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EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012025

The online diagnosis of internal insulation fault of capacitance

voltage transformers based on machine learning

Wei Wei*a, Tao Peng a, Yi Fanga and Li Yea

a
State Grid Hubei Marketing Service Center (Measurement Center). Wuhan, Hubei,
China
*
Corresponding author: 1036243440@qq.com

ABSTRACT: In order to diagnose internal insulation faults of CVT in time, an online

diagnosis method for the internal insulation performance of CVT is proposed in this
paper. The relationship between CVT insulation performance and measured data is
obtained by analyzing CVT internal insulation structure and transfer function. After
constructing an appropriate eigenvector by the inter-group correlation amplitude
parameter of CVT, three methods of SVM, Bayes, and KNN are used as classifiers for
insulation fault diagnosis. The experiment result shows that KNN method can
effectively diagnose internal insulation faults with an accuracy rate of 100%.

1. Introduction
Capacitance voltage transformers (CVT) compared with electromagnetic potential transformers (PT)
have better antiferromagnetic resonance ability, lower manufacturing cost, smaller volume, and lighter
weight. So CVT is widely used in high voltage lines of 110kV and above1. In a long-time operation,
CVT is easily prone to abnormal states like deterioration of insulation performance and low correctness
of measurement error influenced by the environment because of its complicated internal structure. These
abnormal states will affect the correctness of electric energy measurement and the security of power
system.
In the analysis of insulation performance of CVT, the mainstream methods are electric bridge
detection method, self-excitation method, and online assessment method. The electric bridge detection
method and the self-excitation method are labor-intensive and risky. And CVT must be out of operation
in both methods2. The online assessment method implements state diagnosis of CVT’s internal insulation
performance without CVT out of operation and additional hardware by mining electric parameters of
CVT in big data analysis methods, which is the inevitable direction of the development of smart grid
monitoring technology3. However, the research of online assessment methods in internal insulation
diagnosis is in the beginning stage. And now, the parameters that accurately represent the internal
insulation state of CVT have not been found yet.
Aiming at the problem of error change caused by the abnormal change of internal insulation, which
leads to measurement data failure, a new method is proposed in this paper to diagnose internal insulation
performance of CVT online based on machine learning. In this new method, features are extracted by
the inter-group correlation amplitude parameter of different CVT from collection measurement data.
Three classifiers, Support Vector Machine(SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN), and Bayesian, are used
to diagnose internal insulation faults. The experiment results show that all three classifiers can
effectively recognize insulation faults. And KNN has the best performance. The accuracy of identifying
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EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012025

insulation fault is 100%.

2. Materials and methods

2.1.The insulation structure of CVT

The CVT insulation structure shown in Figure 1 can be divided into internal and external insulation
structures. And the internal insulation structure contains the insulation dielectric of capacitance voltage
divider and the winding insulation of intermediate transformer. According to the operation and
maintenance result of CVT, the faults of CVT are mainly caused by the abnormal state of internal
insulation4,5.
And the internal insulation state of CVT is influenced by the state of insulation dielectric and
capacitors. The deterioration of the internal insulation of CVT will reduce the accuracy of power
measurement even cause an explosion that affects the security of the whole power system. After a long-
time operation, electrical aging, thermal aging, and manufacturing defects lead to reduced CVT hold-
off voltage and increased CVT dielectric loss. Moreover, the transient overvoltage of primary voltage,
partial discharge, and resonance overvoltage may cause irreversible damage to insulation dielectric,
reduce the breakdown strength of CVT and directly lead to the capacitor’s breakdown in severe cases.
In contrast to insulation dielectric having many mature research methods6,7,8,9, capacitors do not have
appropriate parameters to accurately diagnose the state of capacitors. Therefore, this paper presents
capacitor breakdown, the main form of deterioration in CVT. The research of capacitor breakdown, the
main deterioration form of CVT, is carried out in this paper.

Figure 1. The insulation structure of CVT.

2.2.The equivalent circuit of CVT considering internal insulation parameter

The main deterioration factors are capacitor breakdown and abnormal dielectric loss of capacitors.
Therefore, the equivalent circuit model is established to influence the effect of internal insulation. In
this model, the dielectric loss of the high voltage capacitor and the medium voltage capacitor are
equivalent to the parallel resistance, and a T-type equivalent circuit represents the intermediate
transformer.

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EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012025

Figure 2. The equivalent circuit of CVT.

In Figure 2, XCH ,XCM ,RH ,RM represent the equivalent reactance of high voltage divider capacitors,
the equivalent reactance of medium voltage divider capacitors, the equivalent resistance of dielectric
loss of high voltage divider capacitors, and the equivalent resistance of dielectric loss of medium voltage
divider capacitors, respectively. XL is compensation reactor, XT1 , XT2 , R1 , R2 represents equivalent
parameters of intermediate transformers. And Zm is the magnetizing reactance of the intermediate
transformer. ZL is converted to the equivalent secondary load on the primary side of the intermediate
transformer. Assume the output of capacitive divider is treated as an open circuit, which means the
values of Zm , ZL are infinity, the secondary voltage with internal insulation parameters is:
R M X CM (R M + X CM )−1
U2 = K ⋅ U1 ⋅ (1)
R H X CH (R H + X CH )−1 + R M X CM (R M + X CM )−1
Which U1 , U2 represent primary output voltage and secondary output voltage, respectively. K
represents the ratio of the intermediate transformer. Converted dielectric loss equivalent resistance into
dielectric loss factor, Equation 1 can be described as:
C H tan σ H + jC H
U2 = K ⋅ U1 ⋅ (2)
C H tan σ H + C M tan σ M + j(C H + C M )
If the CVT divider capacitor capacity and dielectric loss change abnormally, the additional ratio
difference can be
((C H i tan σ H i )2 )0.5 ⋅ ((C H i tan σ H i + C M i tan σ M i )2 + (C H i + C M i )2 )0.5 − C A
Δf = × 100%
CA
(3)

Which CA =CH (CH +CM )-1 , CHi , CMi , tan σHi , tan σMi represent abnormally changed internal
insulation parameters, respectively. According to Equation 3, capacitors breakdown causes the error to
change.

2.3.Feature extraction
The measurement error of CVT contains ratio difference, and phase error, the equation of ratio difference
is as follows:
U 2 − U 1K −1
f = × 100% (4)
U 1K −1
Which K represents the rated voltage ratio, U1 ,U2 represent the primary voltage and the secondary
voltage, respectively. both sides of Equation 4 are multiplied by U1 K-1 the equation can change to
U1
U 2 = (1 + f ) (5)
K

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EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012025

In the operation of the power system, the exact value of primary voltage is hard to get. Therefore, the
inter-group correlation amplitude parameter of CVT2 is used to construct an eigenvector in this model
to eliminate the influence of primary voltage. The inter-group correlation parameter represents the ratio
of the secondary voltage amplitude of CVT. And these CVT with the same models used to calculate the
ratio are from different groups connected to the same bus and the same phase. The ratio can be
represented as
U 1i
U 2i = (1 + fi )
K
U 1j
U 2j = (1 + fj ) (6)
K
U 2i (1 + fi )U 1i K −1
=
U 2j (1 + fj )U 1j K −1
On the same bus, it can be considered that the primary voltages of CVT of the same model in different
groups in the same phase are the same. And it has been proved2 that if these CVT are in a normal state,
the amplitude ratio at each moment should be a fixed value within the error range. Equation 6 can be
simplified as
U 2i (1 + fi )
= (7)
U 2j (1 + fj )
So it can be approximated that the ratio of the secondary voltage amplitude is only related to the ratio
difference of CVT. According to the function derivation in Section 2.2, the relationship between ratio
difference and capacitors can be replaced by the relationship between amplitude ratio and capacitors.
When the state of CVT’s internal insulation changes abnormally, the measurement error will change,
which also affects the change of the amplitude ratio. Hence, the eigenvector X is built based on the
inter-group correlation parameter to represent the fault of capacitors’ breakdown in internal insulation
of CVT.
 U 1A U iA U (n −1)A   1 + f1A 1 + fiA 1 + f(n −1)A 
   
U 2A U (i + 1)A U nA   1 + f2 A 1 + f(i + 1)A 1 + fnA 
U U iB U   1 + f1B 1 + fiB 1 + f( n −1)B 
X =  1B ... ... ( n −1)B  =  ... ...  (8)
U 2B U (i + 1)B U nB  1 + f2B 1 + f(i + 1)B 1 + fnB 
 U 1C U iC U (n −1)C   1 + f1C 1 + fiC 1 + f(n −1)C 
U U (i +1)C U nC  1 + f2C 1 + f(i + 1)C 1 + fnC 
 2C
Which Uij represents the value of secondary voltage of the i-th CVT in j phase. fij represents the
value of error difference of the i-th CVT in j phase. n represents the number of groups connected in
the same bus.

2.4.Classifier
Three machine learning methods, KNN, SVM, and Bayes, are used as classifiers to diagnose capacitor
breakdown faults. As conventional machine learning methods, KNN, SVM and Bayes have mature
theories as to the basis and are suitable for the situation where the number of selected features is much
smaller than the number of samples.
In KNN method, the category of the sample to be classified is determined by the category with the
largest number of the k nearest samples. The distance metric used in this method is Minkowski distance,

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EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012025

p 1/p
d= ∑nk=1 xi m -xj m , which xi ,xj represent two n dimensional samples, m means the m -th
dimension features, p is a constant.
SVM is a classifier that non-linearly maps feature into higher dimensional space through a kernel
function and finds the maximum margin classification hyperplane. For n dimension feature X={X1 ,
X2 ,…,Xm }, m is the number of features, the hyperplane can be described by a linear function as:
wTX + B = 0 (9)
Which W={w1 , w2 ,…,wn } is normal vector of hyperplane, B={b1 , b2 ,…,bn } is displacement.
And the distance from the sample to hyperplane is
w T Xi + B
di = (10)
W
1/2
Which ‖W‖=(w1 2 +w2 2 +…+wn 2 )
Classify the given sample dataset D={ x1 ,y1 , x2 ,y2 ,…,(xm ,ym )}, the margin is set as
 w T x + b ≥ 1,∀y i = 1
 T (11)
w x + b ≤ −1,∀y i = −1
The binary classification margin is the distance between these two hyperplane
2
d = (12)
w
The question of finding the optimal two-class margin is changed to finding the maximum value of d,
2
min w s .t . y i(w T x i + b ) ≥ 1 (13)

The Equation 13 is solved by the Lagrange equation, and the above problem is transformed into
m m m
1 m
max  αi −   αiα j y i y j x i x j s .t .  αi y i = 0,α i ≥ 0 (14)
i =1 2 i=1
j =1 i =1

Which α is Lagrange multipliers.

The nonlinearly transforming xi xj followed by the inner product is often difficult to implement. The
kernel function is an excellent way to solve this problem by hiding xi xj into K(xi ,xj ), all calculations
related to xi xj are replaced by K(xi ,xj ). Finally, K(xi ,xj ) is extended to non-linearize xi xj .
The principle of Bayes classifier is based on Bayes theory P c|x =P x|c P c /P(x). Model the joint
probability distribution, and obtain the test sample category after obtaining the generative model of the
posterior probability from the conditional probability formula.

2.5.Online diagnosis fault based on machine learning

This paper proposes an online diagnosis of CVT internal insulation performance based on machine
learning. The workflow is shown in Figure 3, and the details of each part are as follows:
(1) Dataset construction: The relationship between the measurement data and insulation state is
obtained through the analysis of the insulation structure of CVT and related transfer function. Then the
training set and test set are constructed by the inter-group correlation parameter of CVT.
(2) Model training: The models with three different methods are built, the trained models are obtained
after optimizing relevant hyper parameters and inputting training dataset.
(3) Online diagnosis: The test dataset is input into the trained models. The model outputs the
diagnosis result.

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EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012025

Figure 3. The process of method.

3. Results
In power operation, it is difficult to obtain a large number of labeled samples. But it can be obtained at
a small cost through signal simulation. Thus, this section will verify the effectiveness of the proposed
method based on the experimental data of the simulation experiment.

3.1.Experiment method
The dataset is collected from an experiment platform simulating the primary topological. Through data
preprocessing, the dataset is input into various classifiers for training. Then the optimized model is
obtained after parameters optimizing. The best method of online diagnosis method for CVT capacitor
breakdowns is gotten by comparing the accuracy of each classifier model.

3.2.Experiment process
For the experiment, a simulation platform is built to simulate the situation of the different number of
capacitor breakdowns in CVT. And the detail of the experiment process is presented below:
(1) Dataset collection: 18 CVT with the same model (Six groups CVT, each group has three-phase
four-wire system) and a PT are connected into the same bus to simulate the operation states of CVT in
a substation. The signal acquisition device collects the secondary voltage value of each CVT in seconds.
15000 samples are collected, and each sample is labeled as: label 0: when capacitors don’t break down,
the ratio difference doesn’t change; label 1: when a high voltage capacitor breaks down, the ratio
difference increases about 0.4%; label 2: when two high voltage capacitors break down, the ratio
difference increases about 0.8%; label 3: when a medium voltage capacitor breaks down, the ratio
difference reduces about 0.4%; label 4: when two medium voltage capacitors break down, the ratio
difference reduces about 0.8%.
(2) Data preprocessing: The dataset collected in simulation is split into the training set and test set
according to the ratio of 7:3. The dataset is then normalized after extracting features by the ratio of the
CVT secondary voltage amplitude value.
(3) Classification: CVT insulation faults are diagnosed by SVM, KNN, and Bayes classifiers.
(4) Method optimization: After optimizing hyper parameters, the optimal method is obtained by
comparing the accuracy of each method.

3.3.Experiment results and discussion

This paper employs KNN, SVM, and Bayes methods as classifiers to diagnose capacitor breakdown
faults. The optimized model is obtained after optimizing hyper parameters in each classifier. There are
two hyper parameters in KNN method, k represents k-nearest samples, p is a constant in the Minkowski
distance. And many different Bayes methods are tested in this experiment. At the same time, four kernels

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EEICE-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012025

of linear, RBF, poly, and sigmoid kernels are tested in SVM, and the parameters in these kernels are
optimized. The optimized result is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. The optimized hyper parameters in each classifiers.

Algorithm Hyper parameters and optimized values
KNN n_neighbors=25, p=2
Bayes bayes=’Gaussian naïve bayes’
SVM kernel=’rbf’, gamma=2.5

In the experiment, the stop-training accuracy is set as 1 × 10 the accuracies of each classifiers
are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. The accuracy of each methods.
Methods Accuracy
KNN 100%
Bayes 99.83%
SVM 99.75%

According to the above table, three different classifiers methods have high accuracy on the simulation
dataset. The method based on KNN method has the best result, with an accuracy rate of 100%. So KNN
is chosen as a classifier in capacitor breakdown faults online diagnosis. This method has just now been
tested on the simulation platform. Its generalization requires more research to verify. However, the
method of diagnosing capacitor breakdown faults based on the ratio of the secondary voltages of
different groups of CVTs provides an idea for further research in this field.

4. Conclusion
An online diagnosis of the CVT capacitor breakdowns method is carried out in this paper. First, the
dataset is collected from a simulation experiment. Then an eigenvector based on the inter-group
amplitude correlation parameter of CVT is constructed. The optimal models of three methods are
obtained after training, and their efficiency is verified through the test set. The experiment shows three
methods, SVM, Bayes and KNN, all have high accuracy. And KNN has the best performance in
capacitor breakdown fault diagnosis. The accuracy of this method reaches 100%. The method proposed
in this paper provides the possibility for more detailed research on the online diagnosis of internal
insulation degradation faults.

Acknowledgements
This paper is one of the phased achievements of the project "Research on measurement and insulation
performance on-line evaluation technology of capacitive voltage transformer based on data drive
(52154321000U)".

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290 (2022) 012025 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012025

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