1. , Study of Pollen Germination “Exp-1.1_: To study the pollen germination on a slide Viva Voce 2. Study of Physical Properties and pH of Different Soils To study the texture and moisture content of different soils Exp-2.1 : To study pH of different types of soil Exp-2.2 Viva Voce 3. ,Watér Holding Capacity of Soils Exp-3.1__: To study the water holding capacity of garden soil and roadside soil Viva Vocewy for oe pars an density and percentage Frequency of different pS! plat es of a given area Vine Voor 6, stedy of paps «TO ur stags of mito Amylase on Starch Em ation he con faa ame on ah bpd rary the ec of diferent terperaares.m tHe act of Bap 72 ay amplaseon starch ready the ec of diferent pon the activity of salary 73 Ber 75 © nyase on starch Vive Voce from Plant Materials spinach taolation of DNA ae a To saate DNA from avaiable plant material such as Jeaves, green pea seeds, papaya et mitosis in Onion Root Te acetocarmine stained mount of OnH0H YOK tip Voce tne SECTION B of Flowers for Pollination ‘rudy of Adaptations pollination by different agencies fip91_ ; Tostdy the flowers adapted 0 (wind, insect and birds) Vine Voce /oraiy of Pollen Germination and Growth of Pollen Tube Exp l0.1 = To study the pollen germination and growth of pollen tube in a polinated pit (n Portulaca grass or any other suitable flower) a \. Study of Gamete Development in Mouse (Mammal) [pI + To study and identify the stages of gamete development in mouse (mammal) ie., T.S. of testis: and L.S. of ovary through permanent slide won 7 Study of Meiosis in Floral Buds of Onion and Testis of Grasshopper Eap12.1 : To study meiosis in onion bud cells through permanent slide ep 122 : To study meiosis in grasshopper testis through permanent slide Viva Voce 13/Study of Blastula Exp13.1 : To study TS, of blastula through permanent slide Viva Voce16. ate 18. 19) (uu) . Analysis of Seed Sample to Study Mendelian Ration” Exp 14.1: To study Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/size of any plant Fxp 14.2. Toanalyse seed sample of pea for Mendelian dihybrid ratio of B:a;3:1 Viva Voce | Study of Prepared Pedigree Charts of Genetic Traine Exp-15.L : To study the prepared pedigree charts of genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, widow's peak, colour blindness etc. Viva Voce Exercise on Controlled — Exp-16.1 : To comment on the e#ercises of hybridization (emasculation, tagging and bagging) through models/charts Viva Voce Study of Common Disease Causing Organisms ~~ Viva Voce ~ om Adaptation of Plants and Animals Found in Xerophytic Conitiges ws Exp-18.1 : Study of two plants and two animals found in xerophytic conditions and comment upon their adaptations/morphological features Viva Voce Adaptation of Plants and Animals Found in Aquatic Conditio Exp-19.1 : Study of two plants and two animals found in aquatic conditions and comment upon their adaptations/morphological features Viva Voceoe im RS LN? Study of Pollen Germination INTRODUCTION i. 2 Pollen grain or microspore is the first cell of male gametophyte ‘The development of male gametophyte is precocious, i,, it begins inside the micro- sporangium or pollen sac ‘The pollen grain is uninucleate in the beginning but at the time of liberation it becomes 2 celled—a small generative celll and a large tube or vegetative cell. On the stigma, the pollen grain absorbs water and nutrients from the stigmatic secretion through its germ pores. ‘The tube cell gives rise to a pollen tube. The generative cell also descends into the pollen tube and divides into two male gametes. aa | EXPERIMENT 1.1) AIM: To study the pollen germination on aslide. REQUIREMENTS Fresh seasonal flowers, slide, coverslip, microscope, sucrose, boric acid, magnesium sulphate potassium nitrate, beakers etc PROCEDURE 1 Prepare a nutrient solution by dissolving 10 g sucrose, 10 g boric acid, 30 mg magnesium sulphate and 20 mg potassium nitrate in 100 ml of water. 2. Take a few drops of this solution on a clean slide, and dust a few pollen grains from the stamen of a mature flower on it. 3. Observe the slide in the microscope after 5 minutes and then observe it regularly for about half an hour. OBSERVATION In nutrient medium, the pollen grain germinates. The tube cell enlarges and comes gut of the Pollen grain through one of the germ pores to forma pollen tube. The tube nucleus descends to the tip of the pollen tube. The generative cell also passes into it. It soon divides into two male gametes. Each ‘ale gamete is lenticular to spherical in outline.Exine 22 Fig. 1.1. Germination of pollen grains. PRECAUTIONS 1. 2. Flowers should be freshly plucked, Use clean slide to observe the pollen grains.f 3 PER; | Water Holdj ym Capacity of Soj LN? of Oo Y| as ecological factor. Soil water is derived from retained by it. Some of it is lost as runsqy din the soil as capillary water, bo” oy Rron pucTION water is one of the most important falling on a soil is no rest of rain water is retaine INTRO! ial the rain watel irigation sana water: Te ter and combined water. va of water retained by a soil per unit ofits dry weight after the gray, holding capacity or field capacity of the soil. The water holding cn. Dae ‘qThemaximum amount is called water oils and depends upon the types of soil particles and porocity of xs, vies in different types of S bad ape poor water holding capacity than the loam and clay soils. = ( EXPERIMENT 3.1 ) \eiaairaidies ESS y Ant: To study the water holding capacity of garden soil and roadside soil. REQUIREMENTS Garden soil, roadside soil, filter paper, small tin boxes with perforated bottom, filter ps balance, petridishes, oven, water etc. | Tin box — Roadside soil Water —} Petridish Fig. 3.1. Experi periment to study water holding capacity of soils. Garden soilpROCEDURE Take the soil samples, allow them to dr an pottom, pace filter papers in the bottom of Ba 7 ‘nan a tin toe with perforated soilin one of the boxes and roadside soil inthe other by tapping to commen ween ee fillgarden wsghtof the sol fled boxes, Place the soil illed boxes in per ee ae till the upper surfaces of the soils become wet Now take out th them again, when the dripping of water from the tins stops. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS Record the observations and results in the table as follows §. | Soilsample | We.of | We. ofbox | We. ofbox | w of | Water = empty | filledwith | aftertaking | ‘son’ | tof cach box X) | soil(¥) | outfromthe | (¥-x) | retained by | of thesoil petridish (2) thesoil | (2-¥)/ _@Y) ¥-Xx100) | 1. | Garden soil le 2. | Roadside soil E CONCLUSION Garden soil retains more water and thus has higher water holding capacity than the roadside soil. PRECAUTIONS 1. Weighing should be done accurately. 2. Weighing of tins after taking out of the petridishes should be done only when dripping of water has stopped. REQUIREMENTS Garden soil, roadside soil, measuring cylinders, funnels, filter papers, beakers, balance, oven etc. PROCEDURE Take two funnels and line them with filter paper. Label them A and B. Place them on measuring cylinders. Take 100 gm oven dried sample each of the garden soil and roadside soil, Put the garden soil in funnel A and roadside soil in funnel B. Pour 100 ml of water in each funnel. Record the volume of filtered out water in the measuring cylinder when the dripping of water stops from the funnel.Garden soil Roads; + water ide + Water SO Measuring cylinders Water that drained through the soil Fig. 3.2, Experiment to study water holding capacity of soils. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULT Record the observations and result in the table as follows : S. | Soiltypes Weight | Volume of | Volume of Volume of | Water holding No. of water water water capacity of the soil (X) poured | collectedin | retained | soilin | @) measuring the soil (Y-2)/Xx100 | ojlinder (2) (v-z) | 1. | Garden soil 2._| Road side soil | CONCLUSION Garden soil has a higher water holding capacity than the roadside soil, because the roadside soil has larger quantities of sand and silt. PRECAUTIONS 1. Weighing of soil samples should be done accurately, 2. Pour water slowly and gently on the soil in the funnel. 3. Record the volume of collected water in the measuring cylinders carefully. “Aame, i Study of Plant gi Z . 9 Zz Population INTRODUCTION (#) Population is defined as a nearly permanent aggregation of individuals of the same kind which inhibit a particular space or geographical area at a particular time. It is subordinate toa species as a unit of cooperative aggregation of individuals )) Thenumber of individuals in a population never remain constant. It may increase or decrease due to many factors like birth rate, death rate, migration etc {i) The number of individuals of a species present per unit area or space of agiven time is called population density. )) Population density is calculated by counting all the individuals present at a given time in a given space or area divided by the number of units of area or space. N D-— s Here, D = population density, N = number of individuals and $ = units of space. )) The population density and percentage frequency of different plant species can be determined by laying quadrats/segments of suitable size and recording the numer of individuals of each species occurring in the quadrat. (vi) The percentage frequency is calculated as follows Percentage frequency Total number of quadrats/segments in which species occurred Total number of quadrats/segments studied x 100 EXPERIMENT 5.1 AIM: To study population density and percentage frequency of different plant species of a given area REQUIREMENTS Metre scale, string or cord, nails, paper, pencil etc. PROCEDURE (@) Determination of the size of Quadrat. Prepare a L shaped structure in the field of lm x 1m by using 3 nails and tying a string with them. Now measure 10 cm on one side of the arm of L and then the other. Prepare 10 x 10 sq. cm area using another piece of string.Ty in this area. Increase this area to 20 , 2% ir uri ing in this area. Repeat the same 4. cry o Count the number of species °° me a tional sper’ ions as follows similarly record additional sP ‘re obser vation’ cor 11 5q,marea covered 1am 90 0 10 2 90 40 60° 60. 70; 00) 90 1m Fig. 5.1. Procedure to find out minimum size of the quadrat. Table 5.1. Total number of species and the area s. a ae Total no. of species 1, |1010sq.cn | 2 |20x20sq.em 3. | 30x 30sq.cm upto 100 « 100 sq, em d Using the above recorded data, prepare a graph. Number of species are plotted ‘on Y axis an" size of th ° i fea Gh X xis. At one point of graph, curve stars latening or shows On BT This point consideration» *7t*S Minimum area of the quadrant suitable for the study of a”39 ni) | oO — I J 25 50, 15 100 cm. Fig. 5.2. Species area cuve to determine the size ofthe quadrat (b) Determination of Population density and percentage frequency. Take a quadrat of suitable size, lay it randomly at number of places. Count the number of each plant species plants in the quadrat is large, the quadrat can be sum total of all the sub-units will give the number drat. Record the data in the observation table Total No. of individuals in all the quadrats studied Total No. of quadrats studied Total No. of quadrats in which species occurred Frequency = 100 Percentage Frequency Total No. of quadrats studied divided into smaller sub-units and the of individuals of a species in the qua Population Density = 50 cm 50cm Fig. 5.3. A quadrat.) Comprehensive Laboratory Manvalin Blo, r Nail v ¥ Species, v v iG Srey Socio, + v Y Spocien iy || swing veer tk FY Plants outside the quadrat Fig, 54. Occurrence of plant species in a quadrat OBSERVATION AND RESULT Table 5.2. Different plant species, their population density ‘and percentage frequency occurring in a given area | S$. | Plant No. of individuals Total no. of | Total no. of | Total no. of | Population Frequency “No. \mpecies| _—_perquadrat _|individuals|quadrats in| quadrats | density | percentage TT al mw] v | imallthe | which studied (B)| NB | A/Bx100 quadrats | species studied | occurred | @ | @ 7 | TT | | oy | | | | | | | | | | | | It | | | RECAUTIONS = 1 ‘The measurem: ent of quadrats should be accurate. Thi i string or cord used should not be very thick. ne individual ofa species should be counted only once in the quadrat.ee, Study of Mitosis iy 2“ Ga ; Onion Root Tipaor ( EXPERIMENT 6. repare temporary acetocarmine stained mount of ount 6 oni: |, To prepare | fle " root tip to study various stage’ yIREMENTS sks/glass both Onion bulbs, conical flasks/slas bottles, corked vialAuhe 1, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, acetoc Aube, petridishes, se aM Rea e sors, forcey ‘armine, distilled water, “spirit Lar si in lamp, mien cl sips, blotting paper ete seth alco aides, overs procEDURE ake amedium sized bulb of onion and trim off the old roots from itsb rom its base ope, blade by means of a sharp place the onion on a conical fask/glass bottle full of water, * keep it for a week to grow the roots. at mm off the tips of roots and put them into a vial conta containing a mixtu i a mathanal Keep for one hour. This process is called heaton {Cuttngof netegn enn sane the morning between 7.00 d.m. to 8.00 am. during the summer and between 9+ poiltee 11:30am. dering the winter). nd between 9.30 a. to with its base touching the water Remove 2 or 3 root tips and hydrolyse them by warmi a 15minutes 7 'y warming to 60°C in 1 N hydrochloric acid for Onion bulb Roots Bottle Fig. 6.1. Method of growing onion root tips. 5. Remove the root tips and wash them thoroughly in water. & Place adrop of acetocarmine on aslide. Put one hydrolysed root t on the root. oy squash the root by tapping the coverslip with the blunt end of a pen ells separate and spread out into a very thin layer. Make sure that there are no air bubbles under the covershiP. oe the slide over a flame for a few seconds. fren under the low power ofthe microscope to locate the ages of mitosis under the high power of the microscope pina dropand placeacoverslip cil or needle until dividing cells. Examine theered OBSERVATIONS hs Underlow power of t high pa ofthe microscope following stages bec | lls with pink nucleus are seen scat ‘croscope, rectangular ce n aoe ges become distinct: (igs. 6.2 and 6.3) ‘Anaphase Interphase Fig. 6.2. Different stages of mitosis in the onion root ti 1. Interphase (i) Itis a non-dividing phase of the cell cycle between two successive cell divisions. (i) Chromatin fibres appear in the form of a network within the nucleus. (ii) Nuclear envelope and nucleolus are distinct. 2. Prophase © Chromatin material shortens and condenses into thread like structures called chromosoms Each chromosome consists of two chromatids, jointed at a point called centromere. (@) Nadear membrane and nucleolus start disintegration and disappear at the end ofprosiue 3. Metaphase () Abipolar spindle develops in the cell, Chromosomes become thick and two chromatids each chromosome become clear. \®) Chromosomes become arranged at the equator of the spindle. (i) Bach chromosome get attached to the spindle fibres a its centromere. 4. Anaphase (i) The daughter chromosomes (separated chromatids) appear V, J, L and I shapes, dependiné upon the position of centromere. TelophaseCore : Nuclear _ membrane _ Chromatin fibres, Nucleolus Coll membrane Interphase stage — N : meee — membrane: membrane i | Disappearing Nucleolus ae Chromosomes Gon }— Cell wall Early prophase aaa Late prophase a RS, Spindle A. Daughter ahs 7 fibres: A, chromosomes aly |_— Chromatids SNYMY | spina rores sw Early anaphase Metaphase stage \— Daughter cells {Celt wai f — nuk A ‘Chromosomes Daughter nuciei FRAG Crreratiss catiate i i |__ Nuclear PMY | __ Spindle fores membrane Telophase stage Late anaphase Fig, 6.3. Various stages of mitosis in onion root tip cells. PRECAUTIONS 1. The base of the onion bulb should be in contact of water while growing the roots, 2. Root tips should be fixed in the morning between 8 to 10 A.M. 8. The slide should be warmed gently much above the flame of the spirit lamp.me, Isolation of Dy 9 i from Plant Materjy 10N ee reicacid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two types of nucleic Deoxyribonuclei i ids, ic material in most of the organisms. RNA, though, i as lecule. . oa especially of natural sciences is directed to develop technologies comfort and wellbeing of human beings Biotechnology has emerged as an off shoot of moderbig, othe twentieth century. The current break throughs in the field of biotechnology are products, genetically modified organisms (plants, animals and micro organisms) through recombinast {+ DNA) technology. Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic engineering, has allowed brag, to introduce foreign DNA in other organisms, including bacteria, yeasts, animals and plants), organisms are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). Thus, r DNA technology involves ics, of DNA from a variety of sources and formation of new combination of DNA. ( EXPERIMENT 8.1 ) AIM: To isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach leaves, green pea seel papaya ete. REQUIREMENTS Plant material (such as spinach leaves, green pea seeds or green papaya), mortar and pes! eakers, test tubes, liquid detergent, non-iodised sodium chloride, distilled water, meat tenderizet apain solution/juice of papaya/pine apple juice, 95% ethanol, spool etc. REPARATION OF SOLUTIONS Detergent salt solution is prepared by adding 10 mL liquid detergent and 10 g of nomiod* sodium chloride to 90 mL of distilled water. Meat tenderizer solution i prepared by adding 5 g of tenderizer (enzyme) to 95 mL of it wate ic it tute oo aya/pine apple, filtered through muslin cloth can be used as substitt! 5% NaCl solution is distilled water. Chilling of ethanol must b night. a Prepared by dissolving 5 g of non-iodised sodium chloride in 109” ql done by keeping 95% ethanol in plastic bottle in the free"ww “au the plant tissue (spinach leaf/green Pea seed/green dding 10 mL detergent, salt solution and filter it thro Papaya juice and Swirl the test tube by holding Take between the two hands to mix the contents, . be bel thet Papaya) and 8rind it in the ugh muslin cloth 1 chilled ethanol carefully down the side of teg 10 m Pour t; let it stand undisturbed for about 3 minutes . tent; the cont t tube to form a layer on the top of Jass rod stir gently through interface of the two. he g! using # layers to collect the Precipitate of it in a test tube with 5% NaCl or distilled water. d place it in a pNAan antty of DNA present in the given plant material can be extimaned through equ Tpectophotometer 8.1, DNA that separates out can be removed by spooling (spool = reel for winding yarn) Fig. 8.1. OBSERVATION are The addition of ethanol to the solution causes DNA to precipitation. The DNA fibres appears as e white precipitate of very fine threads on the glass spool. PRECAUTIONS istil dust and 1. The plant material should be washed throughly with distilled water to remove any dried by blotting before weighing. a All the glasswares used must be thoroughly cleaned and dried. ality which should ‘The chemicals and enzymes used for the experiment must be of standard quality be manufactured by standard pharmaceuticals.Sweets. Study s © & A my A % Zz zl w a INTRODUCTION geroipotlen gine 07 anther to the stigma of either the same gg, ee rotthe vame species is called pollination. i yuire external agencies to reach to the stigma, smmobile, hence r4 es involved in pollinatio ails, birds). ins are i 2, Pollen grains are .n may be abiotic (e.g wind, water) or biotic The external agen insects, birds, bats, sm (EXPERIMENT 9.1 the flowers adapted to, pollination by different agencies (wind, insect and bird AIM: To study REQUIREMENTS or any other cereal/grass, Salvia/Ocimurm and Brassica (mustard) fore, Fresh flowers of maize hand lens, slide, needle ete. PROCEDURE place the given flowe! ff hand lens. Note down ,daptations of the flowers meant for pollination by or Wind Pollinated Flowers) for pollination by wind. male flowers are born in termi | 1 on a slide and observe it with the help o! yy the external agencies. jaize Flowers (Anemophilous ‘The flowers of maize show following adaptations 1, Themaize plant is monoecious and bears unisexual flowers. The inflorescence while the female flowers are born in axillary inflorescence. 2. Flowers are small and inconscipicous. 3, The flowers are colourless, odourless and nectarless. 4, Flowers are produced above the foliage or placed in hanging position. 5. Both the stigmas and anthers are exerted (i.., hang outside the perianth), Anthers are versatile, and pollen grains are light, small and dusty. ‘The pollen grains are produced in very large numbers.Pollen grains. of another plant jgma is hairy, feathery or branched to catch 59 «se “wind born pollen graing Polleh grains Versatile anther a Feathery stigma Stigmas Fig. 9.1. Anemophily in maize. Fig. 9.2. Feathery stigmas and versatile anthers in a flower of grass. Salvia Flowers (Entomophilous or Insect Pollinated Flowers) ‘The flowers of Saliva show following adaptations for pollination by insects. ‘The flowers are showy or brightly coloured for attracting pollinating insects. ‘The flowers are born in verticellaster inflorescence to become conspicuous. Flowers secrete nectar to feed visiting insects. Nectar glands are placed in such a position that an insect must touch both the anthers and stigmas. ‘The flowers have landing platform for the insects. The flowers are protandrons with bilipped corolla and have turn pipe or lever mechanism. Each stamen has long connective which bears a fertile anther lobe at the upper end and sterile plate like anther lobe at the lower end. ‘The two sterile anther plates block the path of insect. As the insect moves inward a young flower in search of nectar, its head pushes, the anther plates and forces the fertile anther lobes to strike against its back. n older flowers the style brings the stigma in such a position that it oe against the back of insect and collect pollen grains brought by the insect from a young flower.Closed stigma fe ‘Shedding of pollen graing ‘on the back of insect B stigma receiving pollen grains from the back of insect Sterile ane obe i Nectar aime D 7 withering anther 'A Flower with mature anthers, enclosed stigma and short ste entering insect. C. Flower with mature stigma and wits, cllen grains from the back of entering insect. Fig. 9.3. Pollination in Salvia. _ shedding of pollen grains on the back of anthers. D. Stigma receiving p ignonia/Callistemon (Bottle brush) Flowers (Ornithophilous or Bird Pollinte jowers) ‘The flowers of Bignonia show fol 1. ‘The flowers are usually brightly coloured-red, orange, yellow or blue. 2. ‘The floral parts are commonly leathery. lowing adaptations for pollination by birds. Humming bird Fig. 9.4, ir 9 94 Polntion in Bignonia, Humming bird collecting nectar from ignonia flower and thus pollinating it.In some cases, the corolla are leathery. ‘the flowers secrete abundant watery nectar or have edible parts. 5 The nectar is secreted in such abundance that drops of it can be brought down by shaking branches. 6. The flowers are generally odourless or without fragrance.Seam’ 5, Study of Poll Ss & 0, 7 a 2 Germination ah ” Growth of Polle, } Tub INTRODUCTION ictures of spermatophytes. A pollen grain isp, 1. Pollen grains are the male reproductive str ting the male gametophyte germinated microspore represen 2, Eachpollen grain of a flowering plant (angiosperm) possesses two cells —() vegetative : (j) the exine, which is the outer layer ang... Gi generative cell. It has two layered wall h composed of sporopollenin and (i) the intine, which is the inner layer and chiefly con, iP of plecto-cellulose. At one or more places the exine is very thin or absent, These rei, called apertures through which the pollen tube emerges at the time of germination, The germination of pollen grain occurs, when it is deposited to the receptive surface «¢ 3. carpel called stigma through the process of pollination. 4. Onthe stigma, the pollen grain germinates and gives out a pollen tube fromits vegetative. ws between cells of stigma and transmitting tissue of the style. Later, ‘The pollen tube gro generative cell moves down to the pollen tube and devide to give rise two male nuclei gametes). ‘The germination of pollen grain and the growth of pollen tube can be studied through ates preparation/longitudinal section of a pollinated carpel. EXPERIMENT 10.1 IM: To study the pollen germination and growth of pollen tube in a pollinated pistil (in Portulaca grass or any other suitable flower). EQUIREMENTS : oa pollinated flowers of Portulaca/grass or any other suitable flower, glass slide, coversl edles, forceps, brush, dropper, safranin, glycerine, petridish, water, blotting paper, microscope &¢ ,OCEDURE “ . the pollinated carpel from the flower of Portulaca/grass or any other suitable flowet ant i lace it on a glass slide in a drop of water. Gently tease it with the help of needles or pick up the carpel from the flower and cut a longitudinal section of it. Place the section on ag slide in a drop of water.63 Pollen graing _—— Pollen grain Stigma > Pollen hites Stve Stigma Articnetal calle Serendany —__ Male nucleus gametes Male gamates E99 Symergics, - B 10.1. Pollen germination. A. Pollen grains germinating on stigma (a teased preparation Fig. 1 5. Growth of pollen tube in the carpel s) 2, Poura drop of safranin on the teased carpel or its section and wash it with water. Put a drop of glycerine and cover the teased carpel or its section with coverslip. Remove the extra glycerine with blotting paper. Observe the preparation under the high power of microscope and draw the diagrams of different stages of pollen germination, OBSERVATION Different stages of germinating pollens are observed in the stigma and style regions of 7 os Somepollens are in their initial stage of germination others have quite long pollen tube containing ‘udeus and two male nuclei PRECAUTIONS ‘Only pollinated carpels should be selected for the experiment. , rt 2 Teasing should be done gently, so that the pollen tubes are not rupture Excess of glycerine/water should be removed by blotting paperct c 2. < oo G) Q 3 @ cr @ ontss© uCTION ee the sex cells involved in the process of sexual reproduct production, _ ae iffer from all other cells (= somatic Cells) of the body in that he : n that their nuclei contain of somatic cells iy aff the number of chromosomes found in the nuclei ly wos "RS the most significant part of process of Bametogenesis, canetogenesis fr the formation of sperms is termed spermato called oogenesis. spermatogenesis ocursin the seminiferous tubules ofthe testes, Benesis, while that of oxy whereas oogenesis occurs in the ovaries. (EXPERIMENT 11 1.1 ) Atl: To study and identify the stages of gamete development in mouse (mammal) i.e., TS. of testis and L.S. of ovary through permanent slide. REQUIREMENTS Permanent slide of T.S. of testis and L.S. of ovary, microscope. PROCEDURE Fix the permanent slide under the microscope. First observe it under the low power and then under high power. OBSERVATION TSof Testis The testis of a mouse (mammal) is covered by a thick fibrous tissue called tunica albuginea. The testis consists of numerous seminiferous tubules embedded in the interstitial tissue, Various types of germinal cells are present from outside towards lumen in the following sequence Spermatogonia + Spermatocytes -> Spermatids > Spermatozoa — Sperms. Between the germinal cells, pyramid shaped cells called sertoli cells are present. 2 aYon pemmemennemeeeme atte, 66 is . ber of spermatozoa wit sir heads embedded 19 seri cells are, number iniferous tubule contain 5. Alarge Jumen of ‘semi 6. ‘The interstitial tissue also loydigs ells, which produce male sex hormone visceral peritoneum — Tunica albugines Blood vesse! seminiferous tubule — Sertoli cell — connective Interstitial cells A Fig. 11.1. A.A Part of trans 8, Sectional view of a part of semi isverse section of testis of mouse (mammal) iniferous tubule (enlarged) v.S. of Ovary 1. Amouse ovary isa solid structure bounded by. germinal epithelium followed bya thik’ = fibrous tissue, the tunica albuginia F Eggnest Primary follicle z Secondary follicle Cortex vessel é 2 < SS ee \" oy fg Tertiary p follicle Mesovarium Visceral peritoneum Corpus Graafian folie albicans.the ovary consists of outer cortex and inner medulla, qhe medulla contains many rounded or oval bodies called ovarian or Graafian follicles at various stages of development. The medulla also contains blood vessels, nerves fibres and some smooth muscles. Each follicle contains a large ovum surrounded by many layers of follicle cells. ‘The cortex contains young and mature follicles. ‘The cortex may also contain a large mass of yellow cells termed corpus luteum, formed in an empty Graafian follicle after the release of its ovum. PRECAUTIONS 1. First observe the slide under low power and then under the high power of the microscope. 2. Use fine adjustment of the microscope for focussing the slide under high power.owt FOR ‘ So, Study of Meiosis ip a Floral Buds of Onion @ and Testis of Grasshopper| (EXPERIMENT 12 iosis in onion bud cells throw, , tostudy ™ ‘8h Permanent slide yIREMENTS permanent slide of different stages of meiosis iy oy n bud ion bud cells, nea egpURE cope pixthe permanent slide under the microscope PRO First observe the slide under the low power and then under high oBSERVATIONS Under the high power of microscope, following stages of meio, red are distinct} Power of the mic, toneape ly observed A meiosis | 1, rophase Its oflong duration and has five sub tages (@) Leptotene (0 Chromatin fibres condense and form thick thread ike structures called chromo, (i Nuclear envelop and nucleolus ate distinct. foe (&) Zygotene () Homologous chromosomes form pairs called bslent. This pings eld sya (i The individual of pair are similar in length and in poston of theircensen (0) Pachytene (i) The two chromatids of each chromosome become visible, so that a bivalent becomes a tetrad. i) Crossing over (exchange of chromatid segments between homologous chromosomes) takes place between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes (@ Diplotenc (0 The two chromosomes of each bivalent move away and homologues are held together at one or more points called chiasmata. (e) Diakinesis ( Homologous chromosomes appear thick and ring shaped. (i) Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear and spindle begins to be formed. 2. Metaphase I 0) fe bivalent (homologous chromosomes) arvange themselves at the equator of the spindle. \\) The spindle get attached to the centromere of the chromosome. 3. Anaphase I () The two chromosomes of each bivalent move tothe opposite poe- ith two chromatids each. \°) Bach pole has half the number of chromosomes with two4, Telophase I 1 (0 The chromosome at each pole uncoi, and nucleolus and nuclear enveloyg re (i) Cytokinesis occurs to form two haploid daughter cells. iterkinesis ‘Avery short interphase may intervene between meiosis | and meiosis IL ees occa ceteeitndstnemel Leptotene Zygotene ae | Diplotene Diakinesis. Metaphase-| ay ! ! i ' I | ! I | | ' ' | ' ! Anaphase-1 Telophase-| Prophase-li ‘Metaphase-II Anaphase-Ii Telophase-ll 12.1. Various stages of meiosis in onion floral bud.5M is Il “a es following four stages : prophase IT iy The eromosomes of daughter cell begin to condense andy a become thick {Nuclear envelope and nucleolus begin o disappear Metaphase IT (y The chromosomes are arranged on the equator of the spindle. «) Fach chromosome is held by the spindle atthe centromere to hy th the pol oth the pole , anaphase IT {p The sister chromatids (daughter chromosomes) of each ¢ migrate towards the opposite poles. Each pole, thus receives haploid number of chromosomes hromosomes separate and 4, Telophase IT ) The chromosomes begin to uncoil and become thin, (i) The nuclear envelope and nucleolus are reconstituted. Cytokinesis occurs and four daughter cells are formed, each with haploid number of chromosomes PRECAUTIONS Floral buds should be fixed between 8 to 10 A.M. Slide should be warmed gently to avoid over heating. @zvarcewsthieaaee \ EXPERIMENT 12.2 ) MM To study meiosis in grasshopper testis through permanent slide. REQUIREMENTS Fermanent slide of different stages of meiosis in grasshopper testis, microscoPe PROCEDURE © ixthe i ji Permanent slide under the microscope. “ope. Observe the slide under the low power of the microscope and then high Power a OBge RVA : TIONS Spheri “cal cells with various stages of meiosis can be observed. ate di i different stages of meiosis with the help of diagramNuclear Chrom, rane ai Centriole Nucleolus @ ity @ Pypotent Pachytone Leptotene spindle a Metaphase-I Diplotene 3 Prophase-II Telophase-| Telophase-II O® Anaphase-II Fig. 12.2. Various stages of meiosis in grasshopper testis. PRECAUTIONS 1 Grasshopper should be dissected from dorsal side. 2. Preserved testis should be Properly washed before use. 3. Donot heat the testis tubules, 4, Proceed f . °r squash preparation only when testis has taken sufficient stain.Study of Blast, Lemme Onis IN ae tization, the aygote undergoes repeated divisions called cleavage Soon after fertili: ries of suc Iticellular structure called blastula (blastocyst). Fallopian tube. It results into a solid », i ic divisions which essive and rapid mitotic ich tansy 2. Cleavage includes a set celled zygote into a mul Cleavage occurs inthe upper portion of the called morula. At the next stage of development which produces an embryo with about sizty four. blastula or blastodermic vesicle. ( EXPERIMENT 13.1 | Nee - AIM: To study T.S. of blastula through permanent slide. REQUIREMENTS Permanent slide of blastula, microscope. »>ROCEDURE Fix the slide of TS. of blastula under microscope. First observe the slide under low pow! hen under high power of the microscope Inner cell mass (Formative cells) Zona _ pellucida Albuminous layerof pe 40NS “gas aa neric® mass of about sixty fe ‘our cells. of ise? ; ged of an out : sco er envelo fee vob last)- pe of cells, the t the envelope the rophob! : we the bl: ere is a fluid filled oblast or troph meside® jastocyst tO W! cavity ophoeete, nial ie, while the etd the inner ° called blasto, vderm and 1 ipeinner eat mass is th Ee ae Koel loner cel e precursor of th pembryonii attached he e1 ic pol Pd isica ne bry alled the ert ‘bryon veefocus the slide under low power stment whi and th ile focussing th hen under th e slide under h e high pow: ler hij ero igh powe of the er of th Microseo e micros: pe roscope Use fine adju:4 Analysis of Seeq Sample to Study Mendelian Ratios| EXPERIMENT 14.1 | AIM: To study Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/size of any plan, REQUIREMENTS Pea seed sample, enamel tray, petri dishes, notebook, pencil/pen. PROCEDURE 1. Take a lot of about 100 pea seeds in an enamel tray. Separate out round and wrinkled seeds and put them in separate petridishes, 2, 3. Note down the number of round and wrinkled seeds and calculate their approximate rat 4, _ Repeat the process for the other contrasting trait of the seed i.e., yellow and green colour OBSERVATIONS Present your findings in the form of a table given below. Data related to two findings is the table, record your finding in the same way. Table 14.1 5. | Characters/Traits ofseed | Totalno.of | No. ofseeds showing con. | Approxinate No. seeds observed | trasting form of the trait ratio 1, | Seed shape (Round/Wrinkled) 106 80 (Round) : 26 (wrinkled) 3.07:1 [_2._| Seed colour (Yellow/Green) 110 83 (Yellow) : 27 (Green) 3.07:1 CONCLUSION The contrasting forms in both the traits of pea seed (i.e., seed shape and seed colour) show approximate ratio of 3 : 1. This ratio is exactly the same as obtained by Mendel for monohybrid cros* and indicate that the dominant and recessive forms of seed shape and seed colour exist in the ratio” 3: 1 in the population of pea seeds, PRECAUTIONS 1. Takea sufficiently large number of seed lot for analysis to minimise the error. 2. Observe the contrasting form of the trait carefully,\ EXPERIMENT 14 > 79 Le of pea for Mendelian 4; goanatyse seed sa" or clin dihybrid vatig F9:353.4 _quiReMENTS sno pena Pea seed sample, enamel tray, petridishes, Notebook, Pencil/pen URE oa gocED jot af about 250 pea seeds in an enamel tray ke a * sate out yellow round, yellow wrinkled, green round and green srrinkled send x . in separate petridishes. dees oe . wt down the number of seeds in each plate and find out their approximate ratic, sestRVATIONS present your findings in the form of a table. Data related to one finding is given in the table your findings in the same way. “ Table 14.2 of | No.of yellow | No. ofyellow | No. ofgreen | No. of ] - Wwiterved | roundeceds | wrinkledseeds | roundtecm | wife | Arron a 145 48 7 voriedeede _ CONCLUSION The ratio of yellow round : yellow wrinkled : green round : green wrinkled is sppernaty a ae : §.3:3:1, which is exactly the same as obtained by Mendel for a dihybrid cross. This indicates i the population contrasting genes for seed colour and seed shape show an independent assortment in the pop! ofpea seeds, PRECAUTIONS Same as in Experiment 14.1.| ie 5, 4 <2) Study of Prepared | Pedigree Charts of Genetic Traits e OntEXPERIMENT 15.1 ) \_ pS 9 lpituoy vl: 0 AIM: To study the prepared pedigree charts of genetic traits such as rolling of t,,,.., ” groups, widow's peak, colour blindness etc. REQUIREMENTS Prepared pedigree chart of the genetic traits. PROCEDURE Observe the given pedigree chart and write comment on it. Problem 1 (Inability to roll the tongue) Inability to roll the tongue appears in the progeny due to recessive gene. Find out the possible genotype of the family members in the following pedigree. 0 Solution/Comments ‘The trait is present in the father parent due to Presence of two recessive genes (I—2.aa). The trait can appear III in the progeny only when it becomes homozygous recessive Since, only one of the Progeny carries the trait, the mother 1 Aa 2 Parent must be heterozygous (test cross—Aa x aa = 50% ee heterozygous, 50% recessive), ie.,I—1 Aa, II—1 isaa. I—2, | 1-3 and II—4 are heteroz} gous (test and, therefore, aa 3 ‘ygous (test cross) and, therefore, Aa} i | aheterozygous (Aa). 7 aY. is ). Her husband us (Aa). Her husband can be eth we eT AA DAK, 282. Since none fe em 8 ; (aa none Of the progeny i¢ ma Mt” Aa Seo ee entant in the pedigree i homoneee, Sth receggee 2A. 2g at 8 dominane Polling oy Oy or Mamta) yy mt ey jdow Peal : tne Jow, indicate whether the sh ye wenbel 'e shaded sy ms me of the whole pedigree Pesos deminn wor tor esa it 1 Oo we i | ®& nt e a {| 12 e | a ; 4 oo 9 og 1 2 304 5 n/comments nd had ied symbol appears inall the offspring, som morygous dominant while the mother ° 7 pe (xa aA) because inal other cy is absent (Aa x aa'= 2Aa + 2aa jaz 4p gg oes M2 Dah + 2ad). All the members of SeeTe fs et therefore, be heterozygous (Aa).hisis = [——) eon, , J ene by marrage of I-1 with homonygous yy Lh saa Mt) bears children of both the = FO or gps. Mariage of II-3 with the homozygous “seen produce both recessive and heterozygous. Problem 3 (Colour blindness) Colour blindness is a sex linked recessive disorder of humans. The pedigree chart given below swe inheritance of colour blindness in one family. Study the pattern of inheritance and answer ‘flowing questions. QO 5 ) mC 12 13 14 15 alt | Give al the possible genotypes of the members 4,5 and 6 in the pedigree chart. XY *Blocdtest shows that the individual 14s carter of colour blindness ee an recently married the member numbered 14, What is the possibility will be hemophilic male?Solution/Comment (i) The allele for colour blindness is presen does not bear corresponding allele for this character. «. Amale has only one X chromosome, which he receives from his mother. « He is colour blindness if his mother is carrier. becomes colourblind, when her mother is a carrier an‘ ton X chromosome (X‘), while the chromos OTe « Afemale d father is colours);,. Thus, in the above case notype of number 4 willbe XX, that of member 5 will X°Y and that of member 6 will The ge Carrier woman x Normal man. xx XY ay Gametes ) & @) Possible x°X 7 progeny cari xX ad aoe Nomal Colourblind Normal aries male male ‘The possibility of Ist child to be colourblind will be 1/4 = 25%.Bro ~X€rCise on Control » Olled Pollination en SN yction is a science of changing and improving ff in " ae which are far better than original type wv soe action and acclimatization, selection, hybridization, mutay Mutat duct i ete main methods of plant/crop improvement ane pia sept ___ain steps of hybridization are : the heredity of plants Production I, breeding and ivres ionisa method by which improved varieties of economicall lh 0 by crossing two or more genetically different planta. Pat Pants! seman ection of parents Sel selfing of parents masculation sagging, tagging and labelling Crossing Collecting hybrid seeds and growing F, generation Trials, multiplication and distribution. (EXPERIMENT 16.1 {: Tocomment on the exercises of hybridization (emasculation, tagging and bagging) through ndels/charts, ‘ tmasculation Menticat tification. Forceps or scissors method of emasculation. Comment \"hismethod is employed in the crops having flowers of sufficiently large size lint coton fy : Theistrument used inthis method include pocket lens, forceps, needle, scissor, pe , aelhairbrush et, iy ‘ : ‘his process anthers are removed from the flowers before their maturation. {i . “anthers are cut with the help of sterilized forceps or scissors.Fig. 16.1. Instrument used in the process of hybridization. a ‘Anther Sepal Ovary &, 9 a Yy \, (Pollination) JYALN\AN i Fig. 16.2. Forceps or scissors method of emasculation| A alcohol ter and alcohol emascy}; cold wal ‘ulation, pot ie" Jes (clusters of fi id the penic lowers) are ¢ this ™ " tokill the anthers. "PPE in hot water (ore jn C45 ‘oho Fig. 16.3. Methods of emasculation. A. Single spikelet of paddy, B. Removal of anther after opening of a flower; C. Emasculation by hot water 1 Tagging and Bagging Unification, Bagging, tagging and labelling, Comment After emasculation, the flowers are covered with small bags to prevent pollination with undesired pollen grains, ') These bags are made up of polythene, paper, muslin cloth or parchment paper. i) Thebags are punctured or made perforated so as to provide aeration tothe flowers \*) he lowers of male parents are also protected in bags to prevent mixing ofthe polen gait ‘ith foreign pollens. "ter dusting of the desired pollen grains on the emasculated flowers, the 9 Abel ofpaperistagged onthe plant which slays the date of emasculation, "ef account of the parents.excuse arrtrestetilecntan ot Manua| Fig. 16.4. Bagging on different crop plants."| poRso, Study of Com Using nisms oO = wl Q guctiOn specimens and prepared slides sone ofthe im P : portant pa disease causing organisms bones and iii ryt Holi practic ired slides are ‘ "8 ar€ generally sod te gation ve commen “ camine it carefully with naked sraspecimen ex2 eyes as well as fr 390 peled diagram and write down the features ofits idermpe ee ha ens " ification sred slides observe the slide through. microscope carefull wrepal < “a down its features of identification. 3 ly. Draw its labelled diagram COMMON DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS gotamoeb2 siestifcation. Entamoeba histolytica. hase caused. Amoebiasis or Amoebic dysentry Comments itisa human parasite that resides in the upper part of the large intestine. Ircauses the disease called amoebic dysentry or amoebiasis. Nucleus Food vacuoles Plasmalemma Ectoplasm Endoplasm pabedopodum Ingested red In gested bacteria blood cells Fig. 17.1. Entamoeba histolytica with blood and mucts . , ‘gamete 'y, reception ale games \Gamogony a Oocyst: A aes ” \ Female Wall of stomach of ‘ bemete Apel “phos mosquito fertilization ‘ Female Ookinete "7 gote fameto ite. Fig. 17.3. Life cycle of malarial parasel Me, 7 92 Y caris jg lumbricoides (The giant intestinal roundworm) Identification Ascaris: scariasis. Disease caused: A Comments 1 Teisan endoparasi >. The animal shows 5 3. The posterior end of tl genital aperture is p? terior end ‘a two equal chitinous spicules or pineal setae Project wh, of human beings and is more com mon ing teof the small intestine xual dimorphism ‘The female is longer than th le m he male is curved ventrally ie resent on the mid ventral Ii al line at aby OU one 4. In female, the Jength from the an 5. In male from the dloac copulation. Symptoms 1. Generally a large num! passage and thereby cause a also suffer from impaired digestion, 2. The patient may « Inchildren mental eficiency is affected and body growth is retarded ar ber of adult Ascaris worm infest a single host, and ob: se einal discomforts like colic pains — diarrhoea and vomiting. Lateral Line aperture Pineal se An eal seta us (Spicules) MaleAdaptation of Pla S FOR Sp gi + and Animals Fo, t 5 ; 4 ( in Xe rophyy tM Conditig, INTRODUCTION nsor changes in form, function and behaviour which he are called adaptations, 9" Useful inheritable variati to adjust well and success ered best adapte and ability to reproduce in that environment. ptations to cope with different type o¢ € Of. fully in its environment 1 d to an environment when ii it poss i Possesses inheris,, ‘An organism is consid that enhance its survival 5. Theplantsand animals have different types of aday ‘The plants of hot deserts are adapted to survive in dry conditions of soil and high Such plants are called Xerophytes. gh temper, J ay \ EXPERIMENT 18.1 ) nnd in xerophytic conditions and commen: AIM: Study of two plants and two animals foui their adaptations/morphological features. ADAPTATIONS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS TO XEROPHYTIC CONDITIONS> 7? Sibir spines Fig. 18.1. Capparis decidua, cooia arabica (Babool or Kikar) comments tadrought enduring xerophyte ‘elder part of the stem are covered over by thick brown corky bark. Stipuiar | ‘spines 2. Acacia arabica. Fig, 18.en 3. The leaves at transpiration. in leaves are bipinnate to reduce transpirat ified into spines to reduce @ Ms anspiration and preye 4, The stipules are mos pry, 3. Zizyphus nummularia (Berl) Comments drough that grows in arid areas and yay 1. Itisa drought e snduring spiny wild shrub LF mre lower surface of leaves is covered jy y ir 2. The leaves are small and leat! hery. 7 3 ed into spines 3, Thestipules are modifi Stipular spines Fig. 18.3. Zizyphus nummalaria, 4. Calotropis procera (Ak) Comments 1, Itisa drought enduring wi waste Ia 1g wild shrub of ari 7 ; ‘ub of arid, desert and lands. Teleavesandyoung ats insulating co Bey colour which makes it possible forthe plant to absorbles™ by 7 vere ue Covered amealy coating along witha Themed 4. Theleaves are th; thick. - 5. The plant possesseg 7 oy leathery. They do not wilt easly. | ex, which help in retaini retaining water.Fig. 18.4, Calotropis procera. aunts aller (Nagphanl) cnments fie [risa succulent or drought resisting xerophyte, which grows wild in arid areas. sales are caducous. They fall down soon after their formation to reduce wanspation Phylloclade Leat scar / Spine ag Bristles ~ Scar of fallen scale A"°0!¢ ing phyllociades Fig. 18.5, Shoot of Opuntia showing Phy!lin green called phylloclades. It is Breen a nd 98 3. The stem is jointed, flattened and 4 function of photosynthesis oe 4. The stem becomes fleshy due to storage of water. The stored water is | unfavourable periods. Used ep, possesses abundant mucilage, orareoles. The areoles have one or more spine Which, "ty, which helps in retaining water. 5. Thestem 6, Phylloclades bear several nodes the leaves of axillary branches 7. Besides there are a number of bristles to reduce transpiration and prev ent Brazing 6, Euphorbia royleana (panda Thor) Comments 1. It isa succulent shrubby xerophyte w! >. The leaves are drought deciduous (i.e, fall o or when water is available. green and shining, It carries out the function of photosynthesis, ‘The stem is stem possesses paired spines to reduce transpiration and grazing by ani animals, v hich grows wild in drier areas, ff during drought). They persist on} 1 dug, ing ‘The Itstores water and possesses white la i tex. The latex is a device t. 10 conserve mois ture and, the places of injury. Green fleshy stemshich avoid heat by ‘i alesrodent. an by adopting nocturnal habit is by excreting solid urine and can ji 6 active da Ire ges water y 2m live fom birth to death vn IMB night thou drinki ing wits burrow” by day to keep its chamber moist it sl n metaboli nse from its own metabolic processes and fro oe from byprosen inna \ Pic water in its fond, Neck trunk eye } Vibrissae b\N Fingers Forelimb ogg Fig. 18.7. Kangaroo rat. camel Comments Itisaxerocoles animal adapted to the desert conditions. Hump (Stores fat) Large eye lashes Muscular Fig, 18.8. Camel Adapted t0 desert conditions}00 6. Its slender snout bears a cleft upper lip, long eye CO CEMECEE LUO orai tory. Manuay - ; ‘ing, 2. It is able to tolerate wide range of temperature fluctuations and ig able 5 ‘a, i Ome moisture even during hot period. Main aa it i Ih It excretes concentrated urine and can withstand dehydration upto 25% ofits 4 | Ss ‘| 0 | P 4 . It accumulate its fat in the hump rather than allover the body. This Speeds heat Ye the body and its thick coat prevents the flow of heat inwards to the body, fo, "6, Its feet has two toes each with fleshy pad below which spread the load on sand en on hot and slippery sand. Able, 4 lashes and muscular nostyitg . S which closed for protection from wind blown sand.sia Adaptatio ey ON CT gilivein abundance of water ae Called hyophytg | ena? pytes are of four types pydtOP" ydrophytes. ed hydvop suber s te. mmogeton Fea sc hydeophytes. They oat freely on the " 7 tom eg. Eichhornia, Trapa, Pistia, Lemna, the These grow entirely Under water eg yy 4 °F Hydniy la, Valisnerig yes eat on the surface of water. Nelunt, Nm et ssvophiy (>. These grow in shallow wat ergent hy ‘4 fers and their sh a of water. eg. Typha, Sagittaria ete Oots extend above the s their haea ete, uatic habitats, water is excessive but light and. ‘oxygen (if sul ina sjopiytes are generally adapted to remain buoyantandavoid tbmerged) are always in defit decaying, shearing and tearing effects of water. EXPERIMENT 19.1 ) ofewo plants and two animals found in aquatic conditions and comment upon tations/ morphological fe ADAPTATIONS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS TO AQUATIC CONDITIONS “Hydra Comments lisa submerged hydrophyte found attached to the substratum by adventitious roots in water ponds of 3-8. It limps © sen issoftand slender and bears thin nd membranous leaves in whos P ‘heathen out of water showing the absence of any mechanical tissie. leaves ay (tide and s ; ch and protects the nag Fat is covered over by muclage I prevents epiphytic Bains the Totting effect of water. i 2 flow of water. They lack arranged in such a way to provide least resistance to the flow o tomata,Water Whorts of Submertj Branch leaves Roots Fig. 19.1. Hydrilla (A submerged hydrophyte). so Aallisneria Comments 1. It isa submerged stoloniferous flowering plant that grows in freshwater ponds 3. The leaves are large and ribbon shaped. They lack cuticle and stomata. 4. The leaves do not provide any resistance to the flow of water. ‘he stem is reduced and the roots are mostly concerned with the function of anc: 5. The whole plant is covered with mucilage. Female Female flower plant Male plant Water Thin — submerged leaves Male flower Stolon Fig. 19,; isneric 2. Vallisneria (A Submerged hydrophyte).\ gothomnia (Water Hyaci comments yacinth or Jalkumbhi) | | ltisa free floati ating hydi — g hydrophyte that grows in ponds, Jakes and water bodies containing fresh Lamina Inflated petiole ‘spongy stem ‘Adventitious roots Root pocket slant of Eichhornia.cris low, the plant gets rooted in the soi 104 low the surface of water | tis wat nat grows prostrate bel my in clusters. The petioles of the Teaves are ing? ina? >. when the level of lat, ed 3 The stem is offset reaves arise at the node i 4. The I eaves out of water. real bear casters ofan advent ition way ve waterproof, waxy and cuticular coatin, They ac ing. to pre Prevent Wer, 5. The ‘The emerged leaves hat ha ba, 5, Utricularia (Bladder wort) Comments I is a floating hydrophyte that grows abundantly in tanks and lak nd lakes Leat bladder Leaf segments, ~~ Dissected leaf —__ Flexible slender spongy stemslender and spongy. 105 is tomata on the uy te aaa etn are eee an Wh es ha’ the Jeaves to 1g clogging of stomat B Of wax is pre sent ‘a by water on the Fig. 19.6. Nelumbo (A floating leaved, anchored hydrophyte). eee106 Ory Marve _ g. a Freshwater Fish (Carp oF Rohu) ab Comments 1. Its body is compressed laterally to reduce friction and to allow swift swimming. Passage . 2, It possesses fins that help in swimming. mm, 5. Ithas air bladder or swim bladder which maintains buoyancy, 4 Tt possesses gills as organs of respiration for the exchange of gases in wat 5. The body is covered with water impermeable scales to prevent osmotic « . body. MAY of Nostri Scales ’ / Dorsal fin Lateraliing ¢ Caudal, Pectoral fin Pelvic fin Anal fin Fig. 19.8. A freshwater fish.