Reagan Horn - 4

[Annotated Bibliography - Source #1
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Citation
Fishel, A. (2015, September 17). Dinnertime storytelling makes kids voracious readers. The Conversation. Retrieved September 12, 2022, from
https://theconversation.com/dinnertime-storytelling-makes-kids-voracious-readers-47318.
Does this connect to another article(s)? The article claims, “Dinner conversations build vocabulary” (Fishel, 2015)
Important Vocabulary & Phrases
words/ phrases- creates, stories,connections, stories connect to food definition/ potential future use- I could mention how the use of
storytelling at dinner improves vocabulary which leads to a more well
versed and academically developed child.
Summary of Key Findings
Quotes and/ or statistics- “Rare words, those that go beyond the 3,000 Evaluate credibility- the author is a writer for an organization that highly
most common ones, are 10 times more likely to show up in dinner encourages family dinners, so there is a potential bias there. The piece
conversation than in storybooks” is a relevant source because it was written in 2015 and cites modern
and effective studies. The author also has a PhD in psychology which
directly impacts the argument that the piece makes.
I am not planning on using this source in my academic paper because I want to focus more on teenagers and how
family dinners impact them and their families. This focuses on a younger demographic which is less relevant to my
topic.
This article focuses on the impact of family dinners on a child’s development and exposure to literature. Fishel believes that this can be one of the
most important times for a parent to bond with their child as they create shared experiences and reminisce on past ones. These authors use
multiple other peer reviewed studies in order to address and provide evidence for their argument. Additionally, the authors provide explanations
for the effects, such as the fact that rare words are often used in dinnertime conversation rather than in story books. Fishel claims that this
enhances the experience of childhood through her undertone and positive light shed on this topic. Furthermore, the author recommends that
parents and guardians should try their hardest to encourage storytelling and incorporation of literature at dinner time to enhance the academic
and social development of their children. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on the impacts of family dinners
on the social well-being of the group because a child’s development is greatly bolstered when they tell stories and share the experience of a
family dinner.
Annotated Bibliography - Source #2
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Meier, A., & Musick, K. (2014). Variation in Associations Between Family Dinners and Adolescent Well-Being. Journal of
Marriage & Family, 76(1), 13–23. https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/jomf.12079
Depressive symptoms, well-being, adolescent, relationships, Causality I could use these as boolean terms in order to find more research
papers that are similar to this one
Family dinners only improved depressive symptoms if the child had a 18-20
good relationship with their parents already.
❏ Summarize significant findings or key information from the source

❏ Evaluate- this source is by a reputable author and it is recently published and peer reviewed
❏ Quote from the source that are applicable to your inquiry (where necessary)
❏ Reflect on whether or not the source will be used in your academic paper and if not, why not.
This article focuses on the positive and negative outcomes of adolescent family dinners and also highlights the relationship between the parent
and child. Meier believes that family dinners only improve familial relations if there is already a good one in place. These authors use a study that
they produced to provide evidence for their argument. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of family dinners on teens’
depressive symptoms and overall well-being. Meier claims that they only improve if a positive relationship is already established. Furthermore, the
authors recommend establishing a good relationship with teens in order to make family dinners a positive and enlightening experience. The
authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on family dinners and their relationships in familial relations because it was the
first of its kind (to their knowledge) that had been produced.
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Janoski, T., Musick, M., & Wilson, J. (1998). Being Volunteered? The Impact of Social Participation and Pro-Social Attitudes on
Volunteering. Sociological Forum, 13(3), 495. https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1023/A:1022131525828
Civic Obligation- Obeying laws, and societal requirements

Normativist- a person who behaves in a basic and conformative way
Prosocial Attitudes- a person who believes in social involvement in order to better society
Social Practice- the regular participation in social programs and volunteer work
Active Citizenship- participation in social activities for the betterment of a community (voting, keeping an eye out for neighbors, etc)
Oftentimes, volunteers are the most basic people on the planet. They are of basic income level and education level most of the times they 496
are parents
There is an assumption that volunteerism will continue over a lifetime, however this is limited as people change their motivation and beliefs 499
People who tend to be more likely to volunteer regularly participate in active citizenship 501
People are either passive or tolerant citizens. Passive citizens deal with issues by accepting them and putting their burden on someone 501
else. Tolerant citizens allow things to happen for a set amount of time and then speak up about the possible issues they may cause -
502

❏ Evaluate- credibility
This article focuses on the importance of volunteer work and social participation (like voting and sharing other common interests) and how that
impacts future generations. The authors believe that starting volunteer work from an early age allows that habit to be carried over through later
years of life and is therefore an important part of a functional society. These authors use images and quantitative data to provide evidence for this
argument. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of volunteer work on society as a whole. How does it benefit it? Does it
harm it? What future impacts will it have? The authors claim that this is a vital part of a functioning society that is hospitable and habitable.
Furthermore, the authors recommend enforcing volunteer practices to young adults of all ages in order to begin this practice and benefit
generations to come. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on whether being a good person has any benefit
because it deals with charity work and good deeds. The article is peer reviewed, but it is not very relevant because it uses data dating back to the
1960s and it was published in 1998. The authors do not have any special expertise in the field of volunteer work. This piece is from a credible
journal; however, it is not a very reputable source of information for my product.
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Schwab, J. R. (2020). What is the Good Life? A Master Narrative Approach to the Study of Morals and Values in American
Emerging Adults. Journal of Adult Development, 27(2), 108–117.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10804-019-09329-w
Emerging Adulthood- people transitioning from an era of adolescence to a young adult who is responsible for themselves
Identity- how a person sees themselves and what characteristics they appear to have according to other people
Morals- the values of a person that allow them to distinguish their right from their wrong
Narrative- a type of research used to tell a story (often coupled with a lot of data analysis)
Qualitative- non statistical data (emotions and interviews not numbers)
US adults crave “subjectivity, independence, and interdependence” 113

This results in “an independently-motivated, communally oriented individual who is striving to be the best s/he can be to move forward 116
into a future life that will be filled with meaningful relationships and positive growth for all involved”

❏ Evaluate- the article was published in 2020 and has reputable authors. It is also peer reviewed.
This article focuses on the average young adult as they enter the workforce straight after college or highschool. It presents questions such as
“What is a good life? Am I living a good life? How can I lead a better life?” The authors believe that a strong focus on the individual and one’s
independence create a successful and mostly content adult. These authors use qualitative data including interviews and surveys to provide
evidence for this argument. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of living in a society where you are expected to succeed
and how that could negatively impact one’s mental health while striving for perfection. The authors claim individualism is what many young adults
claim to need in order to succeed in the good life. Furthermore, the authors recommend repeating the study with a larger sample size and
considering more factors like race and gender. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on whether being a good
person has any benefit because it deals with charity work and good deeds. This article is a credible source because the research is performed by
a professor of psychology at Bridgewater State University. The article was also published in 2020 which means it is more recent; however, the
data may be skewed because it was published before the onset of COVID-19. The article was published in the Journal of Adult Development
which could have made the research less accessible to those looking for research on adolescents.
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Ozoliņš, J. (John) T. (2010). Creating Public Values: Schools as moral habitats. Educational Philosophy & Theory, 42(4), 410–423.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2008.00491.x
Citizenship- the act of belonging to a country

Moral Education- helping children and young people to acquire a set of beliefs and values regarding what is right and wrong
Moral Habits- character traits where a person determines a sense of right and wrong
Public Values- the value that a group contributes to society
As schools continue to teach kids the proper ways to behave, they will grow older and become good people and good citizens 419, 20
Good citizens are a central part of a successful society as they allow volunteerism to exist 412
Schools are not the only way for students to become good people. Churches workplaces and community centers can also serve as 414
places for community improvement.
Culturally diverse groups have different value systems 416

❏ Evaluate- the source is peer reviewed from an australian college.It is published in a reputable journal.
This article focuses on the benefit of placing volunteer programs in schools (like NHS). The authors believe that it is imperative to do this so that
the next generations will be able to participate in their economy and social structure more easily. These authors use quantitative data in order to
provide evidence for this argument. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of volunteer programs in Australian schools in
showing their benefit in later years when students have graduated highschool. The authors claim that this is a vital part of a functioning society
that is hospitable and habitable.Furthermore, the authors recommend promoting this kind of club or organization in schools across Australia in
order to increase voter turnout and to benefit Australian society as a whole.The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my
research on whether being a good person has any benefit because it deals with charity work and good deeds. Unfortunately, it is from Australia,
so I would not be able to use it for US data. This source is peer reviewed and is published and studied by John Ozolins Professor at the School of
Philosophy and Theology at the University of Notre Dame Australia. This makes him credible because he is involved with a very well known and
accomplished university with a very good program in the School of Philosophy and Theology.
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Lee, Y., Kim, Y.-M., Bronstein, L., & Fox, V. (2021). Older adult volunteers in intergenerational programs in educational settings
across the globe. Educational Gerontology, 47(6), 247–256.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/03601277.2021.1915943
Intergenerational Relations- connections between the elderly, middle, and young and everyone in between
Phenomenology- the science of the nature of being
Human Services Programs- programs that provide essential products and services for human survival and comfort
Qualitative Research- non-statistical research
As the older generations increase in number, it is likely that volunteerism will also increase 247
Adult volunteers were very willing to participate in the study (likely because of educational pressures of their era) 249
Often, if the older generations volunteer, so do the younger ones (lead by example) 250
Volunteerism allos older people to maintain an important role in society 251

This article focuses on the impacts of an elderly generation on the overall volunteer turnout of that particular demographic. Lee, Bronstein, and
Fox (2021) believe that the elderly serve an important role in making our society function (especially through volunteer work). These authors use
interviews (one on one) and data analysis to provide evidence for their claim that they serve a very important role in a functioning society.
Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects elderly volunteerism through their interview quotes as the elderly say that “volunteer
work gives[them] a vital role in societal function.” Lee, Bronstein, and Fox (2021) claim that without the work of our elders, society would not be as
efficient or functional. Furthermore, the authors recommend further study across different demographics to see how the elderly impact different
groups of people. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on volunteerism because it shows how volunteerism
can be promoted generationally. The author has a PhD in social work from University of Texas at Austin which makes her a reputable researcher
because she has a specified degree in this field. The source is published in the Educational Gerontology which is not known to be a biased
journal. The source has a large diverse sample size which makes the data (if interpreted correctly) very credible. The study was also conducted
over a long period of time.
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Marta, E., Guglielmetti, C., & Pozzi, M. (2006). Volunteerism During Young Adulthood: An Italian Investigation into Motivational
Patterns. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary & Nonprofit Organizations, 17(3), 221–232.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s11266-006-9015-3
Motivation- the force that drives the decision to take action

Nonprofit Organizations- organizations that do not have extra money left over (extra money is donated or spread among the organization)
Young adults- people coming out of adolescent years and going into their early 20s
Voluntary activities- events where one’ time is given to help others
Little is known about youth involvement in Italy because there is little research on it 221
A person must want to volunteer in order for it to be successful and for them to voluntarily return to that activity 222
Some adolescents volunteer in order to boost their ego and outward appearance 223
It provides an in group for adolescents who volunteer 224

This article focuses on the motivation behind an adolescents desire to volunteer. Marta and Pazzi (2006) believe that teens only volunteer
because of self motivated reasons such as finding a hobby or a sense of belonging. These authors use data analysis, surveys and interviews to
provide evidence for their claim that volunteerism is rooted in selfishness. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of this
mentality on the long term volunteer participation of this demographic. Marta and Pazzi (2006) claim that adolescents sdo nt volunteer on a basis
of appreciation or community betterment. Instead they volunteer to make themselves feel better. Furthermore, the authors recommend expanding
this study across other demographics because there is limited research in this focus of volunteerism. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of
interest to me in my research on volunteerism among adolescents because it shows the motivation behind Italian adolescents. I could apply this
to my own research and make it about CO teens. The lead researcher has a PhD in psychology and she is a teacher in the department of
psychology. The article was published in the International Journal of Voluntary & Nonprofit Organizations. This makes the article very reputable
and reliable because the journal specializes in volunteerism so the data should be more reliable. The sample size is also a good size which
makes the data more reliable.
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Johnson, K. A., Cohen, A. B., & Okun, M. A. (2013). Intrinsic Religiosity and Volunteering During Emerging Adulthood: A
Comparison of Mormons with Catholics and Non-Catholic Christians. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 52(4), 842–851.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/jssr.12068
intrinsic religiosity- the continuation of religion despite social pressures

Mormonism- the religious tradition and theology of the Latter Day Saint movement; often associated with doing good deeds to get to Heaven
Christianity- the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus; being a good person to reflect Jesus
Catholicism- worship the One and Only God, who is the Trinity; tends to be very ritualistic
Religion is used to achieve many goals in a person's personal or spiritual life 842
Mormon religious officials tend to be unpaid volunteers which can make the Mormon church as a whole extremely generous 843
Going on missionary involves spending emerging adult years spreading the Book of Mormon which is another contributor to volunteer 844
turnout
Emerging adults are more likely to volunteer based on religion if volunteerism is strongly encouraged 850

This article focuses on the effects of religion (especially Mormonism) on volunteer turnout among young adults. Johnson, Cohen, and Okun
(2013) believe that Mormonism promotes the greatest amount of volunteerism and therefore is one of the most effective religions to allow people
to volunteer. These authors use interviews, surveys, and data analysis to provide evidence for their claim that religion works as a strong force to
promote volunteerism. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of a highly promoted requirement for volunteerism in a religion.
Johnson, Cohen, and Okun (2013)) claim Mormonism does best at promoting volunteerism and therefore should have the greatest influence of an
influx of volunteers on a community. Furthermore, the authors recommend studying the people again with a larger sample size in order to improve
the accuracy of their results. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on volunteerism among emerging adults
because it determines how religion can positively impact volunteer turnout. The study was published in the Journal for the Scientific Study of
Religion. This makes the study specialized to religion and makes it more credible. It is also peer reviewed. The authors do not appear to be
affiliated with any specific religion group which also makes the data less biased. The lead researcher was also a professor of psychology at ASU
which makes her work credible as she is specialized in this field.
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Chen, W.-Y., Propp, J., & Lee, Y. (2015). Connection Between Adolescent’s Exposure to Community Violence and Future Civic
Engagement Behaviors During Their Young Adulthood. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32(1), 45–55.
Longitudinal Method- Study done on a series of the same individuals over a long period of time
Environmental Exposure- What a setting is like for a person. How do they behave in this setting and what positive and negative factors does it
hold
Parent-Child Relation- The relationship (positive or negative) between a parent/guardian and a child
Multivariative Analysis- Looking at multiple variables as they impact 1 person
Social Development is linked to democratic participation ( so is volunteerism) 46

Asian American and White adults who had not experienced violence at home were 30% more likely to volunteer 49
Long Term exposure to violence decreases volunteer participation 50
Negative associations with community cause people not to volunteer because the have a negative assumption 51
that no one will help them, so why should they help others

TheThis article focuses on the impacts of violence in the home as an adolescent and how that impacts volunteerism in later life . Chen and Lee
(2015) believe violence causes people to lose interest in volunteering. These authors use a longitudinal study to provide evidence for their claim
that childhood violence results in a lack of volunteerism. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of limited volunteerism in
lower income communities and how that causes cycles of low volunteerism in that demographic. Chen and Lee (2015) claim that volunteerism is
diminished when trauma or violence in the home occurs for long periods of time. Furthermore, the authors recommend limiting variables and
repeating the study in a different period of time. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on volunteer turnout
among adolescents because it looks at how one’s background can impact their attitude towards volunteer work. The lead researcher is a Social
Science Undergraduate at Singapore Management University - Singapore. This makes her specialized in the field of volunteerism as it directly
correlates to volunteerism. The journal is the Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal which makes it specialized in the area of study. The study is
peer reviewed and has an acceptable sample size. The source is overall very credible.
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Hill, J. P., & den Dulk, K. R. (2013). Religion, Volunteering, and Educational Setting: The Effect of Youth Schooling Type on Civic
Engagement. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 52(1), 179–197.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/jssr.12011
Service Learning- The ability to recognise a need in a community and address it through volunteer work
Faith-based Schooling- Education where the core values are based on a religion (typically christianity) and therefore students are brought up in
like minded ways
Social Institutions- A group of people who have gathered together to achieve a common goal
Emerging Adulthood- Not necessarily and age. More of a developmental state where a person transitions from an adolescent into a functioning
adult who makes their own decisions
Protestant Students were most likely to volunteer as young adults 193

Non-religious private school students were not likely to volunteer 188
Civic engagement has declined over the 2010s 179
Prosocial outlook on life is a very common sign for a positive outlook on volunteering 182

This article focuses on the impacts of a person’s secondary education on their decision to volunteer. Hill (2013) believes that going to a catholic
or non catholic religious school improves the likelihood that a person will volunteer in their emerging years of adulthood. These authors use
interviewing and surveying to provide evidence for their claim that religion greatly improves one’s likelihood to volunteer. Additionally, the author
provides explanations for the positive effects of volunteerism on one’s local community especially if a lot of people are involved. They claim that
volunteerism improves most in a Protestant secondary schooling situation. Furthermore, the author recommends looking at how Public and
Protestant schools promote volunteerism. The author’s conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on what factors influence
adolescents to volunteer because it directly correlates to how schooling can improve volunteer turnout. The study is published in the Journal for
the Scientific Study of Religion which has been previously established as very credible. This also makes my research of less variety because I
have used sources from the journal in the past. The authors both have degrees from religious universities which could make the data less reliable
because they could potentially have a bias. The sample size is reliably large and the source is peer reviewed. The source is not super credible,
however because the authors potentially have a bias.
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McNeil, J., & Helwig, C. C. (2015). Balancing Social Responsibility and Personal Autonomy: Adolescents’ Reasoning About
Community Service Programs. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 176(6), 349–368.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/00221325.2015.1077189
Autonomy- essentially self control; the right to self government

community service- creating time to give back to one’s community
moral development- the progress in one’s morals and values to become more mature
social responsibility- the accountability for one’s community
“early adolescents rated students overall as less likely to volunteer in the future when compared to older children and late 360
adolescents”
“several age-related findings that suggest developmental differences in the importance or emphasis given to autonomy in judgments 362
and reasoning”
“participants also considered the benefits of service learning programs, in which students discuss and keep a diary and write about 363\
their reflections on their community service”
“reveal that children and adolescents endorse the overall aims of mandatory community service programs and make complex, 364
multifaceted judgments about various features of these program”

This article focuses on the differences in volunteer turnout among adolescents based on age and personal morals. McNeil and Helwig (2015)
believe that social involvement and civil duties increase as adolescents become older therefore their morals change in favor of civil service. These
authors use survey and observation based study to provide evidence for their claim that adolescent values shift as they age. Additionally, the
authors provide explanations for the effects of adolescence on their overall opinion of civic duties (jury duty, voting, volunteering, etc) and how
those progress as they grow older. McNeil and Helwig (2015) claim that old age directly correlates to more positive opinions and overall improved
involvement in civil duties. Furthermore, the authors recommend repeating the study to ensure complete credibility. The authors’ conclusion (or
process) is of interest to me in my research on volunteer turnout among adolescents because they use some of the ideas for “factors” that I had in
mind when I referred to them in my research question (age, mindset, etc). The journal is published in the Journal of Genetic Psychology which
makes it specialized in the minds of people which directly relates to how (in my research question) I look at what factors impact volunteer turnout
(which directly relates to mental processes). The author is not affiliated with any sort of profit from the research and the research is not directly
associated with a company. The source is peer reviewed, and overall very credible.
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Marks, H. M., & Jones, S. R. (2004). Community Service in the Transition. Journal of Higher Education, 75(3), 307–339.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1353/jhe.2004.0015
Volunteer service- Unpaid time spent giving time (often including services) to a person or community
Student volunteers in social services- School-going service-giving people who give back to their community
Service learning- “an educational approach where a student learns theories in the classroom and at the same time volunteers with an agency”
Social participation- involvement in the bettering of one’s community through volunteerism
“Because race, social class, and gender—the social circumstances into which individuals are born—are likely to affect their primary 312
socialization”
“59% of first year students reported a personal commitment to “helping others in difficulty” 308
“Experience with community service while in high school has influenced students’ propensity to volunteer during college” 312
“Various personal circumstances, values, and interests may motivate college students’ involvement in community service” 313

This article focuses on impacts of social circumstances on one’s participation in civic duties. Marks and Jones (2004) believe that a person’s
upbringing (and all of the psychological “baggage”that comes along with it) directly correlates to their participation (or lack thereof) in civic duties.
These authors use surveys and data analysis based research in order to provide evidence for their hypothesis that there is a correlation between
past experiences and current actions in social settings. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of trauma and negative
childhood experiences in order to show that they in fact do make people more likely to volunteer in order to break the cycle or fix what they feel
has gone wrong in their life. Marks and Jones (2004) claim that “Experience with community service while in high school has influenced students’
propensity to volunteer during college.” Furthermore, the authors recommend expanding their sample size and repeating the experiment in a more
recent time to see if the results remain true to the original study. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on
volunteerism among adolescents because it directly answers my question in some way as it is a factor that can (positively or negatively) impact
volunteer turnout.. The primary author of this is a professor of educational studies which directly correlates to the impact of education volunteer
turnout, The secondary author is a professor of secondary education which also directly correlates. The study is peer reviewed and it also has a
reliable sample size the work is pub;lished in 2004 so iot is somewhat relevant, but a more recent study would improve credibility. Overall the
source is very credible.
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Schvaneveldt, P., & Spencer, T. (2016). Impact of International Humanitarian Service-Learning on Emerging Adult Social
Competence. Gateways: International Journal of Community Research & Engagement, 9(1), 113–131.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.5130/ijcre.v9i1.4788
Social skills- tools needed in order to progress socially

Young adult- the age between adolescent years and early 20s
International humanitarian community service learning experiences- opportunities for students to travel and volunteer across the globe
Social Competence- developing morals and values that often contribute to social engagement
“One of the most documented impacts of service-learning is the gains participants experience in academic achievement” 116
“Participants engaged in international service-learning frequently develop a greater sense of ‘global citizenship’” 117
Service learning fosters self esteem growth because it makes a person feel good about what they are doing for others 118
International humanitarian community service learning experiences can help aid in a person’s awareness about strengths and 122
weaknesses in their own culture

This article focuses on the impacts of oversea missions and study programs in undergraduate programs in US universities. Schvaneveldt and
Spencer (2016) believe that overseas learning experiences have an extremely positive impact on the students that participate in them because
they make students more aware of their own culture and some of the flaws/strengths that may be in it. These authors use observation based and
statistical analysis in order to provide evidence for their claim that oversea learning experiences are beneficial for the morals and developing mind
of a young adult. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of oversea learning (homesickness and guilt) as well as the
reasoning behind why these students become hyper aware of their own culture. Schvaneveldt and Spencer (2016) claim that the positives far
outweigh the negatives of this type of learning style and the opportunities that it provides students.Furthermore, the authors recommend
increasing the sample size and running the study for a longer time possibly with a new oversea trip. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of
interest to me in my research on volunteer turnout among adolescents because of the hyper-aware mindset created through these experiences
which could be used to create an increase (or could result in a decrease) of volunteer turnout of students in the Littleton area. The study spans
over a large amount of time which makes the data more credible because it is less likely that it was rushed (and that the observers interfered with
those who they were collecting data on. The lead author is in the department of Child and Family Studies at Weber University and the other
researcher is the on-campus clinic director of UVU's Marriage and Family Therapy program at Oklahoma State University. They are not directly
connected to volunteerism, but they are experts in the field of emerging adults. The journal is reputable, it was published in 2016, so it is recent!
Overall, this is a reliable and credible source.
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Peterson Nelson, J. A., Caldarella, P., Young, K. R., & Webb, N. (2008). Using Peer Praise Notes to Increase the Social
Involvement of Withdrawn Adolescents. Teaching Exceptional Children, 41(2), 6–13.
https://doi-org.jeffcolibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/004005990804100201
Social skills education- teaching civil service and social skills in schools
Adolescent psychology- the science behind the adolescent mind; can help determine motivators for social engagement
Classroom environment- what factors influence a student’s motivation and circumstances to learn
Social support- social infrastructure to aid in social development
“Adolescents may prefer and respond more positively to written peer praise over verbal peer praise” 8
“The socially withdrawn student seldom enjoys positive relationships with others—a situation which if left untreated may become 7
extremely serious”
“When some of the students received a positive note from a peer, it ignited a little spark of self-confidence in them that might not 11
have been there before”
“PPNs were most effective for the socially withdrawn students who found a significant peer with whom they connected” 12

This article focuses on the positive impact of personal praise notes (PPN) on socially withdrawn students. Peterson et al. (2008) believe PPNs are
an effective classroom strategy for socially withdrawn students to find a buddy because adolescents respond better to written praise over spoken
praise. These authors use a small classroom sample (observation based) to provide evidence for their hypothesis that PPNs are an effective
strategy to begin to include socially withdrawn students in the classroom. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of PPNs in
the classroom through the results of their study. Peterson et al. (2008) claim PPNs are extremely valuable in classrooms across the US where
socially withdrawn adolescents attend school. Furthermore, the authors recommend a larger and more diverse sample size as well as a different
classroom setting in order to broaden the horizon of their overall study . The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research
on volunteerism among adolescents because PPNs could be used as a way to increase volunteer turnout among adolescents in the US. This
source is not very credible because it is associated with BYU a Mormon University (Mormonism is associated with trying to improve volunteer
turnout). This makes the results potentially biased. The sample size was also extremely small so the data could be very skewed. The authors are
closely associated with BYU which could ;lead to a potential bias. This source is also from 2008 which is fairly recent, but it could be more recent.
This source is not credible.
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Brady, L., & Hapenny, A. (2010). Giving Back and Growing in Service: Investigating Spirituality, Religiosity, and Generativity in
Young Adults. Journal of Adult Development, 17(3), 162–167.
Spirituality- one's beliefs and morals typically surrounding a religious belief or following
Volunteer Service- time (unpaid) spent bettering the community around a person
Undergraduates- college level students studying to obtain a bachelor's degree
Religious psychology- interpretation of the structure of a religion or belief and its impacts on human thought and morals
“support for correlations between prayer, religious and spiritual identification, and generative concern” 165
“[These] young adults . . . care deeply about their faith, participate in its customs, and demonstrate a growing awareness of the 166
needs of others”
“ spirituality is not detrimental to generativity but is positively related to the behavior” 166
“Given that religiosity influences the onset of generativity in middle adulthood, it is possible that a religious affiliation or a sense of 163
spirituality will lead to greater instances of generativity in young adults as well”

This article focuses on the correlation between religious affiliation in young adults and their likelihood to volunteer because of it. Brady and
Hapenny (2010) believe that because religiosity impacts volunteer turnout positively in middle aged people the pattern most likely also exists
among young adults. These authors use a method of door-to-door data collection at a small, religious college in order to provide evidence for their
argument that religion directly impacts volunteer turnout among adolescents. Additionally, the authors provide explanations for the effects of their
work in stating that they understand a possible bias and skew in research because of such a small sample size, but this is one of the best ways in
order to analyze why young adults choose to volunteer. Chamberlin and Powers (2010) claim religious activities directly correlate with volunteer
turnout among young adults. Furthermore, the authors recommend a larger sample size including a more diverse group of people to survey in
order to keep results less biased and more accurate. The authors’ conclusion (or process) is of interest to me in my research on volunteer turnout
among adolescents because their method was one that I will definitely look into possibly recreating (with edits of course). The source is fairly
credible because it is peer reviewed, and the author Loretta L.C. Brady, owns BDS Insight, a culture, crisis, and conflict management firm in
Manchester. She is an Associate Professor of Psychology at Saint Anselm College. Amanda Hapenny is a board-certified Psychiatric Mental
Health Nurse Practitioner. Both of these people serve as very well educated experts on the topic at hand. The sample size is very small so that
makes the data less credible because it failed to include people of minority groups which could greatly impact the overall data of the experiment.

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[Annotated Bibliography - Source #1

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Important Vocabulary & Phrases

Summary of Key Findings

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Civic Obligation- Obeying laws, and societal requirements

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US adults crave “subjectivity, independence, and interdependence” 113

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Citizenship- the act of belonging to a country

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Motivation- the force that drives the decision to take action

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intrinsic religiosity- the continuation of religion despite social pressures

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Social Development is linked to democratic participation ( so is volunteerism) 46

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Protestant Students were most likely to volunteer as young adults 193

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Autonomy- essentially self control; the right to self government

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Social skills- tools needed in order to progress socially

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