NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY .blogspot.com Chapter 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements (oreecnen © Introduction Introduction ns Out of 117 elements known so far, noble metals, noble gases, N,. 0, ee Gnd a few others are avaliable in native state while others are avatiabie © Some Terms as their compounds. All of these are useful to us in one or the other form. Fe is present in haemoglobin. Zn is present in insulin, Co is © Extraction of Metals and present in vitamin B-12, Mg 4s present in chlorophyll, ete. Al is used Non-Metals (General) in making transmission cables, utensils, etc, Cu is used in making < ~ ng electrical appliances and in increasing hardness of gold, in making * Thermodynamical Principles any alloys etc. Zn is used in galvanometer. extraction of gold and of Metallurgy silver, etc. Fe is extensively used as wrought tron, cast iron, steel, alloy Steel for makinst many articles of day-to-day needs. © Bllingham Diagrame ‘This unit mainly deals with the extraction of Fe, Zn, Cu, Aland + Applications of Elingham other metals and their purification, Diagrams + Electrochemical Principles of OCCURRENCE OF METALS fecal ee ‘Metals generally occur in the form of their oxides, sulphides, carbonates, # Exraction of Aluminium sulphates, halides, ec. Principal minerals of some metals are listed below. a a eee © Hydrometalturgy Iron Haematite * Fe0s eae Magnet Fo.0. * Uses of Some Metals eae ses Some Imporiant Definitions Side rie FeGoe © Glossary Chromite Fe0.cr.0, Se nick ecae Copper | Chalcopyrites or copper | CuFeS,{Actual form yrites (Foot gold) Cu,SFe,54] ‘Copper glance cus ‘Cuprite cu0 Malachite cucoscuors Azurite 2CuCOsCuOH), Aakash Educational Services Pvt.Ltd. - Regd. Office ‘Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 2 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Board & Competitive Exams. Example 1: Solution : Aluminium | Bauxite * Ox (OH)o-2x [0 B,0,, P,Ojg etc FeO + SiO, —> Fesio, (©) Basic flux : It converts acidic impurities to slag. For example, CaO is used in the metallurgy of iron to remove SiO, a3 CaSi0, (slag). Other basic fluxs are» CaCO, MgCO,, MgO ete. SIO, + CaO —+ CaSi0, () Slag : The low fusible substance produced by the reaction of flux with impurities during extraction of metals, is called stag. The process is called slagging operation. (vi) Alloy : It is a homogeneous mixture of a metal with one or more elements that may be metals or non- motals, (vil) Metallurgy : The complete scientific and technological process employed for the extraction of a metal from its ore is called metallurgy. It also includes purification of metal and formation of its alloys. Example 3: Define ‘Slagging operation’. Solution : It is the process of formation of slag (low fusible substance ) by the reaction of flux with impurities of the ore, during metallurgy. For example, in the metallurgy of iron, CaO (a basic flux) is used to convert the acidic impurity SIO, to CaSiO, (slag). cad + SIO, —> Casio, 4. Define the term flux. 5. Discuss the use of an acidic flux in metallurgy. EXTRACTION OF METALS AND NON-METALS (GENERAL) Different non-metals are extracted by de-electronation using different processes. Metals are extracted by electronation using certain definite methods as mentioned below. () Pulverisation : The lumps of ore are converted to small pieces by using jaw crushers and to powder by employing stamp mill or ball mill. Magnetic separation : This method is employed to separate the magnetic and non-magnetic components. present in the ore by carrying the powdered ore on a conveyer belt passing over an electromagnetic roller. ‘The non-magnetic part is thrown away while the magnetic part makes a heap below the magnet. For Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 4 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Board & Competitive Exams. ‘example, magnetic impurity of wolframite (FeWO,) is separated from tin stone (the ore of tin). Other cases are chromite ore FeO-Cr,O,, magnetite Fe,O,, pyrolusite MnO,, etc. are magnetic. inuly yround ow 3 Magnetic roller — Magnetic particles Non-magnetic particles Magnetic separation (schematic) (ii) Hydrautic washing (gravity separation method) ‘This method is employed to purify heavier ore such as oxides (e.g., haematite, tin stone etc.), carbonates (eg., calamine, malachite, etc.), native gold, etc. ‘The ore is washed with running water using big tubs or wiley table that has sluices (grooves). The lighter impurities are washed away and the heavier particles of the ore settle down. (iv) Froth floatation process : This method is employed to purify/concentrate sulphide ores. This method uses: (@) Water (b) Pine oil or eucalyptus oil to produce foam and work as collector / transforming agent (©) Cresols or aniline to stabilise foam called stablizer 5 (@) Xanthate (commonly employed xanthate is potassium ethyl xanthate C,H, — 0 — 6 — § K*) is used collector to increase wetting of sulphide ore. (©) Depressants and activators to collect the required sulphide part from the ore. For example, Galena contains a good quantity of ZnS with PbS. NaCN is used to convert most of ZnS into water soluble ‘complex Na,{2n(CN),]. ‘The powdered ore is put in a tank containing a stirrer, a device of passing compressed air and all the above material. Foam is produced by wetting and lifting of sulphide ore to the surface. It is washed with acidulated water to collect the ore. Rotating paddle iby: nora roth Pulp of ore + ot ZF raaaic draws in air and slirs the pulp. oO! Enlarged view of an air bubble showing mineral particles attached to Froth floatation process (schematic) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements | 5 () Leaching : It is the method of collecting the required metal from an ore, in the form of aqueous solution of its selected compound, by treating the ore with acid or base or some other reagent. In Bayer’s process, for red bauxite, the ore is continuously stirred with 45% NaOH at 200-250°C to collect the solution of sodium meta aluminate NaAlO, or Na[Al(OH),]. It is then dilited and kept with AIH), (seeded) for about 36 hours at 25-50°C to convert it to Al(OH), (ppt). Ignition of AKOH), at 1200°C produces Al,O., Al,0,°2H,0 + 2NaOH— SE", 2NaAlO, + 3H,O NaAlO, + H,0—:MOspe > ANOH), + NaOH 2Al(OH), 254 A,0, + 3H,O In Serpeck's method white bauxite is generally heated with coke in the presence of N, gas. AIN produced is reacted with water to produce Al(OH), which on ignition gives Al,O ALO, +N, +3C—2-53C0 +2 AIN AIN + 3H,O —> NH, + Al (OH), Example 4: Tin stone (cassiterite) is purified by magnetic separation method. Name and formulate the magnetic chemical present with it Solution : Wolframite (ferrous tungstate) FeWO, is the magnetic impurity present with tin stone which is separated by magnetic separation method. 6. Name and formula of two magnetic ores. 7. Which type of ores are purified by hydraulic washing? Give two examples also. 8. Which chemical is most commonly used as collector in froth floatation process? (vi) Conversion of Ore to Oxide Form : Sulphide ores are thermodynamically more stable than CS, and hence cannot be converted by using coke (general and common reducing agent) as reducing agent. Moreover CO, is more volatile and thermodynamically more stable than CS,. This all means that A,G* of a metal sulphide is not compensated by the energy of reaction of metal sulphide with coke, Hence, it is better to convert the sulphide ore to oxide form and then apply smelting, /e., carbon reduction method, (1) Galcination : Conversion of hydrated oxides, carbonates, basic carbonates and hydroxide ores to their oxides by heating in the abscence of ©, below their melting point is known as calcination. Calcination makes the oxide porous thus increasing the surface area for further reaction Fe,0,- x H,0(s)*+Fe,0,(s) + x HOT 2nCO,(s)—*-»Zn0(s) + CO, T Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements, Board & Competitive Exams. @) Roasting : Sulphide ores are generally roasted in reverberatory furnace in free supply of air below melting point. Ore changes to oxide with larger surface area and volatile impurities are removed. 2ZnS +30, —*-+2 2n0 +2 SO, 2 PhS +50, 239 PhO +2 80, = + Though tin stone (cassiterite) SnO, is an oxide ore, it is roasted because of good amount of sulphur present in it as impunity. + Incase the ore contains impurity of iron, a small amount of silica SIO, is added during roasting to slag it out as FeSiO,. FeO + SiO, > Fesio, . 2 ‘gas produced during roasting is generally used by industries to produce sulphuric acid, 12 + O; sani etzaes > SO, —“s#s + H,S,0, 8° 4 2H,50, = In some cases, metal is produced during roasting which may leave the chamber (furnace) if heating is done above mp. of metal during roasting. Hgs—2+Hgo Hg + 30, 2HgO—®_53Hg + SO, Example 5 : Write two points of similarities between calcination and roasting. Solution: (i) The end product of both the processes is oxide of metal. (@ Volatile impurities are removed from the ore and surface area for the further reaction increases. Example 6 : Though fin stone is oxide of tin, yet roasting is carried out for this ore. Why? Solution: Tin stone contains a good amount of sulphur with it, which is removed by roasting. Se) + 0,60) —> SO,7 9. Why are sulphide ores converted to oxide form before reduction to metal? 410. Discuss the process of roasting with suitable example. 11. During roasting the temperature should be kept below its m.p. Why? (vil) Reduction of oxide to metal = (1) Smelting : Carbon reduction method This method can be applied for the reduction of ZnO, PbO, etc. ZnO + 08" 60 + 2n ZnO can be reduced by CO (9) above 1800°C. Fe,0, can be reduced by coke above 1079 K (approx) and by CO gas at a temperature below than that ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements | 7 (2) Reduction by H, ‘Though, the use of H, is expensive and not very safe, yet H, is used as. reducing agent when carbon becomes ineffective for reduction. Wo, + 3H, —+ W + 3H,0 NiO +H, —> Ni +H,0 H, cannot reduce Al,O, and B05. @) Metals reducing agents {@) Kroll’s process for titanium TiCl, + 2Mg —> 2MgCl, + Ti (©) Gold Schmidt alumino thermite process (Oxides of manganese, chromium, iron, etc. can be reduced by using aluminium powder as reducing agent. A mixture of BaO, and Mg is used as ignition mixture to supply heat. 3Mn,0, + BAl—> 4A1,0, + 9Mn (4) Auto reduction or self reduction or air reduction method Less reactive metals form unstable sulphides. Roasting produces their oxides which may react with Sulphide to produce metal or the oxide formed may decompose to give metal, cu,S— 28 +cu,0—2484_.cu + 80, PbS—2_, PbO"! Pb + SO, ous Hoss Hs 224 + Higa 18.45 + 80, Lasitg +o, Example 7: What is the process of smelting? Give one suitable example also. Solution: The method of reduction of a metal oxide by using coke as reducing agent is called smetting. 200 +6" 570+ Try Yourself 12. What type of the reduction method does the following reaction show (Bessemer converter reaction of metallurgy of copper)? 2Cu0 + Cu,S—*-+6Cu + SO, 43, Which reducing agent is commonly employed for reduction of (a) ZnO toZn ©) 67,0, Cr © Teton Aakash Educational Services Pvt, Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 8 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements, Board & Competitive Exams. THERMODYNAMICAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY Gibbs free energy for a reaction is given by the equations AG = AH — TAS and AG" = — RT Ink. Negative value of AG and positive value of K favour the formation of products. ‘Tha reaction Cr,0,(6) + 2Al(s) —> AIO, + 2Cr(s) AG = — 494 kal is tharmortynamically feasible hut does not take place at room temperature, because unless the temperature is so high to melt Cr(s) to liquid form, TAS will not overcome AH. If any product of a reaction having positive value of AG, can be used up by another reactant to carry out a reaction having negative value of AG,, the two reactions ‘can occur together (coupling of reactions) only if the numerical value of AG, is greater than AG, 2 FeO 2Fe+0,; AG so = 320 kJ mole 26 +0,» 260 (Coke) Net reaction, 2 FoO +20) 2Fe + 200 : AG @ AG aso = —430 kJ mole 110 kd (approx) ELLINGHAM DIAGRAMS Ellingham plotted graphs of formation of oxides, sulphides and halides versus temperature. The plots of 4G (mata one) POF Mole Of oxygen versus temperature are useful in deciding the reducing agent and temperature Tor reducing a specific metal oxide. All these graphs have positive slopes showing decrease of entropy except for the formation of CO(g) from coke that shows increase in entropy with increase in temperature. ‘A sudden increase in slope, as in case of Zn or Mg, indicates melting. The temperature at which two graphs intersect give AG = 0 for the reaction of one oxide with other element. The element of the lower graph works as reducing agent for the oxide of the other, e.g., Below temperature 1623 K (approx) Mg metal will reduce Al,O, (but not economical) and above: this temperature itis Al that reduces MgO (but not economical). -100 -200 +A, (metal oxi) por mal of On kd -r00 -800 1000 -1100 -1200|- po a oc are Bore 1200S 7600S 2000 23K 673K 4o7ak © 4473K 1er3K —2273K —+ Temperature * The limitations of this method are that it does not discuss the rate of reaction and takes every reaction as an equilibrium process, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements | 9 Example 8 = in Ellingham diagrams plots of 4/G (oxide formation) show positive slopes except for the formation of CO(g) from coke. Why? Sohiton: ite fof reston 249) * O49 200 AH is negative (exothermic reaction) and AS is positive (moles of gaseous substances increasing) ‘The value of AG (which is, AH — TAS) becomes more and more negative by increasing temperature, ‘The slope of graph becomes negative. In all other cases, O, gas is consumed to produce solid metal oxides. Here, entropy decreases (becomes negative). TAS dominates AH and the value of AG increases constantly, thereby increasing the slope of the graph Try Yourself 14. In some cases, Ellingham diagrams (graphs) show a bend. What do you infer from it? 15. On Ellingham diagrams if two graphs intersact each other, what does the point of intersection indicate? APPLICATIONS OF ELLINGHAM DIAGRAMS Extraction of ron In Elingham diagram. the Srp of CO ns COs ccnveraion’remaine snontane, ant sxe Ene hou rasa, mest Itis 1073 K approximately. So, CO(g) acts as reducing agent upto this tamparature, 3Fe,0, + CO—> 2Fe,0, (he, FeO-Fe,0,) + CO, Fe,0, + CO» 3Fe0 + CO, Feo +CO—+ Fe + CO, Also, graph of © > CO is below the graph of Fe Exhaust gases (CO, CO.) 3Fe,0, + CO + 2Fe,0, + CO, tronic) Fe,0, + CO-+3Fe0 + CO, FeO + CO-+ Fe +CO, Caco,» cad + CO, — Fe,0, after 1123 K. So, carbon acts as (Limestone) reducing agent above this temperature. Cad + SiO, ~ Casio, Fe,0,+C——» 360 + 2Fe ¢+C0, -»2c0 Zones in Blast furnace : Near the bottom coke C20, CO, is filled and in the upper part 8 : 4: 1 proportion of Fe,O,, coke and lime stone. Height of biast furnace is about 150 feet, (2) Zone of combustion : Near the bottom, hot air is blown that burns coke to produce a temperature of 2100-2200 K. +0,» CO, + 393.5 ks (&) Zone of heat absorption : Upgoing CO, reacts with coke to reduce to temperature to about 1500-1600 K. © +CO,- 20-163 kJ (©) Zone of reduction : Upto 1123 K, reduction of FeO, by CO gas gives Fe (in the upper part). Left of Fe,0, is reduced by coke above 1123 K FeO+C>Fe+Co. Blast of air and oxygen Sold Pigron ‘Waste % Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 10 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Board & Competitive Exams. (@) Zone of slag formation : Slagging operation takes place at about 1273 K. CaCO, + Cad + CO, CaO + SiO, (Impurity) > CaSiO, At the base motten iron is collected under the slag. This iron is called pig iron and contains about 4% carbon with many other impurities lke, S, P, Si, Mn, etc. ‘The metal iron is collected from slag by pressing under rollers. ‘The height of the blast furnace used for the extraction of Fe from Fe,O, or Fe,O,, Is about 150 feet to 200 feet. Other Forms of Iron Cast Iron : It is hard but brittle form of raw iron produced by melting and cooling of pig iron, its colour is gray. Fast cooling keeps the impurity of carbon as graphite. Slow cooling converts most of the carbon into cementite Fe,C and the colour becomes white. The carbon content in cast iron comes down to about 3%. Wrought iron or malleable iron : It is prepared by heating cast iron in reverberatory furnace lined with haematite which oxidises carbon to CO. Lime stone is added to remove Si, S and P as slag. The wrought ron is separated from slag by passing through rollers. It is the purest form of iron and contains carbon only upto 0.5%. Steel : It contains 0.1 to 1.7% carbon and remaining iron only. It is commonly prepared in Bessemer converter oF open hearth furnace or electric furnace. Example 9: Fe,0, can be reduced by CO gas below 1123 K. How do you relate this statement with Ellingham diagram? Solution : Because CO gas is reducing Fe,0, below 1123 K, the graph of CO — CO, is lower than the graph of Fe > Fe,0,, below this temperature. Example 10 : What is the percentage of carbon in pig iron and cast iron? Solution : _ Percentage of carbon in pig iron about 4% while in cast iron it is about 3%. Example 11: Name the zone of blast furnace and its importance that has temperature close to 1273K, in the ‘metallurgy of Fe. Solution : The zone of blast furnace, close to 1273 K, in the metallurgy of iron, is called zone of slag formation. Here, the flux CaO reacts with impurity of SiO, to produce slag CaSiO,, a0 + S10, —casio, tnt ‘seo EXERCISE 4. Concentration of copper glance is done by (1) Leaching (2) Magnetic separation (3) Hydraulic washing (4) Froth floatation method ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 14 2. Leaching is used for the concentration of ores of «) Aa @) Au @aA (@) All of these 3. Concentrated ore, calamine is heated to get metal oxide and the volatile impurities escapes away. This process is called (1) Roasting @) Calcination (@) Reduction (4) Oxidation 4, The most commonly used reducing agent for reduction of metal oxides into metals is me @c @ A (@) Fe 5. In the froth floatation process the collectors such as pine oils and xanthates etc. enhance (1), Non-wettabilty of the mineral particles in froth (@) Non-wettabilty of the mineral particles in water (@) Non-wettabilty of the gangue particles in froth (4) Non-wettabilty of the gangue particles in water 6 2PbS +30, + 2PvO + 280, ‘The above process is called (1) Roasting @) Calcination @) Smelting (4) Leaching 7. In the metallurgy of iron, limestone is also added with coke. It acts as (1) Reducing agent 2) Oxidising agent @) Stag (4) Flux 8 The plot of AG® versus temperature for the formation of oxides of elements is called (1) Elingham diagram @) Free energy curve @) Entropy curve (4) Isobar 9. Decreasing order of carbon content in different forms of iron is (1) Wrought iron > Pig iron > Cast iron 2) Pig iron > Cast iron > Wrought iron @) Cast iron > Pig iron > Wrought iron (4) Cast iron > Wrought iron > Pig iron 10. The pair having oxide and carbonate ore respectively (1) Chromite, Pyrotusite @) Cassiterite, Calamine @) Haematite, Galena @) Malachite, Bauxite 16. Name the four main zones of blast furnace in the extraction of Fe from Fe,0,.. 17. Write the complete set of reactions occurring in the zone of reduction in the blast furnace, in the metallurgy of iron. Aakash Educational Services Pvt, Ltd. - Regd. Office Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 12> General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Board & Competitive Exams. Extraction of Copper from Cuprite and Copper Pyrites (Fool's Gold) In the Ellingham diagram of AG* versus T, the graph of C > CO and C —> CO, both are much below the graph ‘of Cu Cu,0. Hence, coke can be used to reduce Cu,0 to Cu. ter crushing, gninding, hydraulic washing and calcination, the ore is heated with coke to collect Cu. Cu,0 +C—+ CO + 2Cu However, the actual method uses copper pyrites (chalcopyrites-CuFeS,). After crushing, grinding and froth floatation, the ore is roasted in reverberatory fumace. Next, it is heated with coke and silica in a blast furnace of about 30 feet height. The material collected from the blast furnace is called copper matte that contains high percentage of copper as Cu,S. In reverberatory furnace, 2CuFeS, + 0, > Cu,S + 2FeS + SO, Fes + 30, —+Fe0 + 80, FeO + SiO, ——>Fesio, out Sap In Bessemer converter Fes + 20, Feo +80, cu,8 + 30, —+cu,0 + So, Cu,0 + Fes —+ Cu,S + Feo FeO + SiO, > Fesio, Finally, the enpper matia ia subjected tn haasamarinatinn in ilies lined Reasamer converter (11,8 eidized to Cu,0 is changed to Cu by reaction of Cu,O with Cu,S. Metallurgy called Autoreduction or seif reduction or air reduction method. The reaction are same as shown for blast furnace except the production of Cu. Cu,$ + 2cu,0 —+ 6Cu + SO, ‘The copper collected is 98-99% pure and has blisters on the surface because of evolution of entrapped SO,. Example 12 : What is the main ore of copper trom which it is extracted? Solution : Copper is mainly extracted from copper pyrites also known as chalcopyrites CuFeS, Example 13 : What is the material collected from reverberatory furnace in the metallurgy of copper? Solution : The material collected from reverberatory furnace, in case of metalluray of copper, is called matte. It contains high percentage of copper as Cu,S. 18. Coke can be used to reduce Cu,0. Explain it based on thermodynamic view. 19. What the impure copper collected from Bessemer converter commonly called as? ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements | 13. Extraction of Zn : The main ote of Zn is zinc blende or sphalerite (ZnS). Itis_ crushed, powdered then purified by hydraulle washing. Now itis roasted in reverberatory furnace to obtain ZnO. 2ZnS + 30, —» 2Zn0 + 280, 2n8—2 2180, 2n0 + 80, + 40, 2n0, str cervering to brckltioe with coke and clay is now ebjocted to meting in horizontal earthen cay Tih Ser rte got Sn ZnO + C—#38_42n + CO The metal is distilled off and collected by rapid chilling. This impure zinc is called spelter and contains Cd, Pb and Fe as major impurities. Example 14 : in which form is ZnO subjected to smelting in retorts made of clay? Solution : Before subjecting to reduction, ZnO is converted into bricklettes by mixing with coke and clay. Example 15 : Which elements are present with zinc when it is extracted from zinc oxide? Solution : ‘The main impurities are Cd, Pb and Fe. Try Yourself 20. Name and formulate the main ore from which zinc is extracted. 21. What is the impure form of zinc commonly known as? ELECTROCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY (For simple electrolysis when a salt in molten form is electrolysed using suitable electrodes, metal ion M** is deposited at cathode. Sometimes a suitable electrolyte is also used to decrease the melting point land to increase the conductivity of the melt. (i) Electrolysis of molten NaCl gives Na metal and Cl, gas. Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl using Hg cathode and graphite anode gives Na at cathode and Cl, at anode, EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM (ELECTROMETALLURGY) Bauxite Al,0,2H,0 is converted to alumina (purified Al0,) by leaching [already discussed} Carbon anode Copper [clamp wei Carbon lining Molten A0,+ NOAIF, + CaF (ones) |— Outlet for aluminium ‘Molten aluminium Electrolytic cell for the extraction of aluminium Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 14° General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Board & Competitive Exams. A mixture of 3-5% Al,05, 3-8% CaF, (Flux), 80-85% cryolite, Na,AIF, (main electrolyte) and 3-8% AIF, is ‘electrolysed using steel cathode lined with carbon and graphite anode. Molten Al (99.5% pure) is tapped from the bottom. The method is commonly known as Hall Heroult method. The reaction can be written as, Cathode : Al (melt) + 3e°—> Ald) Anode: C{s) + O% (melt) —+ CO + 26 (6) + 20> (melt) —» CO + 40" The overall reaction is 2A1,0, + 36 —> 4Al + 3C0, * "For the production of about 1 kg of Al, about 0.5 kg of carbon of anode is used up. Leaching of Al,0, by Serpeck’s method N,052H,0 + N, + 3C —> AIN + 8CO(T) + 2H,0 AIN + 3H,0 —> AWOH), + NH ZAKOH)s 222 1,05 +H.O- HYDROMETALLURGY ‘When matal is collected from the material obtained by the application of leaching by using some reducing agent through displacement reaction, the process is called hydrometallurgy. (Extraction of Au or Ag from native ore : Leaching is carried out with 0.2 to 0.5% NaCN and zinc dust is used as reducing agent 4Au(s) + 8CN-(aq) + 2H,0 (aq) + 0,(g) —> 4IAu(CN),1 (aq) + 40H" (aq) Zr) + AUCN) Fae) —> 2AUg + IZA(CN) I 0 (i) Extraction of Ag from argentite or silver glance (Ag,S) : The same method as mentioned above, is used. In the absence of O,, the reaction is reversible. Ag,S + 4NaCN + 20, —> Na,SO, + 2NalAg(CN),} 2NalAg(CN),] + Zn —> Na, [Zn(CN),] + 2Ag The process is commonly known as Mac Arthur Forrest cyanide method. 22. Name and formulate the reagent used for the leaching of argentite. 23. What is the hydrometallurgy of silver or gold commonly known as? 24. Write the equation of the net reaction taking place in Hall Heroult electrolytic method for the collection of aluminium? REFINING Refining of a metal depends upon the nature of the metal and nature of impurities. Commonly used methods are given below. (2) Liquation : Impure metal that has low m.p., €.g., Pb, Sn efc., are heated in a furnace having sloping base. The low melting metal flows down leaving high melting impurities in the furnace. (0) Distillation : Impure metal that has low b.p., e.g., Zn, Cd, Hg, efc., are purified by distillation (©) Oxidative refining : If the impurities can be easily oxidised, oxidative refining Is used for the purification of motal. For example, pig iron and cast iron are converted to wrought iron by oxidative refining using Bessemer converter. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements | 15) (@)_Poling : This method is used to purify a metal that has its oxide as impurity, e.g., Cu and Sn, The molten metal is stirred with green logs of wood (best is bamboo) The hydrocarbon (mainly CH,) produced by logs of wood reduce the metal oxide to metal 3Cu,0 + CH, > CO +2H,0 + 6Cu (0) Electrorefining : In this method, blocks of impure metal are taken as anode and strips of pure metal at cathode. Electrolyte is aqueous solution of some suitable salt of the same metal. On passing current, impure metal from anode gives metal ions into the solution and from the solution the metal ions produce ‘metal at cathode. Sometimes the waste under the anode (anode mud) may contain precious metals, as in case of copper, the anode mud may contain gold and silver. Impure Cu (anode) (cathode) Acidified cuso, Atanode Cu ——»Gu"* + 267 Atcathode Cu" + 2e- > Gu Aa) (Vapour phase refining : In this method, metal is converted to a stable volatile compound which on strong heating produces pure metal (Van Arkel method : This method is used to collect ultra pure titanium and zirconium by using ly as specific reagent. Th +2, 2K, Til, 2r(s) + 21,(g)—H72% 21149) ‘(impure (Votatio) * impure) Lae TH, OK, Ti + 2b; Ze (9) gee Ze(8)+ 212(9) eum” 2: ‘eur (ii) Mond’s process : This method is used to purify nickel. The reagent used is carbon monoxide. Ni_ + 4co— 359-250 NCO), Ainpurey (Weatioy Ni(CO), 8-7" Ni + 4CO (@) Zone refining : Semiconductors, like Si, Ge, Ga etc., are purified by this method. ‘The underlying principle is thal, impurities are highly soluble in molten metal than in solid metal. This method is basically fractional crystallisation. A circular heater surrounds a rod of impure metal. The heater is moved forward. The pure metal crystallises ‘out and impurities pass into the adjacent molten metal. The method is repeated to shift the impurities to one end which is cut off. Induction-coll heaters moving a shown Zone refining process Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 16 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Board & Competitive Exams. (®) Chromatographic method : The underlying principle is the differential adsorption of different components ‘on an adsorbent. Different types are column chromatography, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, ete. In column chromatography a glass tube Is packed with a suitable adsorbent such as Al,U;, silica, etc. ‘The mixture to be separated is either liquid or is taken as solution in suitable solvent. It is put at the top of the column. More adsorbable component moves down slowly. After some time, when the separation of components is visible in the column, the eluent (solvent) is poured from the top. ‘The component which is least adsorbed is collected at the bottom, the first, followed by the other ‘components. |Flow meter Detector] loven Saver Cony Flow inector Tank (a) ) Industrial method Laboratory method ‘Schematic diagram showing column chromatography Example 16 : When is ‘poling’ used as the method of purification of metals? Solution: Poling is used as a method of purification of metals when they have their oxides as impurity. For ‘example, Cu has Cu,O as impurity, Sn has SnO, as impurity, ote. Example 17 : Which chemical works as reducing agent in the process of poling? Solution : Hydrocarbons, mainly CH,, Example 18 : What is the nature of elements which are purified by zone-refining method? Solution : Semiconductors, ¢.g., Si, Ge, Ga, etc. Example 19 : Write the equations for the Van Arkel method used for the refining of Zirconium, the two temperatures being = 870 K and = 2070 K. Solution: 28+ 2M 2r, Zr, — 2K 77+ ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements | 17) Name two metals which are purified by liquation method. Name two metals which are purified by distillation method. Impure tin contains SnO, as one of the impurities. Name the specific method employed for converting SnO, present in impure metal to tin, Impure metal ‘A’ is to be purified by electro-refining method. At which position is this impure ‘metal placed in the electrolytic coll? Name the main method of purification employed for the purification of Gu, Zn and Al BB SRR USES OF SOME METALS @ () © @ Example 20 : Which metal is used for reducing Cr,0, and Mo,0, to metal? Solution: Al powder is used for reducing Cr,O, and Mo,0, Aluminium : It is used for © Making electric wires (i) Making silver paint (ii) Kitchen utensils (w) Extraction of Mo, Cr, ete. Copper : It is used for (Making steam pipes (i) Making electrical wires (ii) Making calorimeters (&) Making alloys, like brass (with Zn), bronze (with tin), coinage alloy (with Ni), german silver (with Zn and Ni) ete. Zine : It is used for (Making alloys, like brass (with Cu), german silver (with Cu 25-30%, Zn 25-30%, Ni 40-50%) etc. (i) For galvanisation of iron (ii) For making dry cell (\) For extraction of Ag and gold as reducing agent Iron : Itis used for (Making wrought iron and different varieties of steel (i) Wrought iron is used for making agricultural implements, anchors, bolts etc. (i) Steel is used for making parts of automobiles and aeroplanes, cutting tools, utensils, etc. () Cast iron is used for making gutter pipes, railway sleepers, etc. Cr,0, + 2A1—2929_.2Cr + ALO, Example 21 = Name some materials made from cast iron. Solution : Gutter pipes, railway sleepers, drainage pipes, etc. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-87623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 18 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Board & Competitive Exams. Example 22 : Write some uses of aluminium. Solution: (i) In making silver paint (In making utensils (ii). In making alloys for parts of aeroplane (W)_ As reducing agent in the extraction of Cr from Cr,O,, Mn from Mn,O,, Mo from Mo,03, etc Try Yourself 30. Write two uses of zinc. 31. What are silver paint and german silver made of 32. Write some uses of wrought iron. 33. Which metal is used for galvanisation of iron? Did You Know? ‘= Topaz (pukhraj), Ruby (lal) and sapphire (neelam) are impure forms of AlO,. * Bells of temples are made from alloy Bell-metal that contains Cu and Sn. * Cus mixed with Au and Ag to harden them for making ornaments. + ZnO is called philospher’s wool and chinese white and is amphoteric. * _ FeS, and CuFeS, have gold-like yellow shining. Both are called fool's gold, * Common thermite is 3: 1 mixture of Fe,O, and Al. + German silver does not contain silver, rolled gold does not contain gold and lead pencil does not contain lead. + Tland Zr are used in making parts of jet engine. 41. In the electrolytic refining of Cu (1) Impure metal is made as anode and pure metal forms cathode 2) Impure metal forms cathode and pure metal forms anode (3) Pure metal forms both anode and cathode (4) Cu metal is not used as electrodes 12. Siis refined by (1). Vapour phase refining (2) Zone refining (3) Liquation (4) van Arkel method: 13. Vapour phase refining is used for refining of an Qn (3) Za @ He 14, Chromatography is based on the principle of (1) Adsorption (2) Absorption (3) Concentration (4) Vaporisation ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements | 19) 15. Refining of Zn is done using the processes called (1) Electrolytic refining 2) Distillation (8) Liquation (4) Both (1) & (2) 16. In column chromatography (1) Component more soluble in stationary phase takes longer time to travel through it (2) Component less soluble in stationary phase takes longer time to travel through it (8) Both components travel with same speed initially and then their speed changes (4) Solubility has no effect for the process of chromatography 17. Solidiied Cu obtained from the reverberatory furnace has blistered appearance. This is due to (1) Evolution of CO, gas @) Evolution of SO, gas () Due to evaporation of volatile materials (4) Evolution of NO, 18. Poling is used to (1) Oxidise impurities present in blister copper (@) Reduce impurities present in blister copper (@) Reduce impurities using carbon (4) Remove impurities in the form of slag 19. Sodium, Magnesium and Aluminium can be obtained from their ore by (1) Electrometatturay @) Pyrometaliuray @) Hydrometaiturgy (@) Smetting 20. Which of the following pair can be refined using same basic principle? (1) CuAg @) Si, Ge @ T.Ni (4) All of these ‘Some Important Definitions Metallurgy : Sum total of processes used for the extraction of metals from their ores. It also includes their purification and alloy formation. Ore : A mineral from which one er more metals can be extracted easily and profitably. Flux : A substance used to reduce the m.p. of ore or react with gangue to convert it to slag Gangue or matrix : Earthy impurities present with minerals. Pyrometallurgy : Method of thermal reduction (using reducing agent and heat) of ore to metal. Hydrometallurgy : Method of extraction of metals using leaching and displacement employing cheaper and reactive metal. Leaching : Method of reacting an ore with some reagent to collect the required metal as water soluble salt © Ellingham diagrams : Plots of 4,6” oxide, sulphide or halide, per mole of oxygen, sulphur or halogen respectively versus temperature. Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY .blogspot.com INEET enero 20. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Board & Competitive Exams. ‘© Smelting = Heating purified oxide form of ore with coke, It may give metal or matte. It is generally known as carbon reduction method. Aluminothermy: Method of reducing oxide of a metal by heating with powdered aluminium Processing of Ore —_ _, DRY PROCESS WET PROCESS Concentration by Concentration by 4. Magnetic separation leaching 2. Hydraulic washing 3. Froth floatation (Concentrated Oe) Caleifiation or roasting ([Walterror aqueous fom] Electrolysis or metal displacement method [Oxide form: + Reduction by 1. Smelting 2. Self reduction 3. Chemical reduction 4. Electrolysis vara {impure metal] Refining by] 1. Liquation 2 Distillation 3. Electrical method 4. Zone refining, 5. Vapour phase refining etc. © Process of extraction & uses of ores : Metal | Oro Main process of extraction Fe | Fe.Os Haematite In blast furnace, below 850°C itis CO that works as reducing agent and above 850°C, it is coke that works as reducing agent 1. Cast iron for making gutter pipes, sleepers for rail track, ofc. 2. Wrought iron for making anchors, agricultural implements, bolts, efc. 3. Alloy steel for making cutting tools, machine parts, utensils, of ZnS, Zinc blende or ‘Sphalerite ‘Smelting of oxide form For making brass, german silver, ofc, as reducing agent. For galvanization of iron objects. CuFeSz Copper pyrites Partial conversion of ore to ‘oxide form (roasting) followed by self reduction in Bessemer converter, For making brass, bell metal, steam Pipes, coinage alloy fc. ‘ALO2 2120 Bauxite Leaching to collect AkOs followed by electrolysis For making aluminium foil, silver paint, parts of machines, utensils efc. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. 17. 48, 19, 20. 21. GLOSSARY ‘Adam's catalyst — Mixture of Pt and PIO Agate—sio, Albite — NaAISi,O, Aluminium Bronze — An alloy of Al and Cu Alum stone — Al,(SO,), . K,SO, . 4AI(0H), Alunite — AL(SO,), - K,SO, . 4A(OH), Alumshale — AI,, . xSiO, and FeS, Alane—(AlHs)y ‘Amato! —NH,NO, + TNT Amblygonite — LiFAIPO, Ammonal — A mixture of Al and Al(NO,), Analcite — A zeolite Na[AISi,0,JH,O Anglesite — PbSO, Anhydrite — Caso, ‘Anhydrone — Mg(CIO,), Anthracite — Hard and black coal containing 92- 98% carbon Apatite — 3Ca,(PO,), . CaF, Aqua dag — Suspension of graphite in water Argentite — Ag,S Argentiferrous galena — PbS + Ag,S Artificial carborundum — BN (¢ Inorganic Graphite Asbestos — Ca Mg,(SIO.), Azidocarbondisulphide — (SCSNs), Azurite — Cu(OH), .2CuCO, Aragonite — Caco, 1 2 3. Babbit Metal — Iron alloy containing 10% Sb and 4-2% of Cu Baking powder — (OH) COOH (OH) CooK Nalco, + Barium xenate — Ba,XeO, NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 241 Baryta—Ba0 Bauxite — Al,0, . 2H,0 Barytes — BaSO, Bell Metal — An alloy of Cu and Sn Beacon lights — Ne lamps Benitoite — BaTISiO, Beryl — 38e0 Al,0, 6SiO, Bismuthine — BiH, Bleaching powder — CaOCl, Blue vitriol — CuSO, 5H,O Bituminous — Coal containing 88%C Borax — Na,B,0, 10H,O Bomargyrite — AgBr Borazine — B,NJH, Boracite — 2Mg,8,0, MgCl, Bordeaux mixture — CuSO, and lime Boric acid — H,80,, Bornite — Cu,Fes, Boronatrocalcite — CaB,O, NaBO, 8H,O Brass—An alloy of Cu (60-80) and Zn (20-40%) Bremston—S,, Britannia Metal — An alloy having 86% Sn, 12% Sb and 2% Cu Braunite — Mn,O,, Bronze-An alloy of Cu (75-90) and Sn (10-25%) Bromocarnallite — KBr MgBr, . 6H,O Butter of tin — SnCl, . SHO ‘Cadmipone — A mixture of CdS and BaSO, Calamine — Znco, Calcite — Caco, Calgon — Na,{Na,(PO,)g] or (NaPO), Caliche — NaNO, containing about 0.2% NalO, Calomel — Hg,Cl, Candy fluid — KMnO, solution Carbogen — A mixture of oxygen and 5-10% CO, for artificial respiration Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345622 9. 10. un. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17 18. 19 20. 2 22, 23 24, 25. 26. 27 28 20 30 34 32 33 3A. 35. 36. 37, 38, 39, 40. NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements, Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Carborundum — sic ‘Camalite — KCI MgCl, 6,0 Camotite — Mineral of uranium containing a very ‘small amount of radium Caro's acid — H,S0, Cassiterite — Sno, Catapleite — Na,ZrSi,0,.2H,0 Caustic lotion — AgNO, Celestine — SSO, ‘Cementite — Fe,C Ceria — Ceo, Cerite — Mineral containing Silicates of Ce, La, Pr, Nd and Sm Carrusite — PbCO, Chalcopyrite — Cures, Chile Salt Peter — NaNO, China Clay — Al,0,'Si0,2H,0 Chinese white—Zno Chiorapatite — 3Ca,(PO,), CaCl, CChlorargyrite — AgCl Chlorine azide — CIN, Chrome ochre—Cr,0, Chrome red — PbCrO,-PbO Chrome yellow — PbCrO, Chromite — FeCr,0, Cinnabar — Hgs Cisplatin — Cis {PICl(NH,),] Clevite — Mineral having He Coal gas — A mixture of 5% H,, 22.8% CH,, 10.9% CO, 5% N, and 2.5% ethyne ‘Colemanite — Ca,8,04,:5H,O Constantan — An alloy containing 60% Cu and 40% Ni. ‘Copper coins — Coins containing alloy of Cu, Zn and Sn ‘Copper glance — Cu,S Copper pyrites — CuFes, 41 42. 43. Corundum —Al,0, Cream of tartar — Potassium hydrogen tartarate Cryolite — Na.AIF Crystal carbonate — Na,CO,H,0 Cuprite — cu, Cyanogen (CN), peers Diaspore — AIO, H,O Dithionic acid — H,8,0, Dolomite — Cac0,MgCO, Drikold — Solid CO, Duralumin — An alloy having 95% Al, 0.5% Mg, 0.5% Mn and 4% Cu s Electron Metal — An alloy containing 95% Mg. 4.5% Zn and 0.5% Cu Emarld — AIO, Epsomite or Epsomsalt — MgSO, . 7H,0 Euchlorine — A mixture of Cl, and ClO, 1 13. Felspar — K AISi, Fenton's reagent — A mixture of FeSO, and H,0, in alkaline medium Ferrocene — (Fe(n®-C, He)} Ferrosilicon — An alloy of Fe and Si Fluorapatite — 3a(PO,),CaF, Fluorspar or fluorite — CaF, Fool's gold — CuFeS, Fermys salt—KHF, Fowlers solution—NaAsO, solution Franklinite — (Zn, MnO . Fe,0, Fulminating gold—Au NH, Fusion mixture — A mixture of Na,CO, and K,CO, Fischer's salt—K,[Co(NO,)] ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. aeRernog Galena — PbS Garnietrite — NiMg SiO, . H,O An ore of Ni containing hydrated silicates of Ni and Mg Germanite—Geo, German silver — An alloy containing 56% Cu, 24% Zn and 20% Ni Gibsite — AI,0, . 34,0 Glauber's salt — Na,SO, 10H,0 Golden spangles — Pol, Grahm’s salt — (NaPO,),, Green vitrioFeSO,7H,0 Guigret’s green—Cr,02H,0 Gun cotton — Nitro cellulose Gun metal — An alloy of Cu, Zn, Sn Gun powder — A mixture of KNO, having charcoal and sulphur Gypsum — CaS0,-2H,0 oaeen 10 1. 2 13 Haematite (red) — FeO, Haematite (brown) — Fe,0,3H;0 Hausmanite — MnO, Heavy spar — BaSO, Hemimorphite — Zn,(Sb,0,)Zn(OH), . HO Holme's signal — Signal produced by calcium phosphide and carbide Hom silver — AgCl Hydrolith — Cal, Hydroxyapatite — Ca,(PO,),(OH) Hypo — Na,S,0, Hyponitrous acid — H.N,O; Hypophosphoric acid — H,P,O. Hypophosphorous acid—H,PO, General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 23 Bere exe Icelandspar — CaCO, Iron pyrites Fes, Indian salt peter — KNO, Inorganic benzene — B,N.Hy Inorganic graphite — BN Invar — An alloy containing 64% Fe and 36% Ni menite—FeOTio, Iron bugg—Hydrated FeO, used as a dye. Jadeite — Na A(SiO,), Jasper—A hard silicious clay used as precious Kainite — KCI. MgSO,-MgCl, 3H,0 Kaolin or Kaolinite — Al,0, . 280, AL(OH), Si,0, Kali—German word for potash Kings yellow—As,S, + AsO, used as a pigment Kemite — Na, 8,0, 4H,0 Kiesserite — MgSO, . H,0 Kupler nickel — An alloy of Ni and As Kieselguhr—Porous clay used as adsorbent and filer for dynamite 2H,0 or Lanakite — PbO. PSO, Lapis Lazuli — sodium aluminosilicate Laughing gas—N,O Lead shot — Alloy of Pb and As Lepidolite—Si,0, Al(Lisk), (OH), ignite — coal containing about 67%C Limestone — Caco, Limonite — Fe,0,. 3H,0 Litharge — PbO; Lithia—Li,0 Lithopone — ZnS + BaSO, Lunar caustic — Ag NO, Lienar salt petre—NH,NO, + (NH,), SO, Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345624 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Maddrell's salt—(NaPO,), Magnatium—An alloy having 90% Al and 10% Mg Magnesia — MgO. Magnesia alba — [Mg CO,],[Mg(OH),lyz H,O Magnesia cement — MgCl, 5MgO-xH,0 Magnesite — MgCO, Magnetite — Fe,0, Malachite — CuCO,. CulOH), Marshall's acid — H,S,0, Massicot — PbO Metaphosphoric acid — (HPO,), Mica — KH,AL(SiO,), Microcosmic salt — Na (NH,) HPO, Millerite—NiS: Minium — P®,O, Mohr's salt — FeSO, (NH,),S0, 6H,0 Molybdenite — MoS, Monazite sands — contain phosphates of Th, Ce, Nd, Pr, La’ Monel Metal — An alloy having 67% Ni, 30% Cu and 3% Fe Mosaic gold — SnS, Muniz metal—A brass having 60% Cu, 40% Zn Muriate of potash — KCI Muriatic acid — HCI Mischmetal—Alloys of lanthanides with other metals BY ePxoe Natron — Na,CO, . H,O. Natural gas — A gas mixture having 85% CH,, 9% C,H, and 3% C,H, Nessier's reagent — K,Hal, Nichrome — An alloy having 60% 15% Cr Nickeloy —An alloy having 95% Al, 4% Cu, 1% Ni Nitre cake — NaHSO, Nitrolim — CacN, + G Norwegian saltpeter—Ca(NO,), 25% Fe and cao 1 oP eaeNn Oil gas — A mixture of hydrocarbons obtained by cracking of kerosene oil Oil of vitriol — H,S0, ; Oxone-Na,O, Oleum — H,8,0, Olivine — Mg,SiO, Oxymuriate of tin — Snel, . SH, Oxycyanogen — (OCN). q 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 47. 18, 19. 20. 2. 22. 23. 24, 25, 26. 27. Paris green-Cu(CH,COO),, Peart ash — K,CO, Pearl white—8i0ci Peat — Coal containing about 60% carbon Peerwhite — Sboc! Pentalandite — Sulphides of Cu, Fe and Ni containing about 22% Ni Perhydrol — H,0, Perm alloy — An alloy containing 21% Fe, 78% Ni Permutit-Na, Al,Si,0y.xH,O Pernitric acid — HNO, Pewter alloy — An allay cor 20% Pb Pharoh's serpents—Hg(CNS), Phenacite — Be,SiO, Philosopher's wool — ZnO Phosphatic rock — Ca,(PO,), Phosphorite — Ca,(PO,), Pink salt — (NH,), SnCl, Pitch blende — A mineral of U containing a ttle of Ra Polyhalite —K,S0, . MgSO, . CaSO, . 6H, Potassium feldspar — K,0 Al,0, . 6SiO, Producer gas —Agaseous mixture of CO and Nz Prussian bluo — Fo,{Fo(CN)g], Psoudo alum — FeSO, Al(SO,), 24H,0 Purple of cassius — Colloidal solution of gold Pyrargyrsite — Ag,S. Sb,S, Pyrolusite — MnO, Pyrophosphoric acid— H,P,0,, also called diphosphoric acid ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. 1 2 3: ‘Quartz—Si0, Quick lime cao Quick silver-Hg 4 Realgar — As,S, Red lead — PbO, Rock salt — NaCl Roled gold — An alloy having 95% Cu and 5% Al Roschelle salt—sod. pot tartarate Rose metal — An alloy of 50% Bi, 28% Sn and 22% Pb Rubies — Al,0, Ruby copper — Cu,0 Ruby silver — Ag,S Rutile — TIO, 13, 14, 15. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. ‘Sal ammoniac — NH,CI Sal volatile—{NH,), CO, Salt cake — Na,SO, Salt peter—KNO,, Sapphire — Al,O, Schonite — K,80,-MgSO,6H,0 ‘Schweitzer reagent — [Cu(NH,),1SO, reagent used for dissolving cellulose Seildlitz powder — NaHCO, ‘Selenocyanogen — (SeCN), Siderite — Feco, Silver glance — Ag,S ‘Smaltite — An ore of Ni Soda ash — Na,CO, ‘Soda bleach — A mixture of NazO, and dil. HC! Soda Feldspar — NaAlSi,, ‘Sodium Xenate — Na,Xe0, Solder — An alloy of 67% Sn and 33% Pb Sorrel's cement — MgCl, 5MgO. x H,0 ‘pathic iron ore — FeO, Spelter — Impure Zn General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 25 Spodumene — Li AKSIO,), Stalactite—CaCO, Stalagmite—Caco, ‘Steam coal — Goal containing 93% © Sterling silver—solution of Cu in Ag Stibine — SbH, Stibinite—Sb,S, Strontia — SrO ‘Sugar of load — Pb(CH,COO), ‘Super halogen — F, Syvanite — AgAuTe, Sylvine — KCI Spiegeleisen—An alloy of Fe, Mn, C used in the manufacture of steel. Talc — Mg,(Si,0,), Mg(OH), ‘Tellurocyanogen — (TeCN), Termolite — Ca, Md Si,0,, (OH), Thermite — Fe,O, and Al mixture Thiocyanogen — (SCN), Thomas slag — Ca,(PO,), and CaSiO,, a by product of stee! industry ‘Thora — ThO, Thortevitite — Sc,(Si,0,) Tincal — Borax, Na,6,0; Triphylite — (Li, Na) PO,(Fe Mn)3(PO,). Trona — Na, CO, 2NaHCO, 3H,0 Tungsten steel — An alloy of 94%Fe and 6% W ‘Tumbull’s blue — Fe,(Fo(CN)gl, Turquoise — AIPO, Al(OH), HO ‘Type metal — An alloy of 82% Pb, 15% Sb and 3% Sn Tridymite : A form of quartz. Uttramarine—Nag Al, Si,S,0, Urainite—UO, Bs a Verdigris — Green layer containing CuCO, CulOH), and CuSO, Cu(OH), H,O and some CuCl, Cu(OH), Veridian—Cr,0, Vermallic, Vermillion red —HgS Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345626 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com < ‘Wackenroder’s liquid — Solution of H,S in the aqueous solution of St Wallastonite — Ca,Si,0, Washing Soda — Na,CO, - 10,0 Water glass — Na;SiO,, Sod. White lead — 2PCO, PP(OH), White Vitriol — Zn SO,7H,0 Wilkinson's catalyst — [(C.H,),PI,Rh Cl Willerrite — Zn,SiO, Witherite — Baco, 1" Board & Competitive Exams. Wood's metal — A fusible alloy containing cadmium 1 Y-alloy — An alloy of Cu and Al Zeigler -Naita Catalyst- R,Al + TiCl, Zeise’s salt — KPI Cl, (n? — CH,)] Zeolite — Hydrated sodium aluminium silicate Zinc blende — 2n& Zincite — 2n0 aOR Vo MR ON eRe eNe 10. Wolframite — FeWwo, Zircon — 2rSiO, ‘Quick Recap ‘The process used for the extraction of the metals from their ores is called metallurgy. 2. The mineral from which one or more metals can be extracted conveniently and profitably is. called ore. 3. Ore is first concentrated by methods like hydraulic washing, froath floatation, magnetic separation, leaching etc. 4. Concentrated ore is converted to the oxide of metal because removal of oxygen is very easy in comparison to sulphur or chlorine from sulphide and chloride respectively. 5. Oxides of metals are formed by roasting and calcination of ore. These processes are hot required for those ores which are already in oxide form. 6 Some ores while heating in air undergo self reduction, e.g., Cu,O, PbO and HgO. 7. The oxides which are formed by roasting or calcination are reduced by a suitable reducing agent like, C, Al, H,, Mg etc. 8. Metals which are very reactive like Al, Na, K, Ca are extracted from the ores or oxides by electrolytic reduction. For e.g., NaCl, MgCl, (Downs cell), Al,O, (Hall's process) 9. Spontaneity of reduction of oxides is estimated by Ellingham diagram thermodynamicaly. 10. Purification of the metal is done depending on its nature. For 6.g., Zn, Cd, Hg —> Distillation Pb, Sn, Bi —> liquation Cu, Ag, Au —> Electrolytic refining Si, Ge, Ga —> Zone refining i, Zr —> Vapour phase refining gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY .blogspot.com J. Assignment (SET - 1) School/Board Examinations Students are required to solve and write the solutions in their exercise book. For referring solutions to the assignment (Set-1), please visit our Library at the Centre or log on to our website: www.aakash.ac.inNEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements, Board & Competitive Exams. SECTION -A School/Board Exam. Type Questions Very Short Ancwer Type Questions ga eye exe 9. 40. ‘A vitamin (of B-complex group) contains metal in it. Name the vitamin and the metal present in it. Which metal is commonly used to displace silver and gold from their complexes Na[Ag(CN),] and K[Au(CN),I? Write the equation of displacement of Ag* from NafAg(CN),] by zinc dust. Write the formulae of two sulphide ores and name them. In a metallurgical process, low fusible substance slag is formed. Name two substances which can form slag and write the equation of chemical reaction. Write main equations of Bessemer converter in the metallurgy of copper that yields copper. Write the importance of roasting of sulphide ore. ‘Write two main uses of aluminium. Which elements are purified to about 100% purity? Which diagrams are generally used to know the reducing agent used for a specific oxide of a metal? Short Answer Type Questions : "1 12, 13, 14. 45. 46. 47, 18, 19. 20. 24. 22. 23. 24. 28. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30, 34 32, 33. Write a brief note on froth floatation method. Describe with proper diagram of the device used, the magnetic method of purification of ores. Discuss in brief the gravity separation method for the purification of oxide ores. Giving proper equation of reactions, describe the Baeyer’s method of leaching of bauxite ore, Why are sulphide ores converted to oxide form before their reduction to metal? Discuss. Write similarities and differences between calcination and roasting. ‘When is hydrogen gas used for reducing metal oxide to metal? Give suitable examples also. Discuss in brief the Gold Schmidt thermite method. Describe with equations, slag formation in blast furnace in the metallurgy of iron, How are pig iron and cast iron different from each other? How is cast iron converted to wrought iron? Giving Ellingham diagrams, decide the use of reducing agent to reduce Fe,0, to Fe. Describe the electrochemical principle related to the extraction of metals. Discuss in brief the metallurgy of aluminium Describe in brief the metallurgy of silver from argentite. ‘With proper diagram of the apparatus used, discuss electrorefining of copper. Why do CaO and SiO, react to form slag? Why is the reduction of metal oxide easier if the metal is formed in liquid state? Differentiate between an ore and a mineral. What are matrix and slag? Write the names and formulae of four minerals of iron. Write a brief note on slag formation. Discuss the process of hydraulic washing to purify oxide ores. Discuss the process of bessemerisation with proper equation of reactions. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements | 29) 34. What mass of graphite will be consumed (approximately) practically for the production of 500 g of Al by Hall Heroult method? 35. Name some objects made from different varieties of iron Long Answer Type Questions = 36. Write two uses of each of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al 37. Write a note on vapour phase refining of metals. 38. Giving diagram of the apparatus used, discuss the method of zone refining, 39. What is matrix or gangue? Discuss in brief the methods of removal of gangue during metallurgy. 40. What are the main function of pine oil, cresol, xanthate and depressant in froth floatation process? 41. What is self reduction method of extracting metals? Describe with suitable examples. 42. Write a note on Ellingham diagram. 43. Draw the diagram of blast-furnace for the metallurgy of iron from Fe,O, and describe all its zones with ‘equations of reaction. 44. Write a note on diferent forms of iron 45. Describe with proper stages and equations of reactions, the metallurgy of iron starting from Fe,O,,. SECTION - B Model Test Paper Very Short Answer Type Questions = [1 Mark] Name two compounds which act as basic flux. ‘What is the role of cresols or aniline in froth floatation process? Write the name and formula of the main ore of copper. Name one metal whose extraction requires Bessemer converter. ‘What is the reducing agent used to convert ZnO to Zn? Name two elements which are purified by using zone refining method. Write the main equation of slag formation in blast furnace in the metallurgy of iron. In what form is the impurity of iron removed in the metallurgy of Cu? ‘Short Answer Type Questions : [2 Marks} 9. Discuss in brief the zone refining method. 10. Write the equations of main reactions of reduction of Fe,0, occurring in the blast furnace, PNBHewNS 11. What are the main functions of roasting and calcination in the metallurgical operations? 12. Explain the basio principle of vapour phase refining and give one suitable example 19, Discuss in brief the process of aluminothermy. 14. Why is partial roasting of sulphide ore of copper carried out? 15. Why is zinc not copper commonly used to recover silver from the complex (Ag(CN),I-? Short Answer Type Questions : [3 Marks} 16. Magnesium oxide is commonly used to the lining in furnace used for making steel. Explain. 17. Write a note on flux. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt.Ltd. - Regd. Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456,NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 30 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Board & Competitive Exams. 18, The reduction of a metal oxide becomes quite easier when the produced metal is in liquid state. Explain. 19. Discuss in brief the Hall Heroult method for the extraction of aluminium from purified bauxite. Long Answer Type Questions : [5 Marks} 20. At 1273 K and 2273 K the 4,G of MgO{s) and CO(g) are as shown below AL 1273 K : A.Gqugo) = ~ 950 kd mol"; A,Gieo) = 440 kd molt At 2273 K : 4.Gqugo) = ~ 350 kd mol"; A,Gi¢9) = -830 kd mot Which temperature will help for the reduction of MgO to Mg using CO(9) as reducing agent? oR Discuss the chemistry related to different zones of blast furnace used in the metallurgy of iron, gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY ES .blogspot.com J. Assignment (SET - 2) NEET & AIIMS (Competitive Entrance Exams.)32 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. SECTION -A Objective Type Questions 4. Which metal ia used for extraction of Au and Ag and also for galvanisation of iron objects? () Mg Qn @) @ (4) Co 2. Which of the following is not correctly matched? (1) Chalcopyrites > CuFes,, 2) Smithsonite > 2nCo, (3) Magnetite > Fe,0, (4) Argentite = Na,AIF, 3. Which of the following is not a mineral of aluminium? (1) Bawcte 2) Cryotite (3) China day (4) Malachite 4. Which of the following is acidic flux? (1) Cao (2) Mgo (@) SiO, (4) All of these 5. In the metallurgy of iron, the slag is (1) Fesio, 2 caco, (3) Casio, (@) cao 6. Which of the following is concentrated by magnetic separation method? (1) Pyrotusite MnO, (2) Chromite ore Fe0-r,05 (3) Magnotite Fe,0, (4) All of these 7. Which of the following is commonly used to produce foam in froth floatation process? (1) Pine oit 2) Crosol (3) Nacn (4) Xanthate 8 10. 1" 12. 13, 14. Serpeck's method involves the heating of bauxite with (1) Noon @) Na,co, @ N+C (4) Caco, Sulphide ore is converted to oxide form by using the process (1) Calcination (2) Roasting (@) Smelting (4) Leaching Which of the following oxides cannot be reduced by auto or self reduction? () Hg 2) cu0 (@) PbO (4) ALO, Which of the following is used as reducing agent in Gold schmidt mathod? (Al @k @c @) Mo Which of the following is used to reduce TICl, to Te? ac @al @) Ma @) He Ellingham diagrams are plots of AG; Vs T for the formation of (1) Oxides (2) Halides (9) Sulphides @) Ail of these Which of the following statement is correct wert. the following graph? 2Mg + 0, + 2MgO Ani+o, 2 4a1+0,—Za10, STK (1) Below 1623 K, Mg reduces Al,O, (2) Above 1623 K, Al reduces MgO (8) Both (1) & (2) are correct (4) Both (1) & (2) are wrong ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. 15, 16. 17. 48. 19, 20, 2 22. In Ellingham diagrams of 4,G oxide formation Vs T, Which of the following graphs has negative slope? () C+co (2) Fe Fe,O5 (@) Mg > MgO () All of these Which of the following is incorrect wrt. metallurgy of iron in the blast furnace? (1) Zone of combustion : C +0, > CO, @) Zone of heat absorption : CO, > C + Oy (8) Zone of slag formation : CaO + SiO, -+ CaSiO, (4) Zone of reduction : Fe,0, + 3C > 360 + 2Fe Which of the following has the lowest percentage of carbon in it? (1) Pig iron @) Cast iron (@) Wrought iron (4) Haematite Roasting of sulphide ore is generally performed in (1) Mufffe fumace @) Bessemer converter () Blast fumace (4), Reverharatary furnace Zinc is extracted from zinc blende by () Carbon reduction process @) Nitrogen reduction process (@) Oxygen reduction process (@) Allof these Which of the following is leached with NaCN? (1) Ore of Al @) Ore of Cu @) Ore of Ag @) Ore of Zn Hall Heroult method is used for the extraction of ot Qa @) Au @ am Poling is used for purification of metals having impurities of (1) Metal sulphides: (@) Metal carbonates (8) Metal bicarbonates (@) Metal oxides: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 23. 24, 25. 26. a7. 28. 2. 20. NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 33 Impure zinc, as collected from earthen clay retort, is called (1) Blister zinc @) Pig zine (8) Zine sperer @ Cast zine ‘The process of converting hydrated alumina into anhydrous alumina is called (1) Roasting @) Calcination 8) Dressing (4) Smetting Extraction of zinc from zinc blende is achieved by (1) Electrolytic reduction (2) Roasting followed by reduction with carbon (2) Roasting followed by reduction with another metal (4) Roasting followed by self reduction Which of the following metal is purified by distillation process? a @) Fe @ Al @) Vapour phase refining can be carried out in case of Ni Qa @u (4) All of these Which of the following gives metal by electrolytic reduction conveniently and profitably? (1) PbO @) Fe,0, @) C05 (4) ALO, Which of the following is not a method of Purification of metals? (1) Liquation @) Distillation ) Zone refining (4) Galvanisation Which of the following metal can be extracted by self reduction process? () Pb @) cu 2 Ha (4) All of these Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345634° General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. SECTION - B Objective Type Questions 4. Which of the following metal can be extracted without using reducing agent? (@) Sn @ Pb (3) Fe (4) Both (1) & (2) 2. Which of the following metal is extracted by using coke and carbon monoxide as reducing agent? (1) Ne @) Gu (@) Fe (4) Al 3. Which of the following metal is extracted by the use of cyanide solution? @) Pb (2) @) Mn 4) Ag 4. Asubstance which reacts with gangue to form fusible material is called (1) Flux (2) Catalyst (3) Ore (4) Slag 5. Electrolytic reduction method is used for extraction of (1) Highly electronegative elements (2) Transition metals 3) Highly electropositive elements, (4) Metalloids ©. Cyanide process is used for the extraction of, () Au 2) ce @) a (4) Fe 7. Caleination is the process in which (1) Heating the ore in presence of air (2) Heating the ore in absence of air (3) Heating in vacuum (4) Heating of ore in presence of Nz 8. Which of the following metals cannot be extracted by carbon reduction process? (1) Pb 2 Al (8) Ha (4) Zn 9. 10. 1 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17 Which of the following is not a refining process? (1) Mond’s process (2). Van-Arkel process (8) Poling (@) Leaching Which of the following is not 2 concentration technique? (1) Levigation (2) Froth-flotation (@) Leaching (4) Calcination ‘The ores that are concentrated by Froth flotation method are (1) Carbonate (2) Sulphides (2) Oxides (4) Phosphates In blast furnace, iron oxide is reduced by (1) Silica (@) co @ HS (4) Lime stone ‘The silver complex formed during cyanide process (1) Nag{Ag(CNy) (2) Natagcn} (3) Na,{Ag(CN),] (4) NalAg(CN),} Zincite and calamine respectively are (1) Oxide and carbonate ore of zn (2) Carbonate and oxide ore of Zn @) Oxide and sulphate ore of Zn (4) Sulphate and sulphite ore of Zn Which of the following is chalcopyrite? (1) CuFes, @) Fes, (3) KMgCl,.6H,0, @) A,0,.2H,0 ‘The alloy used in dental filing contains (1) Ag and Sn 2) Ag and sb @) Ho, Ag and Sn (4) Hg. Ag and Sb What will happen, if anode is made of nickel instead of graphite in the extraction of aluminium from AICI? (1) Nickel will be affected by high temperature 2) Nickel will combine with Cl (2) Nickel is insulator (4) Allofthese: ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements | 35) 18. 19, 20. 24 22. 23. 24, 25. When molten NaC! is electrolysed by using inert electrode, the product obtained at cathode is (1) Na eo oH (@) Nactig amalgam What is the slag formed from P,0, impurity in metallurgy of iron? (1) CaO), @) casio, @) Fe(PO,), (4) Fesio, By which process zincis extracted from zinc blende? (1) Electrolytic reduction 2) Roasting followed by reduction with carbon @) Calcination followed by reduction with carbon (@) Roasting followed by self reduction From gold amalgam, gold may be recovered by (1) Distillation @) Oxidation (@) Electrolytic refining (4) Dissolving in HNO, Which of the following oxide is thermally least stable? «) cao @ ALO, @) Fe,0, (4) A9,0 ‘Thomas slag is (1) Calcium silicate @) Anode mud @) Fesio, (@) Calcium phosphate Which of the following give respective metal by self reduction? (1) Galena Pbs @) Hos @) Zs () Both (1) & (2) Which of the following statement is incorrect? (1) AL,0, cannot be reduced inte Al by Cr,0; @) Cais stronger reducing agent than Mg (@) At673K, COis poor reducing agent than carbon, @) Allof these SECTION -C Previous Years Questions Match items of Column I with the items of Column I and assign the correct option: Column! (@) | Cyanide process | (i) | Ultrapure Ge (©) | Froth ficatation | (i) | Dressing of ZnS. Column i process. (©) | Electrolytic (ii) | Extraction of Al reduction (2) | Zone refining —_| (iv) | Extraction of Au (¥) | Purification of Ni INEET-2016] (1) ali), bfiv), fv). dQ) @) ativ), BG), cf, ai) 8) ati, BHD, 6G, Ky) @ Aluminium is extracted from alumina (Al,0,) by electrolysis of a molten mixture of [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012] () AO, + Na AIF, + CaF, @) AO, +KF + NaAIF, @) AO, + HF + NaAIF, (4) ALO, + CaF, + NaAIF, In the extraction of copper from its sulphide ore, the ‘metal is finally obtained by the reduction of cuprous, ‘oxide with [AIPMT (Prolims)-2012] (1) tron sulphide (Fes) @) Carbon monoxide (CO) @) Copper (1) sulphide (Cu,S) () Sulphur dioxide (SO,) Identify the alloy containing a non-metal as a constituent in it [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012] (1) Belt metal @) Bronze @) tower (4) Stee! Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345636 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 5. NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY ‘Which one of the following is a mineral of iron ? [AIPM (Pretims)-2012] (1) Pyrolusite (2) Magnetite (8) Malachite (4) Cassiterite Which of the following pairs of metals is purified by Van Arkel method? [AIPM (Prelims)-2011] () Niand Fe (2) Ga and In @) Zrand Ti (4) Ag and Au Which of the following elements is present as the impurity to the maximum extent in the pig iron? IAIPMT (Pretims)-2011] (1) Phosphorus: (2) Manganese (2) Carbon (4) Silicon ‘The following reactions take place in the blast furnace in the preparation of impure iron. Identify the reaction pertaining to the formation of the slag [AIPMT (Mains)-2011] (1) CaQ%s) + Si0,(s) > CaSiO(s) 2) 20(8)+ O49) 2c0(9) @) Fe,0,(s)+ 3C0(g) > 2Fe(h) + 3C0,(9) (4) CaCO,(s) + Cad(s) + C0,(9) Match List-1 (substances) with List-II (process) employed in the manufacture of the substances and select the correct option List-1 List <1 (Substances) (Processes) a. Sulphuricacid () Haber's process b. Stee! (i) Bessemer's process ©. Sodium hydroxide (ji) Leblanc process. d. Ammonia () Contact process [AIPMT (Mains)-2010} @) av, ba, ett, davy (4) aliv), Bi), ii), diy (1) a(), bev), ett), a @) ativ), Bit), efi), d¢0) -blogspot.com Board & Competitive Exams. 10. Which of the following statements, about the advantage of roasting sulphide ore before reduction is not true? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007] (1) Roasting of the sulphide to the oxide is thermodynamically feasible (2) Carbon and hydrogen are suitable reducing agents for metal sulphides (@) The 46° of the sulphide is greater than those for CS, and H,S (4) The 4,6" is negative for roasting of sulphide ore to oxide 11, Sulphides ores of metals are usually concentrated by Froth Floatation process. Which one of the following sulphides ores offers an exception and is concentrated by chemical leaching ? IAIPMT (Prelims)-2007] (1) Sphaterite @) Argentite @) Galena (4) Copper pyrite 12. The mass of carbon anode consumed (giving only carbondioxide) in the production of 270 kg of aluminium metal from bauxite by the Hall process Is (Atomic mass Al= 27) [AIPM (Protims)-2005] (1) 180 kg (@) 270 kg @) 540 kg (4) 90 kg Questions asked Prior to Medical Ent. Exams. 2005 13. In which of the following process fused sodium chloride is electrolysed for extraction of sodium? (1) Castner process (2) Cyanide process (8) Down's process (4) Both (2) & (3) 14. Which of the following does not contain aluminium? (1) Cryolte (2) Fluorspar @) Feldspar 4) Mica 15. Which of the following does not contain Mg? (1) Magnetite (2) Asbestos (3) Magnesite (A) Camalite ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 24. 22. 23, 24, Carborundum is (1) Cac, (@) Caco, @) Fe,c @ sic Bessemer converter is used for manufacture of (1) Steet 2) Wrought iron @) Pig iron (@) Cast iron ‘Mond’s process is used for a Ni @a ©) Fe @) Gu Which process of purification is represented by following scheme? Th + 2h 250° Ta, MOP Th 21, ‘ampre) (ous (1) Poting @) Electro refining (@) Zone refining (@) van Arkel process Which of the following sulphides when heated strongly in air gives the corresponding metal? (1) cus @) Fes, @) Fes @) Hos: ‘Most important ore of tin is (1) Cassiterite @) Cryolite (@) Malachite @) All of these Heating of ore in presence of air to remove sulphur impurities is called (1) Calcination @) Smetting @) Roasting (@) None of these ‘Sodium is extracted from (1), NaCaq) @) Nac) (@) NaOH(aq) (4) NaNo,(aa) Among the metals, the one that cannot be obtained by reduction of its metal oxide () @ Fe ©) Mn ©) Mo General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 25. 28. 27. 28. 29. 31 NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 7 Which of the following is used as depressant in the separation of mixture of PbS and ZnS? (1) Nacn, (2) Nact @) Agct (4) All of these Which contains both iron and copper? (1) Cuprite (2) Chalcocite @) Chalcopyrite (4) Malachite To dissolve argentite ore which of the following is used? (1) NofAg(CN),) (2) Nacn @) Nac @) He Iron obtained from blast furnace is. (1) Wrought iron @) Cast iron (8) Pig ton (4) Steel Elements used as semiconductor are purified by (1) Van Arkel method (2) Mond process: @) Distitation (4) Zone refining Which of the following oxide is least stable? (1) co, (2) CO @ Meo (4) Hao The inner layer of a blast furnace is made of (1) Graphite bricks @) Silica bricks @) Basic bricks (4) Firectay bricks Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456NEET MEDICAL ACADEMY -blogspot.com 38 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 32. 33, Board & Competitive Exams. Roasting of sulphides gives the gas X as a by- product. This is a colortess gas with choking smell ‘of burnt sulphur and causes great damage to respiratory organs as a result of acid rain. Its aqueous Solution is acidic acts as a reducing agent and its acid is known only in solution. The 98s Xis (1) So, @) co, @) so, @ HS Which of the following mineral cont well as magnesium? (1) Tridymito (2) Aragorite (8) Dolomite (4) Camatite SECTION -D Assertion-Reason Type Questions In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R) (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (1). ) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (2). If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3). If both Assertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4). @ @ 4. A: Cuprite is concentrated by froth floatation process. R-: Cuprite is the sulphide ore. 2. A: Bauxite is purified by leaching process. R= Aluminium oxide reacts with NaOH to form soluble sodium meta aluminate. 3. A: Calamine and Dolomite are the carbonate ores. R: Calamine is ZnCO, whereas Dolomite is MgCO,ZnCo,, a Aakash Educational a 4 10. 11 12. 13. 14, 15. a A= Roasting process is involved in the metalluray of Cu from Malachite ore. R=: Roasting is the process of heating the ore in Absence of aie A: Metallurgy of Ag from Argentite is known as hydro-metallurgy, R= Argentite is Ag,S. ‘A= In the manufacturing of iron from haematite, silicon dioxide is added as flux R= Lime stone is also used as acidic flux in many A: Ultrapure metals are obtained by zone refining R: Van arkel method is used for purification of titanium, A: Wrought iron is purest form of iron with respect to other forms. R:: Ithas less than 0.5% carbon. A: Magnesium oxide is used for the lining in steet making furnace. R: Magnesium oxides acts as flux. A: Aluminium metal is used as a reducing agent {or the extraction of metals. R= Aluminium has great affinity for oxygen. A: Zinc but not copper is used for recovery of Ag from the complex [Ag(CN),I R: Zinc is more powerful reducing agent in ‘comparison to copper. ‘A: Hydrometallurgy is used for extraction of Ag and Au, RR: Hydrometallurgy is different from pyrometallurgy. A: Pure sliver is obtained by electrolysis of AgNO, solution, R: In electrolysis impure silver is taken as cathode and pure silver is taken as anode. A: Carbon is used in blast furnace for reduction of Fe,0,. B : This process is called smelting. A> In Hall's process Aluminium is purified B : Al,O, (aq) is used in Hall's process. jorvicos Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456