Professional Documents
Culture Documents
April 2017
1 INTRODUCTION 04 CREDITS
© 2017 Médecins Sans Frontières
2 EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS IN URBAN AREAS 08 Mortar remnants of war amid the rubble,
Kobane, January 23, 2017.
3 THE HUMAN COST IN AYN AL ARAB/KOBANE, TAL ABYAD, MANBIJ 12 Médecins Sans Frontières
Plantage Middenlaan 14,
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6 CONCLUSION 32
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 3
INTRODUCTION
1
4 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
The Syrian war enters its seventh year similar to that reported in Palmyra in Syria, Ramadi in Iraq
and Sirte in Libya – all scenes of battles against the Islamic
and fighting intensifies for control over State group (IS).
the Raqqa city - the Islamic State group’s
MSF runs six medical facilities across northern Syria and
self proclaimed capital. Displaced
supports more than 150 hospitals and health centres across
households assisted by Médecins the country. In northern Syria, MSF teams treat consequences
Sans Frontières (MSF) recount the fear of explosive devices, but remain powerless to address the
of mines, booby-traps and explosive cause of these injuries and deaths. The personal accounts
below are just a few examples of the impact of the thousands
remnants of war while they flee from of mines, booby traps and unexploded ordnance left behind
active frontlines or return to their homes. even after the fighting has moved elsewhere.
bombs dropped from aircraft, but the widespread planting 2 For the purposes of this report, “mine” and “booby-trap” refer to the legal
definitions included in Art 2.1 and 2.2 of the protocol 2 on prohibitions or
of mines, and booby traps including in private homes, fields restrictions on the use of mines, booby traps and other devices. Geneva,
and civilian infrastructure are having a devastating effect on 10 October 1980. “1. “Mine” means any munition placed under, on or
near the ground or other surface area and designed to be detonated or
civilians returning to their homes. Given the limited local exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle,
capacity to clear these areas and make them safe again, it will and “remotely delivered mine” means any mine so defined delivered
also affect their lives and livelihoods in the long term. The by artillery, rocket, mortar or similar means or dropped from an aircraft.
2. “Booby trap” means any device or material which is designed,
situation in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane and Manbij is strikingly constructed or adapted to kill or injure and which functions unexpectedly
when a person disturbs or approaches an apparently harmless object or
performs an apparently safe act.”
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 5
This report is based on what MSF teams have witnessed in
the northeast of Aleppo governorate and in the north of
Raqqa governorate, with medical data collected in MSF-
supported health facilities or shared by other hospitals in
the area. Interviews were conducted between October 2016 Some victims made it
and February 2017 with patients, medical staff and other
people from these areas whose lives have been affected by
to a medical facility and
explosive devices as well as local authorities and international survived, but many did
organisations working on mine clearance. The geographical not. It was devastating to
coverage of the research was limited to areas in the two
governorates that were accessible to MSF teams and does not
witness that for people
claim to be exhaustive. who already lost so much,
that was still more to lose.
6 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
© Jamal Bali / MSF
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 7
EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS
IN URBAN AREAS AND
INDISCRIMINATE USE OF
MINES, BOOBY TRAPS AND
OTHER EXPLOSIVE DEVICES
2
8 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
The incidents documented by MSF
in this report are mainly linked to IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE
detonations of unexploded ordnance DEVICES AND PROJECTILES
and of victim-operated improvised
explosive devices,4 meaning that they IED hidden in
teddy bear
are designed to be detonated by the
presence, proximity or contact of a
person or vehicle.
Anti-personnel
mine
According to an explosive ordnance disposal expert who
has worked in northern Syria,5 victim-operated explosive
devices have not only been used defensively, to prevent
Anti tank
or hinder enemy advances, but also to deliberately target
civilians returning to their homes after the end of hostilities.
Improvised explosive devices have been found planted
around military sites or to protect firing positions. Improvised Improvised
explosive devices have also been found planted in fields, mortar
streets and houses; placed in doorways or under objects likely
to attract civilians, such as teddy bears, dolls, fridges and
televisions. The impact of this tactic has been devastating.
Improvised
People returning to their homes have been killed or injured rocket
as they stepped through their front door, opened the fridge
or bent down to pick up a toy from the floor. The improvised
explosives appear to have been planted with the aim of
inflicting damage indiscriminately on returning civilians.
Hell Cannon
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 9
© Jamal Bali / MSF
6 P
rotocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V to the 1980 CCW
Convention), 28 November 2003.
7 B
ouchet-Saulnier F., The practical guide to humanitarian law, Rowman &
Littlefield, 2007
8 C
onvention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and
transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction, 1997
10 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
A home destroyed by the conflict,
Kobane, January 25, 2017.
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 11
THE HUMAN COST:
ACCOUNTS FROM ALEPPO
AND RAQQA GOVERNORATES
3
AYN AL ARAB/KOBANE Serbest, a mathematics teacher from Jomali, was among the
AND TAL ABYAD returnees. “When the fighting reached our area in 2014, we
escaped to Turkey for seven months. When we came back to
The districts of Ayn Al Arab/Kobane our village at the beginning of 2015, the tractor was destroyed
and Tal Abyad were the scene of battles and explosive devices had destroyed part of our house. We
were hosting some displaced people, and one time we found
between IS and the People’s Protection
their children playing with an object that we discovered was an
Units (YPG) between August 2014 explosive device. We realised that there were mines and other
and the summer of 2015. explosive remnants of war everywhere in our village. Luckily, no
one in our village was injured or killed – up until yesterday.” 11
The majority of the population of Ayn Al Arab/Kobane The extensive use of explosive weapons in urban areas,
district – more than 150,000 people – sought refuge in including 700 airstrikes by coalition forces, left almost
Turkey; others fled to other parts of Syria and to Iraq. When 80 percent of Ayn Al Arab/Kobane destroyed and densely
IS forces retreated at the end of January 2015, residents started contaminated by unexploded ordnances. An international
returning to the area. By the end of February 2015, IS forces NGO estimated that there were on average ten pieces of
were 30-50 km from Ayn Al Arab/Kobane town.9 In the two munition per square metre.12 Villages and surrounding
months after fighting in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane ended, Turkish fields, as well as urban areas, had also been littered with large
authorities reported that some 37,000 people had returned numbers of mines and booby traps.
to Syria through the Mürșitpınar/Kobane border crossing.10
An MSF staff member who was in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane town
By June 2015, this number had reached 62,500, but figures
some weeks after the end of hostilities describes what she
reported by local authorities were higher given that people
saw: “The streets were littered with explosives – people had to
were also crossing back into Syria through unofficial routes.
watch every step they took. When spring started, more and more
On their return, the population of Ayn Al Arab/Kobane found families started to return, bringing life back into the streets of
that their towns, villages and agricultural land were littered with Kobane. However, as more families returned to rebuild their
huge numbers of unexploded ordnances, mines and booby traps. lives, reports of incidents involving explosives became a daily
occurrence. Some victims made it to a medical facility and
survived, but many did not. It was devastating to witness that for
people who had already lost so much, there was still more to lose.”
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 13
As the frontlines of the fighting moved east towards Tal In the first weeks after clashes ended in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane,
Abyad, as well as southwards, they triggered more temporary MSF collected the details of 67 people killed or injured
displacements, with people leaving their homes until by blasts from explosive devices in 45 separate incidents
hostilities had ceased. The scenes they described on their from the local military hospital, where most of the patients
return were similar to those in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane. were treated. The data below provides a snapshot of these
45 incidents, all of which occurred in the period between
Shiyar B, who runs a diesel station in Jirn, west of Tal Abyad,
27 January and 7 April 2015. However, as not all incidents
describes how two of his relatives were killed by detonating
are reported or systematically registered, these numbers are
mines: “My cousin Ahmed B fled to Iraq during the clashes. In
unlikely to reflect the true scale of incidents.
July 2015, he came back alone to check on the situation before
allowing his family to join him. When he tried to open the door
of his house, the whole house exploded. He died and his family Incidents and victims of blasts from explosive devices
has still not returned. He wasn’t the first one: in June 2015, in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane area (2015)
Izaddin B was riding his motorcycle on the road to his home, 14
incidents
southwest of the village, when he hit a mine which killed him.” 13 victims
12
14 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
In the 45 incidents shown in the graph on the left, 47 people The map above shows the location of the incidents, where it was
died and 19 were injured. Medical staff in the hospital possible to identify them. While incomplete information prevents
reported that 80% of the victims were civilians. The majority us drawing conclusions about which areas were most affected, it
(85%) of the victims were male. Over half (53%) of the still gives an indication of the impact of explosive devices on the
victims were under or of the age of 30; four were children region as a whole during the first weeks after people returned to
under 15. their homes in the Ayn Al Arab/Kobane region.
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 15
A house with bullet ridden walls,
Kobane January 25, 2017.
16 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
© Jamal Bali / MSF
© xxxxx
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 17
MANBIJ NGOs visiting the city in the immediate aftermath of the
battle, all public or private spaces were potentially mined,
In late May 2016, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)
including streets, schools and hospitals. In people’s houses,
began an offensive on Manbij, a city in the north of Aleppo
any everyday object – a sofa, a television, a door – could be
governorate which had been under IS control since January
a deadly trap.17
2014. Clashes took place first in rural areas around the city,
and then progressively in Manbij itself. In mid-August 2016, With very limited healthcare services available in Manbij
the SDF announced that they were in full control of the city. during the month of August, a significant number of the
casualties were referred to the MSF-supported Arin hospital18
As a result of the fighting, large numbers of people left their
in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane. Those in need of surgery were then
homes in both rural and urban areas. This displacement
referred with MSF financial support to Amal hospital
tended to be relatively temporary, with civilians fleeing as the
(a private facility in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane) or to Qamishli
frontline approached, and returning to their houses as soon as
(seven hours’ drive from Manbij).
the situation stabilised.
An MSF doctor describes how the team in Arin hospital were
A large number of displaced people returned to their homes
confronted with large numbers of wounded:
in Manbij in the first three weeks of August, immediately
before and after the end of the offensive. The exact number “In August 2016, enormous numbers of war-wounded
of returns remains difficult to verify. According to Needs civilians started arriving in Kobane to access one of the few
and Population Monitoring, from 13 August to 7 September, functioning health facilities in northern Syria. It was very
13,220 displaced people returned to the city, with a total challenging to cope with this mammoth load of patients, many
population of 86,448 in the city in August 2016. of them critically injured. As a medic trained to deal with
mass casualties, I must say the scenario was poles apart from
On their return, people found the city had been extensively
what we were trained for. It was even more complicated when
planted with mines, booby traps and other explosive devices.
truckloads of patients injured by mine blasts or improvised
A doctor who remained in Manbij throughout the fighting
explosive devices started arriving at the hospital. To avoid the
told MSF, “During the battle, IS fighters were occupying houses
armed conflict, civilians took the road they considered safe to
and forcing the families out. They were then planting booby
travel on, but instead ended up in the minefields.”
traps when they had to retreat to another house.” 16 According
to the local humanitarian affairs office, as well as international During the last phase of the SDF’s offensive on Manbij, and
in the weeks immediately after they took control of the city,
the only functioning public health facility in the whole area
was a health post in Abu Qalqal, in eastern rural Manbij. Any
patient in need of hospital care had to be referred to Ayn Al
Arab/Kobane.
16 Whatsapp interview by MSF on 8 January 2017
17 Interviewed by MSF on 20 November 2016
18 M
SF was supporting Arin hospital with equipment,
medical supplies, incentives for staff and technical
support provided by MSF staff present in Ayn Al
Arab/Kobane. The facility was closed after the
opening of Kobane hospital in September 2016
where MSF provides the same level of support.
18 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
The data below reflects information on the number of patients An MSF nurse in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane describes what
with injuries related to blasts from explosive devices received happened to one family who fled Manbij during the fighting:
in the 13 weeks from 16 June to 16 September 2016 in Arin “Father, mother, two daughters and two sons. Exhaustion and
hospital and Amal hospital. These figures do not show the grief mark their faces. Openly, they share with us what they
full reality, as only a portion of Manbij’s war-wounded were have been through in recent days. The family lost their three-
received in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane, due both to the distance year-old daughter while they were escaping from Manbij. She
involved and the existence of alternative health facilities. The was shredded by one of the mines that IS had scattered around
medical data does not differentiate between injuries related to the entire city. The oldest daughter was injured and has burns
unexploded ordnance and injuries related to mines or booby and shrapnel wounds all over her body. Due to the severity
traps. Nevertheless, most witnesses describe a significantly of her injuries, the parents had no choice but to go directly to
higher number of mines and booby traps, probably related to Kobane so she could receive medical care. There was no time
the relatively short duration of fighting in the city. to bury or mourn for the little daughter, so she was left behind.
Only those surviving counted.”
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 19
Mortar remnants of war
amid the rubble, Kobane,
January 23, 2017.
20 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
Five months after the end of the battle to control Manbij,
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 21
IMPROVISING TO
CLEAR EXPLOSIVES
4
HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE LOCAL INITIATIVES
To address the limited response by humanitarian agencies
Since the start of its humanitarian
specialised in clearance activities, local authorities and private
response plan for Ayn Al Arab/Kobane, individuals have begun to clear areas, though with limited training
the humanitarian community prioritised and equipment. According to local authorities, the local police
– known as Asayish – set up a unit of five volunteers to work in
“the clearance of explosives during the Ayn Al Arab/Kobane town. The volunteers, who had only limited
first phase of the response”21 In spite experience, are now all dead from injuries sustained in blasts of
of the security and access constraints, leftover explosive devices. Some individuals have also volunteered
to clear houses of mines, either for free or for payment.
humanitarian mine action agencies were
Muhammad, from Ayn Al Arab/Kobane, who has no training
able to start training and clearance
in mine clearance, tried to clear the village of Jirn, west of Tal
activities in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane in Abyad, with his friend Ahmed. He describes what happened: “I
May 2015. had a poor friend called Ahmed, so poor that we used to call him
‘Ahmed faqeer 22’. He had a six-month-old son who had a hernia,
These initiatives were abruptly interrupted in late June 2015 but he didn’t have the money to take him to the hospital. Ahmed
when IS infiltrated the city, killing more than 200 civilians. Most told me that he knew how to clear mines, and was thinking about
humanitarian agencies evacuated the city, returning over the doing this job in Kobane to earn money. I advised him not to do it,
following months. Due to access constraints, clearance activities but he convinced me that it was necessary due to the situation after
were only briefly resumed in October 2015. According to mine the battle of Kobane. In the end he even convinced me to go with
action activity reports, the agencies engaged in clearance were him. We started clearing houses in the village of Jirn and defused
nevertheless able to remove more than 14 tons of explosive devices. around 30-40 improvised explosive devices. IS had even booby-
Since November 2015 programmes have been limited to educating trapped the devices. Ahmed lifted up an explosive device, and I saw
people in Kobane town about the risk of explosive devices. another one below, but it was too late. The explosion killed Ahmed
and injured me – my leg had to be amputated below the knee. It
In Manbij, too, the humanitarian community identified clearance was 24 July 2015.” 23
of explosive devices as a priority to allow the safe return of the
population and access for humanitarian assistance. Despite this, Ahmed was among six people (three civilians and three from the
the only concrete activities were carried out by local military military, according to local villagers) who lost their lives while
groups and police forces with limited training and equipment, and trying to clear the village of Jirn of mines and other improvised
humanitarian agencies were limited to providing risk education explosive devices.
in Manbij city. However, more recently an international donor has
In December 2016, Asayish announced the establishment of a
hired a private company to train civilian mine clearance teams and
new unit in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane to clear mines flagged by the
start decontamination activities in the Manbij area.
local population.
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 23
I can’t sleep because
I’m always worried
that one of my four
children will step on
one of the mines
around the house.
24 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
An MSF nurse is checking
in on a patient injured
from a mine left, Kobani
Hospital, Kobane,
January 23, 2017.
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 25
LIVING WITH THE MINES
5
Even in areas which IS left more than Shyiar’s neighbour, Jasem M, lives with two mines just a few
metres from his doorstep. He says: “I can’t sleep because I’m
a year ago, the threat of improvised always worried that one of my four children, or a dog or a
explosive devices and unexploded sheep, will step on one of the mines around the house. When
ordnances remain a daily reality for the an animal approaches the house, we all run away in case it
detonates a mine.”
local population. Incidents of people
being killed or injured continue to be According to the villagers, of the population of 500, at least
reported, even in locations believed to 50 have been unable to return to their homes because of the
explosive devices, and remain displaced elsewhere in Syria
be safe. Meanwhile, the fact that some or in Turkey or Iraq. Jasem M says: “My father’s house was
people still cannot return to their homes destroyed by explosive devices, and now it’s too dangerous to
or access their fields is having an impact rebuild the house with so many mines in the ground.”
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 27
In Bendir Khan, a village 35 km west of Tal Abyad, five people
were killed when their houses exploded because of booby
traps. Ibrahim, a teacher and farmer from the village, says the
latest incident took place in April 2016: “Muhammad went
back to his home near the hill in the village, and he triggered
an explosion by opening the door. The inhabitants of the village
cannot come back because of this problem and many fields My father’s house was
cannot be sown.” destroyed by explosives
In Tiri, a village 20 km further west, Mustafa lives alone in his devices, and now it’s too
house while his family stays on in Turkey. He says: “My family
is in Turkey and I do not want them to come back because I am
dangerous to rebuild
afraid of exposing them to the risk of mines. The village school, the house with so many
for example, is completely surrounded by mines. There is only mines in the ground.
one road to reach it that is considered safe, but the children
have to walk just a few metres from explosive devices. We know
where some mines are, but we do not know how to remove
them.”25
28 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
© Jamal Bali / MSF
Families living in
buildings destroyed by
the conflict, Kobane,
January 23, 2017.
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 29
We were hosting some
displaced people, and
one time we found their
children playing with an
object that we discovered
was an explosive device.
30 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
Children at the
playground created
by MSF, Kobane,
January 25, 2017.
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 31
LASTING IMPACT
AFTER THE FIGHTING
6
Since 2015 intensive battles have taken When the fighting leaves an area, the unexploded ordnances,
mines and booby traps left behind, present a constant threat
place in Northern Syria followed by the to the returning civilians. Abu Mohammad, a farmer from
withdrawal of IS from several areas. Ayn Al Wardah, a village west of the city of Raqqa, explains
Each time the armed group withdraws to MSF that “IS forces started planting mines ten days before
the frontline reached their location”. He then describes what
from territory it previously held, large
happened when they returned to their village: “When the
numbers of mines and booby traps, are clashes approached our village, we decided to head westwards
found, leaving a deadly legacy for people to a safer area. Later the same day, the SDF told us we could
returning to their homes. go back to our village, and by sunset we were there. They
recommended that we stay in one safe house while they cleared
the village of mines. The next morning, 2 January 2017, we sent
The intensive use of explosive weapons by parties to the
our son Mohammed to buy cigarettes. While he was walking
conflict on the ground and from the air adds to the dangers
down the street he stepped on a mine. As IS planted the mines,
for the returning population. Civilians injured or killed by
we memorised the locations, but we must have missed some of
explosives have been reported in the rural areas north and
them.”28 Eleven-year-old Mohammed was brought to Kobane
west of the city of Raqqa as well as between Manbij and
hospital for treatment for his injuries.
Al Bab. Some incidents occur as people try to flee from the
fighting; others when they go back to their villages after the People fleeing eastwards from the areas between Al Bab and
frontline has moved further away. Manbij report similar situations, with roads, fields and whole
villages planted with mines and booby traps.
Um Turki came to Kobane hospital with two of her children,
aged four and ten, after both were injured by a mine on
25 November 2016 as they fled clashes in the northern
countryside of Raqqa governorate: “Our village was between
the two parties’ frontlines, IS and the SDF. IS expelled us from
the village. They came and told us to move towards Raqqa but
we decided to flee towards SDF-controlled areas. [As we left]
we saw IS planting mines in our village and on the route to
SDF areas, to prevent us from going there. We were driving in
a convoy of three cars. There were three families in our vehicle
and we were in between the two other cars. The first car passed
the mine without any harm. My husband also avoided the
mine, but then drove over another one which we hadn’t seen.
Five people were injured and a child died.”27
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 33
Marouf is from a village 20 km north east of Al Bab, which The aim, identified in 2014, of all states which are party to
until recently was under IS control. He decided to go back the Mines Ban Treaty to meet its goals “to the fullest extent
to his village when the frontline moved further west. His possible by 2025”,29 3 including “no new mine victims”,
brother recounts what happened: “On 20 November 2016, is looking increasingly unlikely to be met in syria. The
Marouf drove over a mine on his motorcycle inside the village. widespread use of victim-operated devices deliberately
IS have planted mines everywhere.” Marouf was taken to Amal targeting the civilian population contravenes the Geneva
hospital in Ayn Al Arab/Kobane and then to a private hospital Conventions binding on all state and non-state warring
in Qamishli. Unable to afford further private treatment, after parties. The failure of states party to the Mines Ban Treaty
undergoing surgery he was brought to Kobane hospital for and to the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War to meet
post-operative care. their obligations to facilitate the clearance of unexploded
ordinances only exacerbates civilian suffering and the deadly
These personal accounts are just some examples of a scenario
impact of this war tactic. Without proper support to the
that has been witnessed repeatedly in the Ayn Al Arab/
humanitarian clearance of mines, booby traps and explosive
Kobane and Manbij areas. Civilian casualties as a result of
remnants of war, and with poor humanitarian access to
explosive devices seem destined to increase dramatically with
the affected areas, people displaced from their homes will
the offensives against IS approaching urban centres such as Al
be unable to return safely, and the dangers posed by such
Bab and Raqqa.
explosives will continue to affect their livelihoods and safety
for a long time to come.
29 M
APUTO +15, Declaration of the States Parties to the Convention
on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of
Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, 27 June 2014
34 Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria
Set to Explode: Impact of mines, booby traps and explosive remnants of war on civilians in northern Syria 35
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