DIN 15018 Part 1 Cranes Steel Structures Verification and Analyses

L. felog» UDC 621.873.3 : 624.96.014.2.001.24 DEUTSCHE NORM November 1984 ( [ Cranes Steel structures ation and analyses Krane; Grundsdtze flr Stanltragwerke; Serechnung ‘Supersedes April 1974 edition In keeping with current practice in standards published by the international Organization for Standardization ('SO), acomma thas been used throughout as the decimal marker. Dimensions in mm int 18016 Part t and Part 2have been published following an abridged procedure as spacitied in DIN 820 Part 4,in the form of corrected editions, This method of proceeding, as well as the corrections that have now been made, were notified and ‘explained in the DIN-Mittefungen (DIN News) 61, 1862, volume No.8, pages 496 to 498. It would have been inadvisable to revise the content of the standard at the present time, in view of the general approval which has greeted its publication, and mainly because of the current discussions on the national basic standards elating to Steel structures (DIN 18800); furthermore, the efforts of !SO/TC 96 to achieve an internationally approved ruling with tepaid to tne loads and ioad Combinations vinicn are tobe assumed for the verification by calculation ofthe performance | Characteristics of cranes, ad to be borne In rind ‘Fhe principal corrections including those which have arisen rom the processingot the commentsrecsived are describes inthe Explanatory notes Contents lI 1 Field of application 2 G6 Tension members «o.eeeelesscsceeeeeeeeesss t 2 Standards and documents referred to ..........-. 2 ea oe beta 2 3 Details to be given for design purposes. 2 ennectns anni ee ine 2 G9 Longitudinal distbution of wheel oad 0. 11 4.1 Main loads : 3. 7 Verification and analyses .. ; 2 Sha Settweighis a 13 Tea atria 32] 4.12 Loads ansing from bul materials in bins ccc reece 38 and on continuous conveyors... 3 7.2.1 Load cases and permissible stresses. ... 12 © EBD 419 Lifted toads oes es res 3 12 PU) S18 eee vericalini ies 8 i | E 8] 215 inertia forces arsing from driving mechanisms. 4 eer) y 3] 458. Centrtuga forces 5 \ E28) 217 Impact trom bulk material 1s of circular cylindrical shells cece Mt A 38] 42 additional loads... § 7.33 Safety against buiging ........ fete 22] 4.21 wind ioads. 7 | 5. 7.4. Verification of service strength .. 14 £2 | 422 Forces arising trom skewing 6 741 Concepts .... co FEL 4 Trematefteate 17 Tap Loading groups...” 5 i EE) Ae Soweto SS ag Notomsaaes ; 5 3] 225. Loads on walkways stairways patforma 744 Pormisibe sreszes oar } 3 and hand ras eet . 8 745 Combined stresses 18 {I 3°] 43. Special toads pasiectnt eddie 8 78 Verification of stability 18 bd 4.3.1. Tilting force arising in crane trolleys | 3 ttn posite guidance of the ited load ........ 8 Holding ropes and guy ropes 18 i 2 | 422 Buttertorcas.... : t8 |B | 483 semtoeas™ 58 8 Tenson on pasreased bate oversees 1B ee eee ~ $92 General stress anaiysis sere 20 { © Calculation 9 93. Verification of service strength { 61 General me il Os stan ai Zann E geSiabaoaie tastiest ch a tegs | FR] 63 Imposed loads tive loads) S101 Exampias of classification of types of crane Zs] 64 Materials ...... aon oo 9 into fifting classes and loading groups \ 33) 65 Cross-sectional vives and hole deductions 102 Welds. i I I 3 formembers end cross-sectional values 103 Exampie of ciassiication of commonly used i is for welds...... qa ‘structural shapes into notch cases .. 3 ae | E Continued on pages 2 10 38 ; ee | \I {Sours vavng GnH Burn 0, haa fcunve sie his or German STangoras (OW Nermen! DIN TS O18 Pant Engh Price group Te ica ‘Sao wo. 0118Page 2 DIN 1S018 Part 1 1 Field of application This standard applies to the steel structures of cranes and crane equipment of any kind, andalso to mobile steel struc tures for continuous conveyors. it does not cover crene- ways, excavators, ropeways, wagon tipples. and mining machinery. 2. Standards and documents referred to The following standards and documents shall be complied with unless otherwise specified inthis standard. DIN 1085 Part.4 Design loads for buildings: imposed loads, wind lozds of structures unsus- ‘ceptible to vibration Design loads for buildings; imposed leads, snow load and ice load Concepts, symbols and units usedin civil ‘engineering; principles Concepts, symbols and units usedin civil ‘engineering; statics ‘Concepts, symbols and units usedin civil engineering; sieel construction; composite steel construction and stee! girders in concret Steel structures; stability cases (bucking, collapsing, bulging); design principles, regulations Stee! structures; stability cases (buckling, collapsing, bulging); design principles, guidelines Lightweight and tubularstee! construc tion in building: rules relating to approval, design and construction ‘Quality assurance of welding opera tions; fusion-welded joints in steel; requirements, evaluation groups Cranes; terminology; classification according to type Lifting appliances; load suspending devices; loads and torces, concepts Cranes; steel structures, principles of design and cénstruction Cranes; stability or cranes exception rail mounted mobilecranesand floating cranes rar mobile lation DASt-Richtlinie (DASt Guideline) 010 Anwendung hoch- fester Schrauben im Stahibau (Use of high strength bolts in structural steel- work) )) Reference is also made in the textof the present standard to the following standards or to certain clauses or concepts thereot. DIN 267 Part? Fasteners; technical” delivery condi- tlons: property lasses for carbon steel ‘and alloy steel bolts and screws; con- version of property classes Welded carben and low alloy steel pipes for supply purposes, process plant and tanks; general specifications, recommendations for use Welded carbon and low alloy ste! pipes for surply purposes, process plant and tanks; pipes for general use DIN. 1055 Part S DIN. 1080 Part + DIN 1080 Part 2 DIN. 1080 Part 4 DIN: 4114 Part 1 DIN 4114 Part2 DIN 4115 DIN. 8863 Part 3 DIN 18001 Part 1 DIN 15003 DIN 15018 Part 2 DIN 15019 Part 1 IN 15019 Part 2 tabllly for non-rail mounted anes; test loading end calcu DIN. 1626 Part 1 DIN 1626 Pant 2 DIN 1626 Part Welded carbon and low alloy steel pipes for supply purposes. process plant and tanks; pipes subject special requirements; technical de- very conditions Welded carbon and low alloy stee! pipes for supply purposes. process plant and tanks; high performance pipes: technical delivery conditions ‘Seamless carbon steel tubes for supply Purposes, process plant and tanks: technical delivery conditions; al data ‘Seamless carbon steel tubes for supply Purposes, process plant and tanks; tubes subject to special requirements; technical delivery conditions ‘Thermal cutting; concepts and nomen- lature Thermal cutting: oxygen cutting: bases ot process, quality, dimensional davia- tone Craneways; stee! structures; principles ‘of calculation, design and construction Hexagon bolts with iarge widths across flats for high strength friction grip bolting in steel structures!) Hexagon nuts with large widths across flats for high strength friction grip bolt- in steel structures Round washers for high strength tric- tion grip betting in steel structures ‘Square washers for high strength frio- tion grip boiting of I sections in st structures Square washers for high strength friction grip bolting of channels in steel structures Steels for general structural purposes; uality specifications Low carbon steels for bolts, nuts and : rivets; technical delivery conditions DIN 18800 Part 1 Stee! structures: design and construc: tion DIN 1626 Part 4 DIN. 1629 Part 1 DIN. 1629Part3 DIN. 2310 Part 1 DIN. 2310 Parts DIN. 4192 DIN. 6914 DIN 6915, DIN 6916 DIN. 6017 DIN. 6918, DIN 17100 DIN 17114 3 _ Details to be given for design purposes ‘The following information shall be givan for design purposes: «type of crane and method of operatior 3 loadbearing systems rellecting the actual service condt- tions as closaly a possible ach ai "shapes, dimensions Ipadbearing members: 5 ytgron nd aes lating 1 sd members and tions or joins. 9) Referred to as HV-Richtlinien (HV Guidelines) in this standard. 2) Published by Stahibau-Verlag, KGin. 3) Referred to as high strength friction grip bolts in this standard.+4 Design loads The oads acting on:ne supnoning structure are subdivided into main loads, additional leads and special load ‘The main loads comorise: 1A salt weights; 1G leads arising trom bulk materas in bins anc on continuous ‘conveyors: iifedlaads: forces arising from drives: ugal forces; ‘expect from Bulk mater Seif weights are the masses of all he fixed and moving ‘crane components which act permanently during operation, plus the masses of the mechanical and electrical equjgment and of a proportion ofthe carving means such 1385 for example, with the exception of the self weights, described in subciause 41. 4.1.2 Loads arising from bulk materials in bins ‘and on continuous conveyors: ‘Loads arising from bulk materilsin bins and on continuous, ‘conveyors shall be treated as self weights; loads of bulk materials on continuous conveyors can act elther asa continuous or as a discontinuous line toad. 44.3 Lifted loads ‘The lifted loads (hook loads) comprise the useful load and the self weights of members designed to carry the useful load, e.g. the bottom block. the spreader bar, the grab, the. lifting magnet and aiso a proportion of the carrying means ‘such as ropes. 444 Effects of vertical inerla forces. ‘Tha effects of vertical inertia forces produced by the motions of the crane or of the crane components end of loads in accordance with subciauses 4.11 10 4.1.3 are allowed for by means ofa self weight factor yanda nominal load spectrum factor 9. 4.1.6.1 Self weight factor The self weights of moving cranes and of moving crane components in accordance with subclause 4.1.1, and the loads described in subciause 4.1.2, or he stress rasultants oF stresses resulting therefrom, shail be multiplied by a self. weight factor » as given in tatia 1 below. Inthe case of cranes andcrane components equipped with spring-suspended wheels running onraits, aseifweightfac- torg=,1 canbe adoptedforthecalculation, irrespective ot the travelling speed and type of runway. Tabie Sat weit actors» Runways weight Tea | tetas we | ue ee | i Grr opto 200 | GverGOupoam0 | 4a vor 200 eee me Where several motions corresponding to the load cases listed in table 7 occur simultaneously at different speeds, characterized by diferent self weight factors », these factors shall be applied to the respective loads concerned. Example: 8) Crane troltey travelling speed v= 120m/min, p = 1.2. Grane travelling speed v= 8Omim) Trolley Crane travel travel (Ka) (KA ‘Multiply self weight of trolley by erie | gait ‘Multiply self weight, cf crane by e=10 | pets b) Crane troifey travelling speed v = 3Omimin, g = 1.1 Grane travelling speed 7 = 120mimin, p = 12. Trolley ‘Crane travel travel (Kay (Kn) Mutiny self weight ot trolley by ext ex Multiply self weight of crane by eat ont2 4.1.4.2 Nominal load spectrum factor yand lifting classes ‘The lifted loads as defined in subclause 4.1.3 or the stress sultants or stresses resulting therefrom shall be mul plied by anominalload spectrum factor yas given intablo2. Its value depends on the actual hoisting speed of the car- ‘ying means assumed at the commencement of the hoist ing of the litted load, and therefore on the rated hoisting ‘speed op. The softer the springing of the hoisting gear, the larger the elasticity of the supporting structure, the smaller the actual hoisting speed at the commencement of the hoisting of the useful oad, the smaller and steadier the acceleration and deceleration during changes in the hoisting motion, the smaller the factor y. Accordingly, the cranes are classified into lifting classes H1, H2, H3 and H4, with different factors y as given in table 2 below. Exampies of this are given in subclause 102. Individual self-contained parts of a crane forming integral paris of the complete unit, such as the trolley and the crane bridge or jib, the slewing unit, portal and tower, may be Classified into different lifting classes within the limits defined in table 23 for the various types of crane, provided the hoisting conditions are fully known,| [ Page 4 DIN 18018 Part 22. | e > 5 [ B19 0 x _—_—— 3 09) r ws { i 33 & 16 i 12 at Perec 0 80min Figure 1. Lifting classes and nominal load spectrum factor y |. Table 2. Nominal oud spectum factor ¢ Nominal load spectrum factor y tuitting class | at hoisting speed oy. in m/min Up to 90 ‘Over 90 HT 1.4 +0,0022 04, 13 i H2 s2+oood-m =| 18 HS 1.9 + 0,066 74 19 Ha 1.4 + 0.0088 - on 22 4.1.4.3 Dropping oF sudden setting down of useful loads in the case of jib cranes In the case of jb cranes where the dropping or sudden ting down of usoful loads represents the usval operating practice, such as for cranes with magnet or grab opera: i ton, the resulting inertia force effects shall be taken into : ‘account separately. instead of adopting a precisely com- Hoisting speed vy —e puted value for this purpose, the ited load orth sire Foatarts or gvareceroouting teretton ray De cue fled by -028 tines te factor spoctned Wn tale 2 In Inocan¢ of ope contotedibosneaoagaliveinerta force ‘cts aa ltodby te suckaning athe topes uheraby gn upward movement of the fo becomes possi: The {trout which aee fom the subsequent aig back of he Bata be Toten nfo concerti, {£15 Inia force sing rom driving mechaniame qT teri forces aatng an the erane-ifucure dug Scebraon sa depo fe cae moor ek te wevalng slowing WAR shan be dotorrined rom the Traxirum ving ores aning noma operation. nied CheeldsiieuelicAsiiestaredctiehenemibarr enna fagon he stature ana resulting tom ne assessment ot tiemovementet ine antrectroassofthecjetom under ty Soc ot the ering force, ofthe resistances To eion Shdettteinoria forces may beincregeedbyafactorof 1S in order to take the dynamic effect into account. Ip this" pect, loads whieh are not guided shallbe desired a be tay etached tothe erae:any winging ofthe loads shall a ignore The adoption ofa actor er tS furthermore Examples of calculating the nertiaorces from the frictional contact in the case of bridge cranes: | * trolley travel; frictional contact (tte driven track wheels are speed-synchronized) Ka=1,5-0,2-min (Rea; + Raa) fikos "Ka Figure 2. Inertia forces during the start-up and braking | of crane trolleys with a central drive mechanism sR a Figure 3, crane travel; fictional contact (the driven track wheels are non-spee synchronized) Kr=18-02 (min Racy + min Rez) 5 T Ey | heehee feo Inertia forces during the start-up and braking ‘of cranes with two individual driving mechanisms (Krs‘based on the-condition that he driving forces acting on the rane are practically free fram backlash. Jn figuras 2 and 3 is the determining smallest wheel load total and, respectively, the sum of the smallest wheel loads ff the driven track wheels, ex: [= cluding the useful load and the factors mentioned in eubciause 4.14, requited for the determination of the driving forces on the basis of the frictional contact; ‘min (Rear + Raa) min Rxey # in Rieo |, isthe distance, measuredat right angles tothe direction ‘of motion, of the resultant of the driving forces from the ‘centre of mass 5 of the rane bridge, trolley and lifted ‘oad: @ is the centre-to-centre distance of the wheels or of the uide roller ar groups of guide rollers forthe absorption of the lateral forces, see also figure 4. In cases where thera is a considerable amount of play be> tween structural members (hereinafter briefly referred 10 ‘as members) which move relatively to one another, for ‘example in the case of the rigid mast and the suspension ‘gear of a stripper crane, a factor larger than 1,5 shall be used. Where the maximum driving forces are limited by friction- type power transmission, the driving forces may be calculated from the frictional contact between the driven track wheels and the rails, using acoefficient j= 0,2 inthis con- rection, one should proceed trom the emallest wheel load total in the case of specd-synchronized driven track Wheels, or from the sum of the smallest whee! foads in the case of non-speed-synchronized driven track wheels, depending on the type of driving mechanism: the factors ‘mentioned in subclause 4.1.4 and the useful load need not bbe taken into consideration ‘The driving forces shall always be distributed among the track wheels in accordance with the type of driving ‘mechanism. The inertia forces during thestart-up and braking ot cranes shal! be entered in the calculation in each case with the trolley in the most unfavourable position for the member. being analysed (see figure 9), Where lateral forces due to inertia forces act transversely to the runway, they shall be absorbed by the cals through positive and frictional contact in accordance with the systems adopted for the supporting structure and the run- ring gear, andinaccordancewith the type of guiding means. used. Unidirectional laterat forces, such as those due to inertia force effects during the start-up and braking of crane DIN 15018 Part Page 5 trolleys (see figure 2) shall be distributed uniformly be~ tween all the track wheels or guiding means. Lateral forces acting in opposite directions arise if a distance /, exists detween the centre of the masses to be ‘moved and the resultant of the driving forces. Where these {forces are transmitted through the track wheels.andwhere thera are more than two wheels per runway side. they shail ‘be uniformly distributed between the cuter wneeis or outer wheel groups as shown in the examples illustrated in figure 4, namely, where there are not more than four wheels per rail, to one outer wheel per corner, ‘where there are not more than eight wheels per ral, to the ‘wo outer wheels per corner, ‘where there are more than eight wheels per r outer wheels per comer. As far as the supporting structure is concerned, eg. the bridge, trolley or balancer, the lateral forcas shall, howevar, be distributed uniformly betweenall the wheels of a corner, ven in the zone of the inner unloaded track wheels as shown in figure 4. In the case of wide-span bridge cranes and portal cranes with separate driving mechanisms, whose supporting struc tures are not designed to compensate for resistances to motion, driving forces and inertia forces, but only for a limited elastic forward motion of one side of the running gear anead of the other side, special devices shall be pro ‘vided to ensure that the assumptions on which the design caloulation is based are not exceeded. | tothethree 41.8 Centrifugal forces Centrifugal forces on slowing cranes shall be calculated solely on the basis of the seif weight of the jib components, ‘and, if applicable, also on the basis of the counterweights {and of the lifted load, without application of the factors mentioned in subclalse 41.4; the lifted load shall be deemed to be suspended from the tip of the jib 44.7 Impact from bulk material Impact effects on bins and transfer points due to the drop ping of bulk material shail only be taken into consideration Focal. 4.2. Additional loads +421 Wind loads ‘Wind loads shall be taken into account in accordance with DIN 1055 Part 4 in the case of cranes exposed to the wind. For cranes in service, the wind load shall be ontered in the calculation at a dynamic pressure q = 250N/m?, The wind oad acting on the useful load shalbe assumed at 3% of the effect of the useful load, but at not less than SOON, if the wind load area is not precisely known. a @& By cH | Epica TacAca Ti TPage é DIN 16018 Part 1 Table 3. Coetticient of frletlonal contact f a8 a function of the skew angle « ave |ts |20 |2s |s0 [3s j4o | jas [50° 0 [79 [ao [90 125 >150) 0,139 [0.158 0.178 0.180] 0.208 7 [ooselor8 214 (0.289 [0.268 | 0,275 |0,287 |0,293 |o.200 ane faa For cranes out of service, the wind load shail be entered in the calculation at the dynamic pressures specified in DIN 1055 Part 4. 4.2.2 Forces arising from skewing When a crane skews at a skew angie a, a positive contact force S, dependent on the running gear and supporting structure, is generated on the front quiding means or group Of guiding means (front In the direction of travel); these guiding means may consist of a wheel flange or of a guide Toller, and a¢ a result of force S, a group of forces Xi, Yai land Xai, Yai, which are connected by friction, acting in the contact areas of the track wheels is generated. The distribution of the force $ resulting from the skewing of cranes with fanged track wheelsis similar to that described in subclause 4.5, figure 4 For cranes with a total of x pairs of track wheeis arranged each on an axis i, and of which m ate speed-synchronized, ‘and whose wheelloads R; on side tand Rajon side are of equal magnitude respectively for each side, and assuming the usual tolerances for rack wheel diameter, axial paratie ism of track wheel bores and position of the runway, with a linearized frictional contact relationship appiying equally to ongitudinal and transverse slip, the following applies: f= 030: (1 = 6°925"¢) where 2.71628 (basis of the natural logarithms) and skew ‘angle a to be entered in %e. S =A-f-ER Xin dnig FDR Xa Yr edt f- ER Yaw dai FER where E Ris the cum of all wheet loads arising from seif weights 1d lifted load, excluding the factors mentionedin subclause 4.1.4: “a= ap + ay + a 218%, ‘skew angle resulting from the sum of all the possible displacements transversely to the runway, related to the distance « of the positive guiding means when the crane is askew; 4p Istha skew ang ‘ance between straight, il and positive guiding means. but not less than from 5mm in the case of guide rollers ‘and not less than from 10mm in the case of wheel flanges: czy isthe skew angle resulting trom abrasive wear of not toss than 296 ofthe rall head with in the case of guide rolers, and not les than 10% ofthe ral Head Width in the case of whee! flanges: 29 = 43 skew angle eslting from tolerances of the crane and craneway. other values of the skew angle shall be agreed. Factors 2 nig, My ANG Hein 22 f0t the calculation of forces 8. Xn Vay Xen Yai and of the position i of the slio pole are determined in accordance with tabies 4 and § by the aimensions ofthe crane according to figure 8 by the posllonet he cverallcente ofmassdue othe self welghis Sha to theft Toads, and by the running gear system and Structure syetom aa dened bythe fllowing symbol: W-= pair of track wheels seed: synchronized by amecha- flea! o elactical shat E = patroftrackwheelsindviualy supportedon bearings or nial driven: F = fixed bearing of track whee and eupportng structure: lateral caplaceabity: LL = movable bearing of ack whee! or supporting struc: ture: atera isplaceabitty. able 4. Position i of the slip pole and factor 4 tor the calculation of the positive contact force 5 System hk a HH 7 | meeene [| Be Hl Ze meh FL ‘Table 5. Factors Ay nv Aniy and Azix daiy for the calculation of the frictional forces, X11, Yui and X2i, Yai System Baie any aw l ay we | See | ees) | a sr 0 £(-9) 0 m | Se | ea) | : er ° £(1-2) ° °situated foremost in direction Positive contact guiding means DIN 15018 Part Page 7 of travel (1) jen ‘Centre of mass WEL. |—.—EF ‘Side 2 a ® —yp$ ! | | gio fe Figure 5. Dimensions and forces due to skewing of a crane wit characteristics 4.2.3 Thermal effects Thermal effects shall only be taken into consideration in specialcases. When thisis the case for cranes installed out- doore at an assumed ambient installation temperature of 410°C, temperature variations of + 35K shall be assumed {or the calculation, or in the case of non-uniform temper- in | i i ith four pairs of track whe 1s representing different system ature rises in incividual members, temperature variations of E15K shall be assumed, In the case of cranes operating in hot environments, the assumed values shall correspond to the local conditions, eg for cranes in foundries and pit furnace shops. A linear expansion coefficient in accordance with table & shall be entered in the calculations,Pages OIN 15018 Part 1 P 4.24 Snow loads ‘Snow loads need only be considered in special cases, and ‘when they are, DIN 1055 Part § shall be observed. 4.2.5 Loads on walkways, stairways, platforms ‘and hand rails In the ease of walkways, stairways and platforms, amoving concentrated load shail be entered in the calcuiation in ‘addition to the self weights, and this shall be 3000N to allow for persons carrying loads, 1800N to allow for persons not carrying loads, ‘As regards hand rails, a moving horizontal concentrated Toad acting outwardly or inwardly shail be assumed, ‘amounting to 300N to allow for persons carrying loads, 15ON to allow for persons not carrying loads. The above-mentioned concentrated loads need not be taken into account in respect of any member stressed by lifted loads in accordance with subciause 41.3, such as the main girders of crane bridges. 4,3 Special loads 4.3.4 Tilting force arising in crane trotieys with positive guidance of the lifted toad ‘The force due to the tilting of crane trolieys with positive ‘guidance of the lifted toad shall be determined from the tt- ing conditions without regard for the factors described in ‘subclause 41.6, a8 @ horizontal load Ki acting at floor level ‘or obstacle level, and in the direction of trolley or crane travel. The trolley shall be assumed to be located in the most unfavourable position for this purpose. Unless amore ‘accurate calculation is made, Ki shall be distributed proportionally between both sides af the craneway without ‘considering any inertia force effects or any skidding of the driven track wheels (see figure 6). The vaiue of Ki may be limited to 4 of the sum of the self weight of the tralley Gy. plus the lifted load P. If there is an operational possibilty of the tited trolley titing back again to its narmat position due to the sudden yielding of the obstacle, then the forces atsing from such an occur rence shail be taken into account. 43.2 Butter forces ‘As regards this special load case, it is assumed that in ‘normal operation cranesor tralleyscolide with one another (oF collide against butter stops only on rare occasions. The butler forces Pu due to cranes of trolleys crashing against stops or colliding with one ancther shall be limited by buffersor by similar onergy absorbing means. The required energy absorption capacity ofthebu‘lersand ‘he inen. hum 1 butter forces Pu shall be determined on the basis of 85% of the rated travelling speed of cranes and 100% of the rated. traveling speed of trolleys. in cases where automatic devices for slowing down the motion ar@ installed, the required energy absorption ‘capacity of the buffers and the maximum buffer forces Pi: ‘may be computedon the basis ofthe highest traveling speed likely to arise In such a case, but this shall be not less than 70% of the rated speed. Furthermore the kinetic energy released on the cotision of two eranes characterized by the moving masses my and snd by the amounts |2e | and |'¢2| of the maximum trav ing speed shail be defermined by the following equation: my + mia + (loeal + |oe2))* 2 (my + ma) For the verification of the butters and of the strength of the Supporting structure, the forces arising from the moving ‘masses of ta seif woights andof the positively guideditted loads situated in the most unfavourable position, if appli ‘cable, shall be entered in the calculation in each case, but the factors mentioned in subclause 4.1.4 shall not be used. Loads suspended from carrying means and freely oscillat- ing loads need not be considered. An appropriate substi tute mass shailbe enteredin the calculation inlieu of that of the rotating parts of the sunning gear. The butter forces ‘shall be distributed in accordance with the buffer characteristics and the possible movements of the supporting structure. In this connection, the resistances to motion due tothe frictional contact between trackwheels and railsmay be allowed for by means of a factor f= 0,20. Inthe case of cranes or trolleys with or without useful oad, ‘no negative wheel loads may result from 1,1 times the buffer force and from the seif weights and lifted loads previously mentioned. Unless a more accurate stress analysis is car- fied out, the butfer forces shall be multiplied by an oscils- tion coefficient in accordance with table 6 for the stress analysis, depending on the shape of the area beneath the butter characteristic. Table 6 Oscillation oetficients for simplified computation E Oscillation coetficient butter characteristic, _| in respect of collision with approximating a crane trolley triangle 1.28 1.38 square 1,50, 1.60I Inthe case of tower cranes and of portal slewing cranes, a verification of the energy absorption capacity ofthe butters. ‘and of the effect of the buffer forces on the supporting ‘structure may be dispensed with, on condition that the rated traveling speed is less than 40m/min, and that reliably operating limit switenes are installed in addition to the butter stops, 4.3.3 Tost loads In the case of cranes for which a verification of stability is required in accordance with DIN 16 019 Part or Part 2, the small and targe test loads respectively which are specified In the above-mentioned standards shall be used as the basis for the strass analysis. In the case of cranes which do not require a verification of stabilty to be carried out, the test loads are obtained by ‘multiplying the lifted load P by the following factors: ‘small testload: Pk= 1.25 - P large test load: Pg = 1.98 - P, forliting classes H1 and H2; (subject to particular agreement): Pg = 1,80 - P, forliting classes H3 and H4. Forthe stressanalysis, the small estload hallbe multiplied by itt a ‘The design loads used in the stress analysis with the crane subjected to the tast load are based on the following procedure. Itthe crane is loaded with the small testload, ai the permi sible motions shall be carried out individually withthe load situated in the most unfavourable position; however, due ‘care should be observed during the test. Anew motion shall ‘only be initiated after the oscillations arising from the pre ‘ous motion have ceased completely. ithe crane is oaded with the large test load, then the small teat load shall first be raised to a short distance from the floor. Thereafter, the remainder of the load (making it up to the large test load) shall-be attached with all due care, so 8 to avoid any oscillations if possible ‘Testing with test load Pk ot Pg shall be carried out in the absence of wind. : 5 Load cases ‘The main toads, additional loads and specialloads specified in clause 4 are classified into load casas H, HZ and HS in table 7. ‘All the loads in one column of the zones framed in thick black lines under the heading “normal load cases” taken together constitute load case H. All the loads in a column, under tre heading oad cases" taken together con silts toe case." \ pected 6 Calculation ee 61 General “The calculations shall conform to the generally accepted rales es and to of material .casoe where additional tert are carried outto determine teens ine Tameka the desig ude 6.2 Alignment of craneway Unless the crane operator has specified anything to the ceantrary, the calculation shall he made.on the-assumption IN 15018 Part Page @ that the eraneway has been careful laid and that it has ath vertiealy ana harzomtaly 6.3. imposed loads (live loads) Imposed loads sol be enared inthe elution of he ma 3. sual ale abet om ne limit states Falvice sttength at 909% survival expectancy, buckling. collapsing) a0 tie care the stool gadesiistad in 8, by rellably reasoned calc st closely. ‘electng aun opereung comations, for example on adod Suis aubocted tostatc loading ot loagio va fe wath time. = 6.5 Cross-sectional values and hole dediictions for members and cross-sectional values for welds The governing cross-sectional values and hole deductions for membere shall be determined in accordance with DIN 18200 Parts, March 1981 edition, subciause 3.4, andfor welds they shall be determined in accordance with subclauses 7.31.1 and 73.12 of the same standard. The HV- Fichuinien are applicable o nigh strength botted joints, see clause 2, Elastic deformations, required forthe calculation of sta cally indeterminate structures for example, shail be det ‘mined on the basis of cross-sectional values without any eduction for holes. 68 Tension members Tension members, which may be subjected to compressive stresses in the ease of sight deviations from the design loads original planned, shall exhibit siéndettiess ratio trot exceeding 260 and shall be capable of absorbing a reasonable compressive force. 6.7. Determination of stresses ‘The stresses shall be determined for the individual load * cases in accordance with clause § and table 7 on the basis of the cross-sectional values aven in subclause 6.5. Inthe case of filet welds subjected to compressive toading Inthe direction normal to the weld, such as between web plate and flange plate, no allowance shall be made for contact between the members to be joined. 6.8 Connections and joints Inthe areas of force diversions and cut-outs, the stress pat- ‘tems which are disturbed thereby shall be verified, unless __ adequate structural measures have been taken to allow for, such disturbances. ‘The individual parts of a member etc. shell each be sepa- tely connected of jointed and covered. ‘Where in composite members a stress resultant is passed on by a system of welds, rivets and bolts. it shall be possible for this stress rasuitant to be distributed unambiguously ‘and proportionally among tho individual parts of the cross section, and to be transmitted by only one type of connec tion to each part of the cross section. ‘Angle cleats shall be connected with the structure either ‘aking 1.5 times the value of the applicable proportion of the ‘stress resultant for one leg and the given value itself for the other eg, oF taking 1,25 times the value for both legs. ‘Welded-on lug plates shall be connected with tne structure taking 5 times the value of the applicable proportion of the stress resultant,"saae0 [eioeds ui uojeiopisueD ou] Woye) 6G AO pasU ST SsnEIDGNE U pamTOIS 50019 sKemyjem uo speo|'yZ'y esne;aqns UI paljloads se speo| mous ‘EP asneroans Ul payeds se 1eWeU) “Zr osnejoqns Ut payyoeds se [ELON ;Papeeox9 jou aie g'|'p asnsjoqns ul peytoods 59910} BUIALD oy; FOU) SOINEUO YOIYMR JUSYKD Ue 0) UL 99 Avo rreys speo} pum yim A4snosuEyMuN's BuNIe $0910} UONEIeI999p Pus £69104 UOHBIOI0D0¥ “ONIBA [I 1n9}89 eu U} PasD|U0 eq SKEM| Page 10 DIN 18018 Part t fa a T= FE T= z = ia z peo} =| owe -|-|-[- = = wa |: 3 : ma lof | : a na seo10) 00 ZED 7 a ee 2 z 5 80] Per ou Jo eDuepINB ONUEOd WIM ‘hoon 980 us BUBUE 0910) 8 = = TI hs T= = z $ ‘uynoys wou Dusue sea1ey Zz 7 7 = = = : spo, "ab | so y9s jo ino reuopppy ze 7 ere ™m mm a 20108 of fe es a a ee eee eee oe caer cere ape ce eee ‘9010 ~|m]-[-[-| = [== [= fast ==] -yeal=T =) a =[=faal-}-P = [=] - ]- fala fealaapalia laa} ag susweusow - Sunyp wos SusuE =l-]- fa) -P = -[ [=] fed Pt ta le S200} eeu Sr -|-[-[- fel [=] Td el eee y 27 = [a= er od 20 Jo eNO INENHIM PEO! POU BY i a4 szo- - Fi = eine eal "peton sp801 yeah jo a-a-sz0 tunop Sunes uappns 10 BUIEdOIG Ey z = meee a eawon err sans - - an = - a fala @ P01 pouNT Ey 9 e : uy — ug -4] up] wy - 4 up: 6 o > D4 po |olo-so] o-« a6 . WOM eS LEP 0809 peo eroads s0se9 peo} ewion Cala et jo sedKL woees peoy 2 o1ae,DIN 18018 Part Page tt Table 8, Characteriatic values of steet grades used for the calculation a “ ‘Steel grade Yield | of elasticity ‘Shear See |S | ne os £ G pee Briet designation ‘Specified in Némm? Nien? Nimm? Seater s7) | BOT 12-10°¢ ‘Structural steel StS2-3 | DIN 17100 eer eee 12-1076 Rail steel with a tensile strength baa of not less than 600 N/mm? } [cov uty grpn conten ws meager ‘See DIN 15018 Part 2 for selection of quality groups, steelmaking and casting processes of the steels 6.9 Longitudinal distribution of wheel loads ‘Thelocal stresses in the ral, rail foot, anges, double fillet welds or web rivets and webs of rallbearing beams which arise from wheel loads acting normally and tranaversely to the ral shall be determined in accordance with the rail and flange system. Unless a more accurate caiculation is made, the individual whee! load may be distributed uniformly in the direction of the rail Tength of (2 -+ 0mm}, on condition that the rat ight A, related to the tor. edge of the rail, shall be 'a8 follows for the purpose of analysing . the web: _ a8 the distance to the bottom edge of the fillet weld or of the flange boss (see figure 7a): the filet weid: as the distance to the controidat axis of the fillet weld (see figure 7b}; ‘the web rivets: as the distance to the centre line of the rivats (see figure 7) Dimensions are given in mm. T | T t TT | | fe mM oh My Ir z 8 ll a) web by filet weld ©) web rivets Figure 7. Height i for the analysis 1 the rail rests on an elastic support, the transverse and the longitudinal distribution of the bearing pressure under the railshall bbe taken into considerationin their most unfavourable patternin each case for the calculation of tne rall bearing beam and of the ralt: Page 12 DIN 15018 Part 1 7. Verification and analyses 74 General and analyses described Fiat 7 shal be cared out dans ‘and ty shall be imitec for one of such spe feentage alowed for Gach inlvual spacial cosas 9 Sot exceeded 7.2. General stress analysis 7.2.1 Load cases and permissible stresses ‘The general stross analysis in respect of safety against Hsinng thesols point shall bo careod oui sopartay fr lpadcasesH andiz,using thepeimissblestressesiistedin tables 1010 12.As regards loadcase HS, the stresses of load case HZ multiplied by 2 factor of 1.1 may be used, ‘The valves in the “2ul e," column are also permitted in respect of comprassivestressesin the immediate vicinity of points of introduction of forces. Welds shall exhibit a tensile strength and a yield strength ‘not less than those of the steel cf which the welded com- Siresses.octhe minimum tattors cf the greater ofthe values allows in_the_spacial_cases listed in table 9, the permissible Talore or safet evens bul a) tet flog OM avid Part Tan Par'Z anh table 12, Where sever jecial Cases Occur simultans- a Toman perm ponents are made. Longitudinal stresses shall remain within the permissible stresses in members specified in fable 10. The permissible tensile stresses in welds for transverse loading may only be usedif the plates required or the transmission of the tensile forces, which are thereby stressed {transversely in their rolling plane, are suitable for thi Purpose (see table 24, test method associated with letter ‘symbol D). ‘See clause 9 for permissible tensile forces on prestressed bolts, In normat cases, the following fasteners shall be us for members made of ST 97 steel, USt36 rivetsand bolts ‘of property class 4.6; for members made of S152 steel, ASt44-2 rivets and bolts of property class 5.6. It the above rules are followed, the specified bolt or rivet Dearing stresses shail also apply for members. 7.2.2 Combined stresses Where states of combined plane stresses exist, the com- _Batigon siraas shall be verified in addition for members ss_ “spectid in abe To paying attention Yo Me ls oF oye Vor + oy —ox-0yt 3-1 zu oy specified in table 11, the comparison value shall en SEER al (continued on page 14) Table 9, Permissible deviations for stresses and factors of safety against bulging ic eee Perniteg pis ceviton, | Pemiveaminus evaton, 7 Deviations from design loads, in total | 9% of permissible stresses | 3% of safety factors Unintentional changes 2 emanate 10% of pormssibie stresses | 6% of safety factors 10% of permissible stresses | 6% of safety factors 8 Construction conditions for load case HZ for toad case HZ Table 10. Permissible strosses in members forthe general stress anaiyeis and the verification of stabilty Permissiole | Permissible | Permissible | Permissible comparison | "tensile | compressive | | shear Stee! srade stress stress ae of member Load case tr 7 tasks Lani uly zul cg zulr ‘Symbol Specified in Nim? Némm? Nimm? 4 760 [v0 @ 81374 IN 17 100 fa 180 160 104 H 240 210 198 stsza | oIi7100 WZ 270 240 188 *) Covers all quay groups, steelmaking and casting processe: In the verification carried out in accordance with DIN 4114 Part | and Part 2, the values specified in the “Zul o, shall always be entered in th calculation for *zul 0". ‘column aboveDIN tSO18 Fert 1 Page 13 Table 11. Permissible stresses in welds for the general stress analysis FPermissibo] —_permiaie tenaie atrese Permesinte [Permssiie mmparson| _Patmisible tense ers compracsive stress | shear value for raneverse lading | stress Steel grade love lu aul | of welded member Nim? Nimm? Nim? Butt weld r Goubie’ | Saute ust wed atypes | ‘bev | 4.202. | eet | “double | Filet | Altypes fofweld | butt welts | UC WOKE | weg | “bevel | wold | of weld mot, SPecified special butt wold ssymbot_ SPeci special | “quay H 160 wo] a | te | 130 | 13 st37*) [oi 17100 Hz 180 oo | 127 180 145 127 4 240 0 | 170 | 240 | 195 | 170 | stsz-a [oI 17100 va 70 zo | ver | a0 | | set ie “) Covers al quay groups steeimaking and casting processes. t Table 12. Pormiasible stresses in fasteners for the general stress analysis ae Permissible Permissible [Permissibe Type otcoonecion | ,Sitslgrade/ | Leas | Scraness SStrorrwet —|/“tona bearing stress | stress aul 2010) ule Fastener Joint ‘Specitied in Nimm? Nimm? Nien? a a [a0 vustse | own 17t11 (20) | Single wz 0.6-zul, $s 18-zul 93 20 shear RSt44-2 | DIN T7 1 4 : é = : : a (4! | ete Hz | 144 360) baie | i 4H L138 [280 | Lustas | DIN #7111 (0) i Multiple 2 og-2ul 128 ty -zutog | we rez lowe PS. De Se Te) i HZ 192 480 ‘ | 4] 34 210 | 700 46 | on26rrens i Single | HET cess 8) rsctey BO | 0 shear H Peet EE Hs 14¢ 56 | onasrPans 7 128 Sis _| 140 rt Hz 134 360_| 164 Pot Tywurite | 46 | onvzerrenta | 2 aeoid i-t00 ‘ pave Hiatt ET eeu, =)» awe, (2D \B-zulo4 -rulaa x |- 1 420 [+ _ | se | onze Parts 2 40 i rz 192 480_| 164 : 48 DIN 287 Part 3 * 70 a - | Non-tit 7 Hz 80 780) 110, | bolts i - [et 56 | DIN267 Parts uu z= a ud | | Hz 30 180_| 156 vets Diameter of Role j Diameter to be considered for i nor thread [pf The tensile stress valves for rivets given in brackets are permitted for exceptional cases ony. vl— Page t4 OIN 18018 Part 1 where lowe Blows land the permissible compressive stresses 2ulayq in welds 25 specified in table 11, and with the calculated stresses 0, and rin the welds. conditions. [}7.3. Verification of stability 17.34. General The verification of stability in respect of safety ageinst buckling, collapsing and bulging of the web plates and bulging of the rectangular plates forming part of a com pression member shall be carried out as described in DIN 44114 Part and Part 2 for load cases H, HZ and HS. Load case H corresponds to foed case 1 as defined in DIN A114 Parts 1 and 2, and load case HZ corresponds 10, load case 2. Inthe specialload case HS, the safety against bucklingshall be my = ver rs cy Beng the safety against buckling in load case 1 as defined in DIN 4114 Parts t and 2 Verification ofthe safety against buging of plates shallalso be carriedoutinaccordence withCIN41t4Pert1 andPart 2, Dut n iew ofthe factors of safety. vp, specified in DIN 4114, the values gWen In subciause 723 table 1, shall be used Tabie 19. Factors of safety against bulging vp 7.2.2 Verification of safety against bulging of circular cylindrical.ahella Thin-wailed circular cylindrical shells, such as large ‘ter pipes, which are subjected to systematic centric or ‘eccentric axial loading shail be verified in respect of local bulging it related to the center of the wall thick % isthe yield stress of stee! grade specified in table E Is the modulus of elasticity specified in table 8. ‘The ideal bulging stress op; can be determined by means of the relationship Et oxi 0.2-—— Inall cases where og; situated above the proportionality limit of the structural steel, it shall be reduced to a5, a5 ‘specified in DIN 4114 Part 1 (July 1952xx edition), table 7. Transverse stitfenings shall be arranged at spacings not ‘exceeding 107, whose moment of inertia, calculated in accordance with DIN 4114 Part 2 (February 1983x edition), Ri 18.12, shall be not less than It may be assumed that the above verification of satety against bulging of circular cylindrical shells makes adequate allowance for geometric deviations between the actual and the ideal shell centre pian resulting from i ‘accuracies of fabrication in magnitudes up to 1/2. 7.3.3 Safety against bulging the comers of the respective edges ofa fullpanel or ofa partial panel; see also DIN 4114 Part 1, aubclause 16.5 ‘uly 1982ex edltion) and DIN 4116 Part 2, subclause 17.1 (February 1963x edition), In cases where yis less than —1, y shall be entered ata value of ~1. Load case The factors of safety against bulging of the flat plates, 4 1.7140,180 (9-1) A or yg = SE : : ev °v Full panel Hz 1.504025 (Y=) land the factors for circular cylindrical sholls with og a8 the largest edge compressive stress, HS 1,88+0078 (v1) 2 A E y= hora, 4 1,504+.0078 (¥—1) ais i shall not be lower than the values specified in table 13 for Partial pane! Hz 1.354.050 (yi) 1h load case. HS 1,25+.0025 (V1) 74. Verification of service strength TAA Concepts 4 1 Averification of sorvice strength inrespect of safety against Circular ‘failure under frequently repeat 888 variablo wi oylindrical Hz 1,60 Te artiod bu SS shells #8 4.98 A fut panel slifened ornomslifoned.evtendeovertne | Whe petmissible stresses.are.equal oc each loading grqup trea ota pate in compression te edges ofwnicn ae | S04A(R dependant upon the tres collective andtnanum: rigidly supported transverselyin the direction of bulging | Stscresanus wrerotatrecemnotehcases umd imitiig suse by other members such as transverse bulkheads, lange | _ SHesLafades.Tyesrotstrecsinotch cover ard ining SESS plates or web sti a : ; partial area of the full panel. In the factors above, vis the irene ratio xm eeninsimaaccatons— farger at tho two quotionts Yymerator1 OF ¥y =eyay, | tecalioof the numerically smaller ing tress (ning. ym the corre I Ox 0x2 OF Oy 042 tone) tothe numer! nner. ee eet he cele cdseectuiikcacsloraes | taxzi Depending on the (plus oF minus) signof these imit- ing stresses, range. ‘The six toading groups, 81 to B6, are correlated to specific ‘ances of the stress cyclesandto specific stresacollectives in ecoordance with subciause 7.4.2 and table 14, () LesOIN 15018 Part Page 15 Table 14. Loading groups according to stress cycie ranges and straza collectives Stress oye range Ni Nz No Na ‘Over 2-10 ‘Over 2-108 ‘Over 6-108 Over 2 10° ‘up to 2-105 up to 6-10° up to 2-10% Total number o ot anticipated Socaston Regular use Reguiar use Regular use sess cyces 8) | | jrenuarse, | in intrmttent | in continuous im neavy-duty Pawash long per operation operation _|continuous operation Stress collective Loading group So, very light Bt 82 83 BA Sistight 82 83 Bs 55 ‘Sz, medium a3 | Ba 85 Bs So. heavy Ba 85 58 Be 4, given in tab smprise the pr tal number or the cumulative fre- suanes a an eaet em ‘mak SHrESS dy OF HS ste ive is attained or exceeued: The Total ram ber N/otstress cycles impoied on a member can Be equa {o the number of load cycles or of operating lepending onthe typeof eran lo shallbe deemed to mean assingleit- ing motion and a singe lowering motion takitg place be- ‘ween the picking up ani tre-setting down ot tttec xs, hall ied to mean all the whilst an operating cycle shall be deemed to mean ee ee en The four stress collectives, Sy t0 Sy, denote the relative ‘cumulative frequency with which @ specific maximum ‘stress og is attained or exceeded. The anticipated stress ‘collectives shall be correlated roughly to the id stress collectives; if necessary, Coulation may be cartied out for this purpose. The idealized stress collectives are defined by the maximum and minimum limit values of the stress amplitudes. g—om and Jo ~ On ‘and by a diatribution approximating the Gaussian distribu tion (gee figure 8 in this respect). The eight notch cases, WOto W2 and KO to K4, as speck fied in subclause 7.4.3 and in tables 25 to 32 allow for the & yg O08 SEL * $2, | 7 e 59 Ele we tg Shes oO 0 1g 26 % 46 56 56 Ign ight Figure 8 Idealized related stress collectives decrease in service strength of conventional structural shapes with increasing influence of notch effects. 74.2 Loading groups The loading groupe listed in table 14 are correlated to the stross cycle ranges and to the stress collectives. ‘Tha cranes may be classified into loading groupsaccording tothe operating conditions of the most severely loaded part of the crane. individual elements which are cleariy separat- ed from the rest, or which form self-contained structural units may be classified into different loading groups on condition that their operating conditions are precisely known, Table 15. Related stresses of the idealized stress collectives 7 ®) o]ulalulw|wlm igh 3 Se 1 |0.975]0,944 /0,908|0,856)0,787 |0,666) £15. Lr feseloaso|asislarielasralosss Le So | 1 (0.927 /0,836|0,723{0,576/0,372|0,000] om 1 a= F(maxa-+minc) = amount of the constant mean stress; 5 isthe amountof tnemaximum stress whichis attained or exceeded N times; 4, is the amount of the largest maximum stress of the idealized stress collactiv 4,” 1s the amount of the smallest maximum stress of the | idealized stress collect N = 10°, extent of the idealized stress collective. 74.3 Notch cases The most widely used structural shapes, connections and Joints are correlated to the eight notch cases, WO to W2 ‘and KO to K4, as specified in subclause 10.3, tables 25 to ‘92, according to the notch influences dependent on their ‘shape, structural design, hole pattern or type and quality of the welds ete. ‘The most widely used types of welds are classified in table 24 of subclause 10.2 according to grades in elation to thelr ‘execiton and Inspection,‘Sone1 das 9U7 'y ¥OrO 4S98e9 YD}OU 20}°Z MO1O MS8SED YO}OU 10}'£-ZG 1810} 60Z't PUP 1£1S 10} Z™BI'L s1sdn010 Ouped} eANINoesUOD OM} Jo SSsEN 4 e | a | ve | az | ow | 8 sor | zer | ve | 96 9a vee | reo: | wat | zoe | oo | 16a sort geot | ees | zeus | cert $8 sz} ost | oot | os | 06 | oa 805. zeoz | eats | ever | sco va ze | vez | ovez | vos | ever | crac oot | | ces sa ese wor | oot ost | ost | zest | are 91 oat za —| oi | ose oat oz ost oe zest | oat zuve | one ost 18 1= = #20) 01dojnz sossons ojqissyuied ‘dnou6 Bujpeoy vx | ex | zm | am | om | om [ ex | zm | se ] om | zm | am | om | zm | im | om ersis 4218 ezsis 2018! Page 16 DIN 15018 Partt { | | | [ 8uens e2jti98 Jo uoppeoyen ou9 40} “eIOquION UL | = x 405 ;UUH/N 4 “Ione NonEaNS o\qaqjOd OY JO GOnITA EEE LZ} TEL “perorop 91 919e17.44 Permissible strasses The permissible maximum stress values of the normal stresses and shear stresses in members and welds. and of the shear stresses and hole bearing stressesin fasteners andper- forated members are speciied in tables 18 and 19 a3 a function of the basic values of the permissible stresses. Zul op 1 (table 17) and of the limiting stress rato. {All permissible stresses for the verification of service ‘strength ara limited on the upper side by the permissible stresses applicable to load case HZ in the general stress analysis specified in subciause 7.24, tables 10 to 12. With ‘regard to compressive stresses in members, the values in the zulo; column shall apply. zul pz z Figure 9. Relationships between Zul epi) and Zul 9p 5 2H Foe zul Opg DIN 15018 Part! Pagat7 The permissible stresses zul op,.1 listed in table 17 corr spond, at a factor of safety of vp = 4/2, to the bearable Stresses based on a 90% survival probability. ‘The relationships itustrated in gure 9 exist between the par- rmissible stresses zul op 1) and 2u1 994, The relationships specified in table 18 shal apply for the permissible normal stresses in members. The relationshios specified in table 19 shall apply for the permissible shear stresses in members and welds and for the permissible shear stresses and hole bearing stresses in fasteners and perforated members. Table 18, Equations relating to the permissible maximum stresses according to figure 9 as a function of x ‘and of zul ap, #8 specified in table 17 [Aterating stress range | Tension ules ~1gIavasssit 32 fiuragoro Zul ap2(0 Members mow aoa 8 0400} Foe aya |2Dz(x) a8 for WO Zul ooze i Weta nto Buona a8 fof =e ws ‘Multipie-shear rivets: 2ul Tap yp 08+ 2Ul eps (x) lope 88 for W2 ‘and fit bolts ul pg) = 20-20 epz60) oe Single-shear (unsupported) Zul Tapia = 6 -Zul ops (a) hope a8 for 2 foto and Dota srraeeu ar ascee 7 oni turtnernotce, ho permieible shear etesses epeciedinDIN 4132, ebruary 1081 edtion subclause 4.45 second atl ae nn) shal be taken into eonetdertion as appropriate for Milet welds and for welds wih Foot hatenen 748, Combined stresses Inthe case of combined stresses, the following condition shall also be satistied, payingattention to the plus or minus signs and to the applicable limiting stress ratios for the members or for the weld or for both: a Vif 9% 4°64 ty + -|—— _ }+ | —} su Zales} \zuleyp) \2otep- uloya)” \zulto where oe dy 18 the calculated norrral stress in x and y directions: 2ulosp zuloyp } ia tho permissible normal stress corresponding to stresses oy and o respectively: [nowy ye amount of slip and 2ley etpectay lzuloyol, Pe in cescanes ome rulfy ite genieabla shear avens coveepondng tthe eee If the worst case for the above condition is not evident from the correlated stresses a, a, and x, separate verification shall be made for the conditions max o,,max gy and max r using the correlated worst case stresses for these conditions. 7.5. Verification of stability f : ‘The stability and the safoty against driting under wind pressure shalbe verified as specified in DIN 18019 Part 1 and Part 2: respectively. 8 Holding ropes and guy ropes Holding ropes and guy ropes are wire ropes which are not guided over pulleys or drums, and over which no pulleys travel. ‘The strength of euch ropes, without local transverse loading, .¢. via clips or saddles, depends amongst other things on the construction, diameter and fastening of these ropes. ‘The general stress analysis shall be carried out forload cases HZ and HS. The verification of service strength specified in sub Ujause 7.4 shall be carried out for load case H and only for such ropes as are intended as permanent members of the crane structure. _ ‘The permissible stresses in the metatlic cross section of wirg ropes composed of individual wires with @ nominal strength {t.= 1870 Nimm? ate specified ata value of zul o, = 450N/mm? inthe general strass analysis for allioad cases HZ; as regards {he verification of service strength, the permissible stresses shail be those listed in table 20 and shown in figures 10 and 11, ‘depending on the wire rope diameter and on the loading group concerned. if individual wires with a nominal strength of more than 1570Nimm? are used, it is not permitted to increase the permissible stresses propertionately. A justification shall be submitted for the increase in permissible stresses adopted.IN 15018 Part! Page 19 = TTT TT] . 460 |-—[~Diameter of wire rope up to Smm—| +50 i ao wo 2 up 0 5 P| Twi 02 2 420 He 420 rete | x —T 1 co wo a) ee x 0 x KO § $ | ee ie IVI 200 300 sf 20 20 260 260 “6 (6 20 x0 Ag 220 mL Cs x0 pear 180 | 180 = aan 7 KO nO + 2” » ° ° 0 42 06 06 a8 1 x Figure 10. Permissible stresses for loading groups 1, B2endB3 FON WerALucH Table 20. Permissible stresses for holding ropes and ‘avy ropes composed of individual wires with a nominal strength of 1570N/mm? for the verification of service strength ae Persone see cb of wire rope, for loading eroups B1,82andBS | 84 88andB6 ups 5| 480 400% 80x Over Supio20| 3504100" | 280+200-" Over20upiog0 | 3004180 | 200+280-x ‘Over d0upte ao | 2508200 | 180+300-% All the permissible stresses shall apply for stranded ropes ‘and until further notice also to fully locked coil ropes and to ‘open spiral ropes; they may be exploited to the following tent, depending on the method of rope festening adopted: securing by sweating or by attachment to bollards, up to 100%; securing by compression clamps, up to 90%"); securing by rape sockets or piicing, upto 80%; securing by rope clamps, upto 40%; 0 02 a 606 0 et x Figure 11. Permissible stresses for loading groups 84, BSandB6 ‘The modulus of elasticity depends on the design and construction of the rope and increases withthe frequency and. ‘magnitude of the pull force exerted on the rope;in the casa of fully stretched ropes, it may be assumed to be {90.000 to 120000N/mm? for stranded ropes with hemp 100000 to 120000 N/mm? for stranded ropes with s core; 140000 to 170000NImm? for fully locked coil ropes and ‘open spiral ropes. 9 Tension on prestressed bolts 9.1 General Bolted connections consisting of non-treated (non- ‘galvanized, non-cadmium plated) bolts, nuts and washers. ‘complying with DIN 6814 to DIN 6918, assigned to property ‘lass 109, which are prestressed against plane parallel,and in cases machined solid steel plates specific eccordance with subclause 92 for the applicable load cases H, HZ and HS specitied in table 7. 7) The permissible stresses may only be exploited up to the above specified values if the compression clamps and the mode of their attachment permit it.peal =—-—_— a Page 20 OIN 15018 Part Table 21. Prestressing forces ant tightening torques for property claaa 10.9 high strength friction grip bolts (complying with DIN €914 to DIN 6918) Preatressing | Tightening ott amet forcast Nem Mie #3300 728400 M20 748600 35400 Maz 180100 7200 Mae 7209800 25800 M27 272800 142000 ‘The tightening torque which has to be applied with torque wrenches in order to achieve the required prestressing force produces a combined tensile and torsional load calculated at 90% of the minimum yield stress (co2 = 90000Nicm*), All calculations ara based on the ‘more unfavourable of the two limit coefficients of friction, w=034 or = 0.184. 9.2 General stress analysis The tensile orce to be absorbedin oad ca H.MZand HS ‘spacitied in tabte 7 shall not exceed the permissible tensile forces zul Z, oF 2ul Za Ss wulZ, = = orzulZ,;2 where isthe longitudinal bolt force specified in table 22, which is ust sufficient to increase the stateof stress of thebolt per @ 1-8 coe h 2-2 % prestressed according to table 21 until the minimum, yleld stress attained, when subjected toav-foldtensile force. ‘zis the longitudinal bolt force specified in table 22, which {s just eufficient to cancel out the surface contact pres-_ ‘sure of the bolt prestressed according to table 21, when ‘subjected to a -fold tensile force; the jointust begins to ‘gape open. Thisverificatlonis only of any significance for O<9, 0 = 0,2038. 4 ig the clamping factors) shown in figure 12, which is, depend diameter d of the bolt. ton th stamping length {and on the nominat Table 22, Longitudinal bolt forces S, and Sz, In N tou Bi cewade 23) wage Bot diameter Load case H Load case HZ ‘Load ease HS - Ss Se Sy & | Ss Se 8 ee M20 15600 0850 | 1750 eo3so | 19750 77050 M22 19250 75250 | 21860 as7s0_ | 24400 95300 M26 22480 ‘ereso | 25600 9950 | 28450 114050 mat za200 | 114000 | 93250 | 120060 | seeso | 144960 Factor of efety wn 1.50 128 q manN i 06 : T a3 { | az +4 . Figure 12. Clamping factor @ for sola stest gy plates ‘and hexagon head bolts ‘Complying with DIN 6814, hexagon fats” complying with DIN 63t5, ‘ Washers complying witn DIN 6916 5 792 land square washers complying - ‘with DIN 6917 and DIN 6318, 19203 6 5 6 7 8 9 10 Iig Ne Veriag, Olsseldort, 1965. +, Grundlagen einer genauen Berechnung statisch und dynamisch beanspruchter Sc.iraubenverbindungen Fund ciples for the precise calcuiaticn of statically and dynamically loaded bolted connectior's), by Mitsene, Sv 7 Berlin Technical University 1952, Wage einer systematischen Schravbonberechnung (New methods of systematic calculation of Bolted connections), by G, Junker and D. Blume, Scientific publication of Messrs. Bauer und Schaurte, Neuss/Rhein, published by Mich i Tritsen sal pine natDIN 18018 Part1 Page 21 8.3 Verification of service strength Bolted connections compiying with the specifications laid down in subclauses 9.1 and 9.2 shall be deemed as meeting the Fequirementsin respect of service strength facalculated factor of safety of 1,33in respectof tnetensile forces actually arising ‘and permissible is allowed for 10 Table: 10.1 Examples of classification of types of crane into lifting clasees and loading groups Table 23. Lifting classes (eubeiause 4.1.6.2) and loading groups (subcleuse 7.4.2) i Tesstows ae | 1 [para caer wr [ene 2 [rowonou a [eas «| oane nw iorantyeee | wa ea = | sera coen seaseriacanewapyedceme [Sama qunin | wane | e530 | Wonetep caer vava | eae 7 [ee sen canes common] wane | eae io | op come cara ce pe [Pedra ca me | anes 12 | Esporte tndae,semrzoralcraes poral eraneswih | ook operion | wa | 84,88 Seer eeaeteng Pome cranes Poralcranes AN) gon ermaputopumion} 13,4 B56 Te ting tt en ido ag meee a we [Segmginmecwetomecwe.es I [rononomen | a2 | ease wy [Wetcatg ins omc taaowwntr essgaguan vane | ease o) Permissible values in the case of high strength fic= 200 00 tion arip bolts ‘Table 27. Notch case W2 Code Description and illustration symbol ‘21 | Perforated components in doubie-shear riveted or bolted connection W22 | Perforated components in single-shear, but supported, riveted or bolted connection. } | W23 | Perforated components in single-shear, but unsupported riveted or bolted connection, the eccentric force effects teing verified. Table 28. Notch case KO (slight notch effect) Code Description and illustration symbol ‘Git | Components jointed by special quailty butt weld running at right angles to the direction of force. 4 : P 100 Xx P 100 (012 | Components of dlfferent thicknesses jointed by special quality butt weld running at right angies to the direction of force, with supported asymmetric a P 100 joint and slope not exceeding 1:4.orwith symmetric joint and slopes not excaeding 1:3. x P 100| [ [ l Page 24 DIN 18018 Part 1 Table 28. Notch case 0(slightnotch effect) (continued) itl Code Description and illustration ‘Symbol Gia | Gavver ata weldecn by spec quaiy but wo Sia ane orange Gre 1 Z Xx P 100 G74] Web sates fried waravereay by sada vay Sos P 00 x P 100 W214 CarnponentsJonind by poral ually bat weld - oa Serer ag, goa ny a ara Per P 100 = x wi = tone or eau burst the aroophn ote Ha vey jointed by normal quality butt weld. j} X Por Po G28 | Components ened onguaraly to ha rection Srrorceby double bvelout waite oes et _ i . a Tae 2 oth cove Kd fodunto nich ate) cod Desepton andiutaton Syma Ti canponentsfanted by normal qualy bol wad 7 Fomingat night enges othe avedionah ioe, Ea P ito Poe “ P 100 712 | GompononaclatareatBioassaromedby cor rea guaty buted rnmieg pn net Gieclonafoee ah cpponeguomarejo |< [Ss and slope not exceeding 1 :4 or with symmetric joint a"anmt Poet yv Por and slopes not exceeding 1:2. P 100 S005 1.4 x Por —_ P 100 es 3, Gusset plate weided-in by standard quality butt Weld ining atfanteoges lo hecronsanatinee vis P io “ +] ee P itoDIN 18018 Part? Page 25 Table 29. Notch cae K1 (moderate notch effect) (continued) code Description and illustration ‘Symbol a4 | Wan patos jointed transversaty by standard ually Bier id £ | butt wal * P 100 Por P 100 | 77 | Components ontod by standard aaly but wel = running longitudinally o the direction of forc LA v | = x 123 | Components jonted by standard quay filet weld [ 7 731 | Continuous ‘component onto which other com Donents are welded by special quality continuous ( double bevel butt weld with double fillet weld run- a [ ning at ght angles tothe cvection of ores. vie - welded by special quality double bevel butt weld : With double itt weld running at right angles tothe [ direction of force. Ye | 183 | Compression flanges and web plates onto which transverse bullcheads or stifeners. with cut-off edges are welced by special quality double fillet aude Theclastfcatoninienepresenincten case we | | applies only to the zone of the double filet welds. | L 154 ‘Web plates and curved flange plates jointed by [ special quality double bevel but wele with double filet werd, f Due | | | l Table 30. Notch case K2 (medium notch effect) code Description and illustration Symbol | 211 | Components made romsteol sections steel bare, with the exception of fat steel, jointed by special {quality Butt weld running strightangles othe rec P10 thon of force, x ¥ P 100Page 26 DIN 18018 Part Table 30, Notch case K 2 (mecium noteh effect) (continued) eee code symbol + 212 | Componentsof diferent ihicknesses|ointedby nor- tral quay but woidrunningatight angen othe | ee, direction of force, with supported asymmetric joint 2 P ot and slope not exceeding 1: or with symmetric joint P 100 and siopes not exceeding Por P 100 213° | Special quality butt weld and continuous compo ‘nent, both at right angles to the direction of force, at flange plate junctions, with welded-on comer plates. Weld ends machined to avoid notch etfact. X ro 214 | Components welded onto gusset plates by special quailty butt weld running atrightanglesto the direc | mal tion of fore 231 | Continuous component onto which other com- |/Ponents are waided by continuous special quality double filet weld running at right angles to the ire tion of force. 292 [Continuous component onto which discs are welded by special quaity double filet weld running at right angles to the direction of force, 283 | Flange plates and web plates onto which tranaverse Dulkheads or stiffeners with cut-off edges are welded by special quality double filet weld running at right angles to the direction of force. 241 | Continuous component onto the edge of which ‘other components with chamferedorradiused ends re welded by a normal quality butt weld running fongitudinally to the direction of force. Weld ends ‘machined to avoid notch effect. 242 [Continuous component onto which other com= ponents or stiffeners with chamfered or radiused ‘ends are welded longitudinally to the direction ot force. The end weldsin the zone not less than 5 x fin width are made in the form of special quality double bevel butt wald with double filet weld. yuo End welds only.{ DIN 16018 Part 1 Page 27 Table 30. Notch case K 2 (medium notch effect) (continued) Code Description and illustration Symbol 244 | Continuous component onto which a flange plate with chamfered end (slope:s1 :3)is welded. Theend ‘weld in the zone not less than &5.t in width (as shown in the illustration) is mada in the form of a special quality filet weld with a= 0,5% 1, is End weid oniy. 245 | Continuous component onto which bosses are welded by special quailty filet welds. we w 261 | Components jointed in a cross joint by {quality double bevel butt weld with doub! running at right angles to the direction of force. yy D 252 | Special quality double bevel butt weld with double filet weld used for connections subjected to bend ing and shear. yy 0 253 ‘Special quality double bevel butt weld with double: fot woldbetveen ange andwebtor concentrated i ppass acing inte mob eens at Hg onus the weld. ye 7254 | Web plates ana curved flange plates jointed by standard quality double bevel butt weld with double filet weld. I Table 31. Notch case K3 (strong noteh effect) = code Description and ilustration Symbat “Bit | Components jointed by one-sided but wold wih feorbacking,urningatngntangtestothedrecton | C2] ottoree. =ne ees a = Page 28 OIN 15018 Pat Table 31. Notch case K 3 (strang notch effect) (continued) Code Description and illustration ‘Symbol Si | Components of diferent thickresos ited by Stanaare qual bat weld unning arenas to the droctan of rea wh supoored asymmetc lsintand stop notexcesding Zorn synmett feint and slopes no exceeding 1 Por ae P 100 Pov Soy P ito S) PSs HS | Normal qualiy but weid and connaous conor hone bothat rt anglestotne rctonat force at oa reentaelance atnae a ren yee Weld ends machined tosvednotohatect |_| Era P or Fito Sia | Pes jointed by bucked but weld witout seang we Get Gontinuoue component ont which eer com pemnen's are waldesbysancardcuaty cosa et wald running at right angles to the direction of force, re = 38a Pango ates ang veo plates ono which Vanoverse buttress or stoners ara walced ty sansord {unity continuous double et weldsunlogat ight Salas tthe Grecon of force the caststion aN inonotch case oapplesoniytotnezoneot net: etwas Gai | Continuous component onto th edge of which Siher components wt enamfarednderevowed By spect quay Alot wold runing longtunay Ne {2 the drecton of force, Weld endo machined to dvoid noth eect We 342 | Continuous component onto wiih citer cone ponents or stiffeners with chamfered ends are welded longitudinally to the direction of foree. The end waids in the zone not less than 5X¢ in width are made in the form of special quaity double filet welds. yas End weid onty.Table 31. Notch case K3 (atrong notch effect) (continued) ' Code Description and itustration Symvot 343 | Continuous component slotted to accommodate a plate with chamfered or radiused ends, which is Welded on. The end welds in the zone notless than | < scrim wath ars again the for of doubie bevel Ke f butt wera nth double fet welde and machined 0 { Sica ntch eee a End weld ony ‘344 | Continuous component onto which a flange piateis, ‘welded with not exceeding 1,5 x1, The end welds inthe zone nat ese than 5 x (yin width (as shown in. the illustration) are made in the form of special quality ttt welds, X End wold oniy. 345 | Componente orto the ends of which butt straps of ig not excseding fare welded by spacial quality fllot ‘weld. The endweldsare inthe formof specialquality ‘iat welds in the zone shown in the illustration. in the case of one-sidad overlapping of the joint, the ‘eccentric foree effect shall be taken into account. i End wid only. 346 __| Continuous component onto which longitudinal stit- feners are welded by intermittent double filet weld or by standard quality double filet cut-out weld. The Classification into notch case K3applies tothe weld be tener a the ead welds as designed for the stif- ‘347 | Continuous component onto which members made trom stael sections or st ‘lal quality filet wold running ars are welded by spe~ round, : ‘348 | Tubular members welded together by special qualty I filet weld. 261 | Components jointed by cross joint by standard Quality double bevel butt weld with double filet weld. ‘unning at right angles to the direction of for an 382Page 30 DIN 18018 Part Tabla 31. Notch cane K3 (strong notch eftact (continued) cove Detepon a iustraton —— 353 | Standard qvally doubobevelbutweidwindoubie fillet weld between flangeand web for concentrated 4 loads acting nthe web pane at ight anges to the weld hy K 364 | Web plate and curved ange pate jontedby sana ard at double et wot Table 22, Notch case K4 (very strong notch attect) Code Description and itustration a2 Components of different thicknesses jointed ‘eccentrically by standard quality butt weld running at right angles to the direction of force, with support ed asymmetric joint without slope, ponents or stiffeners with right-angied ends are welded by standard quality double filet wold running longitudinally o the direction of force. 413 | Components jointed by standard qualty butt weld running at right angles to the direction of force, at ‘lango plate junctions. Ve XP ‘414 | Fianges and pipes jointed by two fillet welds or by single-bevel butt weid with fllt weld. \ 433 _ | Fiange plates andweb plates onto which transverse bulkheadsare welded by standard qualtyone-sided “441 | Continuous component onto the edge of which other components with right-angled- ends. are welded longitudinaly tothe girection of free. 442_ [Continuous compenent onto which other com-DIN 15018 Part! Page 31 Table 32. Notch case K 4 (very strang natch effect) (continued) Code Description and illustration ‘Symbot ‘443 | Continuous component slotted to accommodate a plate with right-angled ends wnich is welded on by a ‘standard quality double fillet weld. x“ ‘444 | Continuous component onto which a flange plate is 7 welded by a fillet weld. 445 | Holed or stotted components welded to other components by fillet welds in the holes or slots. 446 | Continuous components with batten plates welded af in between by standard quality filet weld or butt weld. 447 | Continuous components onto which members are welded by filet weld. ‘448 | Tubular members welded together by filet weld. 481 | Components jointed by cross jcint, by standard quality double ‘illet weld or by one-sided single- bevel butt weld with filet weld and root backing.run- ring at right angtes to the direction of force. 452 | Standard quality double filet weld used for connec tions subjected to bending and shear. 483 | Standard quality double filet weld between flange ‘and web for concentrated loads acting in the web plane at right angles to the weld.= SS eS Se — Page 32. DIN 15018 Part Explanatory notes relating to the April 1974 edition Standard DIN 120 Part 1, November 1936 edition, and its supplements issued at later dates were originally intended ‘0 serve as quidalines for the building inapectorate, cover- ing stee! structures for both cranes and craneways. Such structures shall be designed and constructed in accord: ance with most modern techniques of current engineering practice. Since crane structures are constituent parts of ‘machines, whereas cranewaysave static structures or com ponents thereot, different conditions obviously apply to these two cases: consequently, it was decided right from the start wnen revising OIN 120?art1 to saparate the standards according to the subject matter cavered by them (DIN 18018 to deal with cranes and DIN 4192 to deal with craneways). They differ where necessary, 2s in the case of the design loads, but they agree wherever possible, suchas in tha veritication of service strength of the components and connections and joints. The technical committee entrusted with the revision was able on the one hand to make good use of the many yearsof experience gainad with DIN 120 Part 1, and on the other hand to take into account the most recent and wall substantiated results of research. In this context, the Supplement to DIN 120, November 1944 ‘edition, has also been withdrawn, ‘The purpose of the new standardsis to enable designers to achieve an economic design and construction which fully ‘meets all safety requirements, on the basis of assumptions closely refiecting actual conditions, and of an adequate ‘computation. The new features and the changes in comparison with DIN 120 Part 1 are dealt with in these explanatory notes relating to DIN 15016 Part 1,a8 faras cranes are concerned. ‘The specitications ofthis standard are to be applied in their ‘entirety and neither supplemented nor substituted by parts of DIN 120 Part 1, or by other crane standards. In adeltion, the “Principles of design and construction” (DIN 15016 Part 2) shall be taken into account for the design of crane structures. The terminology and nomenclature are in harmony with DIN 1080 (symbols used in structural analysis in civil engineering), tor the sake of uniformity and clearer understanding. Thus, for example, all external forces, je. forces acting none direction only, are referradito as loads, where 3 all internal forces acting n two directions at the banks of cuts are referred to as stress recuitanta;it should therefore 'bo borne in mind that the term “load” always reprasants a comprehensive concept not restricted to describing such ‘things a3 a useful oad, alfted load or an imposed load, 03 was formerly the case. Like all similar recently published design principles, DIN 15018is not intended as a pocket guide for the design ‘and dimensoning of supporting structures. On the contrary, itcontentsitselfwith the enunciation of generally valid rules for the design loads, the load cases and the required ana~ lyses.and verification. The proper application of the present standard presupposes 2 clear understanding. of the relationships between tho mode of operation and the design of cranes, allied with a comprehensive engineering ‘grasp of mechanics and with a very thorough knowledge of the behaviour of materials and of siructural steel fabricst- ing methods. Although this standard applies basicallyto structures made: of steel, its principles are equally applicable to other struc- {ural materials, such as ight metals. on condition that thein- fluences due to the other material are taken into account fully and correctly as regards quantitative relationship, Ret Field of application ‘Apart from cranes and crane equipment, the feld of appl: Cation also cavers mobile steel structures for continuous Conveyors, but not craneways, excavators, waggen tippers ‘and mining machinery. Re 2 Standards and documents raterred to Alistis given of those standards and guidelines which areto Dbeobservedinallcases without turthar individual reference anda further lst of standards and guidelines to which rete ‘encais made in the text of this standard, involving either the, ‘entire standard concerned or extracts thereof. Re 3 Details to be given for design purposes ‘The following details shall ba provided tor design purposes mode ef operation, classification into the relevant iting Glasses and loading groups, the assumed static system which reflects actual service conditions as closely as 09: sible, of, where appropriate, a suitably simplified static, loacbesring system which nevertheless results in an in disputably safe supporting structure, the steel grades used, the cross-sectional values, the stress analyses and veritic ton of stability of all the loadbearing members and essential connections and joints. Re 4 Design loads Under this heading, a new approach has been made with ‘regard to the distinction between individual loads. Grane structures in service are subjectadto repeated loads ‘arable with time, which, for their part, trigger veriable ‘stresses in the structural components and connections via, the interaction of the static system and of the cross- sectional shape. The purpose of making a distinction between additional loads and special toads is to Clearly define these toads and to avoid therisk of dangerous 8 conditions, such as damaging stress (H), attainment of the yield point or of instability states (H, HZ, HS), due to the bet Consequently all loads which have an effect on the service strength through their actions shall now be regarded as ‘main loads; these include the self weights which are always, present, the iifted loads which act during each operating eyele, including their vertical inertia forces, the inertia forces arising from the motion of cranes, crane com= ‘ponents and tifted loads, and also the centrifugal forces during slewing, 7 All the remaining load effects such as wind loads, forces arising rom skewing, thermal effects, snow loads, loads on walkways, etc. shall be regarded as additional loads and shall only be taken into consideration in respect of the General stross analysis and of the verification of stabilty ‘Tho same applies for the special loads, such as the tilting {forces on crane trolleys with positive guidance ofthe lifted. load, butter forces and test loads; they are aubject 10 special rules with regard to their interaction with the other loads. The abject of introducing these special loeds into the ‘overall picture is to ensure that the crane structure, as an essential component of the production tool “crane” is un- likely to sutter any substantial damage which might ad- versaly affect the production sequence, eveninthe event of but nevertheless unavoidable occur- Re 4.1.4 Vertical inertia forces A distinction has been made between the causes of the Vertical inertia forces, Le. they have been classified into forces due to the motion (travelling, slewing ete.) of cranes ‘or crane components, and into forces due to the heisting oF towering of lftedloads;both these causeslead to vibrations Cf the supporting structure, which is therefore subjected to higher stresses than those which arise rom ‘self weights and lifted loads alone. Th stressesare allowed forn a simplified mannerby the adoption of vibration factors, subdivided into self weight factors

DIN 15018 Part 1 Cranes Steel Structures Verification and Analyses

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

DIN 15018 Part 1 Cranes Steel Structures Verification and Analyses

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like