Human
Biological
Evolution
Understanding Culture, Society,
and Politics (A.Y. 22-23)
Module 4 – Human Biological and
Sociocultural Evolution
PETA 3 – Sociocultural Matrix
The students are expected to:
• Determine the biological evolution of human
• Explain how hominids evolved into modern humans
• Appreciate the importance of artifacts and fossils in
understanding the social, cultural, political, and
economic processes of modern humans
Meet Art the
Archaeologist!
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Source: @mjsable (Tiktok)
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
Theory of Evolution
English naturalist and geologist Charles Darwin
On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
"Species are not immutable, but that those belonging to what are
called the same genera are lineal descendants of some other and
generally extinct species, in the same manner as the
acknowledged varieties of any one species” (Ember, Ember, and
Peregrine 2002, p. 33).
What is CHARLES DARWIN'S VIEW ON
EVOLUTION?
NATURAL SELECTION
is the outcome of processes that
affect the frequencies of traits in a
particular environment. Traits that
enhance survival and reproductive
success increase in frequency over
time.
“The environment favors certain
organisms and those organisms that
survive can pass on their traits.”
Every species is made up of a variety of
Variation individuals wherein some are better adapted to
their environments compared to others.
Organisms produce progeny with different sets of
Heritability traits that can be inherited.
Organisms that have traits most
Differential suitable to their environment will
Reproductive survive and transfer these variations
Success to their offspring in subsequent
generations.
PRINCIPLES
Archaeologist /
Fossils & Artifacts
Social Scientist
Fossils
refer to the human, plant, and animal remains that have
What is the significance of
been preserved through time like human or animal teeth,
skull, and bone fragments
fossils and artifacts in human
Artifacts
development?
refer to objects that were made and used by humans.
Examples of artifacts include stone tools, metal tools,
ceramics, earthenware, burial jars, and ornaments.
the group of early humans and other
HOMINID humanlike creatures that can walk erect
during the prehistoric times.
Sahelanthropus
Ape-like and
PRE-HUMAN
Ardipithecus STAGE
human-like
characteristics
1st Stage of
Australopithecus Human
Evolution
biological and Last Stage
HUMAN
Homo STAGE
cultural
characteristics of a
of Human
Evolution
modern human
Sahelanthropus
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
• They exist 6-7 million years ago.
• a skull similar to the Australopithecus and
modern human,
• height almost similar with the chimpanzee.
• brain size of about 320-380 cubic
centimeters.
• small teeth similar to other hominids.
• ability to walk upright.
HOMINID
Sahelanthropus
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Homo
Ardipethicus
Ardipethicus kadabba
Live 5.6 million years ago.
Ardipethicus ramidus
Exist 4.4 million years ago.
A Normal Conversation
with Ardipethicus What is your height?
I am about 120 pounds.
Hmm… where do you live? Are
you bipedal?
Do you have small or big
brain?
Actually, it is small. My skull
size is similar to an ape
How about you, what is your I live in jungles and forests
weight? and yes I am bipedal.
I am about four (4) feet.
HOMINID
Sahelanthropus
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Homo
Australopithecus
• They lived in African jungle from 5-1 million
years ago.
• Brain size of 500 cubic centimeters (cc) or almost
of the size of the modern human brain.
• Upright, biped, and tool users only, not maker.
• Used stones for digging and food scavengers.
• Distance of movement was estimated to be 15
kilometers (9.3 miles) or more to search for stones
to be used as tools.
• Lived in a small groups and ate insects, eggs,
plants, fruits, and sometimes meat.
Southern Ape
Gracile Robust
Small teeth and jaws Large teeth and jaws and muscular
Australopithecus Australopithecus
anamensis aethiopicus
Australopithecus Australopithecus
afarensis robustus
Australopithecus Australopithecus
africanus boisei
3.2-million-year-
old
Australopithecus
afarensis
Hadar, Ethiopia in
November 1974 by
paleoanthropologis
ts led by Dr.
Donald Johanson.
Lucy
HOMINID
Sahelanthropus
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Homo
What can you infer from the
timeline?
Homo Lived in Africa about 2.4 million years ago
Homo Habilis “handy man”
Who are the direct ancestors
Homo of the “upright
Erectus Homo? man”
Homo Sapiens “wise man”
Homo Habilis
• Height of about 3 to 4 feet
• Brain size half the size of the modern human
(700 cubic centimeters)
• Made tools called Oldowan (name came from the
place where they were found in Olduvai Gorge,
Tanzania) which were used as cutting tools and
made from volcanic stones
• Used tools for hunting and food gathering
Homo Ergaster Lived about 1.8 million years ago
Homo Erectus
• estimated to have • More intelligent and
lived from 1.8 million adaptable
to 300,000 years ago. • Knows how to invent
• Brain size of 1,000 cc and develop different
or about 2/3 of the technologies to
modern human brain respond their needs
size • Make complex tools
• Height of about five for digging, cutting,
feet and scraping (e.g.,
• Walks upright famous for axe tools)
Skillful Hunter
Zhoukoudian, China
Longgupo Cave in China
Trinil, Java, Indonesia
Homo Sapiens
• Large brain size (1,400 cc) that is almost
similar to the brain of modern humans
• Lived in shelters and food gatherers
• Ate plants, fruits, and hunted animals
• Learned to gather and cook shellfish
(164,000 years ago) using fire
• Crafted and develop metals (e.g., fishing
tools, harpoons, bows and arrows, spear
throwers, and sewing needles) ID No. 001
• Developed oral languages
Homo Sapiens
Homo sapiens
Homo heidelbergensis sapiens
Direct ancestor of modern
humans
Homo
neanderthalensis
HOMINID
Sahelanthropus
Ardipithecus
Your
Australopithecus interpretation?
Homo
TAKE A SNAPSHOT!
• Listen carefully to the discussion today.
• Take a snap/screenshot of the lesson/slide
that marks into your mind.
No more submissions after
• Provide a brief description regarding your
the class!
snapshot lesson/slide.
• Upload the image with description in this
link:
https://padlet.com/johncristababa/screensh
ot
• Anyone who uploads their snapshot will
receive incentives to their seat works.
BRING IT ON!
1. Form a five (5) teams consist of 7-8 members.
2. Each team should choose any of the following societies: (1) hunting and
gathering societies; (2) horticultural and pastoral societies; (3) agricultural
societies; (4) industrial societies; (5) post-industrial societies.
3. Read the content material on sociocultural evolution and create any type of
presentations describing the assigned society to the team.
• Reporting
• Singing (any kinds)
• Visual Arts (drawing, painting, etc.)
• Video Presentation (Vlog, skit, simple documentary)
• Research Presentation
4. Each team has only 2-3 minutes to present their societies in a creative way.
5. A brief forum will proceed after the presentations.
6. See the criteria for grading.
Criteria for Grading
Content & Originality (40%)
Organization (25%)
Creativity & Wit (20%)
Teamwork (15%)
