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Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. It was an era noted
for its initial prosperity and tumultuous final years, and for being only the second time that China was not
ruled by the Han people.

Fall of the Ming Dynasty

Near the end of the Ming Dynasty in 1616, Manchurian forces from northeastern Asia defeated the Ming
army and occupied several cities on China’s northern border.

Many of the new Han subjects faced discrimination. Han men were required to cut their hair in Mongolian
fashion or face execution. Han intellectuals attempted to criticize the rulers through literature; many were
rounded up and beheaded. Han people were also relocated from the power centers of Beijing .

Emperor Kangxi

Kangxi ruled for 61 years, from 1662 to 1722, the longest of any Chinese emperor.

He oversaw several cultural leaps, including the creation of a dictionary considered the best
standardization of the Han language and the funding of surveys to create the most extensive maps of
China up to that time.

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