on at Ovenakary On mnen broduch Shaw vpaWwy Let Vibe a bnile dimansional inno beoduct PVOOUCr Over F UR o¢ C) Leh T Vay be beter Tha adyourt of 1182 \vna > ‘ Vo Ss : ‘i gly Th YOM suc Hak Ley g>datey fo all a, BEN dam (ETS 2 linear op on afintte demansions! any produc space then Thar 2 wor adyout (y= hA 8 Many not be tru 1" = AY: T* ww; nM Det” a gn ater t \S ced Heuer casa syorrt joy lex ‘wworwn WETS 30 oborraltor oO” acomP Mon ©) '$ heam:h an anor broduck sPaeF and oly bE CTaapis reel for all aE Vv. Cronk Gives Ven oo LTa,0> = Lo, T*a> -lo,T8?* la 222 Zs real LT aa? ig real Conese lax, ay = L147 > T=7T Q \E Lta,b> 79 ya, BEV groan TH TO 170 Tar0 VX aoe La, 19)" 6 sta? atazo 2.0 20 9 ik LTH, AY =0 ¥e tN dcaen it Follow 420? cya ). (2). Q> we A: \ 0 Ra RE LAo.87- 6 ok pn :|a a> ON 0 | Gmplex t ia ’ KEN Prin T Ltornplen LT (asp) at Po = LT( a, a> 4 La, p> 1 LTB a7 + LTP BY: 0 LT a, P> + L1B.47= 0 LT oriP) ati >> O La Ay LTB? OTR? jh TPO 4 £14, BY 1 LTB a7 = 0 tra 0? - LTO pare >) 170 ay 3 ta, 4? - (a, Ta? Core? (10, = (1%, a7 i > a)? =0 Wat ca” S14Conollaty Ta = Ad + LT a,a) Ala “7 a/0 a= Lta,a7 sb Tip “haa LT a \ ye dmunor? ef Let V be an” inva ro duack ghace, alia chenatan T VV 16 called Z () hermiban Con self shyornt cen) \v) watery Tet for haste dumensional vector SP Abel > BAL 1E TG wrvt ay Fran ital = tall (a,ta) la, TT) > La, a7 A unskary obanator ‘G asornatry. (T=) yan =Wall, D uml ary nok only pug on “ ” ik algo braaewes “2 yon”aac al) 4 aey 5 La, T8)- Ca, 8> | eyy VaABEV \ A formula bor mngrroduct im term of He NWUMNS - Weve R ay) VXV = CHIR Polaniyaron a : Bil \\ ga NS R LL L \\ wr Pll - aya cpl 3 iz < hea B) = 3 * \ 4 ws pi k=O ave pak ig HUTT ST and 15 10 Gone reAntorem! IFT 15 an ohetaton O72 carer nay, braduct gbace then 7% reumitian if and only _fa9) 16 veak for a atv Somtelryg : A rmap tat prerenver a Hm Let V and W be mnt produc Shay, aver He Same fold and let T be a hnert Franstyumahon from VintoW. mer Thm, inner products if and only iF W\ Tak Nol & every 4) grance Trott Ts unkary, Yaen amy agenwalus 6fT 16 OF apnoluke valus 1 Proof Ler * he am eagurw dae oT atO Wa = T*(as) a= AT (a) 4 Ta 7am , Tela = 1a ) + yd TY ve both somahryy y7e lel pev rrp Wh lel N BEVA \Si hy -1 a OMe) 4 1S ker (T)= fo} = ken lt") Oe an (T ine ) = ken (1 AL) yall be braved Naber A Eel TAY 3 Ta sad LT a AP = aaa) > Ca, Tape adda ay oo Assume a= 7K kon ( at)= ken tarf T 4 2 AG ti; 5° A \altet > \ael Cn) « Locka egrntuan FTG bul tf _ eee one ar fon dun a Prop” VF vavsin prodad Space $ an ra Supbare iG ae tig AMProof 4g een) ge ete idah Se 2 Lay hy key a=: LCy a, Clam cy? La, Any Lo ,ax) = 4% = ¢% clay? 4 = 564 244 3 Lay 2 a= 3 La) Xe? ay kel tay 2 2 Page EME 3 kK Tay = 6 LT, ae? eee By wrvquoners of Hus expansion Ax, = LTA, %7\\ coring LEV be an (ansrbro duct Spal? \ and er Thea Wnoan. Shen ator In “4 orld dg orthenarmal bass of v the matrin of T’ the ¢ of the mabix 5 @ ke brany, bare “ ( “Yuga e Us be of T pe Let Bahu. a, aathangrmal 63915 lor V ek A= [Nyad Bry 8 By He puponhon wot proved \ ae an ordered Buys C04 du? ae = Lay, Ts) — = LT, ay? - Bx ‘S thanarmal bad fond 2 Our aim foQ Undien what cendihon ont) V ha an Mthenarmal bang of eagnve FOBT Equwvalentiy, chen there 16 27 snare basis such that LT) 3 °° dn agonal! We begin by doruving 2 se cant ony eer 6 ok oy -- cs) 1g an atthon camal bag for V with he prchenhy Taye C494 qedien Tus says thal LT) eS \"« ; mg (e._ | co, ) — Wy Os 2\ \igable G t* 15 also a\ von oduct Sbace Hun Ve vig a€ real nner br Cac Frain Gos - 4, ve real +V \p chhare word FN real inner broduck shoe and T wae is aobendtor forish Ch there ¢ ae an on basiS , Pren Trust be self adjoint iC V t iS a Comple x IANO bre duct sSpaa Yen CO, —- Tc | Ned n*t be reel race diagonal mm atriced comune Lng (Mg Ng Os Ts Seerly a Haak T adel’ of exgerwe vorPE tal = Lty ta? - LT ta, ay Cer nh ~ Oa, Ta) = \) Toll Wal = to LT*T8,a7 = LTV 4, 4> (TU ATV) #990 vw aeV aq -1V=0 yTett Con veut (VAL) = an CT AL) ae TAG normal PE {wencal Wttotsy a Tal ‘8 neunal Vea dal > WO aiyfa\l vaev yan (T-at) = kan (EAT ae kent) Crayee © (raly all ea -(r- mda!x © kan (ayy The S15 renendib le, ety TS nOrmal kor Cal) a Nermel Ohenalery NiSga © 3 mb inne product ceace (¢ . Pade (Haute T VON islinost dimang.oni') ue ay : adentS Wn aalhanamal bas cons Shing of exerectars of T Pon THT =11? “ Ut us dr agonal Defr An opatatet Ton a faite dim complex vA product ope '9 clled novre! it pre et thgoiten, Lee voN be normal Tur T 5 normal if aad only Af tan (Ta \\ for ave) " Lek 7 be nour?! { , 2 AE Tent ytalt’ pteta? ¢ 4g 08 2 a Latta 87 7 At . yroll1 Tg ,a-0 Yo »>TEO etre leer a 2a, Ta) = LV, (4) = LTV'a,49 "Ta, a7 CV Ta,a? = (1a a7 Lyrya-tia, 27 = 0 (VT-T VW") 20 pret > Cancliy VF Tig normal Phen Ken Te kal? PE a gkont © Ta 20 \\Ta\\= 0 - = WTalt@ T= 0 | « Qte en T* \E Tas agumal & Cordany If A ane hoo dishnet eagensales ob T, tren kant al) L L kaw tet) Wy CV w, bw 'f La,8 20 ¥ 4 EW y pewa\n ovnan ord 7 ands bor 3 NOumsl obenat 1 : nators sal : ~ KA corresponding fy distinc! QUwad A / 0 of T av athe ae 3 Proce VE Ts none ch bor ary coraplen © yee Mery then so T (r- ty" Oe Ty tte clad Fs (fal ar dag occ a Wel = (t- ward By the pune? cond (-c)* ko kon ae) cm_ Lta,87 =, T*B> = La, aR) nla, BY + Law, BY Be ker Eu) Sou La By +p 7h “ape (a-u) Ga, B>= 0 By asgum phon (A-u) #0 dw, B>-0 Theorem Let V be 2 finite dumensional Comps invaroer ee produce Spare and T be AL S alr onVand B an gatrongrmnal b>! for Subba pe LT) py ooh Erianguiet Tron, Trg normal if awd only t B19 digger Bis oh On & mat Prook: Since \E ANS diagonal thenYr ‘angular iene Aan eo exgerwalue couras POLNS to an & gorvedor Ii Since T 15 nevmal TFs ay (T Nye ne . a Oe T* a= Se) y= & My 42! fe =\ e Bao for 4 ln banratat paz 0 Since OS and a2 03 A, 0 £8 Ra47 0 4 Py % 4 for 472 Bs Canh ae @n Dn "8 Wus wey Wwe get Ais diag, Pr axed’ \E TAS normal Heer and Lp Bis grthgonal a bhot rang, tren (1) B 6 Avaseonal To prove Fon ony avo oben ator ose exi on anthanvune’ basis B mak Tg so upper Pangeee Such Con oll ss nervna| \ Chan BSE LTD BTS HBTSTrewern Ler Vv eat a Comblete A vhundn preduct space and T be a | 7 No at openaket on an arthonwmmal bans of : : oe malin OF Tin Ys bag A votre » Aas ce vbpat angular Nasal if and if Ais a ane diagonal mo yh ~ \y Coop Bea ior Ts a linear oben tor vite Thewurn enamel babis for Vin ua ch. igen anth Tah 15 bbe mengel”” jing at oheretor plen et product nem ar Lemma Lek JT Nov be on 2 hale gomronsion?! com sewawant Supspet oF pack ang W be Land Prook Pcguume Ta CW if at wi = ¢ peV | La,8>*0 vsew} La, P*9 | ppsota pA, Tey o ® Ww we > TR ew if BEW —* > Wt 6 Invauant Under )- wht WwW b THT Converse Soak Whig wwauant undinT! Hen \* witzw ig wvauent oda <7 Ae Exenuse kan 1* = (cange™) Vz WOW for any, subspace Verant Ofer) 2 rant © xerT” Ste oN ETS normal Kor TOs kT tes nore WL (ee pot TRE" aT.VV \insan than 3 fire dmorsiene| vrunan produc 6 near Pere ‘S Space Ind +* yov ae’ of 1* qhak isthe © um ergenn ot a cueh thet qt acae \* Cheenlys ce % inveruent under TH awit ig the Fhe & gen cyenspace of a covuspord"g gen wala a Tho for by previo pro vee tebe le crwarent undo t* 605 16 gh ope CaS The ratnm on W Note bre uy"dimwW = net a‘ {oo ce KO {cs cee av Be he Cin dir, We O71 bY "enero bas thas , Mare Gan orth So ars-- 1 8esy for W whith ning aE Gael, “SPR hangar Lek B arg Ant 1G an orthon Than A a), a, -- A cam Yr bans. fer inl uch, mabeise oF T subtpor Wrangale | Ww T hee £3iq i ake &, "3 OAMAZON Cano Fon ankrn nr ; " Z magix, U S40, Uh gt RU meu 1S 3 unitary, wat. 5 wpe Wing, ko AiG, dheth conten Lel V4 " sp ya wa Th ala Complore runs owengn © a Haremal oburalh t prodacl Val band Cannas, iene ng OL er ganvecle an “wot Ola, Me \) Br fo, ant Na, Gdn Prost o} oT oy T Vo V¥ Minsat 3 an anthonoue al Sab Bok vk (¢° uphor Fraqul an. ee. w) \f fs nom)! and J ye otrorormil b apd BS ic v]g Gg up po? triang ule thon P19 2 angers! rain woo renults We il se yectors Common Wore that 2Owd ensshg of or okt. Cancltauy Fon wo ah mart A Mere 1S & work a man U 1G) agonal manybP P + Namen ( Stecheg| Theetuen) Let T be a ngrmal Cheraton on abd comblx inmen product Shale U ora self adyont oberator on a Grube ciminpianal real jana bproduch Shace Vo Lek Gy, -- 1% de dushnet be tre dishnet egerwatues bor T Let Ww, b kut (ToL) S Cxgemspace Wsourkd with ¢, and E, the grthogonah proyechon, ob onto Wi Thea With, ity (alveaty proved yorsidiaeant en kon (TD) bea ut -c,b) Ho44) Ve w.O2--OW, 2nd yeC.e.* ees Proot | Wii W, for 144 | Gince TaScumirs oxthaneural bas | of egernwe IBV OT Soe ye | ‘a kon CT- cit) | | Ve Wt Wat YM We ) Enaugh fo show Wy) --1 we ethan] : oe\E . At LF a= O who \ EW, Wit, ity = a, Ss - 4 O= 4 2857 = Z 4a 092 Lala? 1 va =0 2 4,20 for every i Ve WO---OW, chor. So we have Canuapording, ar Ere ,--* fr l te4 4 Th 7" tee oe et l22 Gpeclral Theo Vis Fa comes | yalkor CTT) d kan (Tet) or ity Bey =O fits ee We also knee that E, 1S 3 bolynornal nT RG) RK Coeg) ay Ga) then E,= @.(1) Gun 2 narmal obenahor Mure 1S Famly oF TeRechon. ayovakd FT SL THe br. Se. and = BG OY mong of Pe f?550- tet Farm of artragenal brayechond (6,6, bah au lled @alubon ofT,f@) can FU 28), ara io : 7 Le) i Te, 9 - ao7 0 Ser | oa] De UT VoVi92 Waser operator Hs alld the Sbecrum of 4 of all egerwa ua ct Tis + denoted by act) Pont BEND toa an thet Qundron of T i Tie 3 agenas bqur ve vook ble fo debra He Sond” able then anahe Des” Lek Thee noreedl iad proach SPR tine grunvor ee £66; a5 ghd?! esouution ang 4 | : - Anon gn, Wes domal Subb adeeS ‘rokudes the spectrum of T Me trnean oberstor FT) 6 dehned by Me egn Gan. 2 _ ae . z Hey § | 1 Remnihan| Siy rumen ( Ferm a Unitary Tr Hermitian, Ohenaher, yu malager $ Fo real numbery 373 oc R Peto ops Mle an alagous to He Complex numbers of wo So uke, vge T=] was ag-t oo av (9 “43.6 € » halter j T= facet \ Be Comes i$ nok ue a } ye CR Pan T ve. if gSbedrum Of a ober? pagdr't be havmihan, \4 T is agumal Hoan Tos NOUeTIAN Of unitary > CCDCP ot ce TB=FvU whine 620, ed A “Yr oburatwr T on 2 Fd nner brtodact S pace hava bolar adecemporhor carly T= Nb Bef: A Iman obenaten Tora td product Shae ‘S caked nonregart if ay20 forall eV Ty alk posit > © for a€y, af O canst lta, iL LVa,4? af 0 Lqay PO for ® eV,\ Pry non: augahve real number hab 3 uevcyy nen ~ ragahve Ggprare FO ol 1. Pry complex number ha> 3 bolan Aecombs, Sion (frre po (O Comb, eee r- 0 arre ‘) sre! @ snot wet 8) Anagogurly \U is also a comblx yo worth Voll: FT 1S werhble - Yen there dne WMG Ae openetow NV sk TE UN ,Uig & Unitary and Nig 2 non rey operator The erern [et The 2 neammat ofenetor onatd is hem + vangn Predot space V Ten sae apeach he ACCU Ang, oon nage or un wy | of T vcveal non seg oF wart (eu cB cr) clo s(t) tT) C1 gun sd abgourt Ve Prost. Suppose The ? shedral resol" T2qbs-- +o beMen Te = =GE,-+ck E=€ tren Gc Ste te" > 9 (a) E+-- + (cake © =0 if vty anh ) Mong of the c, she gore ee we Gep thar Tis self asyor and Apply tre fack G EC. 3 only Ne calc, gat ae —— T iSheuminttn > At) a tte ay ER CEST aca Ma xD = Le, BY = Chua? Lea, $OE fae ER -_—— = Lo, 47 ~— TS prool chown} requ Cheeckral hoa bok — ¢ Red (ere cecal Cony *° show ot) clot TS (t os an eganvaue aon nag wrvet é o(7) Ta=ca a #0 Lae>>O es ta, 0? = ca, ap = Che, a> cs 2 © het, > = CEL 0a) The Sheohral thearem is repured for conven we r\ready br ad = CB Eag Tt l(o,a | ‘ar ne “(6649 , \> iN ! Z, C \I Go 20 bi Fy Gsm hon [Ta 07 20 taev he! S | Le.Rumanto br ene TV rl eS arc ie ca) Leb T~ ahy hte de be Mat Sbechre! MIouluh on of T THe CoGa. Gb) bt td e\cC es oe lal Ex beck, - 0 brit 5 Ets © fw MulnPly both sides by E acobla 0 es & Sernere \ Sonu GEO > lal >\ol4 (ormesaly sf \ole3 era Weak TUF EWE, + yal ec = G+ +8 eh [rr*=LVermmban € are ol vember trang C) complor ne of abgoluuse value =4 Aw e o Q Vo neg alve enon nag real mambo ye | WS CR, 33 co 2 21 3 3'3 ti 33 . 2 Ts my ohorahor in am INE prroduch Space x +” ee Z ay Note that TAT" ona Tia Te hat he Remark IF T'S won er and cT fc) yu ngrunal But Me un prod of two nor?! openebwus nogd nol be nownel Let Vbe 2 fic dimension al x a hon “Oe maz Theo procuck space ond 7 opendaer on V Thon Here 150Non- \ Re vel ‘ Neanehonator Non V | such that QQ? 27 eg ed : Q>ro ) ot. “e) UNE Cau < ve De NE ®let T=q : CEA _ Ge Ey be Hu shechal wecolwhon of T By Pre bruyicud Weare Cade c-20 'Fe 6 any nor 4 leh fe demote He ‘oot of C isle weg ativereal ruby non yhre Sapo (1) E01") =domb) | (TET ene * a , De? Debrd N-TTe Tag | «My ae io BEN \ ag | Nig non nogave gn by few bw fj wre a Net &Uru Naw ler P Guanend bea honngg chenaboron gach that pet We breve that p=N leh Te dF t-— Fark. pe the Shecral " oa of P. Thon d,20 For edb, gonce Ps WON nag ahve Eromn PET ae have T= Vere de Fe ahcly We cand hen fc Now F,---,Fe & | Se ei ace fors# 4 and | no Fj 150. Since 3 de Be gs | ge. Ae Bee daghnct By Pre urn pr” Gf the Shechral cengduhon of T woe rush ha rok amd CpenhePs reordeung)-Fa= &, b}=¢, Ts epz-N. 8 3 Theatumn Ler Vbea Gere ducnensonal ann products sh ue and \er T be ay Mano opene y. Thar Mew ess 3 Urubauy buna! ot On Von V and a nonnaganve N on V Suh Har TZUN. The noo naganve oborator N ae{S Un que .\E 7, Ets rrwenhble Har obenako 1S akgo WAG a % 1 eva re ror 120 {oleh lke ? cook Unuquanepd Suppo Te UN U-15 Unitarug Nig non nag TT= CUN)CON)-N*U"UN = N'N=N™ Therefore Nuis Unqualy dnbeuened E ieeined! nagahe gure root of rhe hon naga ve oberator T*T. M0 T8, = dta, tay = ° - Curctence ? Pre uruque Novy nag anve cgprare rot of the “NG spre 1? by We pra, bruvious eer) tun 2 = tN, Tag shwarthble Let Nbe owmwellne ik and ony feThs fo\\ eno Coa too fack Hat iors ~ Kory re amenhble & fo}> kn: lun Nf — Nig Proof of var T= ba oe Aral) = Nall Naev 2 ka T? taotN ( Maine) =LhPa , ay =Lt*Te\ 4) = (Ta\ Ta> Timerhble G> Nis invenhbly prac merhble dshne UST" ond venty that Lig unitary CT? ON ok rig nwerhble uot NT uv*= (tn?) Grn = (N) = tN UN’) T* 2TN NT” IN oe ut rar = rst ee eeES [1120 bbe To sh Sh@o T= i TSUN, Ou , Se unlauy , Na nag Sa N@n . A Chen ator e pr brewed Wig uny Opday dit y ALU rgd a Uy £ UN dae, nenenag, Says al 7c. non neg ) vee (Tai=WNall For ay al V Thig imblie> kan T= Kan N Tis Tole 16 only sf Nig unvenhble | inverts De Han went Te Uo auhag U2 TN’ we veuhed Habe LT \E TV 9 nok vnwerhtle Hon have hatdan TWe best dobre Uonthe range n ein range of WN. Lek A be avec ENB we dibre Ua= rx oN saya Te hv eo by Yr fact 7p We mart veuty Fr ae pre range of N Npi= NB a ieee wak anvil SALTY? for we Yor V gr we want UN: -_. well cdibaad a gthen words of we veuhed sbarxThay sith, \e Pep! ue cee hab N(B-BI-0 iF andl only T(B-P)- 0. So Uris well defray On the range of N ands dearly Inean why dah ng 1G Wis Pre range of N we are going fo dehne LU oe Wh To dotns, ue htag Foliauo: obrorwahon - Since T and pi hae The Game rat shace those Tange have the Gym dumuns on Thud Wo has He Gam dmons on as He aathegonl corabplirrent of Pe Venge of T dion Cran) #= aren rant) ad: There 16 an IMT produd shace mm of hoo Inet rtoducl sbace iGorawephs of Hye Sane AU MUON - aie dumW2 FU We, in predwcl spt GO \-1 onto é od 1 UP? wie 3B? Ww, Yo WyeWwe neaV0 oa Whe Nall YoeV &> LUG, 8 = he, B? Vap eV Yolaruqanon \donh . ky 0,8? S lous pl = Wap at BI Ue Cae pnh NS amon FY . hy} —Wa-bh \eoy, bien’ < bay ¢ of W . on bars of wr U,ay= Pi 7 LU ,6,,U.0,) « Lol,,o,> 2 } a Rr On Coe a) Choeae a wnnwr brodaclr 1comenphys™ L L VU Cran) ae vent)” Go we hee i dehne Uon Ve ran O(agh) & = NB+Y NPG ran N S Ln que YE (ran Ny Ua = TRY Us gy Us zen tiny on V th Vou Fy Koa oat bare? YA WwaeViveoh, rok US tiny Toshou {va Ua'> Us| Ua> = Lata> O TBI = HiNBll y B Lvaiuay =2Tptu,YI TREY) €y = CT sitp + Luu + TRULY? t Lute u I 6 29 Us ran nyt = ; “ve CTRTPY + dumluery uve, dn vont) ca a5 ih 0, P eray u LAPIN + NByy SETH z LY, NB +47) NB cry N = Lng+Y, NPY vac (ranN)* = hu, ay lua, Ux? =A, 4 vue | Suuky UNB= TB BEV a | Choice, oF Us 1S hot unique A g', -- at : tet OExamble. German 07 Guan pratrix arsouated to He v eckars Jai... 2) an} Loy 47 ha, > .. Saoeap\ hay 7 \ \ Lag ahs Lanny —. Ledge Gla, ---da) > func A Gorman 1G 3 nan-neg ean y Evruse Pry non ng, maha 8 Grane 9 mann x | Hink Shay that any 0” na maker (ob) 6 of Hu form DA CTET) JE Tis non ja N= fq be ts | Square (cet 2 NN Grgm Nis nen en “a Nen* Eons ts A, -- gp Hm YO Inearly indopendun Q Re Gyan an, Chg x 4 sy pose mah v ; |Remade Inte pola dtcomp™ T= UN Unood not be ungus, Even if 7 D ma N negd nob Comme ih ON= NU Jf gnd only 1 Tse! 1G rrweth ble