Dynamics of Fractional-Order COVID-19 Epidemic Model with Quarantine. . .

The following properties are needed to prove non-negativity and boundedness of solution of fractional
differential equations.
Lemma 2.2. [31] Suppose that x(t) ∈ C[a, b] and C Dtα x(t) ∈ C[a, b] for α ∈ (0, 1], then
tα C α
x(t) = x(0) + D x(τ )
Γ(α) t
with τ ∈ [0, t], ∀t ∈ (a, b]
Corollary 2.2.1. [21] Let α ∈ (0, 1]. Suppose that x(t) ∈ C[a, b] and C Dtα x(t) ∈ C[a, b]. If C Dtα x(t) ≥
0, ∀t ∈ (a, b), then x(t) is a non-decreasing function for each t ∈ [a, b]. If C Dtα x(t) ≤ 0, ∀t ∈ (a, b), then
x(t) is a non-increasing function for each t ∈ [a, b].
Lemma 2.3 (Comparison Theorem [21]). Let t ≥ 0 and α ∈ (0, 1]. Consider a fractional-order system
C
Dtα x(t) ≤ Λ − µx(t),
x(0) = x0 ∈ R, (2)
with Λ, µ ∈ R and Λ ̸= 0. Then, we have
Å ã
Λ Λ
x(t) ≤ x0 − Eα [−µtα ] + .
µ µ
where Eα (z) is a Mittag-Leffler function of one parameter, which is defined by
∞
X zk
Eα (z) = .
Γ(kα + 1)
k=0

The following important properties are needed to prove the stability of equilibrium points of fractional-order
system.
Lemma 2.4. [33, 27] Let t ≥ 0 and α ∈ (0, 1]. Consider a fractional-order system
C
Dtα x(t) = f (x(t), t), (3)
x(0) ≥ 0,
Ä ä
with equilibrium point x∗ . Suppose λj are eigenvalues of Jacobian matrix J = ∂f ∂x evaluated at x∗ . The
point x∗ is locally asymptomatically stable if λj satisfy |arg (λj )| > απ
2 for all j.
Lemma 2.5. [43] Suppose that x(t) ∈ C[0, ∞) and its Caputo fractional-order derivatives of order α exists
for all α ∈ (0, ∞]. Then, for any t > 0 and x∗ > 0, we have
ï Å ãò Å ã
C α x(t) x∗ C α
Dt x(t) − x∗ − x∗ ln ≤ 1− Dt x(t).
x∗ x(t)
Lemma 2.6 (Generalized LaSalle Invariance Principle [17]). Suppose Ω is a bounded closed set and every
solution of system
C
Dtα x(t) = f (x(t), t), (4)
which starts from a point in Ω remains in Ω for all time. If ∃V (x) : Ω → R with continous first-order partial
derivatives statisfies following condition:
C
Dtα V |Eq.(4) ≤ 0,
then every¶solution x(t) originating
© in Ω tend to M as t → ∞, where M is the largest invariant set of E
and E := x|C Dtα V |Eq.(4) = 0 .