Boeks > Buainis SHR Sem | Hothemattes | DETERMINANTS — Sourendra Nath De. DETERMINANTS DRe mtucly sf cloterminadnls was starctid by Leibnels im the com cliictinng. portion of the Acventeenty conbwey, This wor Lotey oloveteped by many matamahiecans Like Cramer, begrange, Lapdace , Caneby, Jace be’, SF Oe Limoae equation auxtb; =O and arxtbs =O -b hove 402 ame olution, Hum arxtyse > x= gi amd Q2x+b2=0 = a= — ve Date - 19-0920 » BR can conte bt a The expression Ca br —% 02) ib called a cloferm'- ~mant and ig clenoted by 4ae ayantot |™ | Ar be] 2 # te, @ib2 —b a2 =0 OH) bi 42, b2—> are called elrmmounts Of Hie Aehernunant The elements am toe ore’ zontol htreckton form rwsand HhOAe im the vertical Lirection form columns, Brug Oe ar | a2 $00 res amd 480 Columms, So dt Ia calted a determinant o- second orelers ou ts wil > tar Hoven rowsend tren Cokumns it an te i bs ca (8 a determinant Sf Orden Harvee , Some prspex ties, ©) WA clsterminaut vemains unaltered by chan rows into columns anct ifs eotumny inte ‘yous, eH bic, e [Yak 48 Al FAg Al = a2 v2 cr 42 [é b, bs a3 63 cs GY cpr Cy(b) TRe interchange of HES 7S on columns of. way X - nant ebanges +e ty ete aoterminaul ti changeng, tts memati value. a bi Cl 4, = |o* a oe Let 4;=]an or Ce 2= la br Gy ay by 63 ay by C3 we, 492-4) tC) 94 duo vous oy #00 Columns of a eleternunant be incleutical, Hem Hee value ef Hie oleterminant~ th pee om br & 2 450 pe eb Cf a, 63 C3 4) SF every eleamant- gf any DU Cor column) of: a detevme enant be muttipliel by a factor, Hem Hie efetermt- monk jn multiplied by fae dame factor: KO Kar Kaz on ar 43 bre bf = KJ a, on 63 4 Cs Cs G ce cs 2») Hf every element of ary row (er column) of a deter -aminowt be expresteal ao the sum ef- tod numb hen the determinant can be expremel 4 Hie rum eof two cheterminomts. 4 Bp, +| ea As G a3 6, Ca 4) A duterminant vemains unchanged by addi (or subboctings) % Homes tte elements of. any be (er column) to Cor form) tee correapon di’ elements any ofr 20 (or column) 5 orherce Kk any given member, nd an bp CL as 6s C3 be a% by os) aya, FIER, 4471 arj OM bi cy j ar beer] = UtK ey bt 6 = fart kes ee de ay M+Kb; bse Ménars_amd Co -fastors Minoys 5 ‘Ske minors af any elamut~ im a cletey- - minal is chtained by omiting, frm 4 =[e Goes poy) the wu and the eolumn exntaining element - Mier to [2 sore |et al So ela ae Co- factors; Ike Com factor 4f O79 elomont BS ee dn He anaton of ae evminant i i fet cat ae corres pony mer with o proper ayn? Whe ty of fhe" Co- factor ot om elo im Hee gnd ww and are 0 mn a+ is (A) _ pplttyeo &3] = [o> &3 Confactor ot a= OC) [ee wl 7 lex es se 1 a 43 " Cr: (- oy 43) 8 " + om bt «3 | - br b3 4 , bre wy" as 43 pan 43 er c3] 7 én 63 Expansion us a determinant: by t rot coe bry ta 7 oy — ob A’ lar wy a ly MR | Ja: C3 a3 63 as by C3 2 4 (b203-C€2bs) —bi (026 eeaiataahe ( ) iC a 6244)b= ay batg— O C2 bS = 619263 + b1 6293 + Gags -H Some Porbtems » Prous, OH ROWE expanding, He —— peter nalnerts om iy pee a aty je aead) iy ft! @ akec ca o bY] = /1 6X bd To & brea av «cr toch es toe etab i) pee a a be Oh CO bie com bl] = | eb ea bc ce’ cv ab ca bc ab a OY Ww a, a” ft Mra | ) Roe = (ab tectea) |% te oe 1 & el ar Find +62 values by expanding a) [a ” 4% b) Jo ab ejp{r wat hb f ) | d wi, a 5 ¢ a a * ava ul 3. Find 4he eo - fact am {[s -¥ —3 Oa i 2 7 4 $49, 2 . [ao 5 4. Find the Co-fachrs of Arbo IM 19 4 8 5 cs 6y Adjoint and yecibroca alermtnanhy The adjoint ov adjugate a daterminant 4 in the dutrmimamt 4! ashode elemenks art He to-factorn of 40 | corresponding, elements ot a, ¢ | Lek a= [I en ag Ort O12 a3 B31 aan ass adjoimt or adjugate is ale » Rin th Art fi 413 Ao, flor Weg Ast Aer fas nrhore AS, (6557 1253) cree Fe tfactors ef cuy(isi2b28) in 4 : TRO vec peal or inverar ¢ «(+0) is Au fi Aig 4 4 4 oy Ap Aaa 4 4 Aa Asal As, Aa3 4 a 4 Example : Find the adjugate and vreelprocal determi —nomts of the foLtewing, Asterminowt - ’ 2% % ys & 622 ; . sel 2/h 4] te|92| Aw: Let “lyse eix|f fl [3 32 322 : (0-12) ~2(8 -1s) +3 (8719) 2242021 =~3 FO re. Drweyae f- 4 eat.[3 I Adjotnt ais 4! > 2 3 +f5 i ~ Ly-t) = | (10-12) fs, 2 -# “3 +6 4 2 [2 2| oleae “i 8] t | ae él as Flea » re t/a +{t-!2) -(2-6) +(5-8) | -(-13) + (2-4) ~ (en) + 4 ~3 ‘LE 'o a ql pradjoint ot 4 = t— ya! a0 -2 10 | Snvevae or veapracal ta Q-F Y or -3 46 7-3 Is J E jo ob + Rute SF ulti ptecatior ot dolevminant TR produck dt +00 oleterminauts F He tame order tho diderminaht of Like orcler- tuultiplrs . aon mo ke performed aes by wa er rw Clee oy column by column gy column by ra? y oly ul t abode ahs Bk Ny 1 Hag T te Olt ude us = Ws olpi —> — Example uu | x \f | (MPH bIY, py tbr Fy ar be fas arPrthry, azpaths4e i ’ 2 by reed - frst ing etm) 7 yah *\be HP 4b py UE ON Ves br Pe oe a2 Pit ba PF 914; they (onubtiplying 00 by column) a“ wih PU, [AP p ares a \'m br Pr 4 1 HAE bi Ut be Ve. butt plyeng column by a paris ow bil, | erm 2 [reitany ey Patan 4p ar bil | p2 4% oper iey diet ba (mak pliging, co Luma byn0) Symanshric onc Skeco_aymmebic. Deferminant A delerminamk 4=laisha toed 1s sated fo be Aymmebse, delerminonl if aij= Ae for atl ¢ andj im 4: ae Example: \ae a4¢ a \ ‘ hag ake ho dtlerminuae 4+ fais), 537423 i aarel fo op : att (andj indy 2 ayrmmehe ip aise -egé for ab -a 6 6 -c 0 Encomple : | 6 a b Cromer’s Rulon G pre, we ote to aawe ford a : arrmast tone omk & rm foe — -forlo’ +hiver eqpoltons ' ve ay rt by +4274 Ornt boy $222 KE azn + 034 +042 2KS: YY. < Fivat we form He determinant D of 4 RS whoa elms ane tHE co- eftictents ya x +he above equrattond’ x oa 8 4 D- [es bee az 6% 63 ond woume thar \ bie G [tet | ore by CHT tat Now aD Aly be C2] [ss Giere an ay > 63 ag % bs 3 | aia - ant byte > bt q gle qayen secs = lant be FO? br er agx thay 32 bs <2 up| a 9 using Ha value of . alan taeeeseemess given — ky 64 €% Ve Ky bf 4 arp Plo Daa ie eee Cr Kz b> C3) ' D2 a KH G Similody, Y > o> Dat far KE | 03 aS Ky C3 > —?) 2? OD ps-f™ tS Ar be ke az bs Ks a aytstes axtuyt 2 =F ga tey tie ely I (sc-2)-2 08-9) +3(y-1) 34 - 30-4 — 24 2 3y—Sy 2-29 fo Prk tems. ¢ Solve bY Exumer's Rule , {2 3 24-4 324 ” w- 4, Pohercsfore we howe 4 y cramentln ule mw ° je ey = 1 2 ) aeal eee TEES a eons D, ay 4 3 1% zy] Da Ds anes 5 D1 D X= aL D m3! a nn whiny Dy = |; 5 ‘| a fsecay aE 19 #91 FO an ~exay anya tax be) = 2097 224 2 2049- qa—l% 2-20 18-3) 43(28-2)) ' Daas i i a ier) 6 3 4 4 2 4g -LHIS + O%F 2 4q-ao421 = 79799 7-20 D3? 12 ¢ 249 F/ = so ty) -2 (28-21) t6 (4 3.2.14 a ) ¢ “246 (47) 2 ya axe tex) = Gr-ly Ye r42-h2F-20 by TRO __ — De -20 D3-%0 x >B= 20 la ea gear ato) = 71,2 pee cramuds Tule at2y +22 = 6~ ane-ayte=—] yx t24t? =13 fo: 222799 735 Bem]: 4. Gowe %Ysame Prub lem oun c £ mens (rk a Ne a be 4 g. Prour that, | eal s =(a ure sabe) oa 6 : a (2 2 a] cxeayen Geran). ab x NEY 2b Ye 14a -b 20g 2 as pab aE RK | (140 Fe") 3 ab HQ poaeb ees ab™ a (14H) Lav ah ae vy - we ie “befe VE MT Aihene ok CO be —C fa - Dicer = ale ¢ a {-4 be) v = garter, be xia * Solve ("HES tv og By eke? ov ic ae ua ad a% x) ap xe t g) teu lg ye ov ol Jad ov & oe Ha} uv, 4 cf ve roe ic ie 7 wo xX | v sy melt flee? wee 5 (race) (* vie by bt ol . ! “et evel =? (4¢-a3) oh xb 0 > (xbe-ab) (ore) (OO * aa oO cw be xth 1 o G | pte 1 0 a (*be-a3 J (re) (4 ath ch ce | b-o) | => ArVe-a3faars, i bte e as a en = i ay weed 0 2? 6 HC.f lea | . : avi a eS . \ pevfect square ? [¢ av f \ 7 ca [tear o = " x Hara (oa “CHa 8 gatar trans av 4 pot | F) Carer] to oY 0 I-A ane 0 aka p-a¥ 2) (1tatar) a tra aa alia) 2 (ae) oo] ‘| = Citatav) (1-a") (1-0) eel to! 1} = i ae ; a o, find Ho value f %7 es etl : -¢, at Sie 8 HY ee OS Oo xt 7! = Sar al ao | RF 2 Oo xh o -* ” arr ct [Memory = 0 -nK yy weso 0Y waned a(t) 20) ¥tt r n>]Ag bey ) ha 5 _ a Ith «| i teehee 2 / a 4 a fy ite 1 -! oO. eras) CHO, =e 2 a el cl Qr-Wg = | O tH! a b (te Aah IC i 0 0 = ot 9% a 24 a tH HOt bt _ IK \ - ce IPO tretrhe ec 0 sawee| Ss uv wae Poa Pour Haak |' % Sele (aA) (o-8) e-) 1a cv oe De bY wo Db-c CheeXb-O Rik3 Solu” \ och aX ! a ch B-Ri cs D ab +) (a-4) tc tee Ch eer ced wed 9/9 k a - eres 1 ee \) \. 1 bt ce oe, (ab) (ee) (a-e) |: et ce (arb) (oe) (4-9) 6 | x (arb)te-c) (ac) § exo-t] = (a1) (v-o)C-9) te| be wm ac = asi] ab at be| faove A ac be a a » jee DC ee cab ae atbre athee Othe 2 (atetO (i a . ie ou cab ce oa 2 oi 0 o | a (arbed fork 9-8 2 (atb+) |, Cow arb ¢ _. ac be -(a-b)LA-of = (atet 05 (eb) 0-9 = (ath to) 5 be = lotetedq > -eb tbo nee bye (04 ee +0¥ (aac abrbe)} aYar +c “eR ab-bc-e4) @ [ed + 3h) 1 b o. 1 ¢ a“ 1 a » |2b 20 2 (tatty > InauY > 1405 ° 7 = 0 Hety — aw BUH) afte) eT Gen BHESy Cgtars v 1 0 -2b x, wrft © : ~ oF | ae > (#2) F |g wi ay (rT) 1 1 gm Roto ieacG b a ae +. nee 2 (re Eey) ; jnoten'p 28} 2 ¢ parecer)? .