tom Manadhyaisha wih anya Comment Pautvadhyaksha ‘Weights and measures. _____athadiyaksha__ eae = Solatyaksna Su apenas piruibalate ‘coutrolled the manufacture and sale of liquor and intoxicating drugs. — sikaytain [acoso ic Rajjukas Offical to maeasite land and fisup bores Sutrayaksha Tote Sonsthadhyaksha ke Sunadhyaksha _Sgtrhose322 BC Chandragupta Maurya Establishment Predecessor ‘Nanda Dynasty Mindmapcharts Seven castes of Indian society ‘worwaindmapeharts.com Megasthenes Absence of Slavery Mauryan empire - “Absence of money ending Establishment and Halil Artha sastra Literary sources | ——Kautllya _(~ eonomie and politcal conditions Hemachandra Earlene: . Literary. sources Jatakas Social and economic eoneitions Vajika ___Kaumudi Mahotsave __Pipavamsa Buddhist texts Mahavamsa -Ashokas support to budsm Vishakadutta __Mudrarakshasa Barabar Hills © !serptionsVillages Gramika Village headman Sthanikas ‘Tax collectors Village groups rset ea Gopki__Accoustanie —— [Revenue election Districts(Aharas or Vishayas) Governed by ste ‘ara Adninstration ‘Mauryan Empire - : ovincial divisions) *®Mindmapchares Pata pata ‘Imperial capital epi _i Ctarapatha Clas ; En cohen Provinces: 4 Provinces Capital Tosali [ean Soma Feien Hed nitomtsheoremasen Governed by Rashtrapal as rh ah hnjauryan Empire ‘Tax structure and Governance ‘Tax structure 3 Mindmapcharts ans cu Governed by ‘Tax exempted for Bali Voluntary offerings and tax th tone Furth Bhag Also called the kings share (rajabhaga). Vastu Rural tax Dung ___ Urban Taxes Kara Orchard tax Vivit___Taxfor posture land Samahartha __ Chiettaxcollector Sannidhata Chie Treasurer Vachabhuvikas __Taxcollectorsfortribes Sthanika ___Texenllector in rural areas Brahmins Women & children Armourers Blind, deaf and other physically disabled (King’s men _ levied on agriculture produce and the cattle a the rte of one-sixth (shadbaga)Establishes strong centrale sae wih an adinintration a Patines Ute northstar the Greek ulead conser Magaha fom the Nandae olga: ga2-gog BCE Made alance ith Skuets Nikator fr his daughter Belongs obeatrvaclan ofthe nares ofpipphalvana ‘Spent hic eat Mead education a Taxa {Chancagupta Maurya et oternames_[ Fas [Chnragupt abies te throne and retr to Ssaelgl in Kaman nds dn ongquer teeny Devan kingdoms comme [ti a = a jE {iar Tel inert Cengusts apo ta ‘ranata pins Seon mina dead pod len rc [—armsmshanss wer psinediob alemdar Aker ang war Telos [Terman seca i wo gl Jann sath pakiernlemopeste gin re gs Sig _ [Piste ys in ae se <_< sme = pee alts of oka |__ ray [tte eae Hane mt pate oot brat Pets Aaa rle af manny dats saslutd in 155 BCE rig lary pare y the Henin gener Pusha ung led toa wovecf religions parcetin for adits, and resugene of Hie,Society hin nayeoors co Burials fie Mincimapchants Recreational activities people began to have fixed settlements people were essentially hunters, food-gatherers und fishermen domesticated varieties of animals Hke cattle, shcep and goat hunted smaller animals with bess and Spears ‘lepended on vegetables or plants for fod rather than animal meat, ngs at himbtka lances of ritual significance rusia instruments such as Blowpipes and homs were used rock painting ofa family mourning the death ofa child at Dhibetka {At Tanghanj human skeletons were associated with quatrte pebbles i tend [2 eet ene bi 2: Paciowal nde burl) 4 Dowte Ba [este beri were test Sa ara an Mabie four types of burials [tesottiepeons inter objets i mises enna Sones and beds lone with the dead[Made of chipped and flaked stones 7 Length of tools varied from 1808 centimetres Microlithie Tools _/ sos include blades points, nates, tap ‘Toole were capable o arrowheads, geometric and non-geometrc tools. suse a combination tools by hafting them in curved wood or bone reported from a numberof eeavated sits lke Langhan, Bagodargest Mesolithic sit in India), Negarjanakonda, Chopani Mando Pottery was wholly hand-made and usually arse grained with nese and imprestd designs rarely 1 Mirapuri of UP Pottery and Arts. ncaa {Repl Karta Arts Painted rock-shelters Fal per eel we sbeortcing ering ig ge tage ena eseni i rtaties ech ps oi loeb Db. humane depen sti. sch as dane rns hut. av sames and za bat, bier unt dp nth no Ag‘meso! middle and ‘thie stone Middle stone age in India is termed as Late Stone Age, Mesolithic or Microlithie period. Basics Mesolithic age in India started about 8000 B C, and continued up to about 4000 BC. ‘Transitional phase between the Palaeolithic and the Neolithie Ages ‘Warmer climate resulted in increased flora and fauna Langhnaj (Distriet Mehsana) in Gujarat $8 Mincmapeharts see (near Bhopal) ar > Pradesh Chopani Mando (near Allahabad in Belan Valley) in Uttar Pradesh irbhanpur (District Burdwan) in West Bengal Bagor in Rajasthan Sanganakallu in Karnataka ‘Tuticorin in southern Tamil Nadu People lived in huts with paved floors and wind sereens Huts were roughly circular or oval People at Bhimbetka made floors with flat stone slabs. Mesolithic or Middle stone age Geographical Distribution SettlementsPeriod: 100,000 - 40,000 BC (Middle Palaeolithic Age Flake tools Soan valley Crude pebble industry during himalayan glaciation Robri hills Tools andweapons Narmada valley Samnapur Tungabadra Bhimbet ips Nevasa Made of Chert apiece of hard stone made by chipping the edges Tool typesbuilt of sun-dried bricks. with multiple rooms evidence of houses crops like wheat, barley and cotton were discovered from here. People lived in pits dwelling pits were either circular or rectangular ‘used numerous tools and weapons made of bone. Mehrgarh Burzahom used coarse grey pottery. Kashmir valley Bone tools Millet cultivation Chirand Sanganakallu, Brahmagiri, Maski, Piklihal, Hallur Allahabad cultivation of rice Bihar Karnataka Uttar Pradesh ‘ishna and Tungabadra rivers ee Around Bhima, Andhra Pradesh ey " Utnur earliest site Otingmmeneharts | Neeagumaknde Paiyampalli Tamil Nadu domestication of Rice in 7000 B.C. Belan Valley Koldihwa Garo hills in Meghalaya.‘Burnished grey wares the specily of the Neolithic period. Usage of pottery inereased to great extent Pottery was inital band made but later tacted on whee! and fein large Ks, At Burzaboma stone sab is engrave with hunting seone ‘It shows astag or der being hunted frm the front with a bow and arrow anda spear from there. ‘Beads of hell steatto, trra cotta and acoous stones and copp od Copper bangles from Brabmagir and sprang from Narsipur are the few metal oraaments found in the Neolthie ses “Neolthi people buried ther dead neasby their habitation ‘dead ars usually buried acsompanied by pottery and oraaments stone tools and even headrest ‘Infants wore buried in the wins, usually inthe houses, ‘At Burzahom nthe Kashmir valley, the deal ure tobe buried in oval-shaped pits dug usually nto the house floors, @ Mincmapchares|_—Alonenith the human bones, the ones of gan gst, which were perhap ation were lo foun. worms] igerasting feature ofthe Kashmir Neoithie sites isthe Animal bois, ‘Fraginentary burials of five wild dogs and antler ofbarasinga wore found, Keolithie Age Pottery, Arts, Ornaments and Burials‘neo new and lithic” stone, Basics /Noolithie or New stone age Settlements Coined by John Lubbock Neolithic settlements in the India are not older than 6000 B.C. ‘Neolthie settlements in India were frst developed in the west of the Indus. cu tion of plants and the domest ion of animals began, ‘Led to settled life and growth of village settlements. Crops such as wheat, barley, rice, millet, lentils were cultivated, ‘Hunted wild animals such as boar, niga, gazells,cte. sf Mincimapcharts Domesticated animals include sheep, goat, cattle, ete. ‘wee mindmapehans com “Houses were circular in shape built ona series of bamboo posts with a conical roof Houses were subvlivided into four or more internal compartments thmir valley, the Neolithic people of phase-t lived inci ‘Walls were of wattle and split bamboo screen plastered with mud Houses had a hearth in a corner, sometimes only two stones juxtaposed ‘Nagarjunakonda and Paiyampalli(North Areot district) have yielded evidence of dwelling pits InKi ul wal, rectangular or square‘Sharp and polished neolithic tools made vay for cultivation sticated olution of settled communities ‘Wild animals were don Neolithie Revolution ‘SS Migdmapchars Se Ground and Polished soote [Seth sod with arometl hae tse ads shoot Gels, lng ween hoes, pik wih singleo dou woking eis chikels, x-cum hammers Ma of ical lai, eit, hl pov and to nd gui, ndurryten )Ganga valley {Gan Westera india andthe northern Deen i) Souther Dean. ‘Storage of grains de to surplns production Regions of Neolithic agriculture1, Family (Kula) Jed by Grihapati led by Gramani 2. Village (Grama) 3. Clan (Vis) 4. People or Tribe (Jana) 5. Country (Rashtra) Chief of tribe Other name - Gopati Janasya to protect his tribe and their cattle to lead campaigns to possess cattle Election of chief by tribes Mentioned in Atharva Veda Hierarchy led by Vispati #8 Mindmapcharts sivw.mindmapeharts.com Organization of Vedic peopleSoan isa tributary of river Indus ‘sub-tfimalyan eon in Punjab and Hiachal Pradesh alley in Punish and eas: Banging valley in Hiachal Pradesh PreSoban [tae so ‘ark Sohan Sohan complexs aso called Chopper ehopping complex. use of pebble tools was dominant. iil ving oe ono sb gh i ‘fala workodon bathe es raced aerate aking Two divisions of tools i Mindmapcharts ‘ewe meet oe Palaeolithic Culture bancases — Acheulian Tooltypes |e secpes tools are characterized by distinctive oval and pear-shaped "hand-axes" Materials such as flint ealeedony, quartzite, andesite, sandstone, chert, and shale were used ‘Tools made in the Acheulian culture are advanced than tool in Soanian culture smpakkam a Chennaiin Tamil Nad is the okPaleolithic age -'Palaeo’ old and ‘lithic’ stone "Palaeolithic" was coined by sir John Lubbock in 1865 People were mostly hunters and gatherers. Period when most ofthe earth surface was covered th ice Belongs to Pleistocene period 8 Mindmapcharts saad ot Sub-divisions Humans were absent in colder regions but could thrive in tropical region Upper PalaeolithicBranch of Pahalavas from North India Feudatories of Satavahanas a lineage of Chola and Naga rulers Sivaskanda Varman inst pallava to be recorded Also called as Simbavishnu ascended the throne in 570 AD expanded the territory beyond Kanebipuram also controlled parts of western chalukya kingdom and Kalinga ‘Son and successor of Simhavishnu Pallava Dynasty Simhavarman ‘Mahendravarman 1 Built cave temples at Pallavaram &% Mindmapcharts www.mindmapeharts.com Son and Successor of Mahendravarman I defeated Pulikesin IL ‘aasumed the title Vatapikonda Narasimhavarman I Huen Tsang visited his court Nripatunga defeated Pandya king shrimaraaki Mali Ka _ [Petia de Faia se Taina Expeditions Syetenins [asst srr stamps Van is weal rd Phraya ch Mehl Tl (Cees a Syd Jlal Din Asan was appointed as Govern by Mulan bin Tuphha icra 1 125, Sy dodared his independence and rated Madura Saat ee ae ‘Visyansgars Rnpie conquered Madura and replced the Salanate by Neva ‘of dynasty. pov 8h entry neon the asl Bri fore, any panda dynasty was estab by Koon Pandipan ‘est Pandan dynanty wae atch by Kado “hei ag eas Fh sya Pandas werethe longet rong ast of tdaxp Pandan Testor sao called as Pandya County or Pandya Nadu” ‘Panda ings wee called ier Jtavarman or Morava Pandya eget Malaya Pad ought wth the Pandavas nthe Karabshota WarAchankovil river in the west to Vaigai river in the east ‘Pudukkottai in the north to Kanyakumari in the south {Commercial capital Center of pearl trade Extent 1) Korkai(grd BC to 1345) Peindyadpty- 2) Tenkasiogas-i6th cent) 5 sin mapcharts Geographical extent 3) Tirunelveli(ag45-17th century) www.mindmapeharts.com Cradle of Tamil snagam literature established on banks of river Vaigat Meenakshi temple was built after Thatathagai alias Meenakshi ‘Meenakshi is the daughter of Malayadwaja Pandya and his queen Kanchanamala Megasthenes, Pliny, Strabo and many others have mentioned madurai in their worksRevived the dynasty in 6th century Kadungon defeated Kalabras last pandyan king of first pandyan empire _ defeated by Parantaka Chola I captured Madurai from Cholas defeated by cholas in a short time & Mindmapcharts brother of Kulasekaran 1 Rajasimha IT Jatavarman Kulasekaran I ‘Pandya dynasty Important Rulers invaded Cholas Maravarman Sundara Pandyan ¥ drove the cholas away from Tanjavur and Uraiyur_ revived the dynasty for second Pandyan empire Conquered Ceylon Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan Called as Second Rama for Plundering Srilanka Fought battles with Kakatiya dynastyRock cut and structural temples are prominent ‘Vinana, mandapa and sikhara were built in early temples Pandyan architecture ‘Vimanas were developed in the later stage 1 more importance than Shikharas, eS *yitorare ‘Meco Temple in Madura and NelkiapparTerple wer bilby Pande. Initially Madurai was a stronghold of Saivism. Religion _ [Jainism gained a foothold after invasion of Kalabras Finally Bhakti movements revived Saivism and Vaishnavism Coins of Pandyas bear the legend of different Pandya rulers issued silver punch marked and die struck copper eoins coins bore the image of afish(single or in pairs}, bow, conch, discus etc. The coins of Pandyas were basically square. silver and gold coins were in Sanskcit while the copper coins bore the Tamil legends. Pandyan dynasty - (Architecture, Religion and Coinage Pandyan coinsPeriod without any written records. Archaeological excavations are the only evidence for our cultural knowledge. #& Mindmapcharts Palaeolithic age ‘wirwamindmapeharts.com Prehistoric period ‘The stone age Mesolithic age Neolithie age Prehistoric period has three ages ‘The Bronze Age. Indus valley civilization Vedic period ‘The Iron Age. Ag Early kingdomsPrehistory time before recorded history or the iavention of writing systems. ¢archuoe Hiotmo:axpiens evolved tubo saiatumically moderns humans in Afioa Humans inbab Origin of Humans dia since Middle Pleistocene era Divided into three periods based on tool-making technologi ower ote _—__Hawive an einde Palate tea _Pabe nce Divisions — ‘reste [_Dyer Poti Noolie ‘Chloe Bronze Age Tron Age ‘Bhimbetka- painted Rock Shelters. Mindmapcharts Nevasa - Evidence of cotton. ha acteitiaibiaamaaas Atranjikheda - Textile printing Hastinapur- Wild Sugarcane. ‘Inamgaon - Statue of mother goddess ‘Mehrgarh - Earliest evidence of agriculture Koldihwa- Earliest evidence of rice. Bagor- Domes CChirand - Serpent cit [Burzahom & Gufkral -Pit-dweling, Pre Historie Findi tion of animal, ‘First human settlement in India ei Aa isies patie annem il ame arliest archaeological site ___Falaclithc hominid wie athe Soan Rivervale. Prehistory of India Archacologial evidences _ Weta ensoe at Hahei th ema Vly 4 [Belongs to idle Pestosenererods00,000 and 200,000 yan go) i ‘No human ols have eon assisted with ton age tol in nd, Major findin 1S _1~ stone tole dated between 2 MYA ad. MYA were exerted fon Sve ile,Rig vedic religion Later Vedie religio ‘They worshipped the foees of mature Indra was the most prominest deity inthe Ves society este has am the i ye Aare hoe ssin) [sw ra by sh Suerfons (tt [Nectarine axa bern eres Ga anor td Major Dies aie } Staci i i etl see (Lr cas Ate ia ses alto sacritce was prominent mnie Jd end Agni lost their importance and Prajapati wok thelr place ‘urd and Vishnu became important Symbolic worship increasedWorld's oldest religious texts in continued use Composed between ¢. 1500-1200 BCE — See, ‘Mais 2-7. athe oes pet fh Re a he sborst books ‘The fin andthe wath nda the youngest they ral te logit books of 9 sa ech 10 MandalasSakas or seythians Establishment Rulers Five branches of Sakas & Mincmapcharts ‘wor anindmnapdhars cam _ They destroyed the Indo-Greek rule in north-western India to form thei empire Sakas or Seythians were nomadic tribes from central Asia Recorded as Horse riding Iranian Pastoralists Afghanistan Punjab Capital: Taxis Mathura ‘western India Deccan opined the Sudarsana lake in Kathawae The csued the first-ever long inseripion of chaste Sanskrit, Junagarh rock ieserption of Rudd ‘eigned over Gujarat, Sindh, Suurashra, Mala and pats of Rajasthan Rudradaman I (AD 190-150) Ruled Gundhara from Sikap Tesued eopper and.siver coins Maues “His cofns bear the images of Indian Dees ie used Greek and Kharostbi Seript ‘Ares _Patanend to Greek rule ast Ska rulersaman i.e. ‘melody’, is a 'collection of melodies meant to be sung at the time of Soma sacrifice. Sung by Udgatris consists of 1549 verses Samaveda _) Gandharvaveda__-—UP#vedofsamavedas & Also called as Natya sashtra Mindmapcharts i. ‘www.mindmapeharts.com Eanchavsh Brahman Brahmanas of Samaveda Jaiminiya Brahmana Shadvish Brahmana1) Janapadas Headed by Amatya ‘Satavahana dynasty - Headed by Gramika ‘Administration eaded by Gram Rural areas three grades of feudatories. ‘Sub-division of Aharas Headed by gaulmika Sub-division of Janapada 88 Mindmapcharts ‘ewesmimeapehars com head of military regiment ‘had the right to strike coins Rajas Mahabhojas ‘Senapati ___ Senapatis were appointed as provincial governorslarge al sith a number of clans — Shares I enacine Architecture Viharas monasteries Featured ih entra allenteed ya door from avrandsh n font & Mincmapcharts Amaravathi stupa was built by Satavahanas igi ah ict it i Soaemnamapesans so lead, siber and copper alloys were used to make coins frst coins to have Bilingual legends first to issue coins with King's portraits Prat, Telugu and Kannada were used ‘Nanaghat Inscription sutons about vif of Sarat — ‘rents Gautam Saat Inston of Puma Karleeaveinseription snout Vashishiputa Plus Satavahana dynasty - - \rehitecture, Numismatics | Numismatics and Inscriptions. Inseriptions scriptions of Nasik.established in ist Century AD. Establishment established at Andhra Pradesh ‘Also called as Satkarnis and Andhras . Nagarjuna Major Centres ae @BMindmapcharts ———_Founderof the Dynasty ‘woaaindaapehiacts com Simuka Theconquered western Mala, Vidarbha and Anup Aefeated Soman assassinate by Kanha ‘Succeed simuk Satavahana Dynasty Kanha ‘expanded the dynasty tows oth Als called a $F Satara ‘Som of iowa ‘Mentioned a lord of Dakshina a snmundraesoncyn tna Sen] a Ce onan acta boinc ae SE nan Gantamiputea SatkarniFounded by Pushyamitra Shunga Establishment 1) Pataliputra 2) Vidisha: later period Ujjain |___ Mathura _ % Mindmapcharts Major cities Saket ‘wwe mindmapcharts.com Sanchi Kapilavastu Shunga Dynasty Founder of the dynasty He was a viceroy under Mauryan empire He conquested vidarbha He also spoiled an attack from Kharavela Pushyamitra Shunga Son of Pushyamitra shunga Agnimitra __[~Thestory Malavikagnimitram writen by Kalidasa revolves around im ‘Vidharba became independent during his period Vasumitra Son of Sencar Succeeded the throne after Agnimitra Last Shunga ruler Assasinated by Vasudeva KanvaMajor literary sources sature(Writen in Pali language) srature(Writen in Pralrt anguage) Sanskit pa. Pore aecounts 1. Literary sources Chinese 8 Mindmapcharts Arabian ‘wow ndmapeharts om Religious in nature Tmproper or insufficient chronology Sources of Ancient ‘Common perceptions on literary sources Indian history Architectural sources Excavations Epigraphic sourees(Inscriptions) 2. ArchaeoloPeriod: 40,000 - 10,000 BC ‘marks the appearance of new flint industries. ‘moder human beings(Homo sapiens) first appeared in the upper Palacolithic age Significance Bimblaetka(MP) Paris mek ent paintings ‘Andhra Pradesh |___ Karnataka 8 Mindmapcharts Maharashtra ‘woe mincmapsharts com Chotanagpur Plateau Gujarat Less humid belongs to end period of lee age Climate became comparatively warm Increase in flora and Fauna Parallel-sded blades from a prepared core A chiseled stone with a sharp point Burins jams (Used or engraving on rocks and bones ope i a Leather, wood, and bone were also used_ Bones were also used to make needles, fishing tools, harpoons, blades and burin tools ipper Palaeolithic Age1, Samhitas (1700-1100 BCE) 2. Brahmanas ‘9 Mincmapcharts ‘inom sRcnen edie composition ) 3, Aranyakas collections of mantras and benedictions [the term Veda is often used to refer to these Sambitas gee ‘There are four "Vedic" Sambitas Yume {_There are four "Vedic" Sambitas —_~ Ssmaveda hares Ved ‘commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices Brahmanas may either form separate texts or ean be partly integrated into the text of the Sami ‘They may also include the Aranyakas and Upanishads. third part ofthe Vedas [text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolie-sacrifices "wildlemess texts” or "forest tre writen in forests {Cando rnyska composed by people who meditated in the woods as recluses wey focus on meditation and oppose rituals and sacrifices ‘Upani-sad that means ‘to sit down near someone’. text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge Also known as Vedanta (” ‘There are 108 Upanishads Upanishads are the culmination of ancient Indian philosophical ideas. Upanishads also give less importance to ceremonios and sacrifices Upanishads are philosophical works in dialogue form contains questions of nature philosophy and the fate ofthe soul contains some mystic and spiritual interpretations of the Vedas Our nation's motto Satyameva jayate is taken from the Mundaka upanishad.Kinship was the basis of social structure Clothes of eotton, wool and animal skin were worn, late (van, lute (veena, harp, cymbals, and drums were played Culture _| Recto" day chai si. adage oer pop pains Settlements _Lived in mud settlements Food Milk products, grains(bariey, wheat and rie), fruits and vegetables were consumed iia (Asia Minor), the capital of the ancient Hittes Desesibes vedic gods and goddesses Indra, Varuna, Mitra and Nasatyas (Aswins) were mentioned Found Bogha7- Koi inscriptions Senspepcar: rabies War ste Bhagwanpura(Haryana) neither ron objets nor cereals were found 39 eomed mudhouse Painted Grey Ware sitecanon of Hindu ay sare tts eon comprising the Four Vedas Divisions ‘Sumaveda ‘Atharva Veda ‘ach Vedas individually consists of Shruni__["~ netovedtodecdinetrnelationtthe-comiesnundoftnye These ery Ri “The ist sour of dharma Sal sth Veto or Rowton re or Smriti__[ "aut teatisesote Vedas sndare hel books fmm sect) gost smn tiny rd —tee Yajureda & Mindmapcharts Upaveda ("applied knowledge") Sabjects of certain technical works Dhar ea wih thea ace) ‘Ganbarvaveda (eal withthe musi)Indra estos “Three hypothests_ [in Eangean mignon Ings ans se Sa Origin of vedic peop Tear ace Seanibapaanda Somme ae eeielisen ane Drmracee Sind ada pect Mindmapeta ates Barly Vedic Peto (1750-1000 BCH) Staion sisted eSnta inde eson ‘ran nig nig heads es Dt nd Das Late Veli period (104 10 BCE) ‘Dasa ar pale nent The bata deve bya Tote Tenge Tectia yal hs Su part ett tan cies ‘saad oe et ae Kes ieee teen ee nea eo ed et a lth ab, itd Wa estSociety(Barly vedie period) minemapchares ‘veterans Society(Later vedic period) asl Vedie people didn’ fight for teritories “Tribes were called Vis “There was no Varma system in early vedi period ames were Patriarchal and Patrineal ‘Three types of Marriages existed [Poy Popa Superstitions were employed to cure che diseases. Nooiiers far adminstving justice nen wee ul:o men Wares cond le the shed edo remy basiudidordsgpemre ‘oth wns mond ele deed ‘Warn id oy eds Ol tribes grouped to form larger potical unis. _nonareeal tates began ofr Status of women ‘Wars were fought fs territory ‘Vidhata disappeared completely socal boundaries, oes, status and ritual por foreach ofthe stil kins di nt possess an standing ery =e Dems Se ot ein wl cpin Tropic bepaw poemtecgnrs enn tae Sa patie ah ‘sosiety wis divided under vara stern sstuedtecamen ae one wr eh bert dete ine Fe ey soe" bn begin he Fear Marine ome ib ected ‘ [eink Ta ncaforespne tan Ee “Gandharvs Vea “Twa lal eave wa age ce evan ara type Pr vak Mari edo | Pesenvins “Sac i Tats Tah Mary hinThe book of the Adhvaryu priests prescribes the procedures for rituals or Yajnas Sukla Yajurveda or Vajasaneyi (Madhyandin and Kanva) Krsna-Yajurveda (Taittiriya, Kathaka, Maitrayani and Rapisthal) Mindmapcharts Fabel ‘wwrw:mindmapeharts.com There are two main texts ‘Maitrayani Kapilathakatha ‘Taittriya Brahmanas of Yajur veda