Autor prof. Cecilia Croitoru Gramatica limbii engleze BookletEdttura Booklet CP 16-64, Bucurest www bookdat.ra Tel: 021 4113137 0722 428630 0723 152053 ‘@Editura Booklet 2003 Toate crepturie asupra lucrati apartin edt, ISBN 973-86198-5-2 THE ARTICUE Ths definite articte (the) We use the definite article: 10 reler again to something —-« Wosmet_her_ at the which has already been Metropolitan Opera. ‘mentoned, He saw a good piay at Take a pan. Put the pen the Nottara (theatre], onthe desk Last week ‘they visited with plural states and the Ar Museum. ‘countries; + with pars of the day; They “want to th ‘She arrivodin he marring’ Netherlands and the —_atterncon / evening. usa, ‘+ with supertatives; ‘swith mountain ranges, I's one of the best places ‘oceans, seas and rivers; wa ever been to, Wo saw the Himalayas! x when we tak about a the Pacilic Ocean / tha Unique ‘person, thing. or Mississippi Fiver). gordpepe swith names of hotels, “The president had a Sinomas, opera houses, prom soiree, theatres and museums; Earth moves round Wo stayed at the Riz the Sun (hotel ‘The English tke tea, ‘The Odeon (cinema) is swith musical instruments, vary good, He plays the piano. Tha indie article (a/ an} We use “a” when the noun begins with a consonant sound: a desk, a pen, a boy, a cat, a dog. ‘We use ar? nihen the naun begins with a vowel sound (a, 81,0, ui): We van 2 2982: cleo, an eerear,anox, an umbela. use 3° botore "W° when we pranounce it wilh a "¥* sound: uniform BUT an umbrella We use “an” betore "h" whan itis silent: an hour BUT a horse, Ox hoeWe uss the indefinite article: ‘when a noun is mentioned for the frst time: ‘You can get an icecream if you want. ‘=with jobs: Tam is @ teacher. ‘after what and such; Mikal a goed start ‘such akind boy! eigen orate, (price, Speed, Fequency. ot): once / wice a day. ‘with certain numbers and expressions of quantity, ‘a dozen, a hurdied. a thousand, a lot of, @ fav, ate, twhen we want to emphasize that a pe:son i unknown AM Jon you were out, vatter the verbs be and become when the noun has indefinite retorenco, I's an English book. called while The zero article We use no (zero) article: ‘with the preposition by and. forms of transport “They want by car/ bus / tram (train ete, ‘swith the words: school home, university and college when we are relerting 19 8 erscular dace; ‘m starting school / university next week. + with abstract nouns; of languages Knowledge is important ‘with meals; ‘They nad breakfast / lunch / dinner / tea swith subjects and fanguages; ‘She's studying Maths £ Geography / French + wih sports and game She plays cards. / harcball very cay. swith stteets, towns and counties: ‘She lives in Saxon Strect in Winchester. + wih uncountable nouns; Do you take sugar? = with general plurals ‘prefer teaching chikiren Geerateatinicro, |S! F THE NOUN = S Ghent! ‘There are four kinds of nouns: abstract (love, beauty etc), ‘ommen (pen, desk etc}, collective (class, audience, farriy, government, stat, team etc). proper (Mary, Tom, England ete | Gender Masculine = men, boys, animals when wa know their sex (he): Feminine = women, gis, ships, animals when we know their sex (she): ‘Neuter = things, babies / animals when we don't know thet sex. '» Most personal nouns have the same form whether male oF temaie (doctor, teacher et). ‘+ Some nouns have citferent ioms, though. Some of these are: actor - actress; | king - queen; boy - git landlord landlady; bride (groom) - bride; lord - lady; brother - sister; | monk = nun; ‘duke - duchess; ‘nephew - niece; emperor - empress; policeman « policewoman; father - mother; prince - princess; gentleman - lady; | son daughter: grandtatner - grandmother; | steward - stewardess; headmaster -headmiswess; | uncle - aunt, ‘ero - heroine: waiter - waitress; busband - wit widower - widow. ‘The plural of Nouns ‘A. Nouns are made plural by adding: to the noun (chair - chairs ete.); tothe nouns ending in: voweleo (radi - radios}, double 0 (00 - 2008), ‘photograph / photo ~ photos) ‘auslcal instruments (piano - plana) and proper nouns (Eskimo - Eskimos) ‘Some nouns ending in - can take either -86 or 6. buttalo - butfalos / butatioes;‘mosquito - mosquitos / mosquitoes: voleano - voleanos / volcanoes. 8 to nouns ending in vowel+y {boy - boys. day - days etc) ‘esto nouns ending in-s, 8s, x. -ch, eh (bus - buses, ass asses, box - boxes. iorch - torc"es, Dush - bushes ete + 85 10 nours ending in -0 (tomato - tomatoes}; + les to nouns ending in cansonant+y (baby - tables, tady ladles. family - families, factory - facrorias): ‘#-¥98 fo some nouns ending in 4 / -f (leat - leaves. wite wives, Wolt = wolves, Knife knivas); BUT: chef - chio's, roof -rools, clit - clits, handkerohiet - 45 handkerchols etc 8. nouns form their plural by adding -s /-2s: ‘+10 the second noun if the compound consists sl two nouns (shopkeeper - shopkeepers): ‘sto the first noun if the compound consists of to nouns ‘connected with a prepostion (sister-in law - sisters-in law} #10 the noun if the compound consists of an adjective and a noun (tying pan - trying pant ‘sat the end of the compound if this is not made up of any ‘nouns (breakdown - breakdowns), rama tpn ©. lregular plurals: man - men; [child - children: woman = women; | goose - geese: foot - feet, Sheep - sheep; tootn - teeth; deer = door louse - hea: fish - fish, mouse - mice; trout - tout . Some nouns take only a pliral veto. These are objects which ccansist of two parts: garments (trousers, pajamas etc), tools (scissors. compasses etc). insirumenis (bieocutars, spectacies tc) or nouns which have a plural meaning such as: belongings, cate, clothes, congratulations, eamings, goods, greens, (900d) ‘ooks, outskirts, people, polos, riches, stars etc. veaa int ets : 7 = E.Some nouns take oniy'a singUiar verb. These are" mass nouns (bread, tea, sugar etc.), abstract nouns (acvice, love. death etc), words ending in -ics (athletics mathematics cic). games / diseases fending in -s(bitards. mumps ete), nouns such as: weather. luggage, furniture, money. news ele F. Group nouna reler to. group of people. These nouns can take ether a singular or a piural verb depending on whether we see the group as a whole or as individuals. Such group nouns are: army, audience, class club, Committee, company, counoll, crew, ianniy, government, press, public, staf team ete. ‘The toam was the best in the country (the team as.agroup). ‘The team were al given medals (each member separately as individuals), G. Some nouns have a different meaning in plural. ‘ag, Singur | Purl Tha “fBedle ol a compass} You can draw a pertect cicle always points north. ne. | with compasses. 1 is an English custom 1 When he got off the plane his colsbato the Quoerisbirhday.| bag was searched at Guster Sho has a lot of | We had lots of exci Working with children | @periences cn our journey | through Africa, Would you ike a glass of) He can't see very wall without | Dis glasses. mil? She has gtlong blonde ha.) There aro twa hee Int | soup! ‘They were shocked at the] she ‘herself on scale of he disastor. caeg ts met oF “This doar ie made of wood. He goes to work except Sunday, The boy got lost in the ‘woods. every day| Picasso's works are really | fascinating.fg Seat ane ‘Countable - Uncountable Nour Nouns can be: ‘countable (Those that can be counted, e.g. 1 bag. 2 bags etc} “uncountable \those that can't be counted @g. sugar) Uncountabie nouns take a singular verb. They are not used with a an. Some, any, no, much etc. can be used with them e.g.: [eed same help. (nat: a-help). There ‘isnt much sugar left “The most common uncountable nouns are: accommodation, ‘adviee, anger, baggage. behavior, blood. bread, business, chess, coal, countryside, courage, damage, dit, education, evidence, food, fruit, funiture, goks, hai, happiness. help, homework, housawork, information, jewelery, knowtodge. laughter, luck, luggage, moat, ‘monsy, musto, news, rubbish, seaside, shopping, soap, spaghetti, trafic, trouble, water, weathor, work, wring ‘fa. Note that the nouns for types of meat are also ‘uncountable: beef, mation, pork atc. Many uncountable nouns can be made countable by means of partives: ‘a piace of cake / information / adviog / furniture; a 923s | ote of water: ja” of jam; a rasher of bacon: @ box of ‘chocolates; a of biscuits / tea; 2 slice ica! of ‘roa; a pot af yogurt; pot cup of ea: @ Kilo! pound of ‘meat, 2 bottle of Vinegar; 4 1Ub8 of toothpaste; a bar of chocolate / soap; 2 & / piece of chalk; an loo cube: 2 jump of sugar; 8 sheot of paper; a bag of four: 2 pair of ‘trousers; @ game of soenet; a(n) ltom / piece of news; a kop | can of Oa can of Coke; a carton of milk; a block of wood ele. THE ADJECTIVE Adjectives describe nouns. They have the same form the singular and the plural. “Tho ted pencil is on the tabla. ‘The red pencils are on the table. ‘Order of Adjectives: + Adjectves normally go before nouns. Vhave a whe cat. + Adjectives can also be used without a nous after certain verbs (appear, be, become, fee, seam, taste, smel, ook et) Hof nervous he looks happy. The cake smells good, She is preity. «The adjectives: alraid, alone, alive, awake, asleep, fic. are never fokowed by a noun. ha ‘The gil was afvakd (not: arvalrald-gi} + Some nouns can be used as adjectives it they go before another noun. They have no plural form in this case: the gers gate moming Sa, Bvon-wook nota (ot Broowecke hoiday + Certain adjactives can be used as plural nouns referring to 5 so are poor, te ich tho bind ese are: the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the disabled, the hungry, the strong, the deat, the Hving, the dead, the sick, the ekdery etc. ‘The rich should heip the poor. But in tha singular: The leh man helped the poor woman. + Opinion adjectives (wonderful, awlul etc.) go betore fact acjectves (amge, oid etc) Thay lived in a wonder big house. She found an ugly old dog.«When there are two or more fact adjectives, they normally 190 in the following order: Fax hgecies ienfoco ae [aap acer Jor fitarsabice [ota fro [squaelorown [Gemarbwoodedinen fenes! Regular Comparative and Superlative Forms Teco [Poste | Conpaaoe | — Siparare Serapmecs [oer [aww nan) [exert t Starter sen | trou | retnoet ty ‘ther ecmparative and "2 Pani . Eopwiaine ker, | 36 [pwr cmeny | geet oir) jabato neary | heavier (than) the Neaviewt (otin} STEN S DY | tow | omorar thas) | feettove tit cimeormae —_Trpsc | ew apa (ran | fe rom sac oe ht rom | Ceacvn | ree ancien fret oe Notes: = Certain adjectives form their comparative and supertative in both ways, elthe: by adding -e¢ / est ta the postive form or taking more / most. Some 0 these are: clever, common, tc. se geniofclever -cieverer =the cleverest or ‘clever - more clever - the most clever. When a short adjective (one or wo syllables) ends in-y fdr, happy) we change the y to an j and acd -er/ est. dry - drier the dest happy - happier - the happiest | ements oe =When a one syllable adjective ends in one vowel and one ‘cansonant {nol w or y) we double the final consonant. hot - hotter - the hotjest tig - Digger - the biggest fat fatter - the fattest -We can use the iniensiiers much, a fol, far to make a omperalive stronger ‘mach more important = We can use almost, nearly, just with a. She ia almost a tall aa her motver. CER - Comparative phrase the..the ‘The older you got the mora careful you become. Irregular Adjectives: { Note: further = more For further detaits, consult your lawyer,THE ADVERB Adverbs normally dascribe verbs, adjeciives or other adveros. They say haw (adverbs of manner), where (adverbs ‘of place}, when (adverbs of ine), how much / to what extand (adverss of degree), or haw often (adverbs of frequency) something happens, ‘There are aise sentence adverbs (certainly, surety, probably. possibly etc.) and relative adverbs (whore, wiry, when). Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives + Most adverbs are formed by adcing 4 to an adjective: uick- quickly + Adjectives ending in 4e add -ay lo form ther adverbs: ramatie = dramaticaly + Adjectives ending in 40 drop 48 and add + to form their adver tertile -teribhy + Adjectives ending in consonantey drop -y and add lly to {orm theic adverbs: happy - hapally + Adjectives ending in -y (friendly, lonely, lovely, fatherly, motherly, sily, ively, ugly elo.) form ther adverbs with Ina... way: ‘= Adjectives ending in -@ form their adverbs adding ty ‘without dropping -@: rare - rarely Exceptions: whole - wholly; true - truly. + The adverb of good is wel. = Some adverbs are the same as their adjectives: (dally, early, fast, hard, late, monthly, best, easy, low etc): ‘He works hard (=advert), This is a hard job (=adjective).. ++ In spoken English the adverb toud, quick, slow, cheap are the same as thei adjectives. In formal Ergish we use: loudly, quicity, slow'y, cheaply: He speaks loud (spoken English}. He speaks loudly flormas English ‘Some pairs of adverbs have different meanings: 1.doap = ong way dowe 1. dagply = greatly Ye dus dogpiniothe ground. The ‘scientst was deeply respected. 2. tree» without payment — 2 witingly ikren travel ee on buses. He spoke freely abou his past 9. hard = with a fot of afoct 9. hardy = scarcoly Ho works hard Thardy see tim: 4 high = t0/at a high vel 4. highly = very much Tre pit flew high above the. She s highly regarded by her cous employers. S. last» ator af otnors lay = finally He got here lst. Lastly, read tho instuctons then do the test 8. late ater the arranged or 6. lately = recently reper time Uhaven seen hiatal. Thay arrived tat. 7. near » cose 7, noaely = aimost ive nearthe school. have nel fished 8 pat = fay 8. prety = in an atbactve way Tho fm was prety awiul, Site smod pretty 9. shart = suddenly 2. shanty = soar, rot The dtver stopped Sher, He wil be areving shorty, 10. Wile = ar away trom the 10. wdly = 0a large extort tight poket I's widely believed that the He threw the ball wide, Prime Minister will resignHe yon bose ee a Order of Adverbs Adverbs can go in front, eid or and position in a sentence - front pesilion is al ins beginning of the sentence. mid postion is betore the main verb or after the auriiary + end position is atthe end of the sentence. From Ma end Finally, he wil probably start working here next week Adverbs of frequency ictien, usually, never, ever, rogulary, barely. seldom, scarcely, rarely, sometimes e:c.) normally go batore man verbs but after auxiliary verbs {ind position), However, in short answers thay go before the auxiliary vers. He oflen drinks cote. ‘She is usualy late for scho He is always telling les, isu't he? Yes, he always is + Used to and have fo take tho adverb of frequency ‘botore them He always used lo drink milk in the morning. ‘They usually have to take the bus to go there. «= Forreasans cl emphasis the adverbs of frequency car also go at the beginning or atthe end of the sentence. ‘Sometimes | piaytootball make that cake ‘Adverts of time usually go atthe and of the sentence (Thay went te hosplel yesterday). Ii we want to put emphasis on the ‘me wo uso thom at the beginning of the sentence (Yesterday they went to hospital). Short time adverbs 2s: ‘00n, Now, si, then etc. can go in mid posiven He is now having a bath, + The acverbs: already, no longer, normally, hardly, neatly, almost usually oo in mid postion They have naary missed the ain She is no longer ling here. Thoves hardy any cake Io Gramates Kobra 8 ‘Sentence adverbs (probably, certainly, possibly, clearly, fortunately, lucky, maybe, perhaps, of course etc.) go in any position: front. mid or end, but the front oosition is, ze most usval though, Probaby ho believed you. He probably believed you. im nal eleved you roby + In negations certainly, possibly and bbelove the ausiiary. Aes eee He probably didn't befeve you. + Adverbs do not normally go between tne object and the verb. He fkes dogs very much (not: Motkosvory Feah-cega). ‘Adverbs of degroo (absolutely, Just, tatally, very, compietoty, ‘extremely, a lot, really, taribly, much, awtully, rather, ‘uit, ay, pretty, a lite, abt, sightly, enough, toe otc ‘can go betare the adjective or the adver they modi She's quits good at Maths. ‘+ Most ofthese adverbs can also go before amain verb or after an auxiliary verb, rather like ih fm. Th shat uch El, . : lt, much, a Hie, a bt, awhuly, tbl, absolutely, completly, totally go in mic or end poston, The train was delayed a tie. The train was a litle delayed. The earthquake completly destroyed the area. The earthquake destroyed the area completely. ‘Adverbs of manner (beauifully, badly, eagerly tc) and place (here, there stc.) go afi the verb or the object ofthe vetb ihere is one (end postion). ‘She looked at me angry, ‘+ Adverbs of manner can also go in mid postion ‘She looked angrily at me.8 Wien there is more tnan one adverb in a sentence, their ‘order is manner-place-tim, However, when thore is a verb ot movemont (go. run, eave etc.), the place adverb goes nexl to the vero of movement warner plc tne He spoke well at the meeting yesterday. ‘ce raver ae ‘Sho goes 10 work on foot every day. Reguiar Comparative and Superiative Farms Tareas [Feat | Corpse | Sao a rector lee [een 7 Saeier ha To = Se 7 eT ofS aes Yeon (eet ere os [rou | tonctaur eleeryag-aeit- bay mare oasily cast Soe {r met ‘Comparative ree better ess worse. taste ed furor ardor Higher ator | ta tatost Note: farther / further = longer (in distance) He lives farther / further away than mo. ne eee DEMONSTRATIVES - PRONOUNS - POSSESEWVES Demonetratives This / These are used «for people or things near us. ‘This is my pon and these are my pencis. + for present or iru situations He is leaving lor Tokyo this month + winen the speaker isin the place he sha is refering to. “This rcom is very large. (The speaker is now in the large room). +10 introduce peeple or when we introduce ourselves on the Phone, “Mumm, this is my ffiond, Jack” “Hello? This is Tom Mson speaking” ‘That / Those are used: + for people or things not near us. | don' like that picture, over ther. + for past sivations. They enjoyed vary much that yoo. +10 reler back to something mentioned before. "He was very rude to her.” “That's toa bad,” ‘en speaking onthe phone to ask who the other person is. "Holle? This is Pam Brown, Who's that speaking? / Who's that, please Note: This / these - that / those are not always followed by nouns. This is the bost | can do tor you. “Ta won the lottery." “That's too good to be tnze.”he ne |e ne she tw | her howe nova! os rs or | oom sureties yeu yu | yor | yous | youse'vae thoy | tem | toe tras | eros Personal Pronouns ++ We uso personal pronouns to reer to people things or animals ‘They've brought some tlowers. They are on the table. ‘+ wa don't use a noun and a personal pronoun together. My cat is under the chair. (not: My-eat#¥e-underthe-oha) My father tack me thera. (not: MyHathoethe-iook-mnostior), = L.you, he, she, it go before verbs as subjects and me, you, im, her, it, us, you, them aftar verbs as odjects. ‘They gave me a beautiful painting but didn't ike R ‘+ There+be is used for something mentioned forthe first ime ‘ot to say that something or someone exists. ‘There ara some people in the waiting room. 1 Itebe is used to give more details about something or someone already talked about. There is someone al the door. tts the postman «ftrbe with to-Iinttve or that-clause is used 10 begin a sentence. tts hard to believe ber. ts bad tuck that you failed th isiance, temperature, ime cexpressiens and in the following: it eeems that, " appears ‘that, tt looks lke, tis ld thet et. Hts hot today, isnt i? seems that its going to rain. But we say: Thera seems to be a problem, Possessive adjectives / pronouns «They express possession. Possessive adjectives go belore ‘nouns, whareas posssssive pronouns do nat go belore nouns. ‘This és her jacket. its hers + Sometimes possessive pronouns go at the beginning of a, sentence. ‘Yours is more beautiful ‘+ We use the rather than a possessive adjective with ths pattom, ‘She hit Tom on the back. (not: emehiesaoe).. + Qun is used with possessive adiectives to emphasise the fact that something belcngs to someone / and no one else. ‘We've got aur own house, We've gat a house of cur own. Possessive case with's oF 3 for people of animals « singular nouns (person or animal} +" the chiles toy, the cat's tal + regular piyrat nouns +: the girs" room. + imegular plural nouns not ending in 84's: the women's hats, the men’s irousers. ‘compound nouns +" ‘my sisteriniaw’s cat 1's after the last of two or mare names to show common possession: Bob and Anns house is very big. (They live in the same house).aiehitesegat . mb eiare +s aller each name to shaw individual possession Ted's and Mary's houses aren't big. (They live in different houses). Possessive case with “of for inanimate things + for inanimate things or abstract nouns: the walls ofthe room, the trees of the garden + oti possessive caso / possessive pronoun when there is a determiner (this, some etc.) before the noun: That's @ poem of Ken's (one of Ken's poems). some books of mine (some of my books) Note: + phrases of placos's: atthe butcher's + tie or distance expressions" ‘Sunday's paper, two days’ leave, one mile's vik. we can use either “s" of “a” when we tak about places or organisations: Flome's churches or the churches of tome. = wo can use “of” with people in longer phrases: That's the car of one of my friends at work. Reflexive / Emphatic Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns are used after certain verbs (behave, ‘dun, cut, enfoy, hurt, kl, look, laugh at, introduce, dry, teach otc.) when the subject and the object of the verD aro the same. He cut himsett They enjoyed themselves at the pary. ~ reflexive pronouns can be used after be, fee, 1ook, ‘Soom to describe emotions or states: She doesnt look herself these days. ~ certain verbs do not normally take @ reflexive ‘pronoun, These are: wash, shave, (undress, afford, complain, mast, rast, relax, stand up, get up, sit down, wake up etc. Seem SPREE. ‘She wasted and got dressed (r« hoscitandgedeceobhersill. ~ we can use @ reflexive pronaun with wash or dress, ‘when wo talk about young children or animals: ‘Although she’s orly-4 years old. Pam can dress horset. The elephant is washing isa. [Emphatic pronouns have the same form as reflexive pronouns: bul a different meaning. They emphasise the noun or the fact that ona person. and not anther, performs an action: He himself did the whole job. He did the whole job himsot. + they also mean without help: ‘She painted the gate herealf (without help). = thay go atter nouns, pronouns, at the end of a sentence, or alter but and than You should count on no one but yoursel. ‘Note thes idioms: Enjoy yourselt = Have a good timet Behave yoursalft= Be good! ike boing by myself = {tke being alone She lives by hersel! = She lives on her own Halp yourself to coffee = Yours welcame to take soma cottee it you want some Do it yourself = Do it without being helped ‘Make yourselt at home! = Feel comfortable Make yourself heard = Speak loudly enough fo be heard by others Each other means one another.Sram tet nace oy THE VERS Se repeated 7 habliual actions (especially win frequency Saverbs: often, usually orc). The frequency adverbs go Sor the verbs “to be” and ‘can’ but belore the main verbs: [Tusually got up at 6 o'clock. « permanent truths or iaws of nature: Wator freazes a! 0°C. ‘SeaFom «+ timetables / programmes (future meaning): Goce wak | aor twat f ‘The film fnishes at 9 p.m. f= Tel 2 oo ue The train leaves at 10 a.m. Eom ERIemcn, Jit, Jer, |p agement apa eae woe Seceseaicat | ecoriean [ie chard Gere acs very wel in his fm. emis esses [ieSrneax oomswaxe, | |B Present Contouous ae Ween [wove |Oayounake eet Come Tote [ostaneae [teseornt_ [oe bere ee — Tape Jer aing fing pmo frmretitng petra? oxen vat rate marc suc nnnteg (arse ies fos Lo eure oc wicawe | fie ing he Speting: Cee ee le wsctate fort anima foe ste? Sear ending in: 86, th hy 8,0 28: Ran [ite pevarmarg ” feort ining» fenwa? oo toe! te fay fewer fn nny fe we NS! Mec ant meta [even rg fy igo he goes. Irey ar abil Theyre king a8 Pe reat rgb boy = Verbs ending in : consonant+y —> 4es: cn omen TS AY ys ening in a VOW! (2, ©, 0 UY > aa Pru ne bye yy | Gite kag? ‘Tne exgressions Usa wth Prosert Simpl: | Spoking: Tiny aby cweor/ mond’ year usualy, ofr. aways casi, «When verbs end i ane stsssad, vowel Hehween So never, sometimes, in the morning / evening / aftemoon, at consonants, we double the final consonant: night, on Mondays ote. ‘swim swimeniog: stir sting; sit siting ‘We use Present Simple for: BUT: walk - walking '* permanent situations 0° states: wait - wait He works in a hospital. ‘open - open They own a beaultul ca. - When the infinive ends in one @ we dalete the write - writing dive - diving= Léok at the Speling of these verbsi ie = ty die - dying ‘Time expressions used with Present Continuous: now, at the moment, a! present, nowadays. today, tonight. always, stil etc. ‘We use Present Continuous for: ‘+ temporary situations: They are living with Ann at present. actions happening at or around the moment of speaking: ‘She Is tooking for a better job. ‘«fepeated actions with “always” expressing annoyance or criticism: ‘You ara always interupting me. ‘The baby Is always crying at night. «xed arrangements in the near future: ‘We are visting grandma on Sunday. (i's al arranged). + changing or developing situations ‘Your English is getting better. © Proort Potoc:havahes + pstpartpl thet tomathevet) Geamaiea tint gages _ ‘Spelling: + slop - stopped ‘ype - typed prafer~ preferred: play played; smoke - smoked. regular Verbs: eit - abe - BI) Nole: For the past participle look at a Est of irregular verbs. ‘Time expressions used wth Present Confinuous: just, ever, never, aeady, ys! (negations & questions) atvays, how long, $0 far, recently, since (=tram a starting point in the ‘Pasi for ( might shall should (asking for advice) / woud (asking fo intormaton}; ‘must —> must hadi (obigalon) - mustremains the same when i expresses possibilty or deduction. wou, could, used to, musin?, shoukd, mighn, ought to and had ‘bottor remain the same. [She said, ii come later~ | She said hal) she would come lair She sa, "can py the pian."| Sho sad (hat she eau play the an [She sald, I ean come She said (hal) se woukd be able to temorrow.” come the next day, ‘Sha sad, may speak to Tom{ Sho sad (hat he mht spoak > Tem, Sie al“ shal do | She ass (nom) she shal a this” (eaves) ‘She seld, ‘When shall we | Sha asked when they woutd reach reach York" ‘York (internation ‘She sald, “You must be back | She said (al) | mut had 19 be 18 odlock back at o'cock (abligetion), ‘She said, “You mustbe a | Sho said (hal) he must be afar far Ideduetion). ‘She said that]! shoud laaen more, ‘She sai, “You shoul lesen | She said, “You had better go | She said that | had better go home. nome.eat anoeen Fieporting a dialogue or conversation In conversations we use a mixture of statements, commands ‘and questions, When we turn them into Reported speach we use: and, as, adding, that, and he / she, added that, fexplaining that, because. but, since, ard then he/she went on 10 say, while, thea ete. Words or exprassions such as: Oh, Oh dear, Wel etc, are omitted in Reparted speech. [—_“Direat speech [Reported speech He remarked that thet was a very “On. this is avery ricecat"ne | nice cat and he asked where | id. Where db you have tram? had irom, (ON ks omited, ‘She answered thal her husband hhad given io her and added th Thad bean a present on her Dirhday. Cialis ori). Well, my husband gave Itro me, tras 2 present on my binhay. PREPOSITIONS OF PLAGE - MOVEMENT - TIME ‘A. Propositions of place and movement = ee. ‘among beiwean bobind in front! oh as oe mae oa B n+ oles / towns / stasts / the suburbs 7 an armchair / danger / the middle of / the queue: t+ house number (at 23 Oxford Street} / home * school / university / work / the bus-stop; con-+ the floct / the outskirts! a chair‘ foot / holiday; by + bus / taxi / car / helicopter / plane / tain f coach I ship / ‘boat / alr / sea. But: on aj the bus / plane / train / coach f ship | boat; Ina taxi! car / helicopter B. Prepositions of time ‘ontime = at the right time, ini = ea evaugh nat te: yxactly al the ime; 5/2 ~not nor than tal time, botore that tie.Bbtogranty 41. Virginia. Evans, "Round Up-Engiish Grammar Practice’ no 1 - 6 Longman, Engiand 1985, 2. Bilan Abbs, ingried Freebaim, Chris Barker, “Snapshot - Intermediate" Longman 2000,