> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK Question 7 What energy transfers are going on in the following? In each case, write an equation to represent the energy transfer. a Coal is burned to heat a room and to provide a supply of hot water. b A student uses an electric lamp while she is doing her homework. ¢ A hair dryer is connected to the mains electricity supply. It blows hot air at the user's Te whirrs as it does so. ACTIVITY. 6.1 Energy changes Examine some devices that transfer energy. Some ideas are shown in Figure 6.1 in the ‘Getting Started’ box. ‘+ Inpairs, examine each of the devices you are provided with. For each of them, describe what energy transfers are going on in the device. 2 how to record ray transfers you have described for each device. Compare your answers with the answers of other members of the class and correct or add to your own answers. 6.3 Conservation of energy ‘When energy is transferred from one store to another, it is often the case that some of the energy ends up as unwanted cenergy. The energy transfers in a light bulb were shown in Figure 6.9. The bulb transfers light (which we want) and ‘heat (which is not wanted). This is an example of a very important idea, the principle of conservation of energy: In any energy transfer, the total amount of energy before and after the transfer is constant. This tells us something very important about energy: it cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy is constant. If we measure or calculate the amount of energy before a transfer, ang afterwards, we will always get the same rest : , =, any difference, we must look for places where be entering or escaping unnoticed, principle of conservation of energy; cannot be created or destroyed; it ean on’! stored or transferred Wy bg ‘Acar burns 3 x 108J of fuel (chemical energy) second, It has 1.3 ¥ 10°J of kinetic energy ang’ 0.7 x 108J of gravitational potential energy a5 upa slope. How much energy transfers avay fag the ea through thermal energy transfer? AStuneg, acceleration due to gravity g = 10m/s?, Step 1: Write down what you know, and what yy ‘want to know. input energy: chemical energy = 3x 10°5 output energy kinetic energy = 1.3 * 105 gravitational potential energy = 0.7 x 10) thermal energy transferred ‘Write down any equations or useful principles. According to the principle of conservation of energy, the total input energy should eqd the total output energy. Step 2: Apply the principle to this problem and substitute known values to solve the prob. chemical energy = k.e. + g.pe. + thermal Step 3: energy 3X 1O8S = 1,3 x 1085 + 0.7 x 108J + ther net = 1.0 x 108J transfers away from the car through thermal ene") transfer Answer 1.0 10°J transfers away from the ear asthe) energy. ror ne eenscennsecneencis-cscnaeemsnces ects ad Scanned with CamScannerQuestion 8 A light bulb is supplied ale plied with 60 of energy each a How many joules of. enerpy ate thane from the bulb By are tranaferred ich second? b 4 Jofenergy are transf ferred from the l each second as light, How many paler ge meray are transferred each second by heating? Sankey diagrams An effective way to represent the princi conservation of energy is by Using ash The rocket motor we saw earlier (Figure 6 12) foes” mechanical work to transfer chemical energy in and g.P-¢. (energy stores that we do want), while heat, light and sound transfer energy tothe intemal energy store of the surroundings (an energy stor want to increase). This is shown in Figo orn ot chemical kinetic ay ener (stored in a fuel and oxygen) gravitational Potential energy internal energy of the surroundings Figure 6.13: The energy changes going on es a rocket like ergy in that In Figure 6.12 accelerates upwards. Chemical the fuel is released whe Is Into three KEY WORDS Sankey diagram: a flow diagram that represents the principle of conservation of energy; the width of the arrows Is proportional to energy Atthe beginning of Chapter 1 you were introduced tothe Ancient Egyptians and their pyramids, The Egyptians built their pyramids by dragging limestone blocks up ramps and Figure 6.14 shows the Sankey diagram for this. By doing mechanical work, they {ransferred energy from the chemical energy store in their bodies to the (useful gravitational potential energy tained by the blocks At the same time, some of their store of chemical energy is transferred, by heating, to the (useless) internal energy of the surroundings. This heat ‘came from their bodies and because of friction between the blocks and the ramp. increased gp.e. chanical engy foro he blocks store of the Egyptian workers increased internal energy of the surroundings A Sankey diagram for blocks being dragged up Energy efficiency Most wasted energy is transferred away as heat, There ‘are two main reasons for this. ‘When fuels are burned (perhaps to generate electricity, ‘or to drive a cat), heat is produced. Any kind of engine needs a diference in temperature to create movement. ‘Thermal energy transfers from the hot part to the cold part of the engine and kinetic energy is produced. But no matter how well insulated the hot partis, it will transfer thermal energy to the surroundings, Or, the cold part has to be cooled to maintain (keep) the temperature difference, So, power stations produce warm cooling water and cars produce hot exhaust gases. Friction is often a problem when things are moving. Lubrication can help to reduce friction and no doubt the Egyptians lubricated the ramps to make it easier for the blocks to be dragged up them. A streamlined car design ‘can reduce air resistance. But i is impossible to eliminate (remove) friction entirely from machines with moving parts Friction generates heat, ‘Another common wasted energy transfer is sound. ‘Noisy machinery loud car engines and s0 on, all transfer sound to the atmosphere. However, even loud noises contain very litte energy, so there is litle to be sained (in terms of energy) by reducing noise, eS eR Ca > Scanned with CamScanner> camanince iccse PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK Ttis important to make good use of the energy resources available to us. This is because energy is expensive, supplies are often limited, and our use of energy ca" ‘damage the environment, So we must use resources efficiently, Here is what we mean by «ficiency Efficiency is the fraction (or percentage) of energy supplied that is usefully transferred. Be careful, the word, ‘efficiency’ is often used in everyday life, but often itis used to mean quickly, which is not the same as the scientific meaning. aa Wels) lubricationzusually a liquid, it allows two surfaces to slide past each other more easily efficiencythe fraction (or percentage) of energy supplied that is usefully transferred ‘Table 6.3 shows the typical efficiencies for some important devices. You can see that even the most modem gas-fired power station is only 50% efficient. Half of the energy it is supplied with is wasted. geen [at ES a car petrol engine ‘Table 6.3: Energy efficiencies. Most devices are less than 100% efficient because they produce waste heat. An electric heater is 100% efficient because all ofthe electrical energy supplied is transferred to thermal energy. There is no problem with waste h Questions va b Name another way in which energy is often wasted. 10. Give three reasons why it is important not to waste energy. Tn what way is energy usually wasted? Making better use of energ, .15 shows a Sankey diagram that oe figasin the whol of the UK ina tyuet Most of the energy flowing in to the UK comes om fuels, particularly coal, oil and gas Energy is tm two general ways: when its changed into elecrge’® while itis being used (Cor example in ight bulbyy ™* coal il total energy rexources macaw gad = 100 Figure 6.15: Energy flows in the UK in the year 2000, All numbers are x10". A large proportion ofthe energy supplied by fuels is wasted in energy transfer proceses and during its final use. Some of this waste is inevitably beter insulation and more eficient machines could edn, 1nd environmental damage, and save money Figure 6.16 shows one way to make more efficient we of electricity, We use light bulbs to provide us with fg. ‘The lower light bulb is a filament lamp; the other one is an energy-efficient lamp. The Sankey diagrams shor the energy each light bulb transfers each second. The diagram shows that each of the two bulbs produces te same amount of light. However, because it wastes mt less energy as heat, the energy-efficient lamp requiresa much smaller input of energy and is more efficient. electrical light soaay SS bai 25d ‘energy-efficient lamp waste heat 104 ligt trical 15) energy 100 asta het filament 85d lamp. Figure 6.16: Each of these two light bulbs provides the ymount of light. The energy-efficient lamp wastes sam much less energy 85 2 _ Bad Scanned with CamScanner6 Energy stores and transfers ‘Try not to mix stores and trans! ‘Sankey diagram. Figures 6.13 and etahowe aaa i Figure 616 shows transfers Figure 6 Sshoes treemees used by the light bulbs per second. Energy transferred per second is known as power and is somethin; ‘ wal meet in Chaper 8, This highlights an important difference between stores an sites be id transfers. Transfers area Energy becoming dissipated We have seen that energy changes are usual Joorefiient. Bacay escapes andi masieg sehen ‘This means that objects and their surroundings are warmed (and gain some internal energy). It is very dificult to get that energy back. We say that energy tends to be dissipated (spread out) during an energy transfer. Think about, for example, a battery ina flashlight, Itisa convenient, compact store of energy, Once it has been used, some ofits energy has been changed to light which is then absorbed by the surfaces it falls on, causing them to warm slightly (raising their internal energy). The rest ofthe energy is dissipated as thermal energy in the components of the electric circuit in the flashlight. KEY WORD dissipated:energy that is spread out is not useful (wasted) Calculating efficiency You can see from Table 6.3 that efficiency is often given asa percentage. We can calculate the efiiency vid percentage efficiency of an energy change as follows useful energy output i x aah ei aed efficiency = Sorat energy input 7 " . drpindy| Efficiency is expressed as a number (00 units) up toa ‘value of 1. ere ‘be multiplied by 100 to get percentage efficiency. Percentage efficiency greater th 100% is impossible oe ‘When the filament lamp from Figure 6.16 is supplied with 100J of energy, it produces 154 of useful light. Its efficiency is thus: useful energy output ficiency = Ficieney = oral energy input =0.15 pereentage efcency = 22m SetBy Ouest tage efciency = total energy input 100% = 155. 100%= 19% = 5007 * 1% 15% a ‘Similar equations can be used to calculate the efficiency and percentage efficiency in terms of power as follows: useful power output total power input _____ useful power output percentage efficiency = Teer input 100% efficiency = Questions 411 Describe the energy transfers taking place when charging a mobile phone, including the energy that is wasted. 12. Calculate the efficiency of the energy-efficient lamp from the data shown in Figure 6.16. 13 A tidal-power station is expected to produce 327) of energy (1 TJ = 10"J) when the tides provide it ‘with 100 TJ of gravitational potential energy. What is the efficiency of the power station? lament lamp is 4% efficient. How much plied to the lamp each per second? 14 A tungster-fil clectrical energy must be sup second when it produces 6 of light 13> Scanned with CamScanner) CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK Energy changes during the pole vault Energy is transferred between different energy stores dling the pole vauit. Snapshots (labelled 1-5) of an athlete at diferent stages ofthe pole vauit are as shown in Figure 6.17. Between each snapshot, the ‘energy is transferred between stores. 1 Copy and complete this table: How i the energy transferred between each store? Using Figure 6.9 a8 a guide, draw an energy flow diagram that shows the main energy stores and the energy transfers between them. Decide whether you think the pole vault is an event ora process and justify your answer If your teacher gives you the time to do s0, compare your answers with your neighbour and Think about Activity 6.2. Did you find this activity ask a friend to check your answer 6.4 Energy calculations Energy is not simply an idea, itis also a quantity that, wecan calculate. Gravitational potential energy (g.p-e.) Mountaineering on the Moon should be easy (see Figure 6.18). The Moon's gravity is much weaker than 35/7 Ifyou found it difficult, you could think about energy transfers that you come across every day (for example, the transport you use to get to and from schoo)) and to resolve any differences. Be pre, Shevss your thinking with the class, *4te di 5 Figure 6.17: Pole vaulter. the Earth’, because the Moon's mass is only one- eightieth of the Earth's. This means that the weight ol astronaut on the Moon is a fraction of his or her wed! on the Earth, In principle, it is possible to jump bight! ‘on the Moon than on the Earth, Earlier, we saw that an object's g.pe. depends oni height above the ground. The higher itis, the great spe. Ifyou lit an object upwards, you provide the fo needed to increase its g pe. The heavier the object freater the fore need 0 lift it, and hence the ge BPE nn 14> Scanned with CamScanner