Pelee Ac eyo Pear SAG} ne y ler 3 SeGeece hye g ee [Peeo= $ hifci, sb, bch, Sa.b4, Sc1ct, Sb.ch, Scr, bCYy oo ee Tp enieeeieg 0910h cmd __ focgohd O.Cgoh)_= fCgchiCx) = CQ ches) Cfog Ich fog Chem2) ____= fotacmniss Pegcxt fog Corti) = Re femnis®s PC cott32) Pelee io = Oot 1 3%, £ PoP corti yd Beis £ Cx8to% a dia a ayil Vahora Given that Qi Beimtion inal defined hy rn DOR yt xt 3y=49 Reflexive : ley e+By=to Forysy i 2 ae Roo fan e=sony [But o Ra Ve EN Ris met weflexive —_—_Symmetzic : Let Ry ie o+az-99 je 4 +39 may Bmay not equgl to 19 oy koe hence R$ Not 6ymmetpic Hinemsitive: let 2 Ry and yR “2% t84=49 cmd y+ 37-49 _ This_hoids x=y=725 ¢Ni$ Carb) 1a divides b 4 on £41,5,5 Boit:- [e= 8 c1.47, €9.99,C8.3.1,C4.49,CG,6),C8.8 ae C1.5),-Ct, 49, C1,62,-C1, 6), C1, 193, C9,49,C9,@ - Ca,49), 05,6), C5,19), C4, 8) 4,199,CG6,1aV4 os @_\hase diagsam ee 9 Fe oi & « | aebhi Vahora 2 F ee: $ C15). C4,5), C44), 69,9 CE 5) 05.5), C22), C45), C5), C24) 69,909 bie Pautitzions of A based on the equtvatance welation Q let A= 4,91 3,5,4,93 = —_}R= $C4,41,C1,39, C18), C149, C9,97,C3 40,035,531, C5,5), C59), West )C8.5), 02.5) Ct1).04,.59,C3, 5) 03,9) 09,40) The disicimt equivalence classes az rit: €4, 15 oe [D i rete Ys oa ono 5 z Obvious iy in |The set (41, [atandfata emp fii ntoled ;tiintai- and toinrar=4 hence Lil, (91, [9115 0 paxtitian aaBy sahil Vahora Numbes af mays of chocsing & black pens faom. Sey coey _INumbex of @ays of Checsing a ahite pens fem poems. ite pens in Se, ways — = f ny Nunn bes of @ays of choosing #sed_pené fsom 4 xed pens im M4 Co arery S. a = : By the counsing poiniciple,# black 2 white and ased pens —~ eerebetchocen tn re ic. x 4c 40x 3xXe =4¥Bo Mays.dhamegeneous Salutia n a lution + hove Fen} =m+3"Cn ts a porymomiat af leguec + and P=3 _ tof the chaszactesistic equation) L ue. r (ofl - ~O, = CA, tAy-m +4 +3 : hag tt in the given aelation,aege4 ij tAgt8 4 CAgtAgCm.d tag 3 ye —— #4 Che + Ay: C994 Ay. 97-94 _ a| Com pasingon beth Sicles.,< Ag=4Ax=0, Ay =i, A =tA,t4 Ag=t PL Agt4 Ay=d , Aa -9 cP) ad tere esto + os Ble OTS : : : The genesal Sclution is = 2 arayeeme ce Ct a, : a = nt+2 =CAg tn Ayo +4 tn +30.A gxoup ith co self: loop om Ventex = ullTP tao vestices fn_c_gquaph ase connected bion edge; Ge Sey — the Vestices ane adjacent. let @ be o gnuph, Avestex vol Gis cated | a pendant VEBtex _ $f cmd ony If v has clegsee 1. Tn othes corcls, pemcannt vestices cise the vextices that have degnect ,cilse co. ed : Pendant VeEDtEex. rs — =a a a Define tne. Prove that {fa goaph Path bet ven even} pain of veatiHi Vahora Convensely, ifthe gsaph Gis o taec, itt hence, these must be_atie lof ventices in & ———_|SupPose these ane taro clig+ti nct perth Py amd P,_betcreem Ventices cand _b of Ce. The union of these paths ari conteix ————_Creiwcuit cmd then G wi not bea daee,ahichig a Contocdiction. These fose if Gis atzee f+ has. -a_one_cndony one ( Poth _betrmeen every pais of ventices oP G cd Cia Eind the numbex of edges in Gif f+ has s vesties each al Ideguee 2 paeeewe | Cia Define complement of a subgaaup by daawing the guuphs let © be the numbex of edges in SS “The degree of w= 9 * ACS1= de C =)e-"By Sdhil Vahora onsicles the Porioming gaaph A.-By Sahil Vahora @.4 Cod Let Ca,bi,cecli,Ce.Preasado,cfa,efo — | Shoo that the a igebsic Stouctuse C&G, *I1S. Gz£ca,b11a,beR,afotand * iso bin by Ca, bi_* Cc,d) + Cac betd fax ou Col.bo)eoseean ES +b.* CC,.di= Cac, be+d), 6ince acfa,Cactbe +d) € Ce Ce 48 clobe Uncdes eS Coa.brkcc.dr1* Ce, f> > Cac beotd 1 ® CoP) =Coce, Chetdie+f) =Cace,beesde+f) Cobre [eedr#ce, PI: Ca,br4 Cee, de+f) sCace bce tde¢f!) ao Ca, bi #¢c,d114 Ce ,f) = Ca, b) e [ee ele G16 Aa8Sociative uncles _*%. _ Fot_Ca,b2 ¥ cepa) = 0a, bie =) Caey 5 eg 6592 Cen bh) ae ete te atari see Reape epee =). Ce1,€9) 2° C41,0) € & as_ey Jo is .an_ide |Foaco,bik CC.) 2 Ces ,la.Sahil Vahora Poth: Am open aaik % 1 @hich no ventex appeass mone: $$ cated Oo path_on cn _elementasy Pa Im Liguse of graph _v, £)N9-€9 Va €3 Vy 1S 0 path. ‘incult: A closed aicuk in ahich No ventex except te IWeatices $5 aepected 16 jomthis guaph er hescesa ts a cinculs 3 a a e1\ Ca ba Tes By Sahil Vahora Cex CloGhow thatthe ofenation 4 defined by oy =aYomthe deh Nof natusal numbess %5 neither Commutative naw assaciative Cilia mefime wing. Show that the. lgeboaic 6ystem CZ4,+4,%q 15 bese Zq=£0,4,0,5,4,5,6,4,: Lendl en the tesa 2 ae adele and muti piicateno £ congauence modulo ¢,fsoma aing Since B® 4:5 and 44 524% one dlfonent, #15 aot Commutative. Now Cox 3) * 4 sa5¥ 4 os 2 é =ca$y4 Es inl areas Bes ind_@ * C3 x4) fev sD Kk 4 4 = gel oo —~ _ Resi x ig mot Associative ( let C1.b,C € Zq ci!hil Vahora Dabviousiy A+Ch+cd =Car bre 81 Again + is _disteibutive aves + uncle ao. BG te, a) fs a ninge+ of even inregess and. {othe opesation oF add?+iom. Find au wight cosets of Him Z_—— Pol™i= Subgnoup: let C&.* ibe 0 gsoup ond 6 be cmon _empt} Subset — OL G& then 5 ts 0 subgsoup of G $f itseif 6 og soup undew th me binary opesation *s— ince Cet subset of itself ris itsef a 6ubgsoup of Ce Th subset Containing only the identity} €1ement Lo gsoup Cle, #715 lalsa_c Subgxoup_of Cec, %2- mehoue H= 6... -4,-9,0, 9.4 ....4 und. es Sa.-2,-1 He Oe ae eee Fos _o€ Pe 6. 4,-2.0, 9-4 Ack! Mees 5-3 Ys et + O+H 46 Same with the left cosets of even Sntegess ancl tet te. Some _aith the left cosets of odd intege + Thene que oni} toc clisinct 1eft cosets of Hn 2 ____ Similasly,H +o = =4,-9,0,3,4 rf Ss ancl H +1 = =5,-1 1, 3. . 4 ane the distinct sight Cosets_of Hin.jacency matsixt=-Le+ bea graph colthmn paaltel edges — having »_vestices_and_¢_edges.the oddecency meatni sae ln x20 By2mme+9ic -mataix_defined_an P| vice: = Cr; 41 ahewe 23 ifi ventex {sad incent $n tte Ta So 3 otherwise 0. The adjacency matsix is — Rea V9) Va VS vi] ceils 42.000 ieeVai|a2 0 eon i a8 to gy Walia. 2 oMew a. 3By Sahil Vahora Cid Dsaw the Composite tabie fax lok yan, Vorly €S:S$a,b.cdy The tabk is as Potices:il Vahora FAD BS D Paar ee Coy ®. BBs A Dc oe} co. > A 8 ee meoe.ce 8. A 2 _-__4||Since an entries in the table axe the Clement of Cr, Gis closed undes multi piication eee a. |l6ince eisSecictive taco hoids fox meteix mourtiprieation, Gis lnSsociative unde moult plication ___ 3 tobie A-A=A,B-A= 8, Asc, niAcn element in & te 4. |lFaom table A:A=A, Be BA 1A BE As 026 an tne fnvense of P+: "_Thus Snve' existhil Vahora mumbexs_of edges ending at ¥. T+ i6 denoted by Tndeg Cv) —____lITn a dinected quaph G,the outel eguee of ci ventex Vis the numbex. of edges beginning at r+ ig demoted by Outdeg Ce) SHe9 Consiclex the fayaging dinected gncph __ e@ va 3 wy = f 03 . or ee Fadeg Cy 1-4 wedeg Cy I= 9 —__Ifndeg Ca) = 4 _utdeg Ci) = 9 Cb2||Pnove that the jnvesse of an element fe unique ina gxoup Clr, k1, ® M:- Illet & be any gucup with opesation © x? le+ € . invewse elementcia aie have 3-3 _,n= ¢ limbex of edges - 5% _9%Si _ mot on integen numbed — uch a gsaph cloes mot €xid chia ka Cen+ne of the guaph+ A ventex having minim: If's caned the centue of tne graph G That CCO: 4, Lv, has minimum eccentaicityt Radius of a yee: The eccentaicity of the ce lis caned the sadius of etsee. That i BCGI=min SE Cv! fos cilv in ce F.Santege: Bieta Ce Ze ~ — ane Hi) me have cx b = atb-o i dibxa=-hta-9 fe £ Pea eee er cree ee Fg =) x 1$ commutative = = a Gehave 4 *Chicd=-G2Ch+c.9) oes Sa+Chtc.9)-9 _ al ZO+bec-4 é i Porc CegeGwiee On Cort bh —D) fC ee = a+b -914+C-9 ut = Orb + e- 4° I => ay asseciative. ea Gs SESE AY om define gaoup Pesrmutation. Find +he imvesse ofthe _[_ si 4 a7: Wee hea finite Set then the mapping £:5S5 is cated & Pesmutation of 5 iF fis one-to-one and ontoBy Sahil Vahora SLemrce serge CARO. Vets b+ p.[ a4 Co won AGcotnmifcas en peaes HO Inve; ot the pesmutaton is given b [1 s_4) (5 FE cc) Ci2 Shoe that Cpaqi— Cpvaiisa te [ro 2 a > 2 PYY (PAY) CPVd) Si) CR2VI ACHP Ad) CPAYIACHPADI: f By Sahil Vahora GTU Medium: MEDIUM OF LEARNING: @.80ai\Find the demain of the function fexr- Boit= |} cha Fox fers = V6.5? Function is mot defined fos 16-~9< 9 -4 ime “Function 15 mot defined fan oc 6 [4,44 Dp = R= [-4,4) JHatrice | Alattice isa poset CA <9 5f fom ci oy € A then Clements ub ir.4} cimel_gib $2r,y¥ horh exists im Aa~ o S = = a >