1.I WHAT IS ARDUINOo?

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. If's intended for anyone making interactive projects. Arduino can take the input
from many sensors attached to it & can give the output to many lights, Imotors ete.

There is no prerequisite knowledge of Advance electronics

you should know 1s basiIC electronics and programming languiage.
for operating Arduino. All

Arduino platform mainly contains a Hardware Board called Arduino Board & software
Arduino IDE to program
it
Other extermal hardware like Sensor Modules, Motors, lights etc. could be attached with
the bourd.

1.2 ARDUINO BOARDS

Arduino UNO.
Arduino MEGA.
Arduino MINI.
Arduino DUE.
Arduino YUN.
Arduino Lily pad.

Arduino Duemilanova.
Apart from this there are many more boards that can be used. As it's open source instead
of Arduino you can also find, Freeduino, Arkduino ete. available in the market. Selection
of Board should be donce according to the application.

The most common Board used is Arduino UNO

 Figure no. 1.1 Arduino UNO

Figure no. 1.2 DIFFERENT ARDUINO BOARDS

1.2.1 PARTS OF ARDUINO UNO:-

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Figure no. 13 Parts of Arduino Uno

1.3 Parts of Arduino Board

For the detailed study of an Arduino board we have divided the board in 3 parts-

1.3.1 Controller.

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Fig 14:-Controller
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Fig 1.5- AtMega 328

Arduino mainly uses the Atmeal 8-bit microcontrollers i.e AtMega8, AIMegal 6, AIMega328.
Below we have described AtMega328.Pin number 1 is RESET. Whenever the Reset is given
high the program dumped will be executed trom the beginning.Pin number 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 are the Digital Pins. The digital VP's & OP's are taken from these
pins. Here the o V is considered as LOW&S VIstaken as HGH.Pin number 7 & 20 are the
VCC. Pin number 8 & 22 are iround. Pin number 9 & 10 are connectcd with the clock, a 16
21 is which is
MHz erystal oscillator. Pin number actually Analog Reference generally taken as 5
V.Pin number 23, 24 25, 26, 27, 28 are the Analog Pins. Analog 1P's are taken from these pins.
It considers O V as 0 and 5 V as 1023. So it gives the O/P upto 10 bits.

1.3.2 Power suppl

Fig 1.6 Power Supply

There are mainly 2 ays to supply the power to the board:

) Power jack.
USB jack.
 Between these 2 supplies there is a power selection jumper which is used to choose
which power to use at present tume. There 1s a Voltage Regulator in a board to regulate the
voltage. (Which Regulator is used?? No & Specification) There are capacitors to maintain the
constant power supply to the board as the battery initially when fully charged supplies enough
power but after some time as it discharges the power supplicd deereases. So the capacitors are
there to maintain constant Supply.

1.3.3 USB to Serial Converter.

Figl.7:-USB to Serial Converter

We Program in Higher Level language (C, Java cte.), but the machines understand only
machine language (0 & 1).so this code necd to be converted into machine language. The
computer converts this in hexadecimal code & pass to Arduino via cable. This Hexadecimal code
1S converted to binary code by USB to serial converter which Is stored in RAM of
AtMegas28,So USB to serial converter play a very important role in this process. Reset button is
used to reset Arduino i.e to execute the dumbed program from beginning. Whenever we press the
Reset button this gives the pulse to the reset pins of AtMegas28 which resets the controller.