INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT IN

TANZANIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY LTD

(TTCL)

P.O.BOX 9070,
DAR ES SALAAM.

KILIMANJARO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

FROM 11 AUGUST 2021 TO 24SEPTEMBER 2021

 Contents
Abstract.....................................................................................................................................iii

Declaration................................................................................................................................iv

Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................v

List of Abbreviations................................................................................................................vi

CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................1

1.0: COMPANY PROFILE....................................................................................................1

1.1: Introdution To The Organization.................................................................................1

1.2: The Vision of TTCL....................................................................................................2

1.3: The Mission of TTCL..................................................................................................2

1.4: The Objectives and Strategic of TTCL........................................................................2

1.5: Services Provided by TTCL........................................................................................3

1.6: Description of skilled work at the organization..........................................................5

CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................5

2.0: Access Network...............................................................................................................5

2.1: Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF).......................................................................5

2.2: Main Distribution Frame (MDF).................................................................................6

2.3: Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).............................................................6

2.4: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL).............................................................7

2.5: The Cabinet..................................................................................................................8

2.6: Distribution Point (DP)................................................................................................9

2.7: Pair Gain System (PGS)............................................................................................10

2.8: Radio Transmission...................................................................................................12

2.9: Baluns........................................................................................................................12

2.10: Private Automatic Branch Exchanges (PABX).......................................................14

2.11: Multi-Service Access Node (MSAN)......................................................................14

2.12: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Modem...................................................................15

 2.13: Voice Communication Access.................................................................................16

2.14: Data Communication Access...................................................................................16

2.15: Voice and Data Communication Access.................................................................17

2.16: For A Multiple Access.............................................................................................17

2.17: Optic Fiber...............................................................................................................19

2.18: Power Plant and Air Condition...............................................................................32

3.0: CHAPTER 3.....................................................................................................................43

3.1: Discussion.....................................................................................................................43

3.2: Conclusion and Recommendation.................................................................................43

3.3: References.....................................................................................................................45
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

KITM Kilimanjaro Institute of Technology and Management

TTCL Tanzania Telecommunication Corporation Limited.

WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing.

ITU International Telecommunication Union.

ODF Optic Distribution Frame.

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network.

MM Multi-Mode.

SM Single-Mode.

Mbps Megabyte per second.

Gbps Gigabyte per second

MOD DSL modem

MUX Multiplexing

DEMUX Demultiplexing

PGS Pair Gain System

MSAN Multi-Service Access Node

DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access

IDF Intermediate Distribution Frame

ADSL Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line

PSTN Public Switch Telephone Network

MDF Main Distribution Frame

CAB Cabinet

DP Distribution Point
PABX Private Automatic Box Exchange

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

PRI Primary Rate Interface

TCRA Tanzania Communication Regulatory Authority

ICT Information and Communication Technologies

 ABSTRACT

To be in the college level of study, particularly at The Kilimanjaro Institute of

Technology And Management (KITM) in the College of Information and Technology
Studies, it provides numerous opportunities to us as youths, seeking to provide solutions to
the world full of problems and challenges.
To study all things about information and technology have a crucial importance in the
ever-growing world of technology. Thus, a very perfect opportunity for the graduates to seek
for a particular solution in their communities.
By doing my practical training at (TTCL) Tanzania Telecommunication Corporation
Limited at extelcoms house, samora avenue Dar es Salaam region, I have found the crucial
need of us as youth to continue to work hard to seek solutions for various matters relating to
various information and communication fields.
My practical training started effectively on 11th August, 2021 to 24th September, 2021
and I have never regretted a day in all six weeks I have spent at the training ground as
everyday was a new day to gain a new knowledge relating to my field of specialization.
TTCL is one of the major six (6) network operators in Tanzania which are Vodacom,
Zantel, Airtel, Halotel, Tigo and TTCL. The government of Tanzania, under the Ministry of
Information, Technology, and Communication through TCRA (Tanzania Communication
Regulatory Authority), has appointed TTCL to monitor all other network operators in the
country and to maintain the network running throughout the country.
This report is divided into three main chapters. Chapter one is about company profile,
Including the organizational chart of the institution, job descriptions of the skilled workers
and safety rules and regulations of TTCL organization. Chapter two is the core chapter,
explaining about the optic fiber cable, including the history of fiber, installation, termination,
and joining of fiber.
The last chapter is about the challenges and suggested solutions, conclusion and
references.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of any task would
be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible and whose
encouragement and guidance have crowned my efforts with success.

I convey my great thanks to my head of department MR. YOHANA JESSE of department of

Computing and informatics (KITM).

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Engineer Amossy Itozya the principal engineer
of the TTCL, without forgetting all the company technician like engineer Macdonald
Nchimbi, for the best support showing to me, as well as my fellow students which we were
together through the whole practical training at TTCL.

Lastly, I would like to thank my family with all friends for their courage, cooperation and
support that they shared with me throughout my trainings.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0: COMPANY PROFILE

1.1: Introduction to the Organization

Tanzania Telecommunication Corporations former known as Tanzania Telecommunications

Company Limited (TTCL) was established by An Act of the Parliament, 'The Tanzania
Telecommunications Company Incorporation Act of 1993'.

The Company came into operation following a split of the former parastatal organization
known as Tanzania Posts and Telecommunications Company (TP&TC) and began operation
on Jan 1, 1994. The split was due to the government's move to liberalize communications
sector in the country, and due to this separation four parastatal entities were formed namely;
The Tanzania Posts Corporation (TPC), Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited
(TTCL), Tanzania Postal Bank (TPB), and Tanzania Communication Commission (TCC)
now known as Tanzania Communication Regulatory Authority (TCRA).

Subsequent to continued economic liberalization policy of the Government of Tanzania,

TTCL was privatized on 23rd February 2001, where by a Consortium MSI of the Netherlands
and Detecon of Germany acquired 35% shares of the company from the Government of
Tanzania. However, the Government of Tanzania has effective from 23rd June 2016 fully
repossessed TTCL ownership by 100%. Therefore until 1st of February 2018, TTCL was
100% owned by the Government of Tanzania.

The Tanzania Telecommunication Corporation (Act No 12 of 2017) was signed by The

President of United Republic of Tanzania on 28th November 2017 and was gazetted by the
Minister for Works, Transport &Communication to be effective on 1st February 2018.

Tanzania Telecommunications Corporation is taking up the duties and responsibilities of the

former Tanzania Telecommunication Company Ltd -TTCL which ceased to operate on 31st
January 2018.

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1.2: The Vision of TTCL

TTCL to be a leading world class communication service provider in Tanzania. Our focus is
our Customers, our strength is our People.

1.3: The Mission of TTCL

To provide world class communication services to our customers, through continuous

technological and customer care improvements with qualified and motivated employees and
contribute to the national development and usage of ICT.

1.4: The Objectives and Strategic of TTCL

The main objective of the TTCL is business. The TTCL Business Transformation is geared
towards transformation of voice and data service delivery capability using enhanced and most
popular technology in the current market.

Therefore, the SBP will focus on deployment of 4G- LTE, Wi-Fi, FT TX, and GSM – 2G,3G
for delivering of broadband and mobile services in high quality. For the first time in the
telecom market, TTCL with opportunities of having readymade fixed line network
infrastructures, the company planned to offer converged services through Fixed Mobile
Convergence (FMC).

With the LTE network, TTCL will be able to retain and grow her broadband subscriber base
and generate revenues at sustainable cost levels. In the meantime, TTCL will continue to
leverage its existing competitive advantage on wholesale backbone services (carrier of
carriers) and fixed broadband services while focusing on optimal utilization of internal and
external resources in terms of service delivery and investments for major network expansion.
Under this business transformation strategic plan, TTCL will offer:

 GSM – 2G and UMTS- 3G covering national wide

 LTE- 4G covering major cities,
 Value Added Services
 Mobile Money services, covering to send and receive money, paying bills etc
TTCL business transformation goes hand to hand with improving services delivery (QoS) to
Corporate, SME’s Customers and residential.

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1.5: Services Provided by TTCL

 Selling of a voice and data communication through pre-paid or post-paid bundles.

 Offers a landline telephone communication.
 They provide a means of signal transfers to regions of Tanzania to other network
providers like Vodacom, Tigo, Zantel (they provide infrastructure of signal
transmission to the regions)
 They sell internet services to their subscriber via network bundles.
 Offers the Virtual Private Network (VPN).
 They provide online financial transactions via T PESA.
 They link interconnection to other companies like CRDB, NMB, RITA.

1.3 Description of Skilled Works at the Organization

The TTCL Corporation has six (6) main departments, where each department has it is
technicians and skilled workers. The following table shows department and it is technicians:-

No. Departments Descriptions

01 Power and air condition This department deals mainly with providing
(AC) source of power to the stations and ensure that
every machine and office has good cooling
mechanism
02 Optics Fiber This department deals with ensuring every station
that as low state of traffic flow is solved and also
installation of fiber network to the customers44

03 Radio and transmission This department deals with maintenance of high

towers for communication and installing radio
transmission stations

04 Access Network This deals with installing and maintaining copper

cables network to customers

05 Project This department deals with writing proposals for

projects that will help the corporation grow and
other proposals for requesting equipment such as
cables for installing a service to customers.
06 Switch and Data This deals mainly with solving problems that
relate to traffic (data) flow to customers and thus
ensuring every customer access the service as per
subscription.
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 CHAPTER THREE
2.1 DETAILS OF TRAINING AGREEMENT

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 Name: LULU DOREEN MGINA

TRAINEE ID No: KITM 033A/CIT/021

Discipline: Telecommunication Engineering

Mobile: +255 738 26 16 78

E-mail: lulu.mgina@ttcl.co.tz

Name of the Company: TANZANIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS

CORPORATION

Address: P.O. BOX 9070

Region: Dar es Salaam.

TRAINING
ORGANISATION Telephone: +255222142000

E-mail: info@ttcl.co.tz

Fax: +255 (0)222133488

PROFESSIONAL Name of the supervisor: Eng. Amossy Itozya.

TRAINING
Mobile: +255 738 261675
SUPERVISOR
Period: 2nd December 2019 to 1st December 2020

TRAINING 1st year of training, and 1st quarter of report

PERIOD
Duration: 2nd December 2019 -23rd February 2020

CHAPTER THREE

3.0: Access Network

During my practical training at TTCL Central in Dar es salaam, throughout my seven weeks
of the field, I study many concerning with the telecommunication especially the telephone

7
communication (Both landline telephone and mobile phones) and how the communication
both voice and data communication are connected from the network provider (TTCL) to the
customers(subscribers).

At the access network department is where the landline telephone communication connection
is done. I will explain many of things involving in access network as a way of providing both
voice and data communication. The following are the briefly explanation of individual block
present at the access network.

3.1: Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF)

An intermediate distribution frame (IDF) is a distribution frame in a central office or

customer premises, which cross connects the user cable media to individual user line circuits
and may serve as a distribution point for multipair cables from the main distribution frame
(MDF) or combined distribution frame (CDF) to individual cables connected to equipment in
areas remote from these frames.

IDFs are used for telephone exchange central office, customer-premises equipment, wide area
network (WAN), and local area network (LAN) environments, among others.

Figure 1. The IDF with various ports connected with copper wire.

3.2: Main Distribution Frame (MDF)

A Main Distribution Frame (MDF) is a signal distribution frame or cable rack used in
telephony to interconnect and manage telecommunication wiring between itself and any
number of intermediate distribution frames and cabling from the telephony network it
supports.

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The MDF connects private or public lines coming into a building with the internal network.
For example, an enterprise that encompasses a building with several floors may have one
centralized MDF on the first floor and one IDF on each of the floors that is connected to the
MDF.

Figure 2. The MDF connection with copper wire

3.3: Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Public Switched Telephone Network, or the traditional circuit-switched telephone network.

The system using underground copper wires, this legacy platform has provided businesses
and households alike with a reliable means to communicate with anyone around the world for
generations. The phones themselves are known by several names, such as PSTN, landlines,
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), or fixed-line telephones.

Figure 3. The PSTN with copper cables interconnection.

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3.4: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a technology that provides high transmission
speeds for video and voice to homes over an ordinary copper telephone wire. Asymmetric
Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), sometimes just called DSL, is considered to be the major
competition to cable modems. DSL and cable systems are compared by bandwidth, a measure
of how much data a network can transfer. Internet providers typically denote bandwidth
speeds in millions of bits per second, or megabits (Mbps), and billions of bits per second, or
gigabits (Gbps). Generally speaking, the higher the bandwidth, the faster the speed with
which a computer downloads information from the internet whether users view emails or
watch streamed movies.

Figure 4. The ADSL connection with copper wire

3.5: The Cabinet

A network cabinet, also known as a rack, a server cabinet is a combination of hardware

structures designed to accommodate technical equipment including routers (routers), switches
circuits (switches), hubs, storage devices (UPSs), cables and, of course, servers. It is also
possible to understand the network cabinet as a bracket that allows to keep the server and
many important devices attached in a firm, fixed position, contributing to ensuring stable
operation. Network cabinets are often used by businesses that own servers, are located in data
centers or communication centers and are an integral part of the server.

3.5.1: Function of Cabinet

Optimize the structure of a server system: The network cabinet is usually a frame containing
a tall, spacious, breathable structure, and can accommodate a variety of different devices in

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the same place. according to the relatively scientific layout. This helps keep the server
system's hardware devices organized in an organized manner, thereby maximizing the use of
floor space. For large-scale server systems, network cabinets can also be installed side by side
in long rows, when teams are called server assemblies,

Better cabling management: A good quality network cabinet will be designed to make
cabling system management easier and more efficient. You can set up hundreds of power
cables, networks, and more through these brackets while maintaining a secure, neat, and
organized way.

Delivers efficient cooling: Keeping network devices cool to optimize overall performance is
often a major challenge for any data center, and network cabinets. is a device designed to
support this task . The design of the network cabinet will be optimized so that the airflow can
be easily circulated from the inside out and vice versa, and can also be equipped with a
cooling system, mainly a cooling fan, and other cooling devices as needed depending on
actual requirements.

Security support (physical): Network cabinets are usually made of hard metal and have a lock
to limit unauthorized acts on the internal hardware equipment system. Besides, the closed
network cabinet has a door that also helps prevent accidental or intentional collision with the
power button or cable, which can cause unfortunate incidents.

Figure 5. The cabinets.

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3.6: Distribution Point (DP)

Distribution points are piece of equipment, often small boxes, allowing to directly connect
(without the help of a patch panel) up to 15 individuals and households to a single telecom
local loop upstream cable (independently for copper pairs or optical fibre). They are way

smaller than an actual telecom connection point and often installed in the street, basements or
on top of poles. Distribution points are the last connection point on public network toward
subscribers.

Figure 6. The distribution point box.

3.7: Pair Gain System (PGS)

Pair gain is the transmitting of multiple pots signals over the twisted pairs traditionally used
for a single traditional subscriber line in telephone systems. Pair gain has the effect of
creating additional subscriber lines. This is typically used as an expedient way to solve
subscriber line shortage problems by using existing wiring, instead of installing new wires
from the central office to the customer premises.

A pair gain system consists of concentrators or multiplexers which combine the separate
signals into a single signal which is transmitted through the existing copper cable pair. The
signals are then separated into individual subscriber lines at the customer premises. The pair

12
gain unit which performs the multiplexing can simply provide a second telephone connection
over a single subscriber line in circumstances where a customer wants to add a new phone
line for a fax machine or dial-up internet connection.

Figure 7. The PGS.

Figure 8. The PGS.

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3.8: Radio Transmission

Radio is the technology of signalling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are
electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They
are generated by an electronic device called a transmitter connected to an antenna which
radiates the waves, and received by another antenna connected to a radio receiver. Radio is
very widely used in modern technology, in radio communication, radar, radio navigation,
remote control, remote sensing and other applications.

In radio communication, used in radio and television broadcasting, cell phones, two-way
radios, wireless networking and satellite communication among numerous other uses, radio
waves are used to carry information across space from a transmitter to a receiver, by
modulating the radio signal (impressing an information signal on the radio wave by varying
some aspect of the wave) in the transmitter.. In wireless radio remote control devices like
drones, garage door openers, and keyless entry systems, radio signals transmitted from a
controller device control the actions of a remote device.

Figure 9. The radio transmission.

3.9: Baluns

Baluns connect coaxial connectors to low cost twisted pair cables in Telecom networks. In
addition, they are faster and easier to terminate than coaxial connectors. The balun is
therefore convert one type of signal to another. Transmission performance exceeds the ITU’s
G.703 requirements and the balun is small, shielded and has low loss. They are produced to
suit network transmission rates from E1 to STM1.

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 Figure 11. The balun.

3.10: Private Automatic Branch Exchanges (PABX)

Private automatic branch exchanges are switchboards which connect several devices, e.g.
telephones or faxes and answering machines with each other and with the public telephone
network. This allows a number of phones to be operated using a relatively low number of
public telephone lines. Internal calls can be placed free of charge without using the public
telephone network. Depending on the type of telephone system and the configuration, internal
lines can be called directly from outside by using a direct dial in number, or indirectly
through an operator.

Figure 12. The PABX.

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3.11: Multi-Service Access Node (MSAN)

Multi-Service Access Node, for what reasons it installs in the telecom network. MSAN has a
special role in the telecom network. Actually, MSAN provide a connection between a
telephone line to the central network in a telephone exchange. We can also that MSAN are
very important and essential part for providing a host of services such as ISDN, broadband
and the telephone. MSAN is a type of FTTN network. Fibers are connected to an existing
node which is serving users with copper pair but below the required bandwidth

Figure 13. The MSAN connection.

3.12: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Modem

A digital subscriber line (DSL) modem is a device used to connect a computer or router to a
telephone line which provides the digital subscriber line service for connection to the
Internet, which is often called DSL broadband. The modem connects to a single computer,
through an Ethernet port, USB port, or is installed in a computer PCI slot.

16
 Figure 14. The DSL modem .

3.13: Voice Communication Access

For the subscribers who need a voice only communication then, the switch is where
connection starts to which the subscriber is assigned to a specific location. what follows is
that the subscriber gets connected to the IDF, followed to the MDF ports. The connection
now shifts to the CAB via copper cables. From the cabinet now connection transmitted to the
customer via copper or fiber cables, at customer side is where the connection gets distributed
via DP so that the user can now access the service.

3.14: Data Communication Access

For the subscriber needs to access the data communication then, the switch is where
connection starts to which the subscriber is assigned to a specific location at the ADSL block,
from the ADSL the copper cables are used to introduce interface between the ADSL and
MDF ports. The connection is therefore transmitted to cabinet via copper cables (or fiber)
which are now move outside to the subscriber, where the DP is used to make the distribution.
In order to have a data access a modem (MOD) is introduced at the customer side.

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3.15: Voice and Data Communication Access

The TTCL as a network provider also can give access to both voice and data communication.
The connection as usual start at the switch where the subscriber is assigned to a specific
location at the ADSL and PSTN which collectively called MSAN or DSLAM block depends
on its arrangement. An interface is then introduced with the MDF via copper or fiber cable.
The connection at CAB and DP is done as for a single service access. The new feature here is
the splitter which the two services (voice and data communication) to which are transmitted
in single cable then the splitter tends to split the services each to an individual access (voice
to its path and data to its path ), For the data access the modem(MOD) has to be introduced to
the customer.

3.16: For A Multiple Access

For the subscribers needs a multiple user access communication then, from the switch to IDF
is done as for a single service access. What new is an internal MDF and the PGS where the
multiplexing of subscribers is done. And that is many subscribers’ channels are outputted as a
single channel then, transmission proceed as normal at MDF, CAB, up to DP. For the
subscriber to have an access of the multiples channels of communication then demultiplexer
is done at RU present at customer so that to have an access of individual channels of
communication. For the clear understanding consider a bloc diagram below:

18
Figure 15. Access network block

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3.17: Optic Fiber

According to the history of fiber, second phase operated to the wavelength of 1300nm and the
fiber’s loss was below 1dB/km. Furthermore, the phase specified the two modes of fiber,
which are multimode (MM) and single mode (SM). The third phase had a loss below
0.2dB/km and operated in the wavelength of minimum of 1550nm and it operated in SM. The
fourth phase makes the application of optical fiber for multiplexing repeater of WDM. It was
developed after 1984 and it transfers data at the speed of 2.5Gbps.

Optic fiber is the most popular guided media in telecommunication industry that has been in
industry for a long time and due to its characteristics, it promises the industry to stay even
longer. It is faster than other transmission media (both guided and unguided). It uses the
mechanism of total internal reflection of light to transmit data. It consists of coating jacket,
cladding, and core which contains a glass material.

Figure 16. The parts of fiber cable.

Data is transmitted in optic fiber by total internal reflection of light (TIR) in the glass material
contained in the core.

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 Figure 17. mechanism of total internal reflection of light in fiber cable.

3.17.1: Types of Optical Fiber

There are three types of fiber optic cable commonly used:

 single mode
 multimode
 plastic optical fiber (POF)

3.17.2: Single Mode

Single Mode cable is a single stand of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns that
has one mode of transmission. Single Mode Fiber with a relatively narrow diameter, through
which only one mode will propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm. Carries higher bandwidth
than multimode fiber, but requires a light source with a narrow spectral width. Synonyms
mono-mode optical fiber, single-mode fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, uni-mode fiber.

Single-mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than
multimode, but it also costs more. Single-mode fiber has a much smaller core than
multimode. The small core and single light-wave virtually eliminate any distortion that could
result from overlapping light pulses, providing the least signal attenuation and the highest
transmission speeds of any fiber cable type.

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Single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can
propagate at the wavelength of interest typically 1300 to 1320nm.

3.17.3: Multi-Mode

Multi-Mode cable has a little bit bigger diameter, with a common diameter in the 50-to-100-
micron range for the light carry component. Most applications in which Multi-mode fiber is
used, 2 fibers are used.

Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds (10 to 100MBS - Gigabit to 275m
to 2km) over medium distances. Light waves are dispersed into numerous paths, or modes, as
they travel through the cable's core typically 850 or 1300nm. Typical multimode fiber core
diameters are 50, 62.5, and 100 micrometres. However, in long cable runs (greater than 3000
feet [914.4 meters), multiple paths of light can cause signal distortion at the receiving end,
resulting in an unclear and incomplete data transmission so designers now call for single
mode fiber in new applications using Gigabit and beyond.

3.17.4: Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)

Transparent glass or plastic fibers which allow light to be guided from one end to the other
with minimal loss.

Figure 18. The light reflection of SM and MM fiber cable.

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3.17.5: Subdivision of Optical Fiber

Figure 19. different fiber cables.

3.17.5.1: Step-Index Multimode Fiber

Step-index multimode fiber has a large core, up to 100 microns in diameter. As a result, some
of the light rays that make up the digital pulse may travel a direct route, whereas others
zigzag as they bounce off the cladding. These alternative pathways cause the different
groupings of light rays, referred to as modes, to arrive separately at a receiving point. The
pulse, an aggregate of different modes, begins to spread out, losing its well-defined shape.
The need to leave spacing between pulses to prevent overlapping limits bandwidth that is, the
amount of information that can be sent. Consequently, this type of fiber is best suited for
transmission over short distances, in an endoscope, for instance.
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 Figure 20. Step index multimode fiber cables.

3.17.5.2: Graded-Index Multimode Fiber

Graded-index multimode fiber contains a core in which the refractive index diminishes
gradually from the center axis out toward the cladding. The higher refractive index at the
center makes the light rays moving down the axis advance more slowly than those near the
cladding. Also, rather than zigzagging off the cladding, light in the core curves helically
because of the graded index, reducing its travel distance. The shortened path and the higher
speed allow light at the periphery to arrive at a receiver at about the same time as the slow but
straight rays in the core axis. The result: a digital pulse suffers less dispersion.

Figure 21. Graded index multimode fiber cables.

Single-mode fiber has a narrow core (eight microns or less), and the index of refraction
between the core and the cladding changes less than it does for multimode fibers. Light thus
travels parallel to the axis, creating little pulse dispersion. Telephone and cable television
networks install millions of kilometers of this fiber every year.

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 Figure 22. Singlemode fiber cable transmission of light.

3.17.6: Advantages of Optic Fiber

Optic fiber has a number of advantages over other transmission media such as copper cables.

The following are the advantages:

 Have high bandwidth of 200-600MHz/km for MM and greater than 10GHz/km for
SM fiber.
 Have low attenuation (loss of signal intensity with distance).
 Have high level of security since they are difficult to tap without being detected.
 Have no electromagnetic/radio frequency interference.
 They are smaller in size and have less weight, making it easier to carry.
 They are often grounded, thus cannot cause shock hazards.
 Fibers allow the transmission of data between two points regardless of their potential
difference.

3.17.7: Installation of Optic Fiber

Referring to above advantages of optic fiber, it is now a proper time to know how to install
optic fiber as communication media. During my practical training period, I participated in
fiber installation at Utumishi Tower, Agha khan hospital, CRDB, Life house Tower.

3.17.8: Optic Fiber Installation Methods

Before installing fiber optic, it is very important to recognize where the network is to pass,
then from there, we can decide on which installation method to choose. Some of the methods

25
that can be used are underground-conduct, trenchless technique, mini-trench technique,
micro-trench technique, aerial installation and buried cables installation.

3.17.8.1: Underground-conduct Installation

Underground conduct installation involves the manholes placed in the street where there is
high population and tall buildings. Installed conduct is advantageous because it offers a route
for new cable installation or old removal without damage to street pavements, settlements and
edifices. In Dar es Salaam city, there are many underground ducts where fiber are installed,
and many of them are placed besides the road.

Figure 23. underground installation of fiber cable.

The following are ways to install fiber using the method of underground-conduct installation:

 Cable Pulling This is the most used way of installing optic fiber through a conduct.
The cable is attached to the pulling tape and then a cable is pulled. In pulling the cable
always, the minimum bending radius and the maximum pulling force value specified
on the cable data sheet is respected.

26
  Cable Blowing This is another way of installing the cable under conduit. It consists of
blowing compressed air in conduit and the air pressure carries the cable through the
conduit. This method needs the expensive materials for the installation of cable.
 Cable blowing is more complicated process as it involves many tools and procedures,
thus we used cable pulling very frequently while using the method of underground
conduct

3.17.8.2: Aerial Installation

This is the method used to install optic fiber cables for the areas with less obstacles such as
tall buildings and less population. Also, it is used in places with high mountains and trees. In
addition, it is used when the covered distance is not too long. Poles that supports the cable
aerially are placed with a distance of 50m between along the desired route. During my
practical training period, both of the above explained methods for optic fiber cable
installation were used. Other processes to complete the installation are connecting,
terminating, and joining the optic fiber cable.

Figure 24. Aerial installation of fiber cable.

3.17.9: Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

An optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is an optoelectronic instrument used to

characterize an optical fiber. An OTDR is the optical equivalent of an electronic time domain
reflectometer. It injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under test and extracts, from
the same end of the fiber, light that is scattered. An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

27
(OTDR) is an important instrument used by organizations to certify the performance of new
fiber optics links and detect problems with existing fiber links.

The distance range setting on an OTDR controls the display range for the amount of cable to
be presented on the screen. It also defines the rate of pulse emission, since each pulse must be
returned to the detector before the next pulse is sent out.

Setting this parameter appropriately requires accurate documentation of the optical fiber link.
If the OTDR has pre-set distance range settings, you should choose the shortest setting that is
still longer than the maximum fiber length. For example, if the instrument has settings of 10,
100, 200 and 500 kilometres, and your actual fiber link is 150 kilometres, you would select
the 200 kilometres setting.

Figure 25. The OTDR machine.

3.17.9.1: Working Principle Of OTDR

An OTDR contains a laser diode source, a photodiode detector and a highly accurate timing
circuit (or time base). The laser emits a pulse of light at a specific wavelength, this pulse of
light travels along the fiber being tested, as the pulse moves down the fiber portions of the
transmitted light are reflected/refracted or scattered back down the fiber to the photo detector
in the OTDR. The intensity of this returning light and the time taken for it to arrive back at
the detector tells us the loss value (insertion and reflection), type and location of an event in
the fiber link.

28
Figure 26. Light is returned to the photo detector through a number of mechanisms.

3.17.9.2: Functions of OTDR

 Measuring of the distance needed in a link connection of the subscriber and the
network provider station.
 Monitoring of power for a specific link need the access of the network provider
services.
 Light source, for the fiber insertion test.

3.17.10: Joining Optic Fiber Cable

Joining of fiber cables is the most important part in fiber installation; customer’s network is
joined from the main cable containing fiber optics to their ODF. In joining the cable, the
following equipment and tools are used: closure, fiber sleeves, splicing machine, torch, optic
distribution frame, cleaver, and jacket strippers.

29
 Figure 27. Tools used in splicing of fiber cable.

3.17.11: Understanding Colour Codes for Optic Fiber Cable

In joining the fiber, understanding the colour codes is very important since it helps to
determine which core in which tube fibers has to be joined. Optic fiber cables are of two
categories; those with only a single tube with twelve cores and those with four tubes of
twelve cores per each tube, making total of 48 cores in a single cable. Both tubes and cores
have the colour arranged as follows: -

Figure 28. Colour code arrangement in fiber installation.

30
3.17.11.1: Steps to Follow When Joining Two Optic Fiber Cables

 Jacket Removal/Coating Removal; Firstly, remove the coating jacket from the cable
about one meter. The jacketis removed to expose the tubes that contain cores. After
removing the jacket, the tube containing the core that carries data signals must be
determined and the cladding is removed.
 Determination of The Core; After removing the jacket and determining the tube,
carrying a core that is data required. The required core can be determined in two
ways. First, by understanding its colour code and knowing which core is connected to
the source. Second, the core can be determined by using a torch that is lighted from
the connector on the source, the light comes directly to the end-point if there is no
defect in the core along the way.
 Joining the Cores; After determining the required cores, place the fiber sleeve in one
core and the following steps are done to the cores: -

i. Turn on the machine (The institution uses Fujikura Splicing Machine), you must have
access of power using a machine battery.

ii. Strip the cable using a cable stripper. Take the end of the cable and proceed to remove the
outer layer. In addition, clean the fiber using a light and soft tissue or sponge.

iii. Cleave the fiber using the sharp cleaver to avoid the mistakes of cutting the fiber.

iv. Place the fiber into the splicing machine and splice the two ends make sure the loss is
below 0.05dB to prevent much data loss.

v. After connecting the two ends, holds the sleeve to the connected part inter the heater for
heating (On the splicing machine).

vi. After heating the joining of two fibers is done, the followed step is to arrange them on the
cassette in a closure. Closure is the safe plastic box that keeps the fiber joints from external
damage

3.17.11.2: Termination of Optic Fiber Cable

While terminating optic fiber cable, the following processes are involved: -

31
i. Make sure the machine (splicing machine) is on.

ii. Strip the cable using a cable stripper. Take the end of the cable proceed remove the outer
layer. The cable is seated inside of the connector wall and the bare fiber core sticks out about
a half an inch from the front of the ferrule. Also, use clipping tool to scare the connector to
the jacket and strength members of the cable.

iii. Place the fiber cable to the connector, the connector helps in aligning the fiber.

iv. Place the fiber in the available curing holder and cure the cable with the help of curing
oven.

v. Cleave the fiber using the sharp cleaver, avoid damaging the fiberglass.

vi. Sand the fiber from the tip of the ferrule use a light and soft tissue/sponge.

vii. Heat the connector having the fiberglass using the heater on the splicing machine.

viii. Place the connector to the ODF.

Figure 29. Fiber splicing.

3.17.12: Disadvantage of Optic Fiber Cable

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  Fiber optic cable cannot carry electrical power; A converter is required to change the
electrical signal to an optical signal. This also adds a level of complexity and cost.
 Skilled Personnel Required; Special skills and tools are required to repair and
maintain fiber optic systems.
 The cost; The components and test equipment required for fiber optic installation are
expensive when compared to copper wire

3.18: Power Plant and Air Condition

The TTCL as one of the business company which focus on providing the voice and data
communication services, has various department which all of them tends to interact to each
other in order to achieve the required common goal. The power is a crucial department to
which all the systems depends on.

3.18.1: Source of Power Used by TTCL

The TTCL as one of network provider in Tanzania, have three main sources of powers which
are;

 Tanesco Power
 Generators
 Batteries

3.18.1.1: Tanesco Power

Power from Tanesco is the more preferred one as primary source of power because of the low
cost employed in using it, also reliable power can easy attained at low cost. The power from
Tanesco received from Tanesco to TTCL by the transformers (step down transformers) in
three different lines (Line1 , Line2 ,Line3) , after there the power reaches the isolation
switches at TTCL Power station then transmitted to the ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) ,
after there the power are distributed to various department of the company.

3.18.1.2: Generator Power

At TTCL there are two generators which are used as an alternative source of power instead of
power from Tanesco. The generators are automatically connected to the ATS to which when
the Tanesco power is unavailable the ATS sends the signals to the generators to inform that

33
they have to power on. what next from there is the same in supply of power to another
department.

3.18.1.3: Batteries Power

The Power from batteries is there to be used for the short period of time to which the ATS
send the signals to the generators to power on, it is a short period of time (milliseconds) in
order to prevent the machine to delay for that short time. The power from the battery is huge
that can withstand to supply the power to the system for at least 6 hours.

3.18.2: Air Conditions

The telecommunication systems are composed of many machines and devices which can
work properly under a specific environmental condition especially the temperature. TTCL
use various air conditioners to ensure the proper functioning air condition to the systems.

3.18.2.1: Types of Air Conditions

1. Window Air Conditioners

Window air conditioners are self-contained units that are typically placed in a window. They
can also be installed by creating a hole in an exterior wall of a room; however, we advise
against adding at DIY hole to your home.

Window air conditioners are most useful for apartments and single-level homes. They come
in many different sizes and builds to fit a variety of window types. The bigger the unit, the
cooler air generated. However, the cooling capabilities of window air conditioning units are
limited due to their small size and static location.

Window air conditioners are typically the most cost-effective air conditioning system to
purchase, but their air output can be limited. To get around this limitation, many people use
multiple window units in their home. If you place one on each level of your home, and use
fans to circulate the air, you can cobble together a simulated central air system. Though, this
wouldn’t be the most prudent strategy from an energy efficiency standpoint as this would
consume a vast amount of energy. Window units are also relatively small and can be
transferred to your new home if you move. Energy efficient if you are cooling one or two
rooms.

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 Figure 30. Window air conditioner.

3. Air Source Heat Pumps

Air source heat pumps are an energy efficient and low maintenance cooling solution for
homes that have ductwork. The installation cost of air source heat pumps can be high, but the
running and maintenance costs are low.

How do heat pumps work?

Heat pumps use electricity to move warm and cold air around a home, rather than burning
fuel to do so. During the summer, a heat pump system concentrates the warm air within your
home and dumps it outside. During the winter, a heat pump brings concentrated warm air
from outside and delivers it into your home.

Typically, one of the greatest benefits of a heat pump system is they’re more energy efficient
than other air conditioning systems. However, heat pump systems are most effective in mild
climates.

Figure 31. Air source heat pumps.

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3. Central Air Conditioners

When it comes to air conditioning systems, central air units are considered the most luxurious
because they are able to cool each room in your home simultaneously and do so quietly. They
are made up of two units: the condensing unit that is located outside the home and the
evaporative unit that is located next to the furnace. The two units are connected to each other
through refrigerant tubing.

The condensing unit is responsible for generating the cool air that is propelled into the
evaporative unit. The evaporative unit then pushes the cool air throughout your home using
the furnace duct system.

Figure 32. central air conditioner

4. Ductless Air Conditioners

Ductless air conditioners, also known as a split system or mini-split systems, are a common
cooling solution for apartment dwellers or homeowners with no ductwork in their homes,
who are looking for a more permanent cooling solution than window air conditioners.

Ductless air conditioners are comprised of two small air conditioning units that can be
installed on the interior walls of your home. Refrigerant tubing connects the two systems by
passing through the walls that separate them.

36
One terminal is positioned on the exterior of the residence. This terminal serves as the air
generator by condensing cold air and sending it into the home through the refrigerant tubing.
On the inside of the residence, mounted high on a wall, is the other terminal, which serves as
the distribution centre for the cool air. This terminal features the fan that blows the air
throughout the residence.

Figure 33. Ductless air conditioner.

5. Portable Air Conditioners

A portable air conditioner is a single self-contained unit that can be wheeled into a room and
positioned on the floor. Hot air is discharged by a hose vent through an exterior wall or
window. Portable air conditioners tend to be noisy, but they are a good temporary cooling
solution.

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 Figure 34. portable air conditioner

3.18.2.2: Parts of Air Conditioners

The major parts of an air conditioner manage refrigerant and move air in two directions:
indoors and outside:

 Evaporator - Receives the liquid refrigerant

 Condenser - Facilitates heat transfer
 Expansion valve - regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator
 Compressor - A pump that pressurizes refrigerant

The cold side of an air conditioner contains the evaporator and a fan that blows air over the
chilled coils and into the room. The hot side contains the compressor, condenser and another
fan to vent hot air coming off the compressed refrigerant to the outdoors. In between the two
sets of coils, there's an expansion valve. It regulates the amount of compressed liquid
refrigerant moving into the evaporator. Once in the evaporator, the refrigerant experiences a
pressure drop, expands and changes back into a gas. The compressor is actually a large
electric pump that pressurizes the refrigerant gas as part of the process of turning it back into
a liquid. There are some additional sensors, timers and valves, but the evaporator,
compressor, condenser and expansion valve are the main components of an air conditioner.

3.18.2.3: How Does Air Conditioning Work?

Air conditioning units work by removing the warm air from inside your home and pumping it
outside, while releasing the cool air back into the room, reducing the temperature. When
liquid becomes gas, it absorbs heat, and in principle, this is how they function.

Air conditioning systems work very much in the same way as your standard refrigerator, in
that heat is absorbed inside the system and then removed from the room.

Here’s the process:

Firstly, the warm air from the room is drawn into the system.

38
This air flows over the cold evaporator pipes inside, which cools the air down while a
dehumidifier removes excess moisture.

Meanwhile, the coolant flowing through the chiller pipes absorbs the heat from the air
blowing past and evaporates, turning from a cool liquid to a warm gas.

This warm air is pumped outside while the coolant flows through a compressor unit and a
condenser, which turn it back into a cool liquid.

Cold air is then re-circulated into the room where it mixes with the existing air and reduces
the temperature and humidity.

Inside a unit, there are a number of different components that manipulate the state, pressure,
and temperature of the refrigerant, allowing the unit to do its job and cool the room.

39
Figure 35. Cooling mechanism.

40
 RECORD OF TECHNICAL AND PROFESIONAL EXPERIENCE

BRIEF DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

Project 1: Connecting a new Customer in the IDF and MDF so as to offer the required
service (voice and data).
 A work order was received which required to connect a new user who requested a data
and voice service.
Troubleshooting parameters;
 After I received a work order, had to verify if the written IDF and MDF were open for
use or had already have jumper wire and were not removed.
 Found out there were no jumper wire in the both MDF and PDF.
 Prepared an easy path from the IDF to the PSTN and I runned a jumper wire into that
path to connect the two pair of ports together. Since the customer requested for both
services then I also runned a jumper wire from the ADSL to the MDF after surveying
an easy path and punched the jumper wire. The internal connection of building a new
customer was ok since a dial tone was heard at the MDF side.

Project 2: Programming of a MODEM.

 A customer complained having a poor internet connection at his office. Had to take
measures of trying to check if the fault was within the system or at the customers end.
So, I had to program the MODEM that was in the office to verify.
Troubleshooting parameters;
 Firstly, I connected a jumper wire at the customer ADSL port and separated the
customer from the provider using a peg. The other end of the jumper wire was
terminated with an RJ that I connected to a MODEM on the DSL side and I connected
an Ethernet cable from the MODEM to the Computer.
 Second, after switching on the MODEM and the DSL indicator light stopped blinking,
I inserted an IP address 192.168.1.1 and filled the admin and password box and logged
in the MODEM.
 Thirdly, programmed the MODEM with particulars of the customer and clicked save
and had to wait to check if the MODEM will synchronize which would have made me
sure that the problem was not inside rather than at the customers end. The MODEM
never synchronized and the indicator light was still red.
 Lastly, had to contact data department and gave them the customer’s number so as they

41
 could check if the customer had a package bundle or not. Found out the customer
package was already finished that’s why he could not receive data service.
Communicated to the customer through the number that reported the fault and had to
inform the user that he had to buy a new bundle for the old one was already out. by so
doing I was able to solve the fault from inside without a field technician reaching the
customer’s premises.

Project 3: Surveying a new customer after a request of our service to his premises.
 A new customer requested to be offered our service of voice and data, so I had to
conduct survey from the customer’s premises.
Troubleshooting parameters;
 At the requested customer end had to look for a nearest Distribution Point that I would
use to connect the customer so as to minimize cost of service provision.
 At the DP had to look for a spare port that I would use to connect the customer after he
completes the payment.
 The distance from the customer’s premises to the nearest DP was approximately 50
meters. After the survey the field technician had to fill the details of the requirements
that were needed for the matter.

TOOLS USED

 Tone generator and amplifier

 Insulation meter
 Test telephone
 Peg and jumper wire
 Punching tool and Insertion tool
 Fuse and ladder
 Side cutter plier
 Ethernet cable
 Modem
 Cable ties, Trunk, clips, ADSL splitter
 Drop wire
 Computer
Project 4: Installation of switch for NMB at ATCL HQ.
 The National Microfinance Bank (NMB) at the Air Tanzania Company Limited
42
 (ATCL) Headquarters requested for switch installation at another location prior to that
of the last position.
Troubleshooting parameters;
 Firstly, I had to check the route of an OFC that previously was used by the office and
managed to find it. I had to cut the OFC and direct it to the new security office that I
will install the switch. Runned the switch over the ceiling using Fisher wire and
managed to penetrate the OFC to the security office.
 Secondly, installed the cabinet onto the wall near to where the OFC reached and made
the OFC go through the cabinet so as to perform splicing with easy.
 Thirdly, Performed Fiber Splicing on two cores of Fiber and placed part of the spliced
cores in a diskette. Terminated the two cores of Fiber with pigtails and connected to the
switch.
 Lastly, collected all the used tool of the project and placed them in their respective
toolkit.

Project 5: Fiber optic cable Fiber fusion

 Underground Fault clearing near ocean road and installing of a fiber closure for safety
since there was road construction taking place.

Troubleshooting parameters;
 Firstly, OFC cable was dug from underground and was placed onto the ground for easy
splicing and proper dressing. Picked up a proper spot to perform splicing and placed an
umbrella for provision of shade.
 Secondly, Opened the Fiber closure using screw driver and run key, placed the OFC
onto the closure and locked it at the end.
 Thirdly, pilled of a reasonable length of the OFC that I will later place it on a diskette.
Placed a sleeve to the 12 cores of the OFC. Performed Fiber splicing using two major
equipment’s (OTDR, Fiber cleaver, Striper, methanol and cotton wool). At the OTDR I
was able to detect the Fiber loss.
 Lastly, Proper dressing of the diskette closed the closure and placed the closure at the
safe position that will be free of any external forces.

TOOLS USED:
 Optic Time Domain Refractometer (OTDR)
 Fiber cleaver

43
  Striper
 Methanol/isopropyl alcohol
 Cotton wool
 Fiber splicing machine
 Crimper, knife, pliers, screw drivers
 Sleeve, pig tail
 Light source, hazardous indicators, umbrella
 Patch cord

TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED

CONNECTING A NEW CUSTOMER IN THE ACCESS NETWORK (IDF &MDF)

AND MODEM PROGRAMMING.

The following are the details of the undertaken project of my first quarter of SEAP
training. The project was connecting a new customer in the access network (IDF& MDF)
and MODEM programming (DSM-Central).

44
 BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE PROCEDURES TAKEN TO ENSURE THE
CUSTOMER RECEIVES THE SERVICE.

An access network is the type of telecommunication network which connects

subscribers (customers) to their immediate service provider. The department that deals with
the access network is the Test Desk department that uses copper as its medium through which
a customer is connected to the service providers (TTCL).

In the access network, this deals with the direct connection between the customer and
the termination point, In the termination point there is MDF, PGS and other MODEMS for
broadband internet services for corporate companies.

A customer can be provided with different services depend upon what the customers
require. The services provided can be Voice only, Data only or Data and Voice. A customer
can be provided both data and voice at the same time by the help of ADSL (Asymmetric
Digital Subscriber Line) technology. In ADSL technology, the uses the bandwidth division
technique whereas data service is given high frequency band while voice service uses low
frequency band. By the help of an ADSL splitter at the customer’s end enables the two
services to be splitted perfectly.

Tools used for the project

 Tone generator and amplifier
 Insulation meter
 Test telephone
 Peg and jumper wire
 Punching tool and Insertion tool
 Fuse and ladder
 Side cutter plier
 Ethernet cable
 Modem
 Cable ties, Trunk, Clips, ADSL splitter

STEPS THAT I TOOK IN THE PROJECT OF PROVIDING VOICE, DATA

SERVICES AND MODEM PROGRAMMING FOR THE NEW CUSTOMER.

The following are the steps that I had to follow in making sure that a new customer was
provided with both voice and data services.

45
  Surveying of the nearest DP and cabinet.
 Receiving of work order for building up the new client.
 Verification of the outlined IDF, PSTN, ADSL and MDF if all the ports are open for
use.
 Connecting of jumper wire in the system and testing if a dial tone reaches the PSTN
and MDF.
 Filling up of a new card with all the information’s of the new customer.
 Installation from the cabinet to the DP.
 Connection from the DP to the customer premises.
 Verification of a dial tone and internet service at the customer office.

Surveying of the nearest DP and cabinet

I had to conduct survey at the customers premises towards the nearest DP and
from the DP to the available cabinet near the premises. I found the nearest DP
at approximate 50meters from the customer’s premises. The DP was near to
cabinet number 13 and the approximated distance was 25meters. The survey
was completed and went to inform the customer of the required length of the
drop wire and other devices for them to go and pay as the initial cost of
installation.

Receiving of work order for building up the new client.

At the office, a work order was received after the customer paid the
installation cost. The work order contained the customer identification
number, IDF and MDF location that the customer has to be located within the
system.

Verification of the outlined IDF, PSTN, ADSL and MDF if all the ports are open for
use.

I had to first verify if all the work order details were ok for building up a new
client. At the IDF, I had to check if it had no jumper wire and I found none.
Also had to check for the dial tone using a test telephone and the port had a
tone. At the PSTN and ADSL I had to find an open port which was good for
use and I did it using a modem in testing the ADSL pair and only checked
visually at the PSTN and found no jumper wire so the port was ok for use. At

46
 the MDF I had to only check if the port detailed on the work order was open
for use (no jumper wire was connected on the MDF).

Connecting of jumper wire in the system and testing if a dial tone reaches the PSTN and
MDF.

Since the customer requested for both services (data and voice), firstly I had to
check for a route to reach the PSTN from the IDF and from the ADSL to the
MDF. Placed my roller of jumper wire at the IDF (V04E14) and precisely
runed the jumper through the path were other jumpers were placed until I
finally reached my required PSTN port (V20B88). Using the punching tool, I
punched the jumper at the exact port on the PSTN then punched again the
jumper wire at the IDF. Tested for the dial tone at the PSTN and the tone
reached the PSTN port.

Secondly, I had to run a jumper wire from the ADSL (V20A88) to the MDF
port (W620). After I managed to run the jumper wire, I then punched the
jumper wire at the MDF and then at the ADSL side. For assurance of the
connection I then had to connect a tone generator at the ADSL port and traced
it at the MDF using a tone amplifier device and the tone reached the MDF
side. By so doing the I was able to connect the customer internally (within the
office).

FIG 5.1.1: VOICE and DATA user internal connection

Filling up of a new card with all the information’s of the new customer.

After I connected the new customer in the system, I had to create a card for the
customer. Used red card since the customer requested for both data and voice

47
 service. On the card I filled the following details customers name, customer’s
identification number (2121670), the MDF port, the IDF details, PSTN and
ADSL details.

Installation from the cabinet to the DP

The connection from the MDF to the cabinet is made possible via underground
cable that start from the cable chamber towards the cabinet. I first checked at
the cabinet pair that I was going to use to make sure if I received a dial tone. I
received a dial tone meaning that the signals could be received at that point
within the cabinet. Then I had to connect the E-side with the D-side using the
insertion tool which makes it possible for the signal to reach the DP.

From the cabinet there is underground cable that connects to the DP where
number of customers are brunched off to their premises. I arrived at the DP
and tested for the dial tone and it reached the DP since I was able to hear the
tone used the test telephone.

FIG 5.1.2: Cabinet to DP connection

Connection from the DP to the customer premises.

48
 Installation from the DP to customer’s premises, I punched in a jumper wire
using insertion tool at the DP and run the wire through the near pole and
directed the drop wire to the customers premises via the surveyed root. I finally
managed to enter the drop wire in the customers premises. Since the customer
was provided with both voice and data service, I terminated the drop wire with
an ADSL splitter. The output port of the ADSL splitter contained two ports one
was for telephone and the other was for data. I then plugged-in two-line cord
which one I connected it with the landline telephone and the other I connected it
to a MODEM.

FIG 5.1.3: DP to CPE connection

Verification of a dial tone and internet service at the customer office

After plugging in the line cord connector to the landline phone I had to unhook
the handset to listen for the dial tone for verification purposes. The tone could be

49
 had with no noise. Then after I had to test for internet service. I plugged the line
cord wire to a MODEM and switched on the MODEM after powering it. The
modem started blinking at the DSL side indicator and later it stopped and the
indicator produced a continues light. I had to then program the MODEM using
the customers identification number and TTCL as the provider of the internet
service. Since the customer was not given a static IP address the programming
was fast and efficient. I had set both LAN connection and Wi-Fi connection to
the MODEM and I had to set a password. After saving the details during
configuration the Wi-Fi indicator started blink red and it later changed into
green meaning that the program as synchronized with the MODEM at it was
ready for use. Had to test the internet using my phone and the one of the office
computers and I could receive the service.

The task was done and I collected all the working equipment’s kept them in the
toolbox and left the premises. At the office I had to provide the feedback that the
connection was already made and the customer now could receive service.

Pictorial representation of systems and devices used in the

projects:

MDF IDF

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 ISDN LANDLINE TELEPHONE

TEST TELEPHONE METER TONE & AMPLIFIER PEG & FUSE

FIG 5.1.5: Pictorial representation of used systems and devices.

Problem Identification

In my practical training, I observe the following problems/challenges facing the

TTCL, to which the TTCL as one of the business company have to solve them for the
better performance in a such competition with other network providers like Airtel,
Zantel, Tigo, Vodacom and Halotel.
 Lack of telecommunication infrastructure, which facilitate the whole process of
communication, it includes machines, equipment’s, tools, devices involved in
telecommunication networking.
 Transport challenges. As the institution learns on the government, trucks and cars are
so limited to enable the transportation of all trainees to the working sites.

51
  Financial challenges, as a one of the biggest business company in Tanzania, it to have
a stable financial stability to maintain the competition with other network providers.
 Lack of quality Technicians like Engineers, Programmers, which can have a high
performance in a competition with other network providers.

3.0: CHAPTER 3

3.1: Discussion

For the well-being of the company I have some suggestions of my own to provide to
the company in order to improve its operations, and as it seems that TTCL is among the
business company so, it can compete with other network providers in Tanzania as follows;

 The training equipment as well as tools, machines and devices are should be of high
technology so that to have a great performance on its business of voice and data
communication. Transport (trucks and cars) should be available in a satisfactory of
the company need as it is seeming that TTCL have a lot of customers in far places, so
this will simplify the easy accessing of many customers. Also, financially the
company has to be well as due to fact that a financial department is a crucial or
mother of all the activities run by the company

3.2: Conclusion and Recommendation

It is not possible to acquire all of the required knowledge in class therefore the
practical training has filled the gaps that were not applicable in class. From the duties
assigned to me, the practical training is of much relevance. I gained a lot in terms of
knowledge due to the assignments given by my institute supervisor. I have also gained a high
level of confidence on working with people with different perception, behaviours and beliefs.

Information and Communication Technology is the most growing technology in the

current world. By training the students through the ICT, companies will give a great scope to

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the students to understand and be familiar with ICT. Thus, TTCL is the important institution
for training undergraduate students who will work soon in the ICT companies or further their
studies. This practical training was relevant to me in obtaining training and valuable
experience in real life situation. It helped me to integrate theory received from lectures and
use the knowledge practically. It enhanced my skills, work abilities, and attitude towards my
field of specialization. The practical training also helped me to receive new ideas, problem
solving techniques.

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 3.3: References

Viswanathan, T. (2012). Telecommunication switching systems and networks. Library of

Congress Cataloging in Publication of Data.

Beasley, J. S., & Nilkaw, P. (2016). Networking essentials. Comptia network

Whitman, B., Johnson, B., & Tomczyk, J. (2012). Refrigeration & Air conditioning
technology. New York: Make

Kaminow, I. R., Li, T., Willner, A. E. (2008). Optical fiber telecommunications. Clifton Park.

The Tanzania Post and Telecommunications Corporation Act, 1977.Government of Tanzania.

Retrieved 6 September 2016.

http://www.ttcl.co.tz/newsite/new_aboutus.asp

http://www.ttcl.co.tz/newsite/home.asp

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