Ïåäàãîãèêà
Ëèòåðàòóðà // Íàðîäíîå îáðàçîâàíèå (Õàëê òàúëèìè).
1. Àçèçîâ Ä., Óñîâà Ã. Òåîðèÿ è ïðàêòè-
êà ëèòåðàòóðîâåä÷åñêîãî àíàëèçà. Ò., 1990.
2. Àêòèâíûå ôîðìû ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ ëè-
òåðàòóðû: ëåêöèè è ñåìèíàðû íà óðîêàõ â
ñòàðøèõ êëàññàõ / Ñîñò. Ð. Àëüáåòêîâà. Ì.,
1991.
3. Èíòåðàêòèâíûå ìåòîäû ïðåïîäàâà-
íèÿ è ó÷åíèÿ: Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå. Òàøêåíò,
2007. Ìîäóëü 1. Ñ. 400.
4. Éóëäàøåâ Ê. Ãëîáàëèçàöèÿ ìèðà è
èíòåðàêòèâíûå ìåòîäû ó÷åíèÿ è îáó÷åíèÿ
ÌÅÒÎÄÈÊÀ ÎÁÓ×ÅÍÈß ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÓ
ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÕ ÔÐÀÇÅÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ
ÅÄÈÍÈÖ ÍÀ ÓÇÁÅÊÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ
Àçèçîâà Ô.Ñ.
ß
çûê – çåðêàëî êóëüòóðû, â íåì îò-
ðàæàåòñÿ íå òîëüêî ðåàëüíûé ìèð,
îêðóæàþùèé ÷åëîâåêà, íî è íàöè-
îíàëüíûé õàðàêòåð, îáðàç æèçíè, òðàäè-
öèè, îáû÷àè, ìîðàëü, ñèñòåìà öåííîñ-
òåé, ìèðîîùóùåíèå, âèäåíèå ìèðà.
ßçûê õðàíèò êóëüòóðíûå öåííîñòè – â
ëåêñèêå, â ãðàììàòèêå, â èäèîìàòèêå, â
ïîñëîâèöàõ, ïîãîâîðêàõ, â ôîëüêëîðå, â
õóäîæåñòâåííîé ëèòåðàòóðå, â ôîðìàõ
ïèñüìåííîé è óñòíîé ðå÷è. ßçûê êàæäîãî
íàðîäà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé æèâîé îðãà-
íèçì, íåðàçðûâíî ñâÿçàííûé ñ èñòîðè-
åé, êóëüòóðîé è ñîöèàëüíîé æèçíüþ ýòî-
ãî íàðîäà. Íîñèòåëè ðàçíûõ ÿçûêîâ, îá-
ùàÿñü, âçàèìîäåéñòâóÿ äðóã ñ äðóãîì,
ïåðåäàþò êóëüòóðó ñâîåãî íàðîäà ïî-
ñðåäñòâîì ÿçûêà, è êëþ÷åâûì çâåíîì
ìåæúÿçûêîâîãî îáùåíèÿ âûñòóïàåò ïå-
ðåâîä÷èê.
Íåîñïîðèìûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ òîò ôàêò, ÷òî
ðàçíûå íàðîäû âîñïðèíèìàþò ìèð
ñêâîçü ïðèçìó ñâîåãî ðîäíîãî ÿçûêà è,
ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ýòî îáóñëîâëèâàåò ôîð-
ìèðîâàíèå êóëüòóðíî-îáóñëîâëåííûõ
ÿâëåíèé èëè ðåàëèé, õàðàêòåðíûõ èìåí-
íî äëÿ ÿçûêà è òàêîãî ðîäà ÿâëåíèÿ ïðî-
ÿâëÿþòñÿ â ðàçëè÷íûõ ñôåðàõ äåÿòåëü-
íîñòè ÷åëîâåêà-íîñèòåëÿ èíîñòðàííîãî
ÿçûêà.
© Àçèçîâà Ô.Ñ., 2010
74
2007. ¹ 6. Ñ. 76 – 78.
5. Ïèàæå Æ. Ðå÷ü è ìûøëåíèå ðåáåíêà.
Ì., 1994. Ñ. 79.
6. Ñàôèí Ä., Ìóñèíà Ð. Èíòåðàêòèâíûå
ìåòîäû ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ è ó÷åíèÿ: Ó÷åáíî-ìå-
òîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå. Äóøàíáå, 2006. Ñ. 250.
7. Ñàôèí Ä., Ìóñèíà Ð. Èíòåðàêòèâíûå
ìåòîäû ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ è ó÷åíèÿ. Ðàçâèòèå
ñèñòåìíîãî ìûøëåíèÿ è íàâûêîâ èññëåäî-
âàòåëüñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè: Ó÷åáíîå ïîñî-
áèå. Ò., 2007. Ñ. 300.
Áóäóùåìó ñïåöèàëèñòó ïåðåâîä÷èêó
äëÿ óñïåøíîé ðàáîòû íåîáõîäèìû íå
òîëüêî îòëè÷íûå çíàíèÿ ãðàììàòèêè, ôî-
íåòèêè, ñòèëèñòèêè, ëåêñèêè èíîñòðàííî-
ãî ÿçûêà, íî ôîíîâûå çíàíèÿ î êóëüòóðå è
èñòîðèè èíîñòðàííîãî ÿçûêà.
Ïåðåâîä ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ åäèíèö
ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îäíó èç ñàìûõ ñëîæ-
íûõ è èíòåðåñíûõ ïðîáëåì, ðàçðàáàòû-
âàåìûõ â ðàìêàõ ñîâðåìåííîé òåîðèè
ïåðåâîäà. Òðóäíîñòè ïåðåâîäà ôðàçåî-
ëîãè÷åñêèõ åäèíèö, îáúÿñíÿþòñÿ ñëîæ-
íîñòüþ èõ ñåìàíòè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðû.
Ôðàçåîëîãèçìû – ýòî ñâîåîáðàçíûå
“ìèêðîòåêñòû”, âáèðàþùèå â ñåáå ðàçíî-
îáðàçíóþ èíôîðìàöèþ îá îáúåêòàõ ðå-
àëüíîé äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè.
Ïðîáëåìû ïåðåâîäà ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñ-
êèõ åäèíèö â öåëîì çàòðàãèâàþò ìíîãèå
èññëåäîâàòåëè: Â.Ñ. Âèíîãðàäîâ, À.Â. Ô¸-
äîðîâ, Â.Í. Êîìèññàðîâ. Â ðàçâèòèè ìå-
òîäèêè îáó÷åíèÿ ïåðåâîäà ôðàçåîëîãè-
÷åñêèõ åäèíèö âíåñëè ñâîé âêëàä, òàêèå
ó÷åíûå êàê, Â.Í. Êîìèññàðîâ, Ð.Ê. Ìèíü-
ÿð-Áåëîðó÷åâ, ß.È. Ðåöêåð, Â.Í. Êðóïíîâ,
Æ.À. Ãîëèêîâà.
Ïðè îáó÷åíèè ïåðåâîäó ôðàçåîëîãè-
÷åñêèõ åäèíèö ñëåäóåò ñîáëþäàòü ðÿä
óñëîâèé: íåîáõîäèìî çíàíèå äâóõ ÿçûêîâ
(â äàííîì ñëó÷àå – àíãëèéñêîãî è óçáåê-
 Âåñòíèê Óíèâåðñèòåòà Ðîññèéñêîé àêàäåìèè îáðàçîâàíèÿ ¹ 5/2010
ñêîãî); íàêîïëåíèå ñëîâàðíîãî çàïàñà,
çíàíèå ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ åäèíèö, ïî-
ñëîâèö è ïîãîâîðîê, èäèîì àíãëèéñêîãî
ÿçûêà è óçáåêñêîãî ÿçûêîâ; âëàäåíèå
óìåíèåì îïðåäåëÿòü, êàêîé ñïîñîá ïåðå-
âîäà íóæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü â òîé èëè èíîé
ñèòóàöèè. Íóæíî ó÷èòûâàòü, ÷òî îïòè-
ìàëüíûì ïåðåâîä÷åñêèì ðåøåíèåì ÿâ-
ëÿåòñÿ ïîèñê èäåíòè÷íîé ôðàçåîëîãè-
÷åñêîé åäèíèöû, à ïðè îòñóòñòâèè íåïî-
ñðåäñòâåííûõ ñîîòâåòñòâèé ôðàçåîëî-
ãèçì, óïîòðåáëåííûé â ÿçûêå îðèãèíàëà,
ìîæíî ïåðåâåñòè ñ ïîìîùüþ àíàëîãè÷-
íîé ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêîé åäèíèöû, õîòÿ îí
è áóäåò ïîñòðîåí íà èíîé ñëîâåñíî-îá-
ðàçíîé îñíîâå. Íåîáõîäèìî çíàòü, ÷òî
ñòèëèñòè÷åñêàÿ èëè ýìîöèîíàëüíàÿ îê-
ðàñêà íå âñåãäà ñîâïàäàþò, è â ýòîì ñëó-
÷àå âçàèìîçàìåíà íåâîçìîæíà. Öåëåñî-
îáðàçíî èñïîëüçîâàòü òàêèå ñïîñîáû ïå-
ðåâîäà, êàê êàëüêèðîâàíèå, ýêâèâàëåíò-
íûé ñïîñîá, àäåêâàòíûé ñïîñîá è îïèñà-
òåëüíûé ñïîñîá ïåðåâîäà.
Åñëè â ÿçûêå ïåðåâîäà íåò ôðàçåîëî-
ãèçìîâ, ýêâèâàëåíòíîé ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñ-
êîé åäèíèöå, íóæíî èñêàòü ñîîòâåòñòâóþ-
ùèå ïî çíà÷åíèþ è îêðàñêå ñëîâà, òàê íà-
çûâàåìûå îäíîñëîâíûå ÷àñòè÷íûå ýêâè-
âàëåíòû ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ. Ñëåäóåò îáðà-
òèòü âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òîáû ñòóäåíòû ïî-
íÿëè çíà÷åíèå ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ åäèíèö
èëè èäèîì, ïîçíàêîìèòü èõ ñ êóëüòóðàìè
äâóõ ÿçûêîâ. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ôðàçåîëîãè-
÷åñêèõ åäèíèö ñ îäíîãî ÿçûêà íà äðóãîé
ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ íàèáîëåå
ïîëíûìè òîëêîâûìè ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèìè
äâóÿçû÷íûìè ñëîâàðÿìè.
Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü åùå
íå ñóùåñòâóåò àíãëî-óçáåêñêîãî ôðàçåîëî-
ãè÷åñêîãî ñëîâàðÿ. Íàìè ïðåäïðèíÿòà ïî-
ïûòêà ñîñòàâèòü “Êðàòêèé àíãëî-óçáåêñêî-
ðóññêèé ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü”.
Íà îñíîâå ýòèõ ïðàâèë áûëà ðàçðàáî-
òàíà ìåòîäèêà îáó÷åíèÿ ïåðåâîäó ôðàçå-
îëîãè÷åñêèõ åäèíèö ñòóäåíòîâ ïåðåâîä-
÷åñêîãî è ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèõ ôàêóëüòåòîâ.
Îñîáåííîå âíèìàíèå óäåëÿåòñÿ ïåðåâî-
äó ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ åäèíèö ñ íàöèî-
íàëüíîé îêðàñêîé (çîîíèìû, ôëîðèîíè-
ìû, îäåæä, öâåò, ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàèìå-
íîâàíèÿ è èñòîðè÷åñêèå òåðìèíû).
Öåëü ðàçðàáîòàííîé ìåòîäèêè çàêëþ-
÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òîáû ïîìî÷ü ñòóäåíòàì â
ðàáîòå íàä òåêñòîì, âûáðàòü ïðàâèëüíûé
âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ
åäèíèö è îïðåäåëèòü ïðàâèëüíûé ñïîñîá
ïåðåâîäà ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ, ïðàâèëüíî
äåëàòü àíàëèç çíà÷åíèÿ ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñ-
êèõ åäèíèö.
Ìåòîäèêà îáó÷åíèÿ ïåðåâîäó ôðàçåî-
ëîãèçìîâ âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ìåòîäèêó îáó-
÷åíèÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ñèñòåìû óïðàæíåíèé,
òåêñòóàëüíî-ïåðåâîäíûé ìåòîä è èíòåð-
àêòèâíûé ìåòîä îáó÷åíèÿ.
Ñèñòåìà óïðàæíåíèé âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ
òðè òèïà óïðàæíåíèé: ïîäãîòîâèòåëüíûå
óïðàæíåíèÿ, ðå÷åâûå óïðàæíåíèÿ è ïå-
ðåâîäíûå óïðàæíåíèÿ.
Öåëüþ ïîäãîòîâèòåëüíûõ óïðàæíåíèé
ÿâëÿåòñÿ óñâàèâàíèå ôîðì è çíà÷åíèé
ÿçûêîâûõ ðåàëèé (â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ôðà-
çåîëîãè÷åñêèõ åäèíèö).
A) Match each phraseological unit with the
correct form:
1. Don’t tell tales. a. out of mole hill 1 –
2. Make a mountain b. out of school 2–
3. Every bird loves to c. hear himself sing 3 –
B) Fill the blanks with idioms:
1. It was a ___ day when the first person
went to space in a rocket (yellow-streak,
white-elephant, red-herring, red-letter).
2.The mother ___ when her daughter came
home at 3 o’clock in the morning (rolled out
the red carpet, saw red, showed her true
colors, looked at the world through rose-
colored glasses).
C) Match the proverbs similar in their mea-
ning:
1. A bird in the hand is worth – a) Never
judge a tree by its bark (two in the bush).
2. Don’t count your chickens – b) You can-
not make a crab walk straight (before the
are hatched).
3. All that glitters is not gold – c) Better an
egg today than a hen tomorrow.
4. Can the leopard change d) First catch
your hare, then cook him (his spots)?
Öåëü ðå÷åâûõ óïðàæíåíèé çàêëþ÷àåò-
ñÿ â òîì, ÷òî îíè ñïîñîáñòâóþò âûðàáîòêå
è ðàçâèòèå êîììóíèêàòèâíûì íàâûêàì.
Read the text and find suitable word for
this proverb: Joe had a very big supper.
When he asked for a piece of bread and but-
ter at bedtime, his mother said, “I have
never seen anyone eat so much. You are
always as hungry as ...” (a lark, a wolf, a
horse, a bee).
Öåëüþ ïåðåâîäíûõ óïðàæíåíèé ÿâëÿ-
åòñÿ îïðåäåëåíèå òðóäíîñòåé ïðè ïåðåâî-
äå è îáó÷åíèå ïåðåâîäó.
75
Ïåäàãîãèêà
A) Read the text and choose sayings and
proverbs with names of animals and plants
and try to translate the text into Uzbek.
TEXT ¹ 1: In spring, when the sun shines
brightly, children in the classroom always
begin to understand why nightingales do not
sing in cage, for they would like to escape to
the fresh air as soon as possible. But until all
tasks are done walking in the street seems to
be a hard nut to crack. It remains only to hope
that every dog has his day. ‘If only our teacher
decided to dismiss us earlier!’ – The pupils
think, but they know that if the sky falls, they
shall catch larks. And at the same time every-
body has to study rules and perform tasks,
even if he feels like a cat on hot bricks.
Watching at such behavior of the class the
teacher again reminds them that little strokes
fell great oaks. He severely says to those who
are especially impatient – ’He that would eat
the fruit must climb the tree! And if somebody
performs the task carelessly, he will go out of
the class only when pigs fly!” And children
again start to flip through their books, but can
the leopard change his spots?
B) Translate the following phraseological
units from English into Uzbek: to take the
bull by the horns, early bird catches the
worm, to play with fire.
Ñ) Translate the following examples and
which way of translation con you use (abso-
lute, analogue, description): ex. a hard nut
to crack, a snake in the grass.
 òåêñòóàëüíî-ïåðåâîäíîì ìåòîäå ìû
èñïîëüçîâàëè ñëåäóþùóþ ìåòîäèêó.
Çàäàíèå ¹ 1. Ãðóïïà äåëèòñÿ ïî äâà
÷åëîâåêà. Çàðàíåå ïîäãîòîâëåííûå êàð-
òî÷êè ðàçäàþòñÿ ñòóäåíòàì.  êàæäîé
êàðòî÷êå íàïèñàíî ïî ÷åòûðå ïðåäëîæå-
íèÿ, êîòîðûå âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ôðàçåîëî-
ãè÷åñêèå åäèíèöû. Ñòóäåíòû ïèñüìåííî
ïåðåâîäÿò ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà óçáåêñêèé
ÿçûê è ìåíÿþòñÿ êàðòî÷êàìè ñ ðÿäîì ñè-
äÿùåì ñòóäåíòîì. Ñòóäåíòû ïðîâåðÿþò
ñäåëàííûé ïåðåâîä è çà÷èòûâàþò ó÷èòå-
ëþ. Ó÷èòåëü, ïîñëå òîãî êàê ïðîñëóøàåò
âàðèàíòû ïåðåâîäà, äàåò ñâîé ïðàâèëü-
íûé âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà è îáúÿñíÿåò äîïó-
ùåííûå ñòóäåíòàìè îøèáêè ïðè ïåðåâî-
äå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èëè ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ
åäèíèö.
Öåëüþ èíòåðàêòèâíîãî ìåòîäà ÿâëÿ-
åòñÿ áûòü â êîíòàêòå, íàõîäèòñÿ â ðåæèìå
áåñåäû, äèàëîãà ñ êåì-ëèáî.  îòëè÷èå
îò äðóãèõ ìåòîäîâ, èíòåðàêòèâíûé ìåòîä
76
îðèåíòèðîâàí íà áîëåå øèðîêîå âçàèìî-
äåéñòâèå ñòóäåíòîâ íå òîëüêî ñ ó÷èòåëåì,
íî è äðóã ñ äðóãîì è íà äîìèíèðîâàíèå
àêòèâíîñòè ñòóäåíòîâ â ïðîöåññå îáó÷å-
íèÿ. Âàæíîå îòëè÷èå èíòåðàêòèâíûõ óï-
ðàæíåíèé è çàäàíèé îò îáû÷íûõ â òîì,
÷òî âûïîëíÿÿ èõ ñòóäåíòû íå òîëüêî è íå
ñòîëüêî çàêðåïëÿþò óæå èçó÷åííûé ìàòå-
ðèàë, ñêîëüêî èçó÷àþò íîâûé.
Íàïðèìåð: The student chooses a card
with phraseological units and without
preparation gives its description. Other stu-
dents try to guess phraseological units
under the description. The one, who will
guess by first, receives point.
Here the examples: 1) Any possession
that is useless, unwanted, or costs a lot of
money – white elephant. 2) Somebody who
appears to be harmless but is really dan-
gerous – wolf in sheep’s clothing.
Èñõîäÿ èç âûøåèçëîæåííîãî, ìîæíî
ñäåëàòü âûâîä: ïåðåâîä ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñ-
êèõ åäèíèö ïðåäñòàâëÿåò çíà÷èòåëüíóþ
òðóäíîñòü, íå ñóùåñòâóåò ãîòîâûõ ðåöåï-
òîâ äëÿ ïåðåâîäà ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ. Ðàç-
ðàáîòàííàÿ ìåòîäèêà ïîêàçàëà ñâîþ ýô-
ôåêòèâíîñòü ïðè îáó÷åíèè ïåðåâîäó
ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ åäèíèö. Ðàáîòà ñ
ôðàçåîëîãèçìàìè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ïî-
çâîëÿåò ðàñøèðèòü ëåêñè÷åñêèé è ôðà-
çåîëîãè÷åñêèé çàïàñ, âíåñòè â èçó÷åíèå
àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ýëåìåíòû óâëåêàòåëü-
íîñòè è ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, ñòèìóëèðóåò
ó÷åáíóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü.
Ëèòåðàòóðà
1. Âèíîãðàäîâ Â.Ñ. Âåäåíèå â ïåðåâî-
äîâåäåíèå (îáùèå è ëåêñè÷åñêèå âîïðî-
ñû). Ì., 2001.
2. Ãîëèêîâà Æ.À. Ïåðåâîä ñ àíãëèéñêî-
ãî íà ðóññêèé (Learn to Translate by Trans-
lating from English into Russian): Ó÷åáíîå
ïîñîáèå. Ì., 2003.
3. Êîìèññàðîâ Â.Í., Ðåöêåð ß.È., Òàð-
õîâ Â.È. Ïîñîáèå ïî ïåðåâîäó ñ àíãëèé-
ñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé. ×. I. Ëåêñèêî-ôðà-
çåîëîãè÷åñêèå îñíîâû ïåðåâîäà.
Ì.,1960.
4. Êðóïíîâ Â.Í. Êóðñ ïåðåâîäà. Àíã-
ëèéñêèé ÿçûê: îáùåñòâåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñ-
êàÿ ëåêñèêà. Ì.,1979.
5. Ìèíüÿð-Áåëîðó÷åâ Ð.Ê. Îáùàÿ òåî-
ðèÿ ïåðåâîäà è óñòíûé ïåðåâîä. Ì., 1980.
6. Ô¸äîðîâ À.Â. Îñíîâû îáùåé òåî-
ðèè ïåðåâîäà. Ì., 1968.