‘Census The measurement or examination of every elemeat in the population, Central Limit Theorem A result assuring that the sampling distribution of the mean approaches nor- ality as the sample size increases, regardless of the shape of the population distribution from which the sample is selected. (Clusters Within a population, groups that are essentially similar to each other, although the groups themselves have wide internal variation. (Cluster Sampling A method of random sampling in which the population is divided into groups, or clusters of elements, and then a random sample of these clusters is selected. Factorial Experiment An experiment in which each factor involved is used once with each other factor. Inacomplete factorial experiment, every level ofeach factor is used with each level of every other factor. Finite Population A population having a stated or limited size, Finite Population Multiplier A factor used to correct the standard error of the mean for studying a population of finite size that is small in relation to the size of the sample. Infinite Population A population in which itis theoretically impossible to observe all the elements Judgment Sampling A method of selecting a sample from population in which personal knowledge ‘or expertise is used to identify the items from the population that are to be included in the sample. Latin Square An efficient experimental design that makes it unnecessary to use a complete factorial experiment. Parameters Values that describe the characteristics of a population. Precision The degree of accuracy with which the sample mean can estimate the population mean, as revealed by the standard error of the mean. ‘Random or Probability Sampling A method of selecting a sample from a population in which all the ‘tems in the population have an equal chance of being ehosen in the sample. ‘Sample A portion of the elements in a population chosen for direct examination or measurement. Sampling Distribution of the Mean A probability distribution of all the possible means of samples of fa given size, n, from a population. ‘Sampling Distribution of a Statistic For a ziven population, a probability distribution of all the pos- sible values a statistic may take on for a given sample size. ‘Sampling Error Error or variation among sample statistics due to chance, that is, differences between, ‘each sample and the population, and among several samples, which are due solely to the elements we ‘happen to choose for the sample, Sampling Fraction The faction or proportion of the population contained in a sample, ‘Sampling with Replacement sampling procedure in which sampled items are returned to the popu- lation after being picked, so that some members of the population can appear in the sample more than ‘Sampling without Replacement A sampling procedure in which sampled items are not returned to the population after being picked, so that no member ofthe population can appear in the sample more than‘Simple Random Sampling Methods of selecting samples that allow each possible sample an equal probability of being picked and each item in the entire population an equal chance of being included in the sample ‘Standard Error The standard deviation of the sampling distribution ofa statistic. Standard Error of the Mean The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean; a mea- sure of the extent to which we expect the means from different samples to vary from the population ‘mean, owing to the chance error in the sampling process. ‘Statistical Inference The process of making infetences about populations from information contained in samples. Statistics Measures describing the characteristics of a sample, ‘Strata Groups within a population formed in such a way that each group is relatively homogeneous, but ‘wider variability exists among the separate groups. ‘Stratified Sampling A method of random sampling in which the population is divided into homoge- ‘neous groups, or strata, and elements within each stratum ate selected at random according to one of two rules: (1) A specified number of elements is drawn from each stratum corresponding tothe proportion of ‘that stratum in the population, or (2) equal numbers of elements are drawn from each stratum, and the results are weighted according to the stratum’s proportion of the total population. ‘Systematic Sampling A method of sampling in which elements to be sampled are selected from the population at a uniform interval that is measured in time, order, or space,p.293 Use this formula to derive the standard error of the mean when the population is infinite, that is, when the elements of the population cannot be enumerated in a reasonable period of time, cor when we sample with replacement. This equation states that the sampling distribution has a standard deviation, which we also call a standard error, equal to the population standard devia- tion divided by the square root of the sample size p.293 ‘A modified version of Equation 5-6, this formula allows us to determine the distance of the sample mean ¥ from the population mean jt, when we divide the difference by the standard etror of the mean 6. Once we have derived a z value, we can use the Standard Normal Prob- ability Distribution Table and compute the probability that the sample mean will be that dis- tance from the population mean, Because of the central limit theorem, we can use this formula for nonnormal distributions if the sample size is atleast 30. p.303 ‘This is the formula for finding the standard error ofthe mean winen the population is finite, that is, of stated or limited size, and the sampling is done without replacement. Finite population multiplier = < =H p. 303 In Equation 6-3, the term /(V—n)/(N—1), Which we multiply by the standard error from Equation (6-1), is called the fintte population multiplier. When the population is small in rela- tion to the size of the sample, the finite population multiplier reduces the size of the standard tror. Any decrease in the standard error increases the precision with which the sample mean can be used to estimate the population mean.