Life and Works of Rizal

The World in Rizal's time:

Society and Religion
2ASN1 - GROUP 5:
LAGMAN, JANNA ALESSANDRA
LIM, EARL LOUIS
MARCOS, JULIA IAN

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I. Significant events in
Religion between
1801 - 1900

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1. The Enlightenment, England (1685 – 1815)

Also called the great ‘Age of Reason’ defined as the period of

rigorous scientific, political and philosophical discourse that
characterized European society (White, 2018)

A time of religious innovation, as Christians sought to reposition

their faith along rational lines, deists argued that the universe seemed
to determine its own course without God’s intervention (Onion et al.
2020)

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Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Voltaire
questioned, accepted knowledge and spread new ideas about openness, and
religious tolerance throughout Europe and the Americas (Winter, 2017)

John Locke
Retrieved from:
https://isih.history.ox.ac.uk/?page_id=6598
Isaac Newton
Retrieved from:
https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw04660/Si
r-Isaac-Newton
Voltaire
Retrieved from:
https://images.fineartamerica.com/images/artworkimages/mediumla
rge/2/portrait-of-voltaire-after-1718-nicholas-de-largilliere.jpg
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Connection to Rizal

He admire new authors like Voltaire and Rousseau, whom he called

"the fathers of modern thought" in a letter to his parents on 2
August 1883 (Bonoan, 1992)

By early 1885, he was already judging Catholic beliefs by the

yardstick of human reason. Pilosopo Tasio, an elderly scholar who
questioned men's consciences, is one of the characters in Noli Me
Tangere who embodies this belief (Bonoan, 1992)

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 Rizal's responses towards Fr. Pablo Pastells which shows his
enthusiasm with the spirit of the Enlightenment:

Rizal from Bonoan, 1992

"Through reasoning and by necessity rather than through faith do I

firmly believe in the existence of a creative Being"

"Divine revelation is impossible. The dogmas of the Church contain

obscurities, which "are glorified by calling them mysteries"

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"Sacred Scripture is purely of human authorship, flawed with errors,
contradictions, and inconsistencies."
2. Second Great Awakening, United States (1790 - 1840)

Emphasized the importance of converting people to Protestant

Christianity also doing good works and perfecting humankind
(Winter, 2017)

To “revive” church attendance, evangelists, organized lively

Christian revival meetings focused on personal commitment to faith
over the authority of priests. (Winter, 2017)

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 Camp Meeting
Retrieved from:
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/camp-meeting-c1830-granger.html 8
Methodist Camp Meeting

Retrieved from:
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/methodist-camp-meeting-granger.html 9
II. Significant events

in Society between
1801 - 1900

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3. Kabuki theater: Opening of Shintomiza, Japan (1878)

Retrieved from:
https://www.britannica.com/art/Kabuki

Shintomiza, a kabuki theater built by Morita Kanya opened in 1878

(Yuichiro, 1995)
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The establishment of Shintomiza inaugurated a new era for
kabuki theaters (Yuichiro, 1995)

Its opening ceremony received extensive coverage from the press

(Yuichiro, 1995)

During the first part, Morita Kanya, the playwrights, and the
actors came onstage in Western clothing (Yuichiro, 1995)

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Actors in Western clothing
Retrieved from:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1146469?read-

now=1&seq=5#page_scan_tab_contents
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Connection to Rizal

Rizal found difficulty in communicating with the Japanese, so

he spent a month and a half learning their language, including
the arts and kabuki theaters (Palafox, 2012)

Watching kabuki plays in Tokyo and Osaka was part of Rizal's

entertainment (Palafox, 2012)

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4. The Victorian Era style of clothing, America and Europe (1837)

A standardized attire of
women and men from
different social classes, worn
for varying occasions, laid
down after 1820 (Marly, 2022)

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Retrieved from:
https://victorianweb.org/art/costume/70s/2.html
Women's dresses were
loose, draped, high-
waisted gowns in pale or
white color (Marly, 2022)

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Retrieved from:
https://victorian-era.org/victorian-era-attire-for-men-and-
women.html
Men's clothing consisted of
tailcoats, waistcoats with high
stiff collar, trousers, and
bowler hats (Marly, 2022;
Victoria and Albert Museum,
n.d.)
From the 1840s, men's
clothing in shade of blue,
gray, white, and black
became the norm (Marly, Retrieved from:
https://victorian-era.org/victorian-era-attire-for-men-and-women.html

2022)
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Connection to Rizal

Rizal dressed in a
tailcoat, a waistcoat with
a high stiff collar,
trousers, and holding a
bowler hat.

Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce in

18
Spain | Presidential Museum and Library PH
Retrieved from:
https://flic.kr/p/if31Hd
5. First cricket Test match, Australia (1877)

Known as England's national summer sport, cricket has spread

across the globe (Alston, 2021)

In 1803, the crew of a British ship introduced the game in Australia

(Alston, 2021)

In 1877, the first official Test match between Australia and England
occurred (Ramesh, 2021)

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The opening batsman for Australia,
Charles Bannerman, was the first
player to score an international run
(Ramesh, 2021)

Australia won the first official Test

match (Ramesh, 2021)

Charles Bannerman
Retrieved from:
https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bannerman-charles-2929

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III. References

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Alston, Rex. 2021. "Cricket." Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
<https://www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport/Test-matches> 17 October 2022

Marly, Diana Julia Alexandra de. 2022. "Europe and America: 19th and 20th
centuries." Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
<https://www.britannica.com/topic/dress-clothing/Colonial-America#ref276329> 16
October 2022
Palafox, Queenie Anne J. 2012. "The Song of O-Sei-San." National Historical
Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved from <https://nhcp.gov.ph/the-song-of-o-
sei-san/> 18 October 2022
Ramesh, Akshay. 2021. "March 15, 1877: On this day, 144 years ago, England and
Australia played 1st ever international cricket match." India Today. Retrieved from
<https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/england-and-australia-played-1st-
ever-international-cricket-match-1779462-2021-03-15> 17 October 2022

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Victoria and Albert Museum. n.d. “Introduction to 19th-Century Fashion.” Retrieved
from <http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/introduction-to-19th-century-fashion/>
16 October 2022
White, Matthew. 2018. “The Enlightenment.” British Library. Retrieved from
<https://www.bl.uk/restoration-18th-century-literature/articles/the-enlightenment> 15
October 2022
Yuichiro, Takahashi. 1995. "Kabuki Goes Official: The 1878 Opening of the
Shintomi-za." TDR 39, No. 3: 131-150. Retrieved from
<https://doi.org/10.2307/1146469> 17 October 2022

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Thank you!

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