Cabinets and Ventilations

Installations and
Protection Considerations

Installations and
Protection Considerations

Drives Enclosures

Correct Installations

Cooling and Ventilations

Protections Devices

Cable Length

EMC/Harmonics

Correct Wiring Practice

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Enclosures Considerations
The Purposes of a Drive
Enclosure

Keep The Drive Cool: The

drive must be kept cool or
else is service life will be
reduced

Protect The Drive: The drive
must be protected from
contaminants

Protect People: People must
be protect from accidental
contact with dangerous
voltages

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Some Enclosure Types

Nema (American Std.) and IP (Ingress Protection)

Chassis IP 00

NEMA 1 IP 20/21

NEMA 12 IP 54

NEMA 3R IP 24

NEMA 4 IP 65

This comparison of IP and

NEMA enclosure ratings is
only approximate

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Enclosure IP Ratings

1st 2nd
No protection Protection against No protection Protection against
0 solid objects 0 liquids
Protected against solid objects up to
50mm e.g. accidental touch by hands Protected against vertically falling drops

1 1 of water e.g. condensation.

Protected against direct sprays of water

Protection against solid objects up to up to 15° from vertical
12.5mm e.g. fingers 2
2
Protected against direct sprays of water

Protected against solid objects over

3 up to 60° from vertical

2.5mm (tools + wires)

3 Protected against low pressure jets of
4 water from all directions

Protected against solid objects up to 1mm

(tools, wires + small wires) Protected against low pressure jets of

4 5 water from all directions

Protected against strong jets of water

Protected against dust
(no harmful deposits)
6 from all directions.

5
Protected against the effects of immersion
7 between 15cm and 1m.
Totally protected against dust

Protected against long periods of

6
8 immersion under pressure.

…m

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Enclosure Ratings

Protected chassis (IP20)

Panel mount

NEMA 1 conversion kit
NEMA 1 (IP21)

Protected from water drips

Finger Proof (protect from
electrical shock by touching)

NEMA 12 (IP54/55)

Splash proof

Dust tight

Backplate option

IP65/66 (NEMA 4x)

Wash-down duty

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Installation Concerns
Cooling and Dust

Check Environment

Clean and Dry – 5% - 95% Humidity, non-condensing

24-Hour temperature limit = 45°C (113°F)

Max temp limit = 50°C (122°F)

Altitude Limits – 1000m – reduced above 1000m

Storage Limits = -25° to +65°C (-13° to 149°F)

Knowing the above environment and site condition will help you to
propose the correct IP enclosure and power size.

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Installation
Low Power drives

Mounting

Side by Side is acceptable

Needs space above and below drive

Back - Flush Mounted Only (up to 75/90 KW) or back
plate

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Installation
IP54 Drives

Simple, Neat and Tidy

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Installation
High Power Drives

90 – 315 KW
(D Frame) -
Wall Mount

250 – 450 KW
(E Frame) -
Floor Mount

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Cabinets and Ventilations

F-Frame : 500kw IP54

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Installations with parallel motor cables

The installations with parallel motor cables are very bad because of the very
high motor cable capacitance which causes high leakage currents.

The motor cable length at the output of the frequency converter is equal to the
sum of all cable segments.

Nuisance Earth Fault may occur due to long cable length.

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Installations with parallel motor cables

Do not use Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) for motor protection
Use fuse or put a Du/Dt filter on the output of the VFD
The switching frequency (PWM) and harmonics of the VSD create extra heat in the circuit
breaker's electromagnetic part which then influences the thermal part, by which
unexpected cut out or tripping may happen.

Du/Dt Filter

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Cooling
Mounting a Drive in an Enclosure
Cabinet Installation

Cooling air must be

provided by ventilation
fan

To determine the volume
of air that is needed, two
factors determine how
much cooling will be
provided

The temperature
change of the cooling
air

The rate of flow of the
cooling air

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Cooling: Ventilations for VSD

For Installation in enclosed cabinets, sufficient
ventilation of the VSD’s to extract the HOT
air must be considered to prevent tripping on
Over Temperature and premature failures of
components.
Steps to calculate the min. air flow required :-
1) Sum up the total heat losses in Watts of all the VSD’s
installed in the same cabinet.
2) The highest inlet cooling air temperature (tin) must be
lower than 40°C and the outlet temperature of the air
must not exceed 45°C.
3) Calculate the difference between the temperature of the
cooling air and its outlet temperature (∆t = 45°C – tin ).

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Calculating the Air Flow Requirement

The required air flow (in m3/h) is
ΣPϕ x 3.1
∆T

ΣPϕ
Add the heat given off by all drives (from ratings tables)

∆T
Subtract the inlet air temperature from the maximum outlet air
temperature, 45oC

The maximum inlet air temperature is 40oC

The daily average inlet temperature must be less than 40oC

Be sure to provide enough extra cooling fan capacity to handle pressure

drops across filters, even dirty filters

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Cooling
(High Power Drives)
Rear View
Internal
exhaust air

Back channel
exhaust air

Internal
inlet air
Back channel
inlet air
Side View Side View

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Cooling: Back Channel Cooling

Top

Bottom Back- opening for back channel

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Input Protection- AC Line Disturbance

Standard Transient Surge Protection

Build in
Integrated input fuse for drives above
110kW
The drive is 100% short- circuit and
ground fault protected
Indicates phase loss on motor or AC
line
Designed to withstand power line
disturbances:
Short voltage drops
Momentary drop outs
Transients (VDE 0160)
Full compensation for AC line fluctuation
of +10/-15%

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Protection from Voltage Spikes

- The Danfoss Way -

Metal Oxide Varistor

Zener Diodes

VDE 160

2.3 times Voltage

1.5 msec

559V on 240VAC

1104V on 480VAC

1322V on 575VAC

Alternative methods for protecting the VFD

from Spikes includes adding an AC line reactor

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Protection Devices: Pre-fuses

To prevent fire and damage to VSD due to power surge and
short circuit
External pre-fuses is strongly recommended to be installed in the mains
supply to the frequency converter (especially so in HPD).
“Order Drives with Fuses”

Fuses

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Protection Devices: MCCB/ELCB

WHY NOT CIRCUIT BREAKER?

Circuit breakers (MCCB) are designed to provide long term over
current protection to cables and circuits. They can be fitted with
magnetic trip devices to provide an instantaneous trip on severe
overload.
The fault current flows through the circuit breaker until it opens
(between 3 to 6 cycles). Even if it opens in half a cycle (10ms) there
is no control over the energy that flows through the SCR & IGBTs
and there is no guaranteed protection.
Use Fuse for protection of VSD and motor.
Note: DO NOT USE ELCB with Frequency Inverters (VSD) as all VSD have
earth leakage due to the charging of the DC bus capacitors at start up and
high switching frequency (>3Khz) on the output.

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Power Factor Capacitors

Input Power Factor

Correction ???
Not Necessary! ???
The input displacement power
factor of a drive is high VSD
Over-correcting displacement
power factor is not good
Power factor correction could
cause resonance in the building’s
power system
PF is >0.95

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MOTOR CABLE LENGTH

Take notice of distance between motor and VSD
Long motor cables will produce more leakage current to ground

Screen Cables:
VLT2800: 40 meters
VLT5/6/8000: 150 meters
FC102/202/302: 150 meters

UnScreen Cables:
VLT2800: 75 meters
VLT5/6/8000: 300 meters
FC102/202/302: 300 meters

Some VFD manufacturers suggests

derating the Drive when using long
cable or to use load reactors.

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC):

EMI and RFI

Frequency of 450 kHz and up

Caused by inverter (VSD) switching

EMI: Electromagnetic interference (150Khz – 30Mhz)

High frequency interference conducted
through the power line

RFI: Radio frequency interference (30Mhz – 1Ghz)

High frequency interference radiated
through the air

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Electromagnetic interference

Radiated
interference

Conducted
interference

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Electromagnetic interference

Radiated

Radiated followed by conducted

Conducted followed
Conducted by radiated

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Electromagnetic interference

Definition

EMI is the degradation of the performance of an

equipment caused by an electromagnetic
disturbance.

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Electromagnetic compatibility

Level

Immunity margin

Limited emissions Compatibility Increased immunity

gap

Emission margin

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Electromagnetic compatibility

Definition

EMC is the ability of an equipment or system to

function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic
environment without introducing intolerable
disturbances in that environment.

Increased immunity Limited emissions

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Cabinets and Ventilations

EMC of adjustable speed drives

Immunity Emission
requirements requirements

•The emission and immunity limits of frequency converters are specified by

national, European and international standards.

•Beside these legally mandatory requirements, the Danfoss frequency

converters often have to comply with internal Danfoss requirements which
complement the legal requirements in order to achieve a high quality product.

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Problems Caused By EMI and RFI

Interference to carrier current signals

Off Line problem on BMS/PLC

Interference to sensitive electronic devices

Computer monitors

Medical electronics

Research electronics

Telecommunications equipment

Shoplifting detection devices

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Reducing EMI and RFI

Proper wiring (EMC correct installation)

Use shielded cables

Proper shielding and grounding

Proper cables routing

EMI (RFI) filters

Low inverter carrier frequency

Proper Grounding using

Cable clamps

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Reducing EMI and RFI

EMI (RFI) filters

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Cabinets and Ventilations

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC):

Harmonic Distortion (<10khz)

Low frequency interference on the power line

Caused by non-uniform current flow

Caused by the input stage of the VSD

Common Harmonic Standard:

IEEE 519-1992: Voltage THD
Total Harmonic Distortion
3% Sensitive applications

Airports

Hospitals

Telephone companies

5% General applications

Office buildings

Schools

10% Dedicated systems

Factories

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Voltage Distortion Depends On...

The size of the drive

The design of the drive

The building’s power system

You can’t guarantee a certain

level of voltage distortion
without knowing about the
building’s power system!

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Cabinets and Ventilations

General Wiring

At least three separate Cables (more for

relays) must be connected to the drive.

Incoming Power to the drive [L1, L2, L3]

Outgoing Power to the motor [U, V, W,]

Control wiring (separated from Power/Motor
cable)

A dedicated Ground wire is needed

Check Torque required for connectors

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Summary:
To avoid problems due to installations

Good Wiring Practices
 EMC correct Installations
 Control, input and motor wiring should be separated (>200mm)
 Do not mix or place close together low voltage and high voltage
wires.
 Use separate terminal block for low/high voltage
 Avoid improper drive grounding
 Do NOT daisy chain grounds
 Do NOT rely on conduit ground
 Proper wire shielding (control wires)
 Ground signal wire shields using cable clamps
 Provide sufficient ventilation for switch board
 Use fan with correct flow rate with filter
 Seal all cable entry holes
 Use correct protective devices

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