Introduction to Optical Fibers 1.53 SOLVED PROBLEMS 1.1 A silica optical fiber with a core diameter large enough to be considered by ray theory analysis has a core refractive index of 1.50 and a cladding refractive index of 1.47. Determine (a) Critical angle at the core-cladding interface (b) The NA for the fiber (c) the acceptance angle in air for the fiber. Given data: Core refractive index, n, = 1.50 Cladding refractive index, n, = 1.47. Solution: (a) The critical angle at the core-cladding interface , =sin™ (2) m F “(+2) = sin“ 15 222 (b) The NA for the fiber, NA = (n? ~n?) (1.50? = L474)" 2.25 — 2.16)! ya=030] (©) The acceptance angle in air, @, = sin"! NA = sin (0.30) 0, = 17.47] 1.2. A typical relative refractive index difference for an optical fiber designed for ong distance transmission is 1%. Find the NA and the solid acceptance angle in air for the fiber when the core index is 1.46. Find the critical angle at the core-cladding interface within the fiber. It may be assumed that the concepts of geometric optics hold for the fiber.is Optical Communication and Networks Given data: 1 Refractive index difference, A = 1% = 00 7 092 Core refractive index n, = 1.46 Solution: (a) The numerical aperture, NA = n, (2A)'? = 1.46 (2(0.01))"? NA =0.21. (b) Solid acceptance angle in air, G= 762 =nsin? 0, G =n (NAY = (0.04) G=0.13 rad. “1” (©) Critical angle at core-cladding interface is, 6, =sin’ ane from ql mam 2 nm m m =1-A=1-0.017 mn m = 0.99 mn = sin? (2) nm = sin“! (0.99) $,=81 1.3. An optical fiber in air has an NA of 0.4 compare the acceptance angle for meridional rays with that for skew rays which change direction by 100° at each reflection. Given data: NA = 0.4 ‘The skew rays change direction by = 100° at each reflection. ——_Introduction to Optical Fibers 1.55 Solution: The acceptance angle for meridional rays with air (n, = 1) sin"'(NA) sin"'(0.4) The skew rays change direction by 100° at each reflection, -, y= 50°. NA Hence acceptance angle for skew rays 0, = sin” cosy, 0.4 cos 50" 1.4 The multimode step index fiber with a core diameter of 80 1m and a relative index difference of 1.5% is operating at a wavelength of 0.85 um. If the core refractive index is 1.48. Determine (a) the normalized frequency of for the fiber (b) the number of guided modes. Given data: Core diameter = 80 pm. Core Diameter 2 a= 40 pm = 40 x10 m Core radius, a = 5 i = 15% = —— = Index difference, A = 1.5% 700 0.015 Wavelength, 4 = 0.85 pm = 0.85 x 10m. Core refractive index, m, = 1.48. Solution: 2 (@)_ The mormalized frequency for the fiber V oa an,(2A)'*158 Optical Communication and Networis 2nx 40x10 x 1.48 0.85x10°° @ x 0.015)" = (437.6054) (0.1732) V=75.8. (b) The number of guided modes M, = Hence, fiber has a V number 76, giving nearly 3000 guided modes. 1.5 A graded index fiber has a core with a parabolic refractive index profile which has a diameter of 50 jm. The fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.2. Calculate the total number of guided modes propagating in the fiber when it is operating at a wavelength of 1 pm. Given data: The numerical aperature = 0.2 Core diameter = 50 ym Core Diameter 50x10 Core radius, a = > = a= 25 um Wavelength, A = 1 um. Solution: Qn The normalized frequency, V= 5~ a(NA) 2m x 25x 10x 0.2 1x10Introduction to Optical Fibers 1.57 ‘The number of guided modes for a parabolic profile M, = 247 1.6 Consider the relative index difference (1.5%) and core refractive index 1.48 for single-mode operation. It may assume, the fiber operating wavelength 0.85 hm. Determine core diameter for single mode operation when the rel: refractive index is reduce by a factor of 10. Given data: V number for single mode operation is 0 < V< 2.405 Wavelength, A = 0.85 um Core refractive index, n, = 1.48 Relative index difference, A = 0.015. Solution: VA. Core radius, a= 2nn, (2A)? 2.4 x0.85x10°% = 2n(1.48)(2x0.015)!/2 2.04x10-° = ————_—_ = 1266 x 10° ** 2299) (0.1732) * Reducing relative index difference by a factor of 10 2.4x0.85%10° 2m x1.48 x(2x 0.0015)" _ 2.04x10°% 0.509 a=4 pm = 4.008 x 10°18 Optical Communication and Newer, Core radius, a= 4 jum, Henee, core diameter = Core radius x 2 1.7 A graded index fiber with a parabolic refractive index profile core hi refractive index at the core axis of 1.5 and a relative index difference of 1%, Calculate the maximum possible core diameter which allows single-mode operation at a wavelength of 1.3 um. Given data: Core refractive index, n, = 1.5 i . Relative index difference, A= 1% = 775 = 0.01 Wavelength, 4 = 1.3 um Parabolic refractive index profile, a = 2. Solution: (a) Normalized frequency for graded index fiber in single mode operation V=2.4 (1422) V=2.4 (1 +2/2)!2=2.4 V2 = A. 4007 (b) The maximum core radius from equation VA ° Oexn (2d) 3.39x1.3x10"° ~ Qn x1.5 x(2 x0.01)! 4.412x10% 1.333 3 x 10°,Introduction to Optical Fibers 1.59 Hence core diameter = a x 2 3 um x 2 imum possible core diameter 1 1.8 Determine cutoff wavelength for a step index fiber to exhibit single-mode operation when the core refractive index and radius are 1.46 and 4.5 um, respectively. With the relative index difference is 0.25%. Given data: Core refractive index, m, = 1.46 Core radius, a= 4,5 pm 1.25 Relative index difference, A = 0.25% = 3 . 25 x 10° V,= 2.405, Solution: 2nan, Cutoff wavelength for a step-index'fiber, 4, = (2a)! 2nx4,5x10 x1.46 2% 2.5 x 103)!2 24 2x x 10°) _ 4.13 x10 x 0.071 ~ 24 217 um = 1217 nm, 1.9 Determine the fiber core diameter for a single-mode step index fiber which has a MFD of 11.6 um when the normalized frequency is 2.2. =1.217 x 10° Given data: Mode field diameter, (MFD) = 20, 20, = 11.6 pm 11.6 um =5.8 x 10m. 2 Normalized frequency, V = 2.2.a Optical Communication and Nebiing, Solution: Core radius for a single-mode step-index fiber == 8 0.65+1.619(V) 92 +2.879(V)® _ 5.8x10% © 0.65+1.619(2.2) 9/2 +2.879(2.2)° 5.8 x 10° © 0,65+3.5618%10 +6,3338 x10 5.8x10~ = =89 0.65 ba Hence the fiber core diameter =a x 2 =8.9 x pm x 2 Core diameter = 17.8 ym. 1.10 A parabolic profile graded index single-mode fiber designed for operation at a wavelength of 1.30 um has a cutoff wavelength of 1.08 ym. The diffraction pattern occurs at an angle of 12°. Using ESI technique, determine the spot size at the operating wavelength. Given data: Wavelength, A= 1.30 pm Cutoff wavelength, 4, = 1.08 pm Diffraction angle, 6,,, Solution: . 3.8324, (@) Using ESI technique effective core radius, a= 35 ing — 2x 1.3010 -——_— = 6 Og dancin?) 738! x 10m a,,= 3-81 um.Introduction to Optical Fibers 1.61 de (b) Effective normalized frequency, Vy 2.405 = (©) Spot size, 0, = a.,[0.6043 + 1.755 V,,"? + 2.78 V,-*] = 3.81 x 10° [0.6043 + 1.755 (2) + 2.78(2)*] 81 x 10-6 (0.6043 + 0.783 + 0.014] =3.81 x 10 [1.4013] =5.3 x 10% @, = 5.3 pm. 1.11 Obtain the ESI relative refractive index difference for a graded index fiber which has a cutoff wavelngth and spot size of 1.190 im and 5.2 jum, respectively. The maximum refractive index of the fiber core is 1.485. Given data: Cutoff wavelength, 2, =.1.190 am Spot sizes, o, = 5.2 um Core refractive index, 7, = 1.485. Solution: Using ESI technique. (@) Core radius, 2a,., = 1.820 @, Das, = 1.820 x 5.2 x 10 2a, = 9.464 jum. (b) Relative Index Difference A,., = (0.293/n,2) (I/2a,.)? 0.293) (1.190x10-* )* Aesi = (1.485)? } | 9.464x10°° = (0.133) (0.016) 2.13 x 10% or 0.21%