Beitrage zu Sprache & Sprachen 2 Vonradce ocr 5. Mononner Uncuistix-Tace, 1995, KARIN PITTNER & ROBERT J. PITTNER (He.) 1998 LINCOM EUROPA Fonetions of metaphor Hans-S0rg Schmid, Ménchen ey of functions of terminological and explained. The thd section, which makes up the main, functions of metaphor. is phenomenon, ‘which is based on a syno} hor (eg. Lakoff & Johnson [980, Paprot 1992, Dirven 1993, 1994, Ortony 1993, Figure 1:A survey of functions of metaphorSeite n Sprache & Sprachen 2 ‘The figure should be read in clockwise dizestion stating fromt twelve 0} ‘The four superordinate fu siven in the ‘ith specific types of metaphors and shown To dose the outer citele of figure 1 When metaphors are used serve the aims of persuasion the PERSUASIVE FUNCTION high- F on the heater, the EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION on the FUNCTION focuses on t is especially in the cf. eg, Kitiy 1987: 29611) 0 play. ‘The fact that metaphors can support exploited in science when metaph steact theo Or) oF to expl FUNCTION) (ef. Boyd 1993, Kuhn 1993, hors are also uscd as tetorial Beige eu Sproche & Sprachen 2 65 (0 open the readers eye for a new perspective © persuasive function atthe top of igure and dof cognitive functions that some ex planatory work is most badly ncoded, However, before we can go about this task {erminology that will be used, 9 of METAPHOR, a metaphor is under FROM A COGNITIVE SOURCE MODEL TO A COGNITIVE TARGET MODEL (Lakoff 1993: 203, Dirven 1994: 8(F, Ungerer é Schmid 1996: 124), MODEL is the sum of the contents related to a concept or concep ve been expericnced and stored individually by a person or members of a secioty or social group (Ungecer & Schmid aspects of our re provesses of as analytical and deserip- they are not intended ‘of metaphors, theory of metaphor 6. Whereas neraPHors, as defined above, are phenomena, METAPHO. ICAL EXPRESSIONS ar their arise between cooceutring ling ‘or between an expression and the specific knot refected to or gen ‘As can be seen from the references given, these five points hy from various sources. The eruci fe METAMHORS are scen as cogt by METAPHORICAL EXERESSIONS wl been compiled per are that166 Beiage xo Sprache & 8 view of the world characterised as naive realism, acc ternal world contains a number of individual persor less discrete physica! obj are said to occur are "such abstract ensuing discussion of cognitive functions of metaphors netaphors asin the figurative sense al abstract concepts like idee, theory and word, Extremely ge Ps like the emotions anger, pride 2 down concept eps, we Find Uh ttaphor we can start by analy. wurce models. In example (4), the the basis of the verb grasp because the the abstract concept no. © model suggested by thie verb is the model ‘objects are somehow geaspable, we ean extend mal of CON horical expression the conet but by the Use of lecative relations, project a ohason 1987; we stick to our funetional way, anger isnot just concept as an animate oppone the cognitiveelusgoru Space 1 HOUSE, for example, red and neatly organized siructutes, 1e tobe solid and strong so th dings or houses, For ex: theory, of the need to to mame a new breaking a fom tne wish co arb dni ly funny way (e verbs mentioned so far (eg, de ply y (eeeobjects concepts Figure 2: Survey ofeogh The ontological class of EVENTS occupics a middle position between OBlECrS and ABSTRACT NOTIONS with examples ranging f 8 leave, pass away and pu felatively concrete EVENT target model DYINC. the practice of i sion news commentary on parliamentary proces speak very specific setting and the participants of the event, and peeheps include a critical undertone tis especially for this type of event thatthe concreting function of metaphors plays a crucial role. A final example taken from Werren (1992), the expression swear on a stack of bibles Callirm with vehemence), illustrates that both high= ing and image-formning are important functions of metaphors with EVENT ta get models, The example shows how complex events are compressed into one pec hors ean function as a motivation ies (Warten on, which stands faa ng function (Laka tobason on and elassitiet of metaphor. ge: What is meter a metaphor basi means fr extend 1985), 85-118 ony and metaphor: Dilfernt medal steps of cone z 1". Leuvense Bijdragen 82, 1-28. is Dive, R198), Metaphor and nation Franks Peer Lang Jnskendoff, R&D. Aer view of More than cool reson: A fed i Lakoff & Bt Tarnen Language 57,430. the lexicon’. In Kiverses, Z, (1986), Metaphors of angen, delphia: Benjamins ind fove, Amsterdam ~ Philam Beige 2 Sp Kéveeses,Z. (190), Emotion concepts, New York: Spri Kalnn, TS, (1993), "Metaphor in science". In: Ortony ( 1993), 53 Lakolt, G. (1987), Women, fre, and dangerous things, Ching ieago Press. ‘ Lakoff. G. (1993), "The contemporary theory of metaphor", In: O 202-252, University of (1995), Lyons, J. (1977), Semant Mayer, RE. (1993), "The ‘understanding of sci Otony, A, (1979; 1993), Metaphor and thought, 2nd ., Cambridge: CUP. Paprotté, W. & R, Dis 5), The ubiquity of metephor, Arasterdatn Rosch, E. H., CB. Mervis, W.D. Gray, DM. Johnson & P, Boyes-Braem (1976), “Buijs inna encpv’ Coane rncholeg 8 382499. Schunid , HJ. (1996). "Basie level categories as basic cognitive and linguistic bollding blocks In: E. Weigand & F. Hundenvracher, ed., Lexical struct res and language we, Lesion und Sprachgebreuch, Proceedings of ternational conference on ‘Lexicology and lexical semantics, Minster 1994, Tdbingen: Niemeyer. Ungerer, Fe & HJ. Schmid (1996), Herlow: Longman Werren, B. (1992), Sense developments, Stocks rroduetion 10 co live linguists, ist & Wiksell apa: am vry ttl to Nik cab Fan fo i a particular eye on the use of the English language. Zur illokutiven Kategorie der Aufforderung und ihrer Realisierung im modernen Russischen Sabine Dan 0. Einteitung Im Rahunen de chen Pragmatik und der Sprochakithor Sale illokutive Kategorie der Avfforderung von besonder cinzelsprachlichen Untersuchungen gowonnenen Daten 6 gemeinschaft vari Fonnen als B ‘Ausdrucksformen objek- sprache und den Zustand ‘lassen und ist in enteprechender Inerpreta- sondern auch von anthropologisetiem und so. eraphie angefubrten Grammatiken dee rus. fischen Spractt, aus der Sekunditlteratar zuin Thema Sprechakt und Auffords, n Stugackie, Unberic bleiben in dor Unter- hung aus reumtechnisclion Grinden die nonverbalen Mitte! Mimike Grinden ist davon auszugehen, dad es erschapfende Darstellung heidela Kana, Ausgangspunkt ist die ne, dof sprachlicen Auverungen als kommunik. ligatorisches Merkamal Intentionalitit mgronde men und ei jonsspecifisch mit iorphologischer und Iexikalisch-syntaktischor ctiven Akt, der voin Hérer in enteprechender Weise Als funktional-semantische Kategorie inkorpotiert di ‘Aafforderung verschiedene pragmatische Grammeme, kutive Kategorie der » die in Anpassung an so-