Quantitative and qualitative analysis of lipids in genetically
modified potato tubers with varying rates of 14-3-3 protein
synthesis
A. Prescha1, J. Biernat1 and J. Szopa2
In six transgenic lines of potatoes with the varying rates of 14-3-3
protein synthesis as well as in control cultivar Desiree the content and
composition of the lipids extracted from the mature tubers from three
years field trials (1998–2000) were analyzed. The transgenic lines J2
and J1 are both overexpressing gene encoding 14-3-3 protein. The J2
exhibited an overexpression of the protein 14-3-3 derived from pumpkin
(Cucurbita pepo) cDNA and in J1 the 14-3-3 overexpression resulted
from modifying of ADP-ribosylation factor synthesis. In the remaining
lines, synthesis of the protein 14-3-3 was modified by the antisense
technology. In tubers from 1998, the content of total lipids was within
the range of 0.45–0.88% of tuber dry matter. The highest amount of fat
was in tubers of line J2 (69% more than in the control). The content of
lipids in tubers from subsequent years ranged from 0.36 to 0.63% of dry
1 Introduction
Modern biotechnology creates the possibilities of obtaining
new species of plants by the means of genetic transformation.
This method facilitates the controlled and fast development of
the new properties of plants, both from the point of view of
culture requirements and chemical composition of the plant.
Most of the modifications in the plant genome accomplished
up to date lead to changes in activity of enzymes engaged in
specific metabolic pathways. Nowadays, there are high expec-
tations concerning genetic modifications of plants with chan-
ged expression of regulatory genes and these coordinating
whole metabolic pathways. Results of the in vitro and in vivo
studies on the protein 14-3-3 suggest that this protein fulfils
the role of such coordinator in plants [1–3]. This protein is
widely distributed in nature. Besides plants, it is present in
mammals, insects and fungi [4]. In plant tissues it is proposed,
that this protein has regulatory functions, for example, in the
process of nitrogen assimilation, and synthesis of metabolites
at the level of tri-carbon compounds [5, 6]. The synthesis of
tri-carbon chain compounds is the key step in the cell metabo-
lism, since these compounds are used for synthesis of carbohy-
drates, amino acids and fatty acids. Moreover, the cultivation
experiments conducted on model plants Arabidopsis thaliana
and on tobacco with modified level of the protein 14-3-3
synthesis showed its involvement in adaptation of the plant to
environmental factors such as cold and salinity [7, 8].
Recenly, six isoforms of the protein 14-3-3 were identified
and isolated from potato [3]. Potato plants (Solanum tubero-
sum, cv. Desiree) were genetically transformed and transgenic
Correspondence: Prof. Jadwiga Biernat, Department of Food Science
and Nutrition, Nankiera 1, PL-50-140, Wrocław, Poland
E-mail: biernat@bf.uni.wroc.pl
Fax: +48-(0)717840206
1
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Wrocław Medical Uni-
versity, Poland
2
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of
Wrocław and Institute of Plant Genetic PAN, Poland
Keywords: Potatoes / Lipids / Protein 14-3-3
179 Nahrung/Food 46 (2002) No. 3, pp. 179 – 183 i WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69469 Weinheim 2002
matter. Consistently the highest amount of fat was in tubers of line J2,
however, the increase was very slight (8.6% more than in the control).
The fractionation of lipids into polar and nonpolar fractions showed that
all transgenic lines from field trials 1998 and 2000 contained more non-
polar lipids than the control (up to 270% in line J2). The percentage of
nonpolar fractions in fats of tubers from all transgenes harvested in
1999 were similar, but they were higher than in tubers from the previous
years, and they amounted to 44.4–49.1%. Chromatographic separation
of methyl esters of fatty acids demonstrated that cis-a-linoleic acid was
the main fatty acid present in potato tubers. This acid composed the big-
gest part of all lipids in G2 line. In the nonpolar fraction of lipids, palmi-
tic acid followed by cis-a-linoleic acid showed the highest amounts.
plants with overexpression of gene 14-3-3 from pumpkin
(Cucurbita pepo var. patissonina) and plants with blocked
synthesis of isoforms a and c of the protein 14-3-3 (anti-sense
transformations) were obtained. Studies on the raised trans-
genic lines of potatoes showed that proteins belonging to the
14-3-3 family participate in the vegetative cycle of the plants
and have an influence on the synthesis of neurotransmitters
(catecholamines). It is proposed that the 14-3-3 protein indi-
rectly modify the level of carbohydrates in potato plants via
regulation of catecholamine synthesis [9, 10].
The objective of this work was to estimate a content and
composition of lipids in tubers of genetically modified pota-
toes with the altered levels of a and c isoforms the of protein
14-3-3 synthesis, obtained from three consecutive years of a
field experiment. The presented results are a part of the
research project which includes the evaluation of nutritional
value of transgenic potatoes with various levels of the protein
14-3-3 synthesis and their usefulness in food processing.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Materials
Potato tubers from three seasons of field culture of six geneti-
cally transformed lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv.
Desiree) with various rates of 14-3-3 protein isoforms synthesis
as well as unmodified potatoes of this cultivar were the material
of our study. The genetic transformations were conducted as
described previously [11–13]. Three years (1998-2000) field
experiments were performed from April to September in the
vicinity of Wroclaw. The genetic lines of potatoes and genetic
modifications are presented in Table 1. Two average samples of
potatoes of each transgenic line as well as of the control cultivar
were collected for the study; quantitative and qualitative ana-
lyses of lipids in all samples were repeated twice.
2.2 Analytical methods
Total (raw) lipids were determined in the edible part of
mature potato tubers using the extraction-gravimetrical
0027-769X/2002/0305-0179$17.50+.50/0
Prescha et al.

Table 1. The characteristic of analysed genetic lines of potatoes with Table 2. The lipids in the tubers of control and transgenic potato
modified 14-3-3 protein synthesis lines from the field trials 1998–2000

Genetic line Characteristics Potato Total fat Nonpolar lipids Polar lipids
lines (crude) % DW % of % DW % of
Desiree Control line % DWa) total fat total fat

J2 Overexpression of the 14-3-3 protein from Cucurbita 1998

pepo var. patissonina with high homology to potato Desiree 0.52 l 0.03 0.13 l 0.01 25.6 0.32 l 0.01 61.2
14-3-3 protein (isoform c) J2 0.88 l 0.02 0.35 l 0.01 39.3 0.40 l 0.03 45.2
J4 0.54 l 0.03 0.19 l 0.02 35.6 0.32 l 0.03 58.3
J4 Repression of the 14-3-3 protein (P14-3-3c isoform) J5 0.55 l 0.02 0.25 l 0.01 44.0 0.24 l 0.02 43.7
obtained by antisense technique G1 0.72 l 0.01 0.19 l 0.02 26.1 0.40 l 0.03 56.2
J1 0.56 l 0.01 0.22 l 0.02 39.2 0.22 l 0.03 39.4
J5 Repression of the 14-3-3 protein (P14-3-3a isoform) G2 0.45 l 0.01 0.15 l 0.01 33.3 0.22 l 0.01 49.7
obtained by antisense technique
1999
G1 Repression of both P14-3-3c and P14-3-3a isoforms Desiree 0.58 l 0.02 0.29 l 0.02 50.0 0.23 l 0.01 39.7
obtained by antisense technique J2 0.63 l 0.01 0.28 l 0.04 44.4 0.28 l 0.05 44.4
J4 0.56 l 0.01 0.26 l 0.01 46.4 0.27 l 0.02 48.2
J1 Repression of the ADP-ribosylation factor which causes J5 0.60 l 0.02 0.27 l 0.01 45.0 0.25 l 0.00 41.7
the increase in P14-3-3a isoform content G1 0.62 l 0.01 0.30 l 0.01 48.4 0.22 l 0.01 35.5
J1 0.55 l 0.01 0.27 l 0.03 49.1 0.26 l 0.01 44.8
G2 Repression of both ADP-ribosylation factor and P14-3- G2 0.59 l 0.02 0.28 l 0.01 47.5 0.28 l 0.02 47.5
3a isoform, which causes the 14-3-3 protein synthesis
similar to the control plants 2000
Desiree 0.40 l 0.04 0.11 l 0.03 27.5 0.26 l 0.04 65.0
J2 0.45 l 0.02 0.15 l 0.04 33.3 0.29 l 0.05 64.4
J4 0.41 l 0.04 0.14 l 0.03 34.1 0.24 l 0.03 58.5
method. Extraction was conducted using the Blight-Dyer J5 0.41 l 0.02 0.13 l 0.02 31.7 0.24 l 0.01 58.5
method [14]. The solvent from chloroform extracts was evapo- G1 0.43 l 0.03 0.15 l 0.04 34.9 0.24 l 0.05 55.8
rated under nitrogen and the solid remains were weighed after J1 0.36 l 0.01 0.11 l 0.03 30.6 0.21 l 0.01 58.3
drying at 105 8C. The extracted fat was fractionated into non- G2 0.45 l 0.06 0.13 l 0.01 28.9 0.26 l 0.03 57.8
polar (neutral) and polar fractions using chromatographic col-
umns filled with silica gel (70–230 mesh; E. M. Merck). After a) DW, dry weight
applying the fat sample on the column, the nonpolar fraction
was eluted using chloroform and the polar one using methanol cantly differed from the control cultivar in respect to the con-
[15]. The obtained fractions were evaluated quantitatively by tent of fat in tubers, the increase of 39% in G1 tubers was
using the gravimetrical method, evaporating the solvent from detected. The modification of the synthesis of the 14-3-3 pro-
the eluate under nitrogen, drying the remains at 105 8C and tein by the repression of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)
weighing the solid matter. The analysis of fatty acids composi- caused only slight changes in the total fat content, and in the
tion in the total fat of tubers and its nonpolar fraction was con- line G2 the level of total fat was 13.5% lower than in the con-
ducted using gas chromatography. Methyl esters of the studied trol group. The chromatographic separation of lipids into frac-
fatty acids were obtained by esterification of fat samples [16]. tions with various polarity revealed that the polar fraction com-
For the separation of methyl esters mixture a capillary column posed as much as 61% of total lipids in potatoes of the control
CP-Sil 88 (Chrompack, Netherlands; 50 m 6 0.25 mm) was cultivar and nonpolar fraction was only 26%. All transgenic
used. Helium was used as a carrier, and the separation was car- lines studied contained more nonpolar lipids than the control
ried out at a programmed temperature from 150 8C (for 6 min) line. Potatoes of line J2 displayed an almost three times higher
to 235 8C; the temperature increased at a rate of 6 8C per min- content of nonpolar lipids in comparison to the control and
ute. The identification of particular fatty acids was accom- leveled proportions of nonpolar and polar fractions 39 and
plished using external standards (Sigma Chemical Company, 45%, respectively. Similarly as in the line J2, the proportion of
St. Louis, MO, USA). both isolated fractions with different polarity was observed in
potatoes with repression as well as with indirectly increased
synthesis of the isoform 14-3-3a (lines J5 and J1).
Of special interest was the question how stable these
3 Results changes are, in respect to plant cultivation in the field. The
examined lines of field-cultivated potatoes from the subse-
The results of the estimations of raw fat content and its non- quent years (1999 and 2000) showed only slight differences in
polar and polar fractions in potatoes from three consecutive total lipid content in tubers when compared to the control. The
years of field experiment are presented in Table 2. All results level of raw fat ranged from 0.54 to 0.63% of dry weight of
were calculated in relation to the dry matter of potato tubers. tubers in 1999 and 0.36 to 0.45% in 2000. Similarly, as in the
Total fat contents in potatoes harvested in 1998 were within previous year, the highest level of lipids was observed in potato
the range of 0.45–0.88% dry matter. In transgenic tubers J2, of J2 and G1 lines, however, compared to the control cultivar
with overexpression of 14-3-3 gene, 69% more fat than the Desiree, the increase of lipids content in these lines was very
control Desiree cultivar was found. Of the transgenic lines slight and ranged from 7 to 10%. The control potato from
with repression of 14-3-3 isoforms, only the tubers from line 1999 contained two times more neutral lipids in dry matter of
G1 (with repressed synthesis of the both isoforms) signifi- tubers than in the previous year, the percentage of this fraction

180 Nahrung/Food 46 (2002) No. 3, pp. 179 – 183

 Analysis of lipids in genetically modified potato tubers

Table 3. The relative composition of the fatty acids in the tubers of control and transgenic potato lines with modifications of 14-3-3 protein
synthesis (field trials 1998–2000)

Potato lines C16 : 0 C18 : 0 C18 : 1 C18 : 2 C18 : 3 Other acids

1998
Desiree 20.19 l 0.69 4.13 l 0.17 2.93 l 0.89 48.58 l 0.87 14.05 l 0.19 10.12 l 1.11
J2 19.31 l 1.31 3.38 l 0.50 4.54 l 0.95 50.79 l 0.71 14.62 l 0.87 7.36 l 1.24
J4 18.25 l 1.34 3.08 l 0.13 4.31 l 0.83 50.66 l 0.93 13.82 l 0.23 9.88 l 1.32
J5 20.02 l 1.38 3.23 l 0.31 4.32 l 0.92 45.06 l 0.69 20.63 l 0.83 6.74 l 1.52
G1 18.21 l 1.31 3.03 l 0.31 2.89 l 0.70 53.80 l 0.15 14.15 l 0.18 7.92 l 0.84
J1 19.24 l 0.23 2.80 l 0.18 4.24 l 0.24 38.36 l 0.75 25.62 l 0.31 9.74 l 0.91
G2 11.74 l 0.40 1.88 l 0.17 2.52 l 0.27 61.31 l 0.69 16.67 l 0.15 5.88 l 0.73

1999
Desiree 19.87 l 0.42 4.44 l 0.26 2.70 l 0.51 51.13 l 0.74 15.01 l 0.16 6.85 l 1.25
J2 20.31 l 0.83 4.19 l 0.47 3.58 l 0.35 52.02 l 1.21 14.79 l 0.28 5.11 l 1.24
J4 19.25 l 0.38 3.52 l 0.41 4.22 l 0.28 52.37 l 1.36 14.55 l 0.34 6.09 l 0.79
J5 20.09 l 0.72 4.21 l 0.59 3.96 l 0.21 44.86 l 0.92 21.66 l 0.40 5.22 l 0.55
G1 18.90 l 0.23 3.68 l 0.19 3.01 l 0.18 52.42 l 0.87 14.73 l 0.39 7.26 l 0.68
J1 19.52 l 0.45 3.16 l 0.21 4.01 l 0.23 40.57 l 1.43 23.49 l 0.62 9.16 l 0.83
G2 13.23 l 0.54 1.95 l 0.19 2.69 l 0.17 62.71 l 1.14 16.94 l 0.58 2.48 l 0.46

2000
Desiree 31.02 l 1.51 4.35 l 0.67 3.18 l 0.66 40.31 l 1.24 12.11 l 1.13 9.03 l 0.52
J2 33.52 l 0.89 4.12 l 0.39 3.37 l 0.35 36.56 l 1.14 12.01 l 0.34 10.42 l 0.74
J4 33.52 l 0.84 4.32 l 1.06 2.85 l 0.79 37.96 l 1.59 11.57 l 0.95 9.61 l 1.27
J5 26.05 l 1.22 4.39 l 0.65 2.63 l 0.18 41.30 l 1.72 18.29 l 1.00 7.34 l 0.49
G1 30.66 l 0.48 4.11 l 0.83 2.70 l 0.85 40.19 l 0.83 12.36 l 0.41 10.00 l 0.91
J1 18.35 l 1.39 2.32 l 0.59 1.88 l 0.26 48.99 l 0.63 23.97 l 1.53 4.49 l 0.88
G2 17.98 l 0.97 2.33 l 0.81 3.34 l 0.33 50.38 l 0.84 22.23 l 1.15 3.74 l 0.52

in total fat was calculated to be 50%. There were only faint
changes (up to 10%) in the neutral lipids content in all trans-
genic lines in comparison to the control. Determination of
polar lipids showed higher differences between absolue values
of this fraction content in control and transgenic potato. All
transgenic samples with the exception of G1 contained higher
levels of polar lipids in dry matter of tubers in 1999. In the
subsequent year, the rate of polar lipids in total fat of trans-
genic lines was slightly below the value for control plants and
thus reminded the situation from 1998. The proportions of neu-
tral and polar fractions in lipids of transgenic tubers (with
exception of G1) were similar.
The results of the determination of percentage composition
of fatty acids in total fat of potato tubers from three years
experiment (1998–2000) is presented in Table 3. The data
from 1998 and 1999 are quite consistent and showed that cis-
a-linoleic acid was the main fatty acid in both groups of pota-
toes, genetically modified and unmodified. Besides, the lipids
of studied potatoes contained high amounts of palmitic and
cis-a-linolenic acids. Significant changes in the content of
main unsaturated fatty acids in fat were observed between the
transformed lines, with the repression of gene ARF, and the
control cultivar. The line G2 showed also the significant
increase in the percentage of cis-a-linoleic acid in the total
pool of fatty acids in comparison to the control. On the con-
trary, in the line J1 this parameter was visibly lower. However,
line J1 showed a significantly higher (26%) percentage of cis-
a-linolenic acid when compared to the control. In the tubers of
line G2, the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acids
among all potato lines studied was observed. The data from
the analysis of last year harvested tubers differed from those
obtained in 1998 and 1999. It was shown that all plants con-
tained mainly cis-a-linoleic acid. Consistently in all three
years the increase in cis-a-linoleic acid in J5 and J1 plants was
detected. Also consistently seen was the increase in cis-a-lino-
leic acid in G2 plants.
The percentage compositions of fatty acids in the nonpolar
fraction of lipids in tubers from the field experiment conducted
in three years are presented in Table 4. It was demonstrated
that in all samples studied the predominant fatty acids of this
fraction were palmitic acid and cis-a-linoleic acid. In the
tubers from field trials 1998 and 1999 the highest differences,
concerning the contributions of both fatty acids in the whole
nonpolar fraction were present in J2 potatoes when compared
to the control. A 50 and 44% increase of cis-a-linolenic acid,
also a 43 and 38% decrease of palmitic acid was detected in
these two consecutive seasons. Among three lines with repres-
sion of 14-3-3 only G1 potatoes had the percentage contribu-
tion of fatty acids of this fraction similar to that of the control
line. In the remaining two transgenic lines with inhibited
synthesis of 14-3-3 a 31% lower (in both seasons) percentage
contribution of palmitic acid in J5 line than in the control was
observed. The contribution of palmitic acid was also smaller in
the case of J1 and G2 plants. However, in the case of J1 plants
the increase in cis-a-linolenic acid was consistently detected in
three years experiment. In summary, the composition analysis
of the fatty acids in total fat and in nonpolar lipids from pota-
toes cultivated in field revealed the consistent changes in com-
position of fatty acids in the examined transgenic lines.
4 Discussion
The fat in potato tubers is present in small amounts and
makes up to 0.12% of fresh tubers’ mass. Its content in various
strains of potato ranged from 0.02 to 0.2% [17]. Most of the

Nahrung/Food 46 (2002) No. 3, pp. 179 – 183 181

Prescha et al.

Table 4. The relative composition of fatty acids in the nonpolar fraction of tuber lipids from control and transgenic potato lines with modifica-
tions of 14-3-3 protein synthesis (field trials 1998–2000)

Potato lines C16 : 0 C18 : 0 C18 : 1 C18 : 2 C18 : 3 Other acids

1998
Desiree 40.42 l 0.58 6.74 l 0.76 6.33 l 0.17 20.61 l 0.66 12.86 l 0.43 13.04 l 0.81
J2 23.02 l 2.50 5.91 l 0.46 10.83 l 0.67 30.47 l 0.60 17.15 l 1.13 12.62 l 0.87
J4 38.58 l 0.35 8.56 l 0.19 8.83 l 0.17 21.68 l 0.22 10.19 l 0.18 12.16 l 0.73
J5 30.76 l 0.71 6.96 l 0.33 10.27 l 0.21 28.26 l 0.35 11.40 l 0.25 12.35 l 0.92
G1 40.93 l 0.43 6.90 l 0.30 6.63 l 0.09 20.49 l 0.21 13.48 l 0.18 11.57 l 0.71
J1 29.26 l 1.75 6.87 l 0.34 7.54 l 1.58 27.89 l 0.39 15.18 l 0.28 13.26 l 1.22
G2 33.89 l 0.71 9.12 l 0.17 8.26 l 0.76 25.71 l 0.55 10.14 l 0.20 12.88 l 0.77

1999
Desiree 40.62 l 0.89 6.19 l 0.39 7.63 l 0.62 19.84 l 0.36 14.42 l 0.55 11.30 l 0.26
J2 25.05 l 0.54 6.24 l 0.22 11.87 l 0.74 28.52 l 0.92 16.80 l 0.49 11.52 l 0.31
J4 40.39 l 1.37 8.93 l 0.57 8.69 l 0.44 20.51 l 1.18 11.43 l 0.95 10.05 l 0.80
J5 31.08 l 0.83 7.11 l 0.29 11.12 l 0.47 29.76 l 0.82 11.63 l 0.41 9.30 l 0.50
G1 41.26 l 0.86 6.88 l 0.36 6.92 l 0.67 20.20 l 0.94 14.33 l 0.19 10.41 l 0.70
J1 30.50 l 1.05 6.81 l 0.24 8.41 l 0.29 26.18 l 0.94 16.53 l 0.25 11.57 l 0.85
G2 35.12 l 0.97 10.11 l 0.33 8.81 l 0.51 24.58 l 0.83 10.81 l 0.44 10.57 l 0.99

2000
Desiree 32.56 l 1.41 7.06 l 0.74 3.22 l 0.26 36.84 l 1.27 10.56 l 0.57 9.70 l 1.01
J2 32.93 l 1.19 4.47 l 0.24 2.68 l 0.65 37.50 l 2.03 12.14 l 0.80 10.28 l 0.85
J4 30.32 l 0.82 5.44 l 0.19 4.34 l 0.34 34.46 l 1.56 16.57 l 0.43 8.87 l 0.77
J5 39.80 l 1.28 6.53 l 0.47 3.45 l 0.81 31.48 l 1.60 8.26 l 0.31 10.49 l 0.69
G1 32.67 l 0.82 7.25 l 0.48 3.24 l 0.17 37.34 l 1.37 10.74 l 0.52 8.77 l 0.44
J1 30.29 l 0.87 4.96 l 0.23 3.59 l 0.57 30.87 l 1.16 15.19 l 0.48 15.10 l 0.85
G2 20.39 l 1.54 5.26 l 0.81 9.24 l 0.93 31.33 l 0.92 17.60 l 0.84 16.18 l 1.21

lipids are located in the region between the peel and vascular
ring of tuber. Therefore, in the thickly peeled potatoes the con-
tent of this nutritional component is even smaller [18]. Fat in
potatoes does not serve as a storage material, such a role is ful-
filled by starch grains. It was reported [18, 19] that the total fat
of potato tubers consists mainly of phospholipids (47%),
glyco- and galactolipids (22%), which are structural elements
of biological membranes, as well as of neutral lipids such as
acylglycerols and free fatty acids (21%). Another report sug-
gested [17] that the fat, which composes 0.5% of dry matter of
tubers, consists of phospholipids (0.2% of dry matter), free
fatty acids and simple lipids (0.15% of dry matter each). The
composition of the fatty acids in fat isolated from tubers is
especially advantageous from the nutritional point, since the
essential part of fatty acids pool is formed by unsaturated fatty
acids with one to three double bonds, mainly linoleic acid
(40–50%) [18, 19]. Because in many countries potatoes com-
pose a large portion of the daily food rations, they contribute
significantly to the increased daily consumption of unsaturated
fatty acids. Thus, the cultivation of potato species, which accu-
mulates more fat in their tubers, would be an interesting scien-
tific task. Up to date there is no data in literature indicating
that there were any successful transformations of potatoes with
increased capability for storage of fat in comparison to conven-
tional cultivars.
The performed analysis of fat content and its composition in
potato tubers with modified level of synthesis of protein
14-3-3 isoforms suggests the usefulness of the transgenic tech-
nology for this purpose. Overexpression of 14-3-3 in potato
tubers resulted in a significant increase in fat content. Thus,
features of the plant were consistently observed within three
years field trials. However, the increase in fat quantity was sig-
nificant only in the first year of field cultivation and in subse-
quent years was only slightly seen.
Of other transgenic tuber features those with increase of cis-
a-linolenic acid content in total lipids in J5 and J1 plants were
also consistently seen within three years field experiments.
The consistent increase of this fatty acid in lipid nonpolar frac-
tion in J1 plants was also clearly detected. The mechanism by
which the changes in fat content and fatty acids composition in
transgenic plants occurred is as yet unknown but the results
obtained strongly suggest the involvement of the 14-3-3 iso-
forms in the regulation of lipid metabolism. It should be
pointed out that the data suggest the potential role of specific
14-3-3 isoform in regulation of the ratio between predominant
fatty acids in this lipid fraction.
This work is supported by KBN grants 6P04 B00218 and PBZ/
029/P06/2000.
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Received June 6, 2001
Accepted December 10, 2001
183