Intro to GD&T 200

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Class Outline
Objectives
What Is GD&T?
Background of GD&T
Datums and Features
GD&T vs. Coordinate Tolerancing
The Datum Reference Frame
The Order of Datums
Types of Tolerances
Straightness and Flatness
Circularity and Cylindricity
Profile of a Line and Surface
Angularity, Perpendicularity, and Parallelism
Position
Concentricity and Symmetry
Circular and Total Runout
Material Condition Modifiers
Bonus Tolerance
The Feature Control Frame
Advantages of GD&T
Summary
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Lesson: 1/20
Objectives
Define GD&T.
Describe the scope of GD&T standards.
Distinguish between a datum and a
feature.
Distinguish between traditional
tolerancing and GD&T.
Define the datum reference frame.
Describe how the datum reference
frame and the part are related.
List the major categories of geometric
tolerances.
Describe the straightness tolerance.
Describe the flatness tolerance.
Describe the circularity tolerance.
Describe the cylindricity tolerance.
Describe the profile of a line tolerance.
Describe the profile of a surface
tolerance.
Describe the angularity tolerance.
Describe the perpendicularity tolerance.
Describe the parallelism tolerance.
Describe the position tolerance. Figure 1. GD&T relates a part to three imaginary datum planes.
Describe the concentricity tolerance.
Describe the symmetry tolerance.
Describe the circular runout tolerance.
Describe the total runout tolerance.
List the material condition modifiers.
Describe how bonus tolerance is applied
to a hole.
List the contents of the feature control
frame.
Describe the advantages of GD&T.
Figure 2. GD&T offers significant improvements compared to
traditional tolerancing methods.
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Lesson: 2/20
What Is GD&T?
Every part made in the shop is manufactured
according to specific design requirements that
appear as engineering drawings or computer
models. However, it is not always clear which
method is best for describing how a part is
expected to fit and function. To encourage
accurate designs, many manufacturers use
geometric dimensioning and tolerancing
(GD&T) to describe parts.
GD&T is a unique system that uses standard,
international symbols to describe a part. Though
prints should contain specifications for the units
of measurement, this class will not specify
Figure 1. A GD&T drawing consists of standard symbols that
English or metric units in its examples. Figure 1
describe the part features.
shows a print containing GD&T symbols. These
symbols act as a universal language that any
manufacturer familiar with the standard can
understand. GD&T symbols reduce the number
of written notes that traditionally appear in part
designs. Consequently, manufacturers from
different countries can read and understand each
others GD&T designs.
GD&T offers specific improvements beyond
traditional dimensioning that focus on how the
part will be used and how it will function. This
class will teach you the fundamental principles of
GD&T and explain its common symbols.
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Lesson: 3/20
Background of GD&T
The rules and guidelines of GD&T are the result of
standards from two organizations: ASME and ISO.
Figure 1 shows the text for the ASME standard. These
organizations have worked to create a system for
describing parts that can be used and understood
throughout the world. The actual written standards
describing GD&T are ASME Y14.5M and ISO 1101.
Although the attempt has been made to create a
single, international standard, both versions of GD&T
still contain some slight differences.
Technically speaking, GD&T is a standard for the
dimensioning, tolerancing, and documentation of
engineering drawings. For inspectors, GD&T provides a
clear understanding of the intent of the designer and
the function of the part. This information can help an
inspector determine the best approach for measuring
Figure 1. The ASME Y14.5M standard is one of two
the part.
standards that define GD&T.
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Lesson: 4/20
Datums and Features
The design or inspection of any part involves a
comparison between the imaginary, geometrically perfect
design and the actual, physical, imperfect part. Before
you learn the principles of GD&T, you must understand
the distinction between datums and features. A datum
is a geometrically perfect form. It can be a single point, a
straight line, a flat plane, a circle, a cylinder, cone, or
sphere. The design of a part consists of numerous
datums.
A feature is an actual physical characteristic of the part.
Like a datum, a feature is one of many various geometric
shapes. However, as you can see in Figure 1, any feature
contains all sorts of variation and imperfections. The
tolerances in the part design tell an inspector how much
the actual feature can stray from the perfect design of
the part before the part is no longer fit for use.
During inspection, a physical feature, called a datum
feature, acts as a substitute for the datum. A datum
feature can be a straight edge, flat surface, cylindrical
hole, etc. However, you may see datum features simply
Figure 1. The outer surface of this part has visible
called datums for short.
imperfections and variation.
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Lesson: 5/20
GD&T vs. Coordinate Tolerancing
The traditional method for describing the
location of features within the design of a part
is coordinate tolerancing. Coordinate
tolerancing uses a square grid of imaginary
lines to describe the location of various part
features. However, not all features easily fit
within this square grid. For example, consider
the hole in Figure 1. This hole must be
precisely located so that the shaft of another
part will fit into it. Traditional coordinate
tolerancing specifies that the hole must be
located within an imaginary square grid. This
grid, however, does not take into
consideration how these two parts will
actually fit. It is the same as trying to fit a
Figure 1. The blue square represents the traditional tolerance zone
round peg into a square hole.
for a round hole.
GD&T is a feature-based system that uses a
variety of geometric shapes to describe parts.
Instead of the traditional coordinate grid, a
GD&T design would specify that the hole must
be located within an imaginary cylindrical
tolerance zone. As you can see in Figure 2,
this tolerance zone is larger than the
coordinate grid. With GD&T, the difference
between a good part that meets its
specifications and a bad part is correctly
based on the fit, form, and function of the
part. GD&T emphasizes the relationship
between part features instead of describing
them separately.
Figure 2. The practical (cylindrical) tolerance zone for a round hole is
larger than a traditional (square) tolerance zone.
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Lesson: 6/20
The Datum Reference Frame
GD&T positions every part within a datum
reference frame. The datum reference frame
consists of three imaginary planes that are
perpendicular to one another. The arrangement of
these planes is similar to the X-axis, Y-axis, and
Z-axis of traditional coordinate measurements.
The datum reference frame is a perfect, imaginary
structure that exists in theory. To inspect a part,
these imaginary planes must be mapped onto the
actual physical components. Consider the surface
plate and angle plate in Figure 1. The flat granite
surface plate is a good substitute for an imaginary,
perfect plane. The flat side of the angle plate may
substitute as a second plane perpendicular to the
table.
Figure 1. The granite surface plate and angle plate act as
substitutes for datum planes.
As you can see in Figures 2 and 3, both rectangular
and cylindrical parts are located within the datum
reference frame. If the part is rectangular, the
bottom surface typically contacts a plane first,
followed by a side, and lastly followed by a second
side. If the part is cylindrical, the flat bottom rests
on an imaginary plane, and the center datum axis of
the part lines up where the other two datum planes
intersect.
Figure 2. The datum reference frame locates a part in
reference to three imaginary planes.
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Figure 3. The center axis of a cylindrical part aligns with the
datum reference frame.
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Lesson: 7/20
The Order of Datums
To properly map the datum reference frame
onto the part, GD&T instructions indicate which
part features act as the primary datum,
secondary datum, and tertiary datum.
These are the first, second, and third datum
features that reflect an order of importance for
relating to other features. They also fit the part
within the datum reference frame, as shown in
Figure 1.
Consider the part in Figure 2. Without proper
specifications, this part could be inspected at
least two different ways, possibly leading to
errors. Each method for positioning the part
would give a different measurement. Unless
the preferred positioning of the part is
indicated, an improper position is a possible
source of error.
The primary, secondary, and tertiary datums
indicate the proper order for placing a part in a
Figure 1. The primary, secondary, and tertiary datums describe the
fixture or inspection setup. The primary datum
proper order for positioning the part.
feature contacts the fixture first, followed by
the secondary and tertiary datums. This
process correctly mirrors the datum reference
frame and reflects how the part will actually be
positioned and fitted in its application.
Figure 2. During inspection, the surface plate acts as the primary
datum and must first be contacted by the part.
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Lesson: 8/20
Types of Tolerances
GD&T uses a range of tolerance types to define the
features of parts. The types of tolerance are divided into
these groups:
The form tolerances include straightness, flatness,
circularity, and cylindricity. They are relative to
themselves, and they look at a feature individually.
The profile tolerances include the profile of a line
and the profile of a surface. They are powerful
tolerances that control multiple aspects of a feature.
The orientation tolerances include angularity,
perpendicularity, and parallelism. They describe how
a feature must be oriented in relation to other
features.
The location tolerances include position,
concentricity, and symmetry. Position is very
common, but concentricity and symmetry are used
infrequently.
The runout tolerances include circular runout and
total runout. These tolerances are used only on
cylindrical parts.
Figure 1. The 14 geometric tolerances are divided into
five categories.
You can see in Figure 1 that each type is an individual
tolerance, a related tolerance, or both. An individual
tolerance is not held with respect to a datum; a related
tolerance must be related to one or more datums. The next
few lessons will describe each of these tolerances in more
detail.
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Lesson: 9/20
Straightness and Flatness
Straightness and flatness are two types of form
tolerances. Both tolerances control the shape of a
specific feature. Because they are form tolerances,
straightness and flatness focus on a feature
independently.
Straightness is a two-dimensional tolerance. If
an edge must meet a straightness tolerance, the
edge must remain within two imaginary parallel
lines. The distance between these parallel lines
depends on the size of the tolerance. Rectangular
parts often have a straightness tolerance, but the
edge or center axis of a cylindrical part may have a
straightness tolerance as well. Figure 1 shows how
straightness controls the shape of a sample edge.
Flatness is the three-dimensional tolerance
version of straightness. Instead of two imaginary
lines, flatness requires a surface to remain within
two imaginary, perfectly flat planes. The size of the
tolerance indicates the space between these planes.
Figure 1. Straightness limits the variation of a two-dimensional
Because flatness is a three-dimensional control for
feature between two parallel lines.
flat surfaces, it is used only on rectangular parts.
Figure 2 shows how flatness can control a surface.
Whenever a flat surface is used as a primary datum
feature, it should have a flatness tolerance on it.
Figure 2. Flatness limits the variation of a three-dimensional
feature between two parallel planes.
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Lesson: 10/20
Circularity and Cylindricity
In addition to straightness and flatness, the other
form tolerances are circularity (sometimes
simply referred to as roundness) and cylindricity
. These tolerances control the shape of round
features, and they look at the feature
independent of any other part features.
Circularity is a two-dimensional tolerance, as
shown in Figure 1. Though the circularity
tolerance is most often used on a cylinder, it also
may apply to other features such as cones and
spheres. Circularity requires any two-dimensional
cross section of a feature to remain within two
imaginary concentric circles. An inspector will
often check multiple cross sections, though each
cross section must meet the specific tolerance
independently.
Cylindricity is the three-dimensional version of
circularity, as shown in Figure 2. Now, the surface
must remain within two imaginary cylinders, and
Figure 1. Circularity limits the variation of a two-dimensional
all cross sections of the feature are inspected
feature between two concentric circles.
together. Consequently, the cylindricity tolerance
is applied only to cylindrical features.
You cannot check circularity and cylindricity
simply by taking a micrometer and measuring
various diameters. To properly check these
tolerances, the part must be rotated in the
ultra-precision spindle of a roundness
measuring machine.
Figure 2. Cylindricity limits the variation of a three-dimensional
feature between two concentric cylinders.
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Lesson: 11/20
Profile of a Line and Surface
The profile of a line and profile of a surface
are the two versions of profile tolerances.
These are powerful tolerances that can be used
to control features such as flat surfaces,
cylinders, cones, curves, or even irregular
surfaces. All of these features yield a profile,
or simply an outline of the part feature within a
given plane. Both profile tolerances compare
the actual profile to the true profile, or the
ideal, imaginary profile detailed in the part
specifications. They control the size, location,
orientation, and form of the feature.
Profile of a line, shown in Figure 1, is a
two-dimensional tolerance that can be applied
to any straight line or contour. It requires the
actual profile of the feature to fall within two
line elements that follow the true profile of the
feature. The size of the tolerance indicates the
distance between these two line elements.
Profile of a surface, shown in Figure 2, is the
three-dimensional version of this tolerance
category. It is commonly applied to contoured
surfaces. This tolerance requires the surface to
remain within two distinct three-dimensional
shapes that follow the true profile of the part.
Many aircraft and automobile exterior parts
Figure 1. Profile of a line controls how much a two-dimensional cross
have the profile of a surface tolerance because
section of the parts outline can deviate from its true profile.
of their complex, curved surfaces.
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Figure 2. Profile of a surface controls how much the
three-dimensional shape of the part feature can deviate from its true
profile.
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Lesson: 12/20
Angularity, Perpendicularity, and Parallelism
The three orientation tolerances are
angularity, perpendicularity, and
parallelism, which are illustrated in Figures
1-3. These tolerances compare one feature to
other features to define the angle that they
must form. Consequently, the three
orientation tolerances are related tolerances
that specify one or more datums that relate to
the toleranced feature.
Angularity is a three-dimensional tolerance.
The shape of the tolerance zone depends upon
the feature. If angularity is applied to a flat
surface, the tolerance zone is two imaginary
planes spaced apart that are parallel to the
ideal angle. If angularity is applied to a hole,
the center axis of the hole must remain within
an imaginary cylinder that exists around the
ideal angle, or within two parallel planes.
Both perpendicularity and parallelism are
three-dimensional tolerances similar to
angularity that use the same tolerance zones.
The only difference is that perpendicularity
specifies a 90 angle between features, and
parallelism specifies two features that must
remain parallel to each other.
Sometimes, the flatness and parallelism Figure 1. Angularity controls the specified angle between the feature
tolerances are confused with each other. and a related datum in three dimensions.
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However, flatness looks at a feature
independently; it is not related to a datum.
Parallelism relates the feature to specified
datums. Whenever any orientation tolerance is
applied to a flat surface, it also indirectly
controls the flatness of the feature between
the two imaginary planes.
Figure 2. Perpendicularity controls the variation from a 90 angle
between the feature and a related datum perpendicular to the
feature.
Figure 3. Parallelism controls the variation of a feature that is
oriented parallel to a related datum.
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Lesson: 13/20
Position
The position tolerance is one of the location
tolerances. Position is probably the most
common type of geometric tolerance. The true
position is the ideal, exact location for the
feature. The position tolerance compares the
actual location of the feature to its ideal true
position.
The position tolerance is a three-dimensional
related tolerance that requires one or more
datums to determine the location of the features
true position. Figure 1 shows a position tolerance
for four round holes. If the feature is a round
hole or shaft, the tolerance zone is an imaginary
cylinder around the true position that must
contain the axis of the actual feature. If the
feature is rectangular, the tolerance zone is two
imaginary planes spaced from the true position
that must contain the imaginary center plane of
the feature.
A position tolerance is normally easy to inspect.
In fact, an inspector often uses a functional
gage to quickly check a features position.
Figure 1. Position controls how much the actual location of a
feature can deviate from its ideal true position.
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Lesson: 14/20
Concentricity and Symmetry
Besides position, the other location tolerances
are concentricity and symmetry. Unlike
position, the concentricity and symmetry
tolerances are uncommon. Both concentricity
and symmetry are three-dimensional
tolerances that relate a feature to one or more
datum features.
Concentricity compares two or more cylinders
and ensures that they closely share a center
axis. An inspection of concentricity finds the
median point between two points opposite
each other forming a diameter on the
cylindrical feature, as shown in Figure 1. This
process is repeated multiple times while the
part remains stationary. Every median point
must fall within a cylindrical tolerance zone
located on an axis.
Symmetry functions similarly to concentricity,
except the features are rectangular. Instead of
a cylindrical tolerance zone, every median
point between two flat surfaces must fall
between two imaginary planes that represent
the tolerance zone, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Concentricity controls how much the median points of
multiple diameters around a cylindrical feature can deviate from a
Both concentricity and symmetry tolerances datum axis.
are difficult and costly to inspect. Nevertheless,
there are certain applications when these
tolerances are useful. Concentricity and
symmetry are effective when balance is a
primary concern for the part.
Figure 2. Symmetry controls how much the median points between
two rectangular features can deviate from a datum plane.
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Lesson: 15/20
Circular and Total Runout
Both circular runout and total runout are
types of runout tolerances. Circular runout is a
two-dimensional tolerance, while total runout
is three-dimensional. They are used only on
cylindrical parts, especially parts that rotate
during use. They simultaneously restrict the
form, location, and orientation of a cylindrical
feature. Both circular and total runout relate a
feature to a datum axis.
To inspect circular runout, the part is rotated.
An indicator is placed against the part surface
to detect the highest and lowest points during
rotation. The surface of the part must remain
within two imaginary circles with centers
located on the datum axis, as shown in Figure
1. The size of the tolerance indicates the space
between these two circles. An inspector checks
circular runout at a number of points along the
part surface.
Total runout is similar to circular runout,
except the tolerance zone is between two
imaginary cylinders. While circular runout
restricts each section of the surface
Figure 1. Circular runout controls the form, orientation, and location
independently, total runout restricts the entire
of a series of circular cross sections as the part rotates.
length of the cylindrical surface, as shown in
Figure 2. Consequently, parts that meet a total
runout tolerance by default meet the same
circular runout tolerance. Runout tolerances,
especially total runout, are very strict and
costly to manufacture and inspect.
Figure 2. Total runout controls the form, orientation, and location
across the entire length of the surface as the part rotates.
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Lesson: 16/20
Material Condition Modifiers
Certain features receive a material condition
modifier as part of the tolerance description. The
three modifiers are maximum material condition
(MMC), least material condition (LMC), and
regardless of feature size (RFS). Figure 1 shows
the symbols for these modifiers. The application of
these modifier symbols is limited to features and
datums that have a size dimension.
Material condition modifiers are used when parts
must fit together. Consequently, many holes, shafts,
and tabs have an MMC modifier. MMC means that
the tolerance applies when the feature contains the
most amount of material possible. In other words,
both the smallest possible hole and the largest
possible shaft reflect an MMC modifier. The opposite
is true for the LMC modifier. Now, the tolerance
applies when the least amount of material exists
within the feature. The largest possible hole and
smallest possible shaft reflect an LMC modifier.
RFS means that the tolerance applies to the feature,
regardless of its material condition. If no symbol is
Figure 1. The three material condition modifiers describe the
present in the GD&T specifications, you assume that
part at various size ranges.
the specified tolerance applies regardless of feature
size. MMC is much more common than LMC, and
even more common than RFS.
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Lesson: 17/20
Bonus Tolerance
Material condition modifiers provide
inspectors with a powerful method for
checking holes and shafts that must fit
together. Both maximum material condition
(MMC) and least material condition (LMC)
modifiers allow for bonus tolerance.
To understand bonus tolerance, compare the
hole in Figures 1 and 2. The hole has a certain
position tolerance, but at MMC, the hole
exhibits a perfect cylindrical form. Keep in
mind that the position tolerance for the hole
is chosen to permit a shaft that will fit into it.
At MMC, the fit between the hole and shaft is
most difficult. As the amount of material
around the hole decreases, the hole provides
a larger space for the shaft. Consequently,
the position tolerance can be increased, and
both the hole and the shaft will still fit. This
increase in tolerance is the bonus tolerance.
The position tolerance actually changes as the
Figure 1. At maximum material condition, the fit between the hole size of the hole increases, within its limit of
and shaft is most difficult. size.
Bonus tolerance is possible with both the
MMC and LMC modifiers. If the RFS modifier is
specified, there is no bonus tolerance; the
stated tolerance applies in all cases. MMC is
great for parts requiring assembly, and it
decreases the costs of manufacturing and
inspection. Without bonus tolerance, the RFS
modifier is stricter, but it is necessary for
certain fits that greatly impact the parts
function or that require increased precision.
Figure 2. As material decreases and the hole becomes larger, the
increased position tolerance still ensures that the hole and shaft will
fit.
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Lesson: 18/20
The Feature Control Frame
GD&T instructions contain a significant amount
of information. As you can see in Figure 1, each
feature has a feature control frame attached
to it that reads like a basic sentence, from left to
right. As listed in Figure 2, the feature control
frame organizes this information into a compact
series of symbols that fit within standardized
compartments:
The first compartment contains one of the
14 standard geometric tolerance symbols.
If a second geometric tolerance applies, it
appears in a second feature control frame.
The second compartment contains the total
Figure 1. GD&T prints contain a feature control frame for each
tolerance for the feature. A diameter
part feature.
symbol indicates a circular or cylindrical
tolerance zone. No additional symbol is
necessary for tolerance zones between
parallel lines or planes. If they apply,
material condition modifiers also appear in
the second compartment.
The third compartment contains the
primary datum, which is used to locate
the part within the datum reference
frame. Independent geometric tolerances,
such as the form tolerances, are not
related to a primary datum. However,
orientation, location, and runout all require
relation to a primary datum.
The fourth and fifth compartments contain
the secondary datum and tertiary
datum for the feature. Depending on the
function of the part and the geometric
tolerance, secondary and tertiary datums
may or may not be necessary.
Figure 2. Each compartment of the feature control frame contains
standardized information.
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Lesson: 19/20
Advantages of GD&T
GD&T instructions offer significant improvements over
traditional methods for specifying the design of a part.
The typical blueprint often contains numerous notes to
describe the parts design. However, GD&T is a
compact language of symbols, and any GD&T print can
be understood by anyone that has learned the ASME
Y14.5M or ISO 1101 international standard.
Because GD&T specifies datums, it relates part
features to one another. An emphasis on how features
relate best addresses how the part will actually fit and
function during use. For example, an angled surface
will still have the correct angle after it is assembled. A
shaft and hole designed to fit together will fit properly.
GD&T helps to ensure that good parts pass inspection
and bad parts are caught and rejected. Keep in mind Figure 1. GD&T offers significant improvements compared to
that many geometric tolerances require inspection traditional methods.
methods beyond the simple caliper or micrometer.
Copyright 2005 Tooling University, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Lesson: 20/20
Summary
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, or simply
GD&T, is an international design standard that uses
compact symbols and a consistent approach to
describe parts. Two separate standards, ASME Y14.5M
and ISO 1101, are the basis for GD&T. GD&T
emphasizes the fit, form, and function of a part and
helps inspectors to improve their methods.
GD&T compares the physical, imperfect features of
the part to their matching datums. Datums are the
perfect, imaginary forms specified in the design
instructions. During inspection, the physical part is
compared to the datum reference frame, which relates
all the features and datums to one another.
GD&T uses standard geometric tolerances to control
the shape of features. Straightness, flatness,
circularity, and cylindricity are four form tolerances
that control a feature independently. Other tolerance
categories, such as the orientation, location, and
runout tolerances, require a related datum to control
Figure 1. The standard geometric tolerances are organized
the feature. The profile tolerances can control a
into five categories.
feature independently, but they also allow a related
datum to further define the location and orientation of
a feature.
Every part feature is described by a series of symbols,
which are organized in the feature control frame. The
feature control frame indicates the type of geometric
tolerance, the material condition modifier, and any
datums that relate to the feature.
Figure 2. The feature control frame lists the symbols that
describe the part feature.
Copyright 2005 Tooling University, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Class Vocabulary
Term Definition
A precise measurement device used to establish an accurate 90 vertical surface. angle plate
A three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much a surface, axis, or plane can angularity
deviate from the angle described in the design specifications.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME is an organization that publishes ASME
technical materials and sets industrial and manufacturing standards.
Additional tolerance that applies to a feature as its size shifts from a stated material condition. bonus tolerance
Both MMC and LMC allow bonus tolerance.
A two-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls the form, orientation, and location of circular runout
multiple cross sections of a cylindrical part as it rotates.
A two-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much a feature can deviate from a circularity
perfect circle.
Sharing the same center. concentric
A three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much the median points of concentricity
multiple diameters may deviate from the specified datum axis.
A system for describing the design of a part that compares its features to distances along coordinate tolerancing
three linear axes. These axes create an imaginary rectangular grid.
A section of a feature that is formed by an intersecting imaginary plane. cross section
A three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much a feature can deviate from a cylindricity
perfect cylinder.
An imaginary, perfect geometric shape or form. A perfect point, line, flat plane, circle, or datum
cylinder are all examples of possible datums.
A physical feature that acts as an acceptable substitute for a datum. Datum features relate the datum feature
various features of the part to each other.
Three imaginary planes perpendicular to one another that are mapped onto the part to relate datum reference frame
features to each other.
A physical feature of a part that naturally contains variation and imperfections. A corner, feature
edge, flat surface, or hole are all examples of possible features.
A series of compartments containing symbols and values that describe the tolerance of a feature control frame
feature. The order and purpose of these compartments follow a consistent standard.
A dedicated workholding device used to locate and hold a part during machining or inspection. fixture
A three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much a feature can deviate from a flatness
flat plane.
A group of geometric tolerances that limit the amount of error in the shape of a feature. Form form tolerance
tolerances are independent tolerances.
A gage for a specific part that quickly checks its form and fit in a manner similar to its intended functional gage
use.
An international standard for communicating instructions about the design and manufacturing geometric dimensioning
of parts. GD&T uses universal symbols and emphasizes the function of the part. and tolerancing
A precise, flat plate made of granite that is used to establish a datum plane for inspection. granite surface plate
Granite surface plates are available in standardized grades.
A tolerance that does not require a specified datum. individual tolerance
The International Organization for Standardization. ISO is an organization based in ISO
Switzerland that develops and publishes standards for its international membership base.
The point at which a feature contains the least amount of material within its acceptable size least material condition
limit. The largest acceptable hole and the smallest acceptable shaft are examples of LMC.
A group of geometric tolerances that limit the location or placement of features. Location location tolerance
tolerances are related tolerances.
One of three modifiers that further define the tolerance of a feature in relation to its material condition modifier
acceptable size limits.
The point at which a feature contains the greatest amount of material within its acceptable maximum material
size limit. The smallest acceptable hole and the largest acceptable shaft are examples of MMC. condition
A point that is exactly the same distance between two outer points. median point
A group of geometric tolerances that limit the direction, or orientation, of a feature in relation orientation tolerance
to other features. Orientation tolerances are related tolerances.
Copyright 2005 Tooling University, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
A three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much a surface, axis, or plane can parallelism
deviate from an orientation parallel to the specified datum.
A three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much a surface, axis, or plane can perpendicularity
deviate from a 90 degree angle.
A three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much the location of a feature can position
deviate from its true position.
The datum feature that first situates the part within the datum reference frame. The primary primary datum
datum is the first feature to contact a fixture or surface during assembly.
The outline of a part feature within a given plane. profile
A two-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much the outline of a feature can profile of a line
deviate from the true profile.
A three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much a surface can deviate from profile of a surface
the true profile.
A group of powerful geometric tolerances that control the size, location, orientation, and form profile tolerance
of a feature. Profile tolerances can be either independent or related.
A modifier indicating that the stated tolerance for a feature applies regardless of its actual size regardless of feature size
within an acceptable size limit. RFS does not permit bonus tolerance.
A tolerance that requires a specified datum. related tolerance
A sophisticated inspection device with a precision spindle that measures various circular or roundness measuring
cylindrical features. machine
A group of geometric tolerances that simultaneously limit the form, location, and orientation runout tolerance
of cylindrical parts. Runout tolerances are related tolerances requiring a datum axis.
The datum feature that situates the part within the datum reference frame after the primary secondary datum
datum. The secondary datum is the second feature to contact a fixture or surface during
assembly.
A two-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much a feature can deviate from a straightness
straight line.
A three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much the median points between symmetry
two features may deviate from a specified axis or center plane.
The datum feature that situates the part within the datum reference frame after the tertiary datum
secondary datum.
three-dimensional
A tolerance that controls a shape having a length, width, and depth.
tolerance
An unwanted but acceptable deviation from a given dimension. Tolerances indicate the tolerance
allowable difference between a physical feature and its intended design.
An imaginary zone in which a part feature must be completely contained for the part to pass tolerance zone
inspection.
A three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls the form, orientation, and location of total runout
the entire length of a cylindrical part as it rotates.
The imaginary perfect position of a feature described by the design specifications. true position
The perfect, imaginary profile described by the design specifications. true profile
A tolerance that controls a shape having only a length and width. two-dimensional tolerance
Copyright 2005 Tooling University, LLC. All Rights Reserved.