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ICE-ELINVO 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1737 (2021) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1737/1/012004

The Effect Harmonic Filters on Power Factor of Mall

Building in West Jakarta, Indonesia

I A Rahardjo1, M Djaohar1, M Subekti1 and A R Agfian1

1,2,3,4
Electrical Engineering Education Program, University State of Jakarta,
Rawamangun, Indonesia

Email: 1imam_ar@unj.ac.id

Abstract. This study aimed to understand the effect of harmonic filter to power factor from the
loads. The research method used was the experimental research method. In this study, the
experiment was carried out using the ETAP simulation by giving the effect of a harmonic filter
on the condition of the electric power system in a mall building. The result simulation before
experiment showed the average THD-V was 8.52%, the average THD-I was 5.79%, and the
average power factor was 0.72. Futhermore, the result simulation after experiment showed the
average THD-V is 3.28%, the average THD-I is 4.22%, and the average power factor was
0.95.Effect harmonic filter to the electricity system of the Mall building is the harmonic
voltage decrease up to 61%, the harmonic current decrease up to 30%, and the power factor
increase up to 36%.

1. Introduction
Electronic equipment in mall buildings such as high efficiency air conditioners, ac drives for elevators
or escalators, variable speed drives for varying the speed of electric motors are nonlinear equipment.
Likewise LED lamps, fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts, televisions, personal computers,
laptops, monitors, printers, copiers and fax machines. They also sources of harmonic currents [1-3].
The impact of resulting harmonic currents contribute to the building wiring may be insignificant,
increase the amps per watt drawn by electronic appliances, may consume any spare current-carrying
capacity designed into the building transformers and conductors, malfunction of the appliance [4].
These problem must be identified and removed or replaced or with a harmonic filter according to the
percent of total harmonic distortion (THD) that contributes in to the building wiring system [5-13].
This article focuses on the effect harmonic filters on power factor in mall buildings in West Jakarta.
Nearly 50% of all electricity consumed by commercial buildings like mall that one considers about
75% of motor applications with ac drives to reduce the energy consumption.
Based on above sentences, this article was aimed to study the effect of harmonic filter to power
factor from the loads. The 3rd, 5th filter and 7th filter can be used and the target power factor is unity.

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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ICE-ELINVO 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1737 (2021) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1737/1/012004

2. Method
The study method used was the experimental research method. In this study, the experiment was
carried out using the ETAP simulation by giving the effect of a harmonic filter on the condition of the
electric power system in a mall building.
The existing electricity system was drawn based on the data collected by interviewing such as
single line diagrams, load data, transformer specifications, and conductor data to be simulated to
obtain initial data. From this initial data, the calculation and design of the harmonic filter was carried
out. Then, this harmonic filter was simulated into the electricity system in the mall building and
analyzed to determine its effect on the power factor. Furthermore, conclusions are drawn based on the
results of the experimental analysis carried out.
The study methods was shown in Figure 1.

Start

Collecting data (single line

diagram, load data,
transformer specifications,
conductor data)
Initial data simulation

Calculating and Designing of filter harmonic

Final data simulation

Analyzing and making conclusion of effect

harmonic filters on power factor

Finish
End

Figure 1. Study Method

3. Results And Discussion

3.1. Result
After collecting the data, the single line diagram of the mall building was redrawn using the ETAP
12.6 software, as shown in Figure 2.

2
ICE-ELINVO 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1737 (2021) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1737/1/012004

Figure 2. Redrawing Single Line Diagram of Mall Building Using ETAP

From the redrawing single line diagram of the mall building using ETAP, then performed a
harmonic load flow as initial data simulation. The results of harmonic load flow can be seen in Figure
3.

Figure 3. Initial Data Simulation of Harmonic Load Flow

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ICE-ELINVO 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1737 (2021) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1737/1/012004

Based on the harmonic load flow simulation, the values of power flow, power factor, voltage and
current harmonics before experiment are obtained which can be seen in table 1.
Tabel.1 Power Flow, Power Factor, Voltage and Current Harmonics Before Experiment
Location P (MW) Q (MVar) PF THD-V (%) THD-I (%)
Bus 2 1.334 1.358 0,701 8.51 2.29
Panel 9 0.161 0.161 0,707 8.52 7.56
Panel 10 0.149 0.150 0,705 8.51 8.91
Panel 11 0.121 0.121 0,707 8.51 9.16
Panel 12 0.349 0.359 0,697 8.53 4.31
Panel 13 0.338 0.345 0,7 8.53 4.24
Panel 15 0.217 0.222 0,698 8.52 4.03

0,708 10

0,706 9
8
0,704
7
0,702 6

THD (%)
PF

0,7 5

0,698 4
3
0,696
2
0,694 1
0,692 0
Bus 2 Panel 9 Panel 10 Panel 11 Panel 12 Panel 13 Panel 15
PF THD-V (%) THD-I (%)

Figure 4. Graph of Power Factor, Voltage and Current Harmonics Before Experiment

Referring to Table 1 and Figure 4.,.the highest total harmonic distortion voltage (THD-V) was in panel
12 and panel 13. The lowest THD-V was in panel 12. The average THD-V was 8.52%. The THD-V
value of mall building was under PLN standards [14].
The highest total harmonic distortion current (THD-I) was in panel 11. The lowest THD-I was in
bus 2. The average THD-I was 5.79%. The THD-I value of mall building was under PLN standards
[14].
The highest power factor was in panel 9 and panel 10. The lowest power factor was in panel 12.
The average power factor was 0.72. The power factor value of mall building was under PLN standards

3.2. Discussion
Based on the value of harmonic voltage and harmonic currents that are not in accordance with PLN
standards, a single tuned harmonic filter is calculated and designed by the following steps.
a). Determining the amount of reactive power requirements (kVar)
The amount of reactive power required to change the power factor from cos φ1 to cos cos φ2 can be
determined by the following equation:
𝑄𝑐 = 𝑄𝐿 - 𝑄𝐵 (1)

4
ICE-ELINVO 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1737 (2021) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1737/1/012004

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑆 . Sin φ1 (2)
𝑄𝐵 = 𝑆. Sin φ2 (3)
So, φ1 = 0.707, φ1 = 45°
cos φ2 = 0.95, φ2 = 18.19°
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑃 . Tan φ1 = 161 kW. Tan 45° =161
𝑄𝐵 =𝑃.Tan φ2 =161 kW.Tan18.19°= 52.92
𝑄𝑐 = 𝑄𝐿 - 𝑄𝐵 = 108.13 kVAR

b). Calculating the reactance of a single tuner filter

Calculate the filter impedance using the following formula:
𝑉𝐿𝐿 2 (𝑘𝑉)𝑥1000
𝑋𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄𝐶 (𝑘𝑉𝑎𝑟)
(4)
(𝑂.40)2 𝑘𝑉𝑥1000
So, 𝑋𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 108.13 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅
= 1.48 Ω

c). Calculating the capacitor value

Calculate the magnitude of the capacitor reactance, with the following formula:
ℎ = 𝑛 – [(tolerance value between 3% -15%) × 𝑛] (5)
So, ℎ = 11 – [(3%) × 5] = 4.85
h2 VLL 2 .1000 (10.67)2
X Cap = [h2 −1] x QC
= [ (10.67)2 −1
] x1.48
X Cap =1.044 x 1.48=1.544 Ω
1
𝐶= = 2061.57 𝑚𝑖𝑘𝑟𝑜𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑
2𝜋𝑥50𝑥1.545

d). Calculating the inductor value

Calculate the inductor value with the following formula:
𝑋
𝑋𝐿 = 𝐶2 (6)
ℎ
𝑋𝐿
𝐿 = 2𝜋.𝑓 (7)
𝑋 1.544
So, 𝑋𝐿 = ℎ𝑐2 = 4.852 = 0.0656 Ω
𝑋𝐿 0.0656
𝐿= = = 0.209 𝑚𝐻
2𝜋. 50 2𝜋. 50

e). Calculating the resistor value

To determine the size of the resistor value needed in planning a harmonic passive filter, the quality
factor value must first be determined. In this study, the Q factor was chosen as 0.5. Calculate the
resistor value with the following formula:
𝑛.𝑋
𝑅 = 𝑄𝐿 (8)
𝑛.𝑋𝐿 5 𝑥 0.0656
So, 𝑅 = 𝑄
= 0.5
= 0.656 Ω

The single-tuned filter calculation results for the simulation of filter installation can be seen in table 2
below.

Table 2. Harmonics Filter Specifications

Panel Specifications Value
V 0.4 kV
Qc 108.13 kVAR
9
C 2061.57 mikroFarad
XC 1.544 ohm

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ICE-ELINVO 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1737 (2021) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1737/1/012004

Panel Specifications Value

L 0.209 mH
XL 0.0656 ohm
R 0.656 ohm
Q’s Factor 0.5
V 0.4 kV
Qc 100.92 kVAR
C 1924 mikroFarad
XC 1.655 ohm
10
L 0.224 mH
XL 0.0703 ohm
R 0.703 ohm
Q’s Factor 0.5
V 0.4 kV
Qc 81.266 kVAR
C 1549.38 mikroFarad
XC 2.0544 Ohm
11
L 0.278 mH
XL 0.0874 Ohm
R 0.874 Ohm
Q’s Factor 0.5
V 0.4 kV
Qc 244.34 kVAR
C 4824.9 mikroFarad
XC 0.6606 ohm
12
L 0.0185 mH
XL 0.00579 ohm
R 0.1275 ohm
Q’s Factor 0.5
V 0.4 kV
Qc 233.73 kVAR
C 4615.4 mikroFarad
XC 0.69 ohm
13
L 0.0193 mH
XL 0.00601 ohm
R 0.1333 ohm
Q’s Factor 0.5
V 0.4 kV
Qc 151.3 kVAR
C 2987.7 mikroFarad
XC 1.066 Ohm
15
L 0.0298 mH
XL 0.0094 Ohm
R 0.2059 Ohm
Q’s Factor 0.5

The complete data from running harmonic load flow when the Singled Tuned filter is on can be seen
in table 3 below.

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ICE-ELINVO 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1737 (2021) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1737/1/012004

Tabel 3. Power Flow, Power Factor, Voltage and Current Harmonics After Experiment
Location P (MW) Q (MVar) PF THD-V (%) THD-I (%)
Bus 2 1.698 0.631 0,954 3,28 1,31
Panel 9 1.684 0.529 0,950 3,29 5,78
Panel 10 0.221 0.072 0,951 3,28 6,89
Panel 11 0.206 0.067 0,949 3,28 7,03
Panel 12 0.166 0.055 0,955 3,28 2,85
Panel 13 0.421 0.131 0,956 3,28 2,85
Panel 15 0.407 0.126 0,958 3,28 2,81

Figure 5. Graph of Power Factor, Voltage and Current Harmonics After Experiment

Referring to Table 3 and Figure 5.,.the highest total harmonic distortion voltage (THD-V) after
experiment is in panel 9. The lowest THD-V was in panel 2,10,11,12,13,15. The average THD-V is
3,28%.The THD-V value of mall building after experiment accordance to PLN standards. The highest
total harmonic distortion current (THD-I) is in panel 10. The lowest THD-I is in bus 2. The average
THD-I is 4,22%. The THD-I value of mall building after experiment accordance with PLN standards.
The highest power factor is in panel 15. The lowest power factor is in panel 11. The average power
factor is 0,95. The power factor value of mall building after experiment accordance with PLN
standards. Effect harmonic filter to the electricity system of the Mall building, the harmonic voltage
decrease up to 61%, the harmonic current decrease up to 30%, and the power factor increase up to
36%.

4. Conclusion
The result simulation for mall building in west Jakarta before experiment showed the average THD-V
was 8,52%, the average THD-I was 5,79%, and the average power factor was 0,72. Futhermore, the
result simulation after experiment showed the average THD-V is 3,28%, the average THD-I is 4,22%,
and the average power factor is 0,95.
Effect harmonic filter to the electricity system of the Mall building, the harmonic voltage decrease
up to 61%, the harmonic current decrease up to 30%, and the power factor increase up to 36%.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1737 (2021) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1737/1/012004

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