Colombia

1. Develop an education system with clearly defined learning expectations and outcomes, simply
national curriculum.
2. Local governments should be fully mandated with fostering educational change and mobilizing
the stakeholders.
3. More resources be invested in the foundational stage; primary education.
4. Prioritisation of expanding services to the disadvantaged children from rural communities.
5. Ensuring all children at the age 5 are school-going.
6. Energy and protein supplements shall be subsidized and provided to all women during their
fertility and pregnancy period.
7. Nutritional programmes should be undertaken on community level through education and
promotion.
8. Health inequalities must be eliminated at the earliest.
9. Social protection, in the very shape of cash transfers and elevation of the child health and
nutritional status, should be made effective.

Sources:

OECD – Review of Education Policy in Colombia.

WHO – Reducing stunting in Colombian children.

Pakistan

1. Implementation of national education policy in line with 2030 education goals. A uniform
curriculum is must.
2. Adoption of formal and informal learning be made at the earliest.
3. Schools shall be free from occupation and revamped by including all equipment necessary for
learning. Basic amenities of intellectual as well as hygienic nature be promised.
4. Special policy planning units must be established by the provincial education departments.
5. Eradication of misappropriation of funds and resources.
6. Nutritional and protein supplements must be made accessible for bettering maternal health.
7. Governments must commit to the cash programmes in addition to shunning socio-economic
stigma and socio-cultural taboos.
8. Educating womenfolk on the maternal obligations and their effects on the child health.
9. Hygienic and dietary patterns must be brought on the par of healthy patterns. Food security
must be promised while standard sanitation must remain.
10. Economic misery must be curtailed.
11. Urbanization must go on with provision of employment opportunities.
12. Public health spending is crucial. More funds be allocated with an objective of proper utilization.
13. Food supply should not be affected while the prices must rise with a steady pace and effective
price control must continue.
 14. Increasing the scope of health provisions through emergency spending and improving urban
infrastructure to include more health care services.

Sources:

Islamabad Policy Research Institute – Education system of Pakistan, issues and solutions.

Taylor and Francis Online – Current Status of Malnutrition and Stunting in Pakistani Children.

Research Gate – Determinants of life expectancy and its prospects under the role of economic
misery – Pakistan case study.

Nigeria

1. The government must fully commit to SDG 4 by addressing the following;

 Education system at federal and state level should have strengthened capacities in
terms of resources to provide quality basic education.
 More teachers be trained and teaching methodologies should be brought on par with
the world average standard.
 Parents and communities should have an improved knowledge and commitment to
contribute to enrolling children at the right age in quality learning safe and protective
environment.
 Children in humanitarian situations should have timely and sustained access to quality
education.
2. Poverty alleviation is the key to improve health of Nigerian citizens while women’s nutritional
needs should be heeded completely through promotion of appropriate complementary food.
3. Need for income redistribution in the country must be fulfilled for reduction in the
disadvantages arising out of income inequalities.
4. Provision of social welfare, increasing wages and government capital expenditure on health will
suffice for the better scores on the index.
5. Population growth must be controlled as more children will be prevented from stunting and
ultimately, death.
6. Free or subsidized health services in the shape of state-of-the-art health infrastructure are
urgently required.

Sources:

UNICEF – Education in Nigeria

UNICEF – Preventing Nigerian children from stunting

Research Gate – Determinants of Life expectancy in Nigeria – Macroeconomic analysis.